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Introduction
Strength is a property or characteristic of a mechanical element. This property results from the material identity, the treatment and processing incidental to creating its geometry, and the loading, and it is at the controlling or critical location. strengths of the mass-produced parts will all be somewhat different from the others in the collection or ensemble because of variations in dimensions, machining, forming, and composition.
Introduction
A static load is a stationary force or couple applied to a member. To be stationary, the force or couple must be unchanging in magnitude, point or points of application, and direction. A static load can produce axial tension or compression, a shear load, a bending load, a torsional load, or any combination of these. To be considered static, the load cannot change in any manner.
Introduction
Failure can mean a part has separated into two or more pieces; has become permanently distorted, thus ruining its geometry; has had its reliability downgraded; or has had its function compromised, whatever the reason. Mechanical components fail, simply because the applied stresses exceeds the materials strength. Under any load combination, there is always a combination of normal and shearing stresses in the material.
Failure Theories
Failure Theories
Failure Theories -
(max )component > ( )obtained from a tension test at the yield point
= Sy
Failure
=
= Sy
Sy 2
To avoid failure
Sy 2
max =
=Sy
Sy 2n
n = Safety factor
Design equation
Failure Theories -
h h h
t
(total strain energy) (strain energy due to hydrostatic stress) = strain energy due to angular distortion > strain energy obtained from a tension test at the yield point failure
Failure Theories -
U =
3D case UT =
11 + 22 + 33
2
E
Stress-strain relationship
Strain energy
1 = 2 = 3 =
1
E
v v v
v v v
3
E
2
E
1
E
3
E
3
E
1
E
2
E
UT =
2E
Failure Theories -
Ud = UT Uh
UT =
1
2E
(1)
Substitute
Uh =
2E
Uh =
3h 2E
(1 2 v ) =
Failure Theories -
Subtract the hydrostatic strain energy from the total energy to obtain the distortion energy 1+v Ud = UT Uh = 6E
(2)
Failure Theories -
1= Sy and 2 = 3 = 0
Ud = UT Uh =
1+v
6E
(2)
1+v 3E
<
Sy
Failure Theories -
<
Sy
(1 12 + 2 ) < Sy =
2 2
Sy n
Design equation
Design Process
Distortion energy theory Maximum shear stress theory
Sy n
Sy max = 2n Sy , Su
Size
Weight
Cost
The selection of an appropriate safety factor should be based on the following: Degree of uncertainty about loading (type, magnitude and direction) Degree of uncertainty about material strength Uncertainties related to stress analysis
Design Process