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COMPARING REGULATION IN 183 ECONOMIES

COMPARING REGULATION IN 183 ECONOMIES

A COPUBLICATION OF PALGRAVE MACMILLAN,


IFC AND THE WORLD BANK
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Doing Business 2007: How to Reform, Doing Business in 2006: Creating Jobs, Doing Business in 2005: Removing Obstacles
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ISBN: 978-0-8213-7961-5
E-ISBN: 978-0-8213-7965-3
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7961-5
ISSN: 1729-2638

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data has been applied for.


Printed in the United States
Contents

Doing Business 2010 is the seventh in a tors, paying taxes, trading across bor- About Doing Business  v
series of annual reports investigating the ders, enforcing contracts and closing a Overview  1
regulations that enhance business activity business. Data in Doing Business 2010 are Starting a business  10
and those that constrain it. Doing Busi- current as of June 1, 2009. The indicators
Dealing with construction permits  17
ness presents quantitative indicators on are used to analyze economic outcomes
business regulations and the protection and identify what reforms have worked, Employing workers  22
of property rights that can be compared where and why. Registering property  27
across 183 economies—from Afghanistan The methodology for the employ- Getting credit  33
to Zimbabwe—and over time. ing workers indicators changed for Doing Protecting investors  38
Regulations affecting 10 stages of Business 2010. See Data notes for details. Paying taxes  43
the life of a business are measured: start- Research is ongoing in 2 new areas: get- Trading across borders  49
ing a business, dealing with construction ting electricity and worker protection. Enforcing contracts  55
permits, employing workers, registering Initial results are presented in this report.
Closing a business  60
property, getting credit, protecting inves-

Annex: pilot indicators


on getting electricity 65
Annex: worker protection  70

THE DOING BUSINESS WEBSITE studies and customized country and regional References  73
Current features profiles Data notes  77
News on the Doing Business project http://www.doingbusiness.org/downloads
http://www.doingbusiness.org Ease of doing business  97
Subnational and regional projects
Rankings Differences in business regulations at the Country tables  102
How economies rank—from 1 to 183 subnational and regional level
http://www.doingbusiness.org/ http://www.doingbusiness.org/subnational
economyrankings Law library
Acknowledgments  164
Reformers Online collection of laws and regulations
Short summaries of DB2010 reforms, lists relating to business and gender issues
of reformers since DB2004 and a ranking http://www.doingbusiness.org/lawlibrary
simulation tool http://www.doingbusiness.org/
http://www.doingbusiness.org/reformers genderlawlibrary
Historical data Local partners
Customized data sets since DB2004 More than 8,000 specialists in 183 economies
http://www.doingbusiness.org/customquery who participate in Doing Business
http://www.doingbusiness.org/LocalPartners
Methodology and research
The methodology and research papers Reformers’ Club
underlying Doing Business Celebrating the top 10 Doing Business
http://www.doingbusiness.org/ reformers
MethodologySurveys http://www.reformersclub.org
Download reports Business Planet
Access to Doing Business reports as well as Interactive map on the ease of doing business
subnational and regional reports, reform case http://www.doingbusiness.org/map
STARTING A BUSINESS v

About Doing in redeploying resources, make it easier small and medium-size enterprises.

Business
to stop doing things for which demand A fundamental premise of Doing
has weakened and to start doing new Business is that economic activity re-
things. Clarification of property rights quires good rules. These include rules
and strengthening of market infrastruc- that establish and clarify property rights
ture (such as credit information and and reduce the costs of resolving disputes,
collateral systems) can contribute to con- rules that increase the predictability of
fidence as investors and entrepreneurs economic interactions and rules that
look to rebuild. provide contractual partners with core
Until very recently, however, there protections against abuse. The objective:
were no globally available indicator sets regulations designed to be efficient, to be
for monitoring such microeconomic fac- accessible to all who need to use them
tors and analyzing their relevance. The and to be simple in their implementa-
first efforts, in the 1980s, drew on per- tion. Accordingly, some Doing Business
ceptions data from expert or business indicators give a higher score for more
surveys. Such surveys are useful gauges regulation, such as stricter disclosure re-
In 1664 William Petty, an adviser to of economic and policy conditions. But quirements in related-party transactions.
England’s Charles II, compiled the first their reliance on perceptions and their Some give a higher score for a simplified
known national accounts. He made 4 incomplete coverage of poor countries way of implementing existing regulation,
entries. On the expense side, “food, hous- constrain their usefulness for analysis. such as completing business start-up
ing, clothes and all other necessaries” The Doing Business project, launched formalities in a one-stop shop.
were estimated at 40 million. National 8 years ago, goes one step further. It looks The Doing Business project encom-
income was split among 3 sources: 8 at domestic small and medium-size com- passes 2 types of data. The first come
million from land, 7 million from other panies and measures the regulations ap- from readings of laws and regulations.
personal estates and 25 million from plying to them through their life cycle. The second are time and motion indi-
labor income. Doing Business and the standard cost cators that measure the efficiency in
In later centuries estimates of coun- model initially developed and applied in achieving a regulatory goal (such as
try income, expenditure and material the Netherlands are, for the present, the granting the legal identity of a business).
inputs and outputs became more abun- only standard tools used across a broad Within the time and motion indicators,
dant. But it was not until the 1940s that range of jurisdictions to measure the cost estimates are recorded from official
a systematic framework was developed impact of government rule-making on fee schedules where applicable. Here,
for measuring national income and ex- business activity.1 Doing Business builds on Hernando de
penditure, under the direction of British The first Doing Business report, pub- Soto’s pioneering work in applying the
economist John Maynard Keynes. As the lished in 2003, covered 5 indicator sets in time and motion approach first used
methodology became an international 133 economies. This year’s report covers by Frederick Taylor to revolutionize the
standard, comparisons of countries’ fi- 10 indicator sets in 183 economies. The production of the Model T Ford. De Soto
nancial positions became possible. Today project has benefited from feedback from used the approach in the 1980s to show
the macroeconomic indicators in na- governments, academics, practitioners the obstacles to setting up a garment fac-
tional accounts are standard in every and reviewers.2 The initial goal remains: tory on the outskirts of Lima.3
country. to provide an objective basis for under-
Governments committed to the eco- standing and improving the regulatory What Doing Business does
nomic health of their country and op- environment for business. not cover
portunities for its citizens now focus on
more than macroeconomic conditions. What Doing Business covers Just as important as knowing what Doing
They also pay attention to the laws, regu- Business does is to know what it does
lations and institutional arrangements Doing Business provides a quantitative not do—to understand what limitations
that shape daily economic activity. measure of regulations for starting a must be kept in mind in interpreting
The global financial crisis has re- business, dealing with construction the data.
newed interest in good rules and regu- permits, employing workers, register-
lation. In times of recession, effective ing property, getting credit, protecting Limited in scope
business regulation and institutions can investors, paying taxes, trading across Doing Business focuses on 10 topics, with
support economic adjustment. Easy bor­ders, enforcing contracts and closing the specific aim of measuring the regula-
entry and exit of firms, and flexibility a business—as they apply to domestic tion and red tape relevant to the life cycle
vi Doing Business 2010

of a domestic small to medium-size firm. sumer goods in a few urban areas. labor law.6 Doing Business measures one
Accordingly: Such assumptions allow global cov- set of factors that help explain the oc-
• Doing Business does not measure all erage and enhance comparability. But currence of informality and give policy
aspects of the business environment they come at the expense of generality. makers insights into potential areas of
that matter to firms or investors—or all Business regulation and its enforcement, reform. Gaining a fuller understanding
factors that affect competitiveness. It particularly in federal states and large of the broader business environment,
does not, for example, measure security, economies, differ across the country. And and a broader perspective on policy chal-
macroeconomic stability, corruption, of course the challenges and opportuni- lenges, requires combining insights from
the labor skills of the population, the ties of the largest business city—whether Doing Business with data from other
underlying strength of institutions Mumbai or São Paulo, Nuku’alofa or sources, such as the World Bank Enter-
or the quality of infrastructure.4 Nor Nassau—vary greatly across countries. prise Surveys.7
does it focus on regulations specific to Recognizing governments’ interest in
foreign investment. such variation, Doing Business has com- Why this focus 
• Doing Business does not assess the plemented its global indicators with sub-
strength of the financial system or national studies in such countries as Bra- Doing Business functions as a kind of
financial market regulations, both zil, China, Colombia, the Arab Republic cholesterol test for the regulatory envi-
important factors in understanding of Egypt, India, Kenya, Mexico, Morocco, ronment for domestic businesses. A cho-
some of the underlying causes of the Nigeria and the Philippines.5 lesterol test does not tell us everything
global financial crisis. In areas where regulation is complex about the state of our health. But it does
• Doing Business does not cover all and highly differentiated, the standard- measure something important for our
regulations, or all regulatory goals, ized case used to construct the Doing health. And it puts us on watch to change
in any economy. As economies and Business indicator needs to be carefully behaviors in ways that will improve not
technology advance, more areas of defined. Where relevant, the standard- only our cholesterol rating but also our
economic activity are being regulated. ized case assumes a limited liability overall health.
For example, the European Union’s company. This choice is in part empiri- One way to test whether Doing Busi-
body of laws (acquis) has now grown cal: private, limited liability companies ness serves as a proxy for the broader
to no fewer than 14,500 rule sets. are the most prevalent business form in business environment and for competi-
Doing Business measures just 10 most economies around the world. The tiveness is to look at correlations be-
phases of a company’s life cycle, choice also reflects one focus of Doing tween the Doing Business rankings and
through 10 specific sets of indicators. Business: expanding opportunities for other major economic benchmarks. The
The indicator sets also do not cover entrepreneurship. Investors are encour- indicator set closest to Doing Business
all aspects of regulation in a particular aged to venture into business when po- in what it measures is the Organisation
area. For example, the indicators tential losses are limited to their capital for Economic Co-operation and Devel-
on starting a business or protecting participation. opment’s indicators of product market
investors do not cover all aspects of regulation; the correlation here is 0.75.
commercial legislation. The employing Focused on the formal sector The World Economic Forum’s Global
workers indicators do not cover all In constructing the indicators, Doing Competitiveness Index and IMD’s World
aspects of labor regulation. Measures Business assumes that entrepreneurs are Competitiveness Yearbook are broader in
for regulations addressing safety at knowledgeable about all regulations in scope, but these too are strongly corre-
work or right of collective bargaining, place and comply with them. In prac- lated with Doing Business (0.79 and 0.72,
for example, are not included in the tice, entrepreneurs may spend consid- respectively). These correlations suggest
current indicator set. erable time finding out where to go and that where peace and macroeconomic
what documents to submit. Or they stability are present, domestic business
Based on standardized case may avoid legally required procedures regulation makes an important differ-
scenarios
altogether—by not registering for social ence in economic competitiveness.
Doing Business indicators are built on the security, for example. A bigger question is whether the
basis of standardized case scenarios with Where regulation is particularly issues on which Doing Business focuses
specific assumptions, such as the busi- onerous, levels of informality are higher. matter for development and poverty re-
ness being located in the largest business Informality comes at a cost: firms in duction. The World Bank study Voices
city of the economy. Economic indicators the informal sector typically grow more of the Poor asked 60,000 poor people
commonly make limiting assumptions slowly, have poorer access to credit and around the world how they thought they
of this kind. Inflation statistics, for ex- employ fewer workers—and their work- might escape poverty.8 The answers were
ample, are often based on prices of con- ers remain outside the protections of unequivocal: women and men alike pin
about doing business vii

their hopes above all on income from business regulation, can be beneficial for regulations and their way of implement-
their own business or wages earned in several reasons. Flexible regulation and ing them, while many poor economies
employment. Enabling growth—and en- effective institutions, including efficient still work with regulatory systems dating
suring that poor people can participate processes for starting a business and effi- to the late 1800s.
in its benefits—requires an environment cient insolvency or bankruptcy systems,
where new entrants with drive and good can facilitate reallocation of labor and Doing Business—
ideas, regardless of their gender or ethnic capital. And regulatory institutions and a user’s guide
origin, can get started in business and processes that are streamlined and acces-
where good firms can invest and grow, sible can help ensure that, as businesses Quantitative data and benchmarking can
generating more jobs. rebuild, barriers between the informal be useful in stimulating debate about
Small and medium-size enterprises and formal sectors are lowered, creating policy, both by exposing potential chal-
are key drivers of competition, growth more opportunities for the poor. lenges and by identifying where pol-
and job creation, particularly in develop- icy makers might look for lessons and
ing countries. But in these economies up Doing Business as a good practices. These data also provide
to 80% of economic activity takes place benchmarking exercise a basis for analyzing how different policy
in the informal sector. Firms may be pre- approaches—and different policy re-
vented from entering the formal sector Doing Business, in capturing some key forms—contribute to desired outcomes
by excessive bureaucracy and regulation. dimensions of regulatory regimes, has such as competitiveness, growth and
Where regulation is burdensome been found useful for benchmarking. greater employment and incomes.
and competition limited, success tends Any benchmarking—for individuals, Seven years of Doing Business data
to depend more on whom you know firms or economies—is necessarily  par- have enabled a growing body of research
than on what you can do. But where tial: it is valid and useful if it helps on how performance on Doing Busi-
regulation is transparent, efficient and sharpen judgment, less so if it substitutes ness indicators—and reforms relevant
implemented in a simple way, it becomes for judgment. to those indicators—relate to desired
easier for any aspiring entrepreneurs, Doing Business provides 2 takes on social and economic outcomes. Some
regardless of their connections, to oper- the data it collects: it presents “absolute” 405 articles have been published in
ate within the rule of law and to benefit indicators for each economy for each of peer-reviewed academic journals, and
from the opportunities and protections the 10 regulatory topics it addresses, and about 1,143 working papers are available
that the law provides. it provides rankings of economies, both through Google Scholar.10 Among the
In this sense Doing Business values by indicator and in aggregate. Judgment findings:
good rules as a key to social inclusion. It is required in interpreting these mea- • Lower barriers to start-up are associ-
also provides a basis for studying effects sures for any economy and in determin- ated with a smaller informal sector.11
of regulations and their application. For ing a sensible and politically feasible path • Lower costs of entry encourage
example, Doing Business 2004 found that for reform. entrepreneurship, enhance firm
faster contract enforcement was associ- Reviewing the Doing Business rank- productivity and reduce corruption.12
ated with perceptions of greater judicial ings in isolation may show unexpected • Simpler start-up translates into
fairness—suggesting that justice delayed results. Some economies may rank un- greater employment opportunities.13
is justice denied.9 expectedly high on some indicators. And
In the current global crisis policy some economies that have had rapid How do governments use Doing
makers face particular challenges. Both growth or attracted a great deal of invest- Business? A common first reaction is
developed and developing economies are ment may rank lower than others that to doubt the quality and relevance of
seeing the impact of the financial crisis appear to be less dynamic. the Doing Business data. Yet the debate
flowing through to the real economy, But for reform-minded govern- typically proceeds to a deeper discussion
with rising unemployment and income ments, how much their indicators im- exploring the relevance of the data to the
loss. The foremost challenge for many prove matters more than their absolute economy and areas where reform might
governments is to create new jobs and ranking. As economies develop, they make sense.
economic opportunities. But many have strengthen and add to regulations to Most reformers start out by seeking
limited fiscal space for publicly funded protect investor and property rights. examples, and Doing Business helps in
activities such as infrastructure invest- Meanwhile, they find more efficient ways this. For example, Saudi Arabia used the
ment or for the provision of publicly to implement existing regulations and company law of France as a model for re-
funded safety nets and social services. cut outdated ones. One finding of Doing vising its own. Many countries in Africa
Reforms aimed at creating a better in- Business: dynamic and growing econo- look to Mauritius—the region’s stron-
vestment climate, including reforms of mies continually reform and update their gest performer on Doing Business indi-
viii Doing Business 2010

cators—as a source of good practices for are lacking) and the time component Development of the methodology
reform. In the words of Luis Guillermo are based on actual practice rather than The methodology for calculating each
Plata, the minister of commerce, indus- the law on the books. This introduces a indicator is transparent, objective and
try and tourism of Colombia, degree of subjectivity. The Doing Busi- easily replicable. Leading academics col-
ness approach has therefore been to work laborate in the development of the indi-
It’s not like baking a cake where you follow with legal practitioners or professionals cators, ensuring academic rigor. Seven
the recipe. No. We are all different. But we who regularly undertake the transac- of the background papers underlying
can take certain things, certain key les- tions involved. Following the standard the indicators have been published in
sons, and apply those lessons and see how methodological approach for time and leading economic journals. One is at an
they work in our environment. motion studies, Doing Business breaks advanced stage of publication.
down each process or transaction, such Doing Business uses a simple averag-
Over the past 7 years there has been as starting and legally operating a busi- ing approach for weighting subindica-
much activity by governments in re- ness, into separate steps to ensure a bet- tors and calculating rankings. Other ap-
forming the regulatory environment for ter estimate of time. The time estimate proaches were explored, including using
domestic businesses. Most reforms relat- for each step is given by practitioners principal components and unobserved
ing to Doing Business topics were nested with significant and routine experience components. The principal components
in broader programs of reform aimed at in the transaction. and unobserved components approaches
enhancing economic competitiveness. In Over the past 7 years more than turn out to yield results nearly identical to
structuring their reform programs, gov- 11,000 professionals in 183 economies those of simple averaging. The tests show
ernments use multiple data sources and have assisted in providing the data that that each set of indicators provides new
indicators. And reformers respond to inform the Doing Business indicators. This information. The simple averaging ap-
many stakeholders and interest groups, year’s report draws on the inputs of more proach is therefore robust to such tests.
all of whom bring important issues and than 8,000 professionals. Table 14.1 lists
concerns into the reform debate. the number of respondents per indicator Improvements to the
methodology and data revisions
World Bank support to these reform set. The Doing Business website indicates
processes is designed to encourage criti- the number of respondents per economy The methodology has undergone contin-
cal use of the data, sharpening judgment and per indicator. Respondents are pro- ual improvement over the years. Changes
and avoiding a narrow focus on improv- fessionals or government officials who have been made mainly in response to
ing Doing Business rankings. routinely administer or advise on the legal country suggestions. For enforcing con-
and regulatory requirements covered in tracts, for example, the amount of the
Methodology and data each Doing Business topic. Because of the disputed claim in the case study was
focus on legal and regulatory arrange- increased from 50% to 200% of income
Doing Business covers 183 economies— ments, most of the respondents are law- per capita after the first year of data col-
including small economies and some of yers. The credit information survey is an- lection, as it became clear that smaller
the poorest countries, for which little or swered by officials of the credit registry or claims were unlikely to go to court.
no data are available in other data sets. bureau. Freight forwarders, accountants, Another change relates to starting a
The Doing Business data are based on architects and other professionals answer business. The minimum capital require-
domestic laws and regulations as well as the surveys related to trading across bor- ment can be an obstacle for potential
administrative requirements. (For a de- ders, taxes and construction permits. entrepreneurs. Initially, Doing Business
tailed explanation of the Doing Business The Doing Business approach to measured the required minimum capital
methodology, see Data notes.) data collection contrasts with that of regardless of whether it had to be paid
enterprise or firm surveys, which capture up front or not. In many economies only
Information sources for the data often one-time perceptions and experi- part of the minimum capital has to be
Most of the indicators are based on laws ences of businesses. A corporate lawyer paid up front. To reflect the actual po-
and regulations. In addition, most of the registering 100–150 businesses a year tential barrier to entry, the paid-in mini-
cost indicators are backed by official fee will be more familiar with the process mum capital has been used since 2004.
schedules. Doing Business respondents than an entrepreneur, who will register This year’s report includes changes
both fill out written surveys and provide a business only once or maybe twice. A in the core methodology for one set of
references to the relevant laws, regu- bankruptcy judge deciding dozens of indicators, those on employing work-
lations and fee schedules, aiding data cases a year will have more insight into ers. The assumption for the standardized
checking and quality assurance. bankruptcy than a company that may case study was changed to refer to a
For some indicators part of the undergo the process. small to medium-size company with 60
cost component (where fee schedules employees rather than 201. The scope of
about doing business ix

the question on night and weekly holiday Pilot indicators on getting try Doing Business examined whether
electricity
work has been limited to manufacturing national laws follow the minimum age
activities in which continuous opera- Where the quality and accessibility of threshold for general access to employ-
tion is economically necessary. Legally infrastructure services are poor, com- ment (14 or 15 years, depending on the
mandated wage premiums for night and panies’ productivity and growth suffer. development of the country’s economy
weekly holiday work up to a threshold According to firm surveys in 89 econo- and educational facilities), for hazardous
are no longer considered a restriction. In mies, electricity was one of the big- work (18 years) and for light work (12 or
addition, the calculation of the minimum gest constraints to their business.14 The 13 years, depending on the development
wage ratio was modified to ensure that an Doing Business pilot data set on getting of the country’s economy and educa-
economy would not benefit in the scor- electricity is the first to compare dis- tional facilities).
ing from lowering the minimum wage to tribution utilities around the world on In the future the research will ex-
below $1.25 a day, adjusted for purchas- how efficiently they respond to customer pand to more economies and to more
ing power parity. This level is consistent requests for connections. areas covered by the core labor stan-
with recent World Bank adjustments to The pilot indicators track the process dards. On the basis of this, Doing Busi-
the absolute poverty line. Finally, the cal- a standardized local private business goes ness plans to develop a worker protec-
culation of the redundancy cost was ad- through in obtaining an electricity con- tion indicator, a process that will benefit
justed so that having severance payments nection. By applying its methodology to from the advice of a consultative group
or unemployment protections below a electricity provision, Doing Business aims with broad representation of stakehold-
certain threshold does not mean a better to illustrate some of the real implications ers. The ILO, which has leadership on
score for an economy. of weak infrastructure services for en- the core labor standards, will serve as
All changes in methodology are ex- trepreneurs. The indicators complement an essential source of guidance in this
plained in the Data notes as well as on existing data that focus on generation process.
the Doing Business website. In addition, capacity, consumption prices and the re-
historical data for each indicator and liability of electricity supply.15 And they
economy are available on the website, allow further investigation of the effects
beginning with the first year the indicator of the process of getting an electricity 1. The standard cost model is a quantita-
tive methodology for determining the
or economy was included in the report. connection on economic outcomes. administrative burdens that regulation
To provide a comparable time series for imposes on businesses. The method can
research, the data set is back-calculated worker protection be used to measure the effect of a single
to adjust for changes in methodology and The ILO core labor standards consist of law or of selected areas of legislation or
to perform a baseline measurement of
any revisions in data due to corrections. freedom of association and recognition all legislation in a country.
The website also makes available all origi- of the right to collective bargaining, the
2. This included a review by the World
nal data sets used for background papers. elimination of all forms of forced or Bank Independent Evaluation Group
Information on data corrections is compulsory labor, the abolition of child (2008).
provided in the Data notes and on the labor and equitable treatment in employ- 3. De Soto (2000).
website. A transparent complaint proce- ment practices. The Doing Business indi- 4. The indicators related to trading across
dure allows anyone to challenge the data. cators on employing workers are consis- borders and dealing with construction
If errors are confirmed after a data veri- tent with these core labor standards but permits and the pilot indicators on get-
ting electricity take into account limited
fication process, they are expeditiously do not measure compliance with them. aspects of an economy’s infrastructure,
corrected. To complement these indicators, Doing including the inland transport of goods
Business has launched research on the and utility connections for businesses.
New this year adoption of core labor standards in na- 5. http://subnational.doingbusiness.org.
tional legislation. 6. Schneider (2005).
This year’s report presents initial find- The initial research focuses on the 7. http://www.enterprisesurveys.org.
ings in 2 new areas: the ease of obtaining national implementation of minimum 8. Narayan and others (2000).
an electricity connection and the level age provisions included in 2 ILO conven- 9. World Bank (2003).
of adoption in national legislation of tions on child labor: Convention 138, on 10. http://scholar.google.com.
aspects of the International Labour Or- the minimum age for admission to em- 11. For example, Masatlioglu and Rigolini
ganization’s (ILO) core labor standards ployment (1973), and Convention 182, (2008), Kaplan, Piedra and Seira (2008),
on child labor. Neither of these pilot on the worst forms of child labor (1999). Ardagna and Lusagi (2009) and Djankov
and others (forthcoming).
indicator sets is included in the Doing This year’s report presents initial
12. For example, Alesina and others (2005),
Business rankings. findings on 102 countries (see annex
Perotti and Volpin (2004), Klapper,
on worker protection). For each coun-
x Doing Business 2010

Laeven and Rajan (2006), Fisman and


Sarria-Allende (2004), Antunes and
Cavalcanti (2007), Barseghyan (2008),
Djankov and others (forthcoming) and
Klapper, Lewin and Quesada Delgado
(2009).
13. For example, Freund and Bolaky (2008),
Chang, Kaltani and Loayza (2009) and
Helpman, Melitz and Rubinstein (2008).
14. According to World Bank Enterprise
Survey data for the 89 economies, 15.6%
of managers consider electricity the
most serious constraint, while a similar
share (15.7%) consider access to finance
the most serious constraint (http://www.
enterprisesurveys.org).
15. See, for example, data of the Interna-
tional Energy Agency or the World Bank
Enterprise Surveys (http://www
.enterprisesurveys.org).
DB2007
DB2008
DB2005 DB2006 DB2007 DB2008 DB2009 DB2010 DB2009
DB2010
Source: Doing Business database. STARTING A BUSINESS 1
Middle

Overview FIGURE 1.1


Which regions have some of the most business-friendly regulations?
(19 econ
DB2005
DB2006
DB2010 ranking on the ease of doing business (1–183) EACH LINE SHOWS DB2007
AVERAGE THE RANK OF ONE
ECONOMY IN THE REGION DB2008
1 RANK 183 DB2009
OECD 30 DB2010
high income
Eastern Europe 71 South
& Central Asia (8 econo
East Asia 83 DB2005
& Pacific
DB2006
Middle East 92 DB2007
& North Africa DB2008
Latin America 95 DB2009
& Caribbean DB2010
South Asia 118
East As
Sub-Saharan (24 econ
139
Africa DB2005
Source: Doing Business database. DB2006
DB2007
FIGURE 1.4 DB2008
The past year was a tough one for doing 2008/09
Most popular morereform governments
features implemented infrastructure,
in each Doing Business topic both important factors in DB2009
DB2010
business. Firms around the world had to regulatory reforms aimed at Number makingof it understanding
reforms since DB2005
some of the underlying
cope with the effects of a financial crisis easier to do Created business than in any year causes of the global financial crisis.
or improved
40
Nor OECD h
one stop shops (27 econ
that started in rich economies but led to since 2004, when Doing Business
Reduced approval
started do they account for other factors im-
34 DB2005
a global economic downturn. Access to to track reforms through its indicators.
processing time (for what?) portant for business at any time, such as DB2006
finance became more difficult. Demand Doing Business Maderecorded
working hours 287 such re- macroeconomic conditions, infrastruc- DB2007
more flexible 22
DB2008
for many products fell in domestic and forms in 131 economies
Computerized propertybetween June ture, workforce skills or security. DB2009
registration procedures 22
international markets, and trade slowed 2008 and May 2009, 20% more than in But the regulatory environment for DB2010
Created private
globally. Policy makers and governments the year before. credit Reformers
bureaus focused on businesses21can influence how well firms Sub-Sa
also faced big challenges—from stabiliz- making it easier to start and operate a 12cope with the crisis and are able to seize
Created
colleteral registries
(46 econ

ing the financial sector and restoring business, strengthening property


Increased disclosure rights opportunities when recovery begins. DB2005
25 DB2006
confidence and trust to countering rising and improving the requirements efficiency of commer- Where business regulation is transpar- DB2007
Simplified process
unemployment and providing necessary cial dispute resolution of payingand
taxes bankruptcy ent and efficient, it is easier for 36 firms to DB2008
DB2009
safety nets as an estimated 50 million procedures.
Created or improved electronic reorient themselves and for new firms 41 to DB2010
data interchange system
people risked losing their jobs as a result Reforming business
Created or expanded specialized
regulation on start up. Efficient court and bankruptcy
21 Latin A
of the crisis.1 And all this in the face its own is not acommercial recipe for recovery from procedures help ensure that assets can be
courts
(32 econ
Established or promoted
of rising public debt as fiscal stimulus financial reorganization
or economic distress. Many
procedure reallocated
14 quickly. And strong property DB2005
packages collided with tightening fiscal other factors come
Source: Doing Business database.
into play. The Doing rights and investor protections can help DB2006
DB2007
revenues. Business indicators do not assess market establish the basis for trust when inves- DB2008
Despite the many challenges, in regulation
FIGURE 1.6 or the strength of the financial tors start investing again. DB2009
Three-quarters of economies have made it easier to start a business DB2010
Recognizing the importance of
Share of economies implementing reforms in each Doing Business topic (%)
FIGURE 1.2
0 20 firms—especially
40 small and medium-
60 80
Note: The
Reforms more likely in low- and lower-middle-income economies Starting a size enterprises—for creating jobs and
reclassifie
high-inco
Distribution by income group of reforms making it easier to do business (%)business
Getting
revenue, some governments, including Source: D

65 64 credit66 those of China, the Republic of Korea,


FIGURE 1.4
59 Registering
MalaysiaEurope and the Russian
property Eastern & Central AsiaFederation,
and
55 53 Low and lower
Paying middle income Middle
have East
included & North
reforms Africa—
of business regu-
45 47 taxes
High and upper
most
lationactive
in their reformers
economic in recovery
2008/09 plans.
41 Trading across middle income Share of economies Reform
with atby Doing
least Business
1 reform
36
borders But
makingmost reforms
it easier toreport recorded
year
do business (%) in 2008/09
35 35
Enforcing were
by Doingpart of
Business longer-term
report year
DB2004–DB2010 efforts to in-
contracts
Dealing with crease competitivenessDB2010
Eastern Europe & Central Asia and
only encourage
construction permits
firm and job creation by improving the
(27 economies)
Closing
a business regulatory
DB2005 environment for businesses. 74
DB2006 85
Protecting And
DB2007 most took place in developing econ-
82
investors
Employing omies
DB2008 (figure 1.2). 78
DB2005 DB2006 DB2007 DB2008 DB2009 workers
DB2010 DB2009 85
DB2010 96
Source: Doing Business database. Note: Not all indicators are covered for the full period. Registering property was introduced in Doing Business 2005, and paying taxes,
trading across borders, dealing with construction permits and protecting Middle East
investors & North
in Doing Africa
Business 2006.
Source: Doing Business database. (19 economies)
FIGURE 1.1
Which regions have some of the most business-friendly regulations? DB2005 47
FIGURE 1.7 DB2006 47
DB2010 ranking on the ease of doing business (1–183) EACH LINE SHOWS
2 Doing Business 2010

Table 1.1
The top 10 reformers in 2008/09
Dealing with Trading
Starting a construction Employing Registering Getting Protecting Paying across Enforcing Closing a
Economy business permits workers property credit investors taxes borders contracts business

Rwanda 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Kyrgyz Republic 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Macedonia, FYR 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Belarus 4 4 4 4 4 4

United Arab Emirates 4 4 4

Moldova 4 4 4

Colombia 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Tajikistan 4 4 4 4 4

Egypt, Arab Rep. 4 4 4 4

Liberia 4 4 4

Note: Economies are ranked on the number and impact of reforms. First, Doing Business selects the economies that implemented reforms making it easier to do business in 3 or more of the Doing Business topics.
Second, it ranks these economies on the increase in rank on the ease of doing business from the previous year. The larger the improvement, the higher the ranking as a reformer.
Source: Doing Business database.

Developing economies set a secured creditors and gives them abso- for their exports and a drop in capital
fast pace—with Rwanda lute priority within bankruptcy. Rwan- flows and remittances. At the same time
in the lead da’s new insolvency law streamlined re- businesses in low-income economies on
organization procedures. average still face more than twice the reg-
Low- and lower-middle-income econo- Reforms also included measures to ulatory burden that their counterparts in
mies accounted for two-thirds of re- speed up trade and property registra- high-income economies do when start-
forms recorded by Doing Business in tion. Delays at the borders were reduced ing a business, transferring property,
2008/09, continuing a trend that started thanks to longer operating hours and filing taxes or resolving a commercial
3 years ago. Indeed, three-quarters of simpler requirements for documents. dispute through the courts. Only 2% of
such economies covered by Doing Busi- Reforms removed bottlenecks at the adults on average have a credit history in
ness reformed. And for the first time a property registry and the revenue au- low-income economies, compared with
Sub-Saharan African economy, Rwanda, thority, reducing the time required to 52% of adults in high-income economies.
led the world in Doing Business reforms register property by 255 days. Developed economies have on average 10
(table 1.1). Five other low- or lower-middle- times as many newly registered firms per
Rwanda has steadily reformed its income economies—the Arab Republic adult as Africa and the Middle East—and
commercial laws and institutions since of Egypt, Liberia, Moldova, the Kyrgyz a business density 4 times that in devel-
2001. In the past year it introduced a Republic and Tajikistan—joined Rwanda oping economies.2
new company law that simplified busi- on the list of global top reformers. These Regulatory burdens can push
ness start-up and strengthened minor- top 10 reformers are economies that, firms—and employment—into the in-
ity shareholder protections (figure 1.3). thanks to reforms in 3 or more of the formal sector. There, firms are not regis-
Entrepreneurs can now start a business 10 areas covered by Doing Business, im- tered, do not pay taxes and have limited
in 2 procedures and 3 days. Related- proved the most on the ease of doing access to formal credit and institutions—
party transactions are subject to stricter business. An economy’s ranking on the and workers do not benefit from the pro-
approval and disclosure requirements. ease of doing business does not tell the tections that the law provides. The global
Legal provisions determining directors’ whole story about its business environ- crisis is expected to further increase
liability in case of prejudicial transac- ment. And opportunities for reform re- informal activity. Almost two-thirds of
tions between interested parties were main—Liberia, for example, still ranks the world’s workers are already estimated
also tightened. 149, and Tajikistan 152. Yet an improve- to be employed in the informal sector.3
Rwanda improved regulations to ment in this ranking does indicate that Most are in low- and lower-middle-in-
ease access to credit through 2 new laws. the government is taking action to make come economies. And a disproportion-
Its new secured transactions act facili- the local regulatory environment more ate share are from already vulnerable
tates secured lending by allowing a wider conducive to doing business. groups, such as youth and women.4
range of assets to be used as collateral. Such reforms are as timely as ever. Most Doing Business reforms in de-
The law also makes out-of-court enforce- Many firms in developing economies veloping economies still focus on cutting
ment of movable collateral available to have been affected by lower demand red tape and simplifying bureaucratic
AVERAGE RANKING 30 71 83 95 118 139
ON THE EASE OF OECD EASTERN EAST 92 LATIN SOUTH SUB-
DOING BUSINESS, HIGH EUROPE ASIA & MIDDLE AMERICA & ASIA SAHARAN
DB2010 INCOME & CENTRAL PACIFIC EAST & CARIBBEAN AFRICA
ASIA NORTH

Source: Doing Business database.


AFRICA over vie w 3
FIGURE 1.3
New company law in Rwanda simplifies starting a business and strengthens investor protections
14 Starting a business 2008 Protecting investors
Time to start a business (days) Improvement
9
12 (index 0–10)

10
2009 7
Time from
8 14 days to 3
5
6

4 3
From 8 to 2 procedures
2008 2
2
2009
1
0
1 8 Extent of Extent of Ease of
Procedures disclosure director shareholder
Source: Doing Business database. index liability index suits index

formalities. Over the past 6 years 80% tate enforcement, a particular challenge given the right conditions, particularly
of reforms in low- and lower-middle- in many developing economies where re- in low-income economies, simple mea-
income economies were aimed at reduc- sources are scarce. Risk-based inspection sures can make a difference. Analysis of
ing the administrative burden for firms, systems at customs or in the construc- 6 years of Doing Business reforms finds
mostly by easing business start-up and tion sector allow public officials to focus that in relatively poor but well-governed
trade. This makes sense and addresses their resources and attention where they economies, a 10-day reduction in start-
important needs. When informal firms are most needed. up time was associated with an increase
were asked in 2008 about obstacles to Some reforming governments have of 0.4 percentage points in the growth
formally registering their business, 67% gone further, introducing new legisla- rate and 0.27 percentage points in the
in Côte d’Ivoire and 57% in Madagascar tion to strengthen property rights and investment rate.7
cited registration fees as a major or very increase legal protections for investors.
severe obstacle.5 Several postconflict economies, includ- Inspired by neighbors,
In easing business start-up and ing Afghanistan, Rwanda and Sierra reformers pick up the pace
trade, much can be achieved through Leone, introduced new company and
cost-effective administrative reforms. collateral laws, laying the legal founda- In 2008/09 Doing Business reforms
The one-stop shop for starting a business tions for future markets (table 1.2). picked up around the world, with at
in Burkina Faso cost $200,000. Azerbai- Of course, many challenges remain. least 60% of economies reforming in
jan’s cost $5 million. And the costs are far Banks in Afghanistan will not increase every region (table 1.3). Reformers were
outweighed by the estimated savings for secured lending tomorrow just because particularly active in 2 regions, Eastern
businesses—estimated at $1.7 million of new legislation on the use of movable Europe and Central Asia and the Middle
a year in Burkina Faso, $8.4 million in collateral. To be effective, new legislation East and North Africa. In both, competi-
Azerbaijan. Efficient systems also facili- must be well publicized and adopted tion among neighbors played a part in
Table 1.2 by both the public and the private sec- motivating reforms.
Top reformers in 2008/09 by indicator set tor. Moreover, regulatory reform does Economies in Eastern Europe and
Starting a business Samoa not operate in a vacuum. New evidence Central Asia, the region most affected by
Dealing with construction United Kingdom suggests that an economy’s governance the crisis, were the most active reformers
permits structure and natural resources influence for the sixth year in a row. Twenty-six
Employing workers Rwanda the motivation for reform.6 of the region’s 27 economies reformed
Registering property Mauritius
But even in difficult circumstances, business regulation in at least one area
Getting credit Rwanda
Protecting investors Rwanda
creating a regulatory environment with covered by Doing Business. In 2004/05
Paying taxes Timor-Leste efficient administrative processes and and 2005/06 the 10 European Union
Trading across borders Georgia strong protection of property rights can accession economies accounted for 84
Enforcing contracts Botswana set the stage for firms and investors reforms, 60% of the total in the region.
Closing a business Malawi to take opportunities as the economy Others followed, with some good results.
Source: Doing Business database. develops. New research suggests that Since 2004 private credit bureaus have
4 Doing Business 2010

Table 1.3
Rankings on the ease of doing business
2010 2009 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2009 2010
RANK rank Economy reforms RANK rank Economy reforms RANK rank Economy reforms
1 1 Singapore 3 62 51 Spain 1 123 123 Nepal 1
2 2 New Zealand 0 63 64 Kazakhstan 3 124 122 Paraguay 1
3 3 Hong Kong, China 3 64 53 Luxembourg 1 125 120 Nigeria 1
4 4 United States 0 65 60 Oman 2 126 124 Bhutan 0
5 6 United Kingdom 2 66 54 Namibia 0 127 130 Morocco 1
6 5 Denmark 0 67 143 Rwanda 7 128 125 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0
7 7 Ireland 1 68 59 Bahamas, The 0 129 127 Brazil 1
8 8 Canada 0 69 73 Tunisia 2 130 128 Lesotho 0
9 9 Australia 0 70 62 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2 131 126 Tanzania 0
10 10 Norway 1 71 77 Montenegro 4 132 131 Malawi 2
11 16 Georgia 2 72 72 Poland 4 133 132 India 1
12 12 Thailand 1 73 63 Turkey 1 134 144 Madagascar 1
13 15 Saudi Arabia 2 74 66 Czech Republic 3 135 140 Mozambique 2
14 11 Iceland 1 75 67 Jamaica 1 136 134 Algeria 4
15 13 Japan 0 76 70 St. Kitts and Nevis 1 137 142 Iran, Islamic Rep. 4
16 14 Finland 1 77 83 Panama 2 138 133 Ecuador 0
17 24 Mauritius 6 78 74 Italy 0 139 137 West Bank and Gaza 2
18 17 Sweden 0 79 79 Kiribati 0 140 135 Gambia, The 0
19 23 Korea, Rep. 2 80 75 Belize 0 141 136 Honduras 3
20 18 Bahrain 1 81 78 Trinidad and Tobago 0 142 146 Ukraine 1
21 19 Switzerland 0 82 89 Albania 3 143 138 Syrian Arab Republic 1
22 20 Belgium 2 83 76 Dominica 0 144 141 Philippines 3
23 21 Malaysia 2 84 81 El Salvador 0 145 139 Cambodia 0
24 22 Estonia 2 85 85 Pakistan 1 146 147 Cape Verde 2
25 27 Germany 2 86 102 Dominican Republic 1 147 155 Burkina Faso 5
26 25 Lithuania 1 87 71 Maldives 0 148 156 Sierra Leone 5
27 30 Latvia 2 88 90 Serbia 2 149 159 Liberia 3
28 26 Austria 0 89 86 China 1 150 145 Uzbekistan 2
29 29 Israel 1 90 99 Zambia 1 151 154 Haiti 2
30 28 Netherlands 1 91 88 Grenada 2 152 164 Tajikistan 5
31 31 France 2 92 87 Ghana 1 153 150 Iraq 0
32 69 Macedonia, FYR 7 93 91 Vietnam 2 154 149 Sudan 2
33 47 United Arab Emirates 3 94 108 Moldova 3 155 148 Suriname 0
34 32 South Africa 1 95 84 Kenya 1 156 162 Mali 5
35 33 Puerto Rico 0 96 94 Brunei Darussalam 1 157 152 Senegal 1
36 34 St. Lucia 1 97 92 Palau 0 158 151 Gabon 0
37 49 Colombia 8 98 93 Marshall Islands 0 159 160 Zimbabwe 1
38 38 Azerbaijan 2 99 103 Yemen, Rep. 3 160 168 Afghanistan 3
39 37 Qatar 0 100 104 Jordan 6 161 158 Bolivia 0
40 36 Cyprus 0 101 98 Guyana 2 162 153 Comoros 0
41 80 Kyrgyz Republic 7 102 95 Papua New Guinea 1 163 157 Djibouti 1
42 35 Slovak Republic 1 103 110 Croatia 1 164 173 Timor-Leste 1
43 50 Armenia 3 104 96 Solomon Islands 0 165 166 Togo 2
44 42 Bulgaria 2 105 97 Sri Lanka 1 166 161 Mauritania 0
45 39 Botswana 2 106 116 Egypt, Arab Rep. 4 167 165 Lao PDR 1
46 61 Taiwan, China 2 107 111 Ethiopia 3 168 163 Côte d’Ivoire 0
47 41 Hungary 1 108 101 Lebanon 2 169 170 Angola 3
48 48 Portugal 4 109 100 Greece 1 170 169 Equatorial Guinea 0
49 40 Chile 0 110 117 Guatemala 4 171 167 Cameroon 3
50 44 Antigua and Barbuda 0 111 105 Seychelles 0 172 172 Benin 2
51 55 Mexico 2 112 106 Uganda 1 173 171 Guinea 0
52 46 Tonga 1 113 107 Kosovo 1 174 174 Niger 1
53 58 Slovenia 2 114 109 Uruguay 1 175 175 Eritrea 0
54 43 Fiji 1 115 114 Swaziland 0 176 177 Burundi 0
55 45 Romania 1 116 119 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 177 178 Venezuela, R.B. 0
56 65 Peru 6 117 113 Nicaragua 0 178 176 Chad 0
57 68 Samoa 2 118 112 Argentina 1 179 179 Congo, Rep. 0
58 82 Belarus 6 119 115 Bangladesh 3 180 180 São Tomé and Principe 0
59 57 Vanuatu 1 120 118 Russian Federation 3 181 181 Guinea-Bissau 1
60 56 Mongolia 0 121 121 Costa Rica 1 182 182 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1
61 52 Kuwait 2 122 129 Indonesia 3 183 183 Central African Republic 1
Note: The rankings for all economies are benchmarked to June 2009 and reported in the country tables. Rankings on the ease of doing business are the average of the economy’s rankings on the 10 topics covered
in Doing Business 2010. Last year’s rankings are presented in italics. These are adjusted for changes in the methodology, data corrections and the addition of 2 new economies. The number of reforms excludes
reforms making it more difficult to do business.
Source: Doing Business database.
FIGURE 1.2
Reforms more likely in low- and lower-middle-income economies
Distribution by income group of reforms making it easier to do business (%) over vie w 5
65 64 66
opened in 16 of the region’s FIGURE 1.4
59 economies. gion focused on making it easier to start
Eastern Europe & Central Asia and
Today5594% of53adults in Serbia, 77% in a business or trade acrossLow borders.
and lower In
Middle East & North Africa—
middle income
Croatia
45 and 30% in
47 Kazakhstan and Ro- South Asia 6 of 8 economies reformed. In most active reformers in 2008/09
High and upper
mania have a credit history. Five 41 years ago, East Asia and the Pacific 17 middle of 24 income
did. Share of economies with at least 1 reform
36 making it easier to do business (%)
none did. Enterprise surveys show that35 Among OECD35 high-income econo-
by Doing Business report year
in 2008 fewer than 6% of firms expected mies 17 reformed, focusing mostly on
to make informal payments to get things easing the corporate tax burden and Eastern Europe & Central Asia
(27 economies)
done in Estonia, Slovenia and the Slovak improving property registration sys- DB2005 74
Republic—a far cry from the 18%, 14% tems. Germany created a new form of DB2006 85
DB2007 82
and 33% in 2005.8 In the past 3 years limited liability company, doing away DB2008 78
reforms
DB2005 have been
DB2006 moving eastward
DB2007 from
DB2008 with start-upDB2010
DB2009 requirements that were DB2009 85
DB2010 96
the European Union. Albania, Belarus, more than 100 years old. Germany is
Source: Doing Business database.
the Kyrgyz Republic and the former Yugo- no stranger to regulatory competition. Middle East & North Africa
slav Republic of Macedonia implemented In recent years, taking advantage of the (19 economies)
FIGURE 1.1
Which
reforms regions have some
in several areasof for
the most business-friendly
the third commonregulations?
EU market, German limited li- DB2005 47
DB2006 47
DB 2010 ranking on the ease of doing business
year in row. Inspired by their neighbors, ability companies (1–183) EACHincreasingly
LINE SHOWS registered DB2007 53
AVERAGE THE RANK OF ONE 53
Kazakhstan, Montenegro RANK and Tajikistan in the United Kingdom,
ECONOMY IN where
THE REGION registra- DB2008
1 183 DB2009 63
increased reform efforts 30
OECD this past year. tion was easier and less costly, rather DB2010 90
high income
Governments in the Middle East and than in Germany. The new law may
Eastern Europe 71 reverse this trend. South Asia
North
& CentralAfrica
Asia are now reforming at a rate (8 economies)
similar Eastto
Asiathose in Eastern Europe and 83 DB2005 50
& Pacific
Central Asia
Middle East
(figure 1.4). Seventeen of 19 Times of crisis— DB2006 63
DB2007 25
economies
& North Africa reformed in 2008/09. Egypt, an92opportunity for reform DB2008 63
Latin America
Jordan and the United Arab Emirates 95 DB2009 50
& Caribbean DB2010 75
were among the most active reformers. In Regulatory reform can be difficult and
South Asia 118
recent years economies in the region have take time, particularly if legal changes East Asia & Pacific
Sub-Saharan (24 economies)
increasinglyAfrica picked up reform practices are involved. Some reforms 139 also require
DB2005 38
from one another.
Source: Doing Business database.
Eight of the region’s difficult political trade-offs. It is not sur- DB2006 46
economies have reduced or eliminated prising that most reforms recorded by DB2007 33
FIGURE 1.4 DB2008 46
their minimum capital requirement
Most popular reform features in each Doing Business topic
since Doing Business in 2008/09 were aimed DB2009 63
2005. Five of these 8 used to have among at reducing administrative burdens. At DB2010 71
Number of reforms since DB2005
the highest requirements
Created or improved in the world— least 30 economies improved processes OECD high income
40
up to $120,000 one in stop
SaudishopsArabia until for construction permitting, property (27 economies)
Reduced approval 78
2007. Egypt, Jordan,
processing time Morocco,
(for what?) Saudi Ara- registration or trading across 34 borders, DB2005
DB2006 74
bia, Tunisia, Made the working
Unitedhours Arab Emirates while 61 eased22
business start-up. By con- DB2007 82
more flexible
and the Republic of Yemen
Computerized property
all operate trast, only 8 economies amended collat- DB2008 63
22 DB2009 56
one-stop shops for starting a business. eral or secured transactions laws—and
registration procedures
DB2010 63
Created private
In 2008/09 reforms creditalso
bureaus intensified in only 11 amended
21 labor regulations, 7
Sub-Saharan Africa
other areas, simplifyingCreated processes for get- making them more flexible, 4 opting for (46 economies)
colleteral registries 12
ting construction permits, for trading more rigidity (figure 1.5). Outside pres- DB2005 22
Increased disclosure
across borders and for enforcing con- sures are often 25
requirements required to push through DB2006 30
DB2007 65
tracts through the courts.
Simplified process
of paying taxes
substantial legislative changes.
36 In this DB2008 52
Reforms in Latin
Created or improved electronicAmerica and the sense the current crisis may represent an DB2009 61
41 DB2010 63
Caribbean data alsointerchange
intensified, system
with 19 of 32 opportunity.
Created or expanded specialized
economies reforming. commercialColombia,
courts Guate- Historically,
21 many reforms have Latin America & Caribbean
(32 economies)
mala and Peru each reformed in at least
Established or promoted been
14 prompted by recession or finan-
reorganization procedure DB2005 25
4 areas. And 3 Caribbean island states cial crisis. The East Asian crisis mo- DB2006 50
Source: Doing Business database.
reformed for the first time—Grenada, St. tivated many economies to reengineer DB2007 56
DB2008 38
Kitts
FIGUREand 1.6 Nevis and St. Lucia. their bankruptcy systems. Some, such DB2009 50
Three-quarters
In Sub-Saharan of economies
Africa have 29 ofmade 46 it easier to start aand
as Singapore business
Thailand, reformed DB2010 59
Share of economies
economies reformed implementing reforms imple-
in 2008/09, in each Doinglaws totopic
Business (%)
strengthen investor protections. Note: The Czech Republic, Hungary and the Slovak Republic were
0 20 40 60 80 reclassified from Eastern Europe and Central Asia to OECD
mentingStarting67 reforms.
a As in the previous Postcrisis bankruptcy reforms were high-income in 2008.
year, nearly business
half the reforms in the re- also carried out in Turkey in 2003/04 Source: Doing Business database.
Getting
credit
Registering
property
Paying
6 Doing Business 2010

FIGURE 1.5
287 reforms in 2008/09 made it easier to do business—27 made it more difficult

61
Afghanistan
Albania
Argentina
Armenia
Bangladesh
Belarus
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Colombia
Egypt, Arab Rep.
Ethiopia
Germany
Reforms Ghana
making it Guinea-Bissau
easier to Guyana
do business Honduras
Hong Kong, China
Hungary
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Jordan 34
Kazakhstan
Korea, Rep. Afghanistan
Kyrgyz Republic Algeria
31 Angola
Lebanon
Liberia Algeria Belarus
Luxembourg Bahrain Belgium
Macedonia, FYR Belarus Bulgaria
27
Madagascar Bosnia and Herzegovina Burkina Faso
Malaysia Burkina Faso Colombia Afghanistan
Mali Colombia Czech Republic Armenia
Mexico Croatia Estonia Azerbaijan
Moldova Czech Republic Ethiopia Colombia
Montenegro Egypt, Arab Rep. France Egypt, Arab Rep.
Mozambique Georgia Guatemala Greece
Niger Guatemala Hong Kong, China Guatemala
Oman Honduras Indonesia Haiti
Pakistan Hong Kong, China Ireland Honduras
Peru Iran, Islamic Rep. Jamaica Kenya
Poland Jordan Jordan Kyrgyz Republic
Rwanda Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Latvia
Samoa Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Macedonia, FYR
Saudi Arabia Liberia Macedonia, FYR Mauritius
Serbia Macedonia, FYR Mauritius Morocco
Sierra Leone Mali Moldova Nigeria
Singapore Montenegro Nepal Philippines
Slovenia Netherlands Panama Poland
St. Lucia Panama 7 Peru Rwanda
St. Vincent and the Grenadines Portugal Portugal Serbia
Syrian Arab Republic Saudi Arabia Belarus Romania Sierra Leone
Taiwan, China Singapore Kyrgyz Republic Russian Federation Sri Lanka
Tajikistan Slovenia Macedonia, FYR Rwanda Tajikistan
Thailand Tajikistan Mauritius Singapore Turkey
Togo United Arab Emirates Montenegro United Kingdom Vanuatu
United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Peru West Bank and Gaza Yemen, Rep.
Yemen, Rep. Uzbekistan Rwanda Zimbabwe Zambia

Starting Dealing with Employing Registering Getting


a business construction permits workers property credit

West Bank and Gaza Kenya Honduras Argentina Cape Verde


Reforms New Zealand Luxembourg Botswana
making it Romania Maldives Madagascar
more difficult Solomon Islands Portugal Sierra Leone
to do business Sri Lanka Suriname
Tanzania Tajikistan
Uruguay

Source: Doing Business database.


over vie w 7

45
Algeria
Angola
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Benin 38
Brunei Darussalam
Cameroon Albania
Cape Verde Angola
Colombia Armenia
Czech Republic Azerbaijan
Djibouti Bangladesh
Fiji Belarus
Finland Benin
Guatemala Burkina Faso
Iceland Cameroon
Iran, Islamic Rep. China
Israel Colombia
Jordan Congo, Dem. Rep.
Kazakhstan Georgia
Korea, Rep. Grenada
Kosovo Guyana
Kyrgyz Republic Haiti
Lao PDR Iran, Islamic Rep.
Lebanon Jordan
Macedonia, FYR Kuwait 18
Mexico Kyrgyz Republic
Moldova Liberia Albania
16
Montenegro Malawi Colombia
Oman Mali Algeria Estonia
Peru Mauritius Botswana France
Philippines Mozambique Burkina Faso Germany
Poland Paraguay Costa Rica India
Russian Federation Peru Egypt, Arab Rep. Kuwait
10 Lithuania
Sierra Leone Portugal Ethiopia
Colombia South Africa Rwanda Grenada Malawi
Dominican Republic Spain Senegal Jordan Mauritius
Indonesia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Slovak Republic Malaysia Philippines
Macedonia, FYR Sudan St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Poland
Mali Taiwan, China Sudan Mauritius Russian Federation
Rwanda Timor-Leste Tunisia Norway Rwanda
Sierra Leone Togo Uganda Papua New Guinea Samoa
Tajikistan Tonga United Arab Emirates Peru Sierra Leone
Tunisia Uzbekistan Vietnam Portugal Tajikistan
Ukraine Vietnam Yemen, Rep. West Bank and Gaza Uruguay

Protecting Paying Trading Enforcing Closing


investors taxes across borders contracts a business
Cambodia Sierra Leone Romania
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Lithuania
Romania
Tunisia
Venezuela, R.B.
Created or expanded specialized
commercial courts 21 Latin America & Caribbean
(32 economies)
Established or promoted
reorganization procedure 14 25
DB2005
DB2006 50
8 Doing
Source: Doing Business
Business database.2010 DB2007 56
DB2008 38
FIGURE 1.6 consistent
DB 2009 reformers. This
50 year Singapore
Three-quarters of economies have made it easier to start a business DB2010 59
once again tops the rankings on the ease
Share of economies implementing reforms in each Doing Business topic (%)
0 20 40 60 80 of doing
Note: business—for
The Czech Republic, the
Hungary and the fourth
Slovak year
Republic were
reclassified from Eastern Europe and Central Asia to OECD
Starting a in a row.in 2008.
high-income And in the past year it contin-
business Source: Doing Business database.
Getting ued with reforms, implementing online
credit and computer-based services to make it
Registering
property easier to start a business, deal with con-
Paying struction permits and transfer property.
taxes
But while successful reformers
Trading across Reform by Doing Business
borders report year follow a clear direction in their policy
Enforcing
contracts DB2004–DB2010 agenda, they do not hesitate to respond
Dealing with DB2010 only to new economic realities. Mauritius,
construction permits
the top-ranked economy in Sub-Saharan
Closing
a business Africa, just announced a new insolvency
Protecting act “to maintain the viability of the com-
investors
Employing mercial system in the country.”9
workers
Successful Doing Business reform-
Note: Not all indicators are covered for the full period. Registering property was introduced in Doing Business 2005, and paying taxes, ers are comprehensive. Over the past 5
trading across borders, dealing with construction permits and protecting investors in Doing Business 2006. years Colombia, Egypt, Georgia, FYR
Source: Doing Business database.
Macedonia, Mauritius and Rwanda each
FIGURE 1.7
and in Colombia in 1999. In the United What consistent implemented at least 19 reforms, cover-
Consistent reformers continued reform efforts in 2008/09
States the Great Depression prompted
Improvement in the ranking on the ease of doing business, DB2009–DB2010
reformers do ing 8 or more of the 10 areas measured
the country’s first comprehensive bank- 183
by Doing Business (figure 1.7). This broad
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
ruptcy reform in 50 years. This past year As Doing Business has tracked regula- approach increases the chances of suc-
18 economies Georgiareformed Colombia their bankruptcy
49 TO 37
tory reforms over the past 6 years, some cess and impact. Recent research sug-
16 TO 11
regimes,2 REFORMS
as measured by8 REFORMS Doing Business. patterns have started to emerge. Regula- gests that reforms in different areas tend
This numberMauritius may increase in the future tory reform tends to pick Rwandaup when pres- to be complementary. One study finds
as economies face
24 TO 17 the need to deal with
6 REFORMS
sure rises. One reason can be
143 TO 67
7 REFORMS increasing that after reforms reducing barriers to
systemic distress. In times of recession, competition as economies join a com- entry in India, states with more flex-
Macedonia, FYR Egypt, Arab Rep.
keeping viable companies operating 69 TO 32 as mon market or106
116 TO trade agreement, such as ible employment regulations saw a 25%
7 REFORMS 4 REFORMS
a going concern and preserving jobs the European Union or the U.S.–Central larger decrease in informal firms.10 Other
becomes especially important. And the American Free Trade Agreement. Finan- studies show that when economies open
more quickly the assets of nonviable cial crisis and economic downturn are up their product markets to international
firms RANKING
AVERAGE can be freed 30 up, the easier 71 it is 83 to
92
another
95 strong
118 motivation
139 for reform. competition, the benefits are greater if
ON THE EASE OF OECD EASTERN EAST LATIN SOUTH SUB-
remobilize
DOING BUSINESS,those HIGHassets.
INCOME
EUROPE ASIA & MIDDLESoAMERICA
& CENTRAL PACIFIC
is
EAST & CARIBBEANthe& need
ASIA to rebuild
SAHARAN an economy
AFRICA
the cost of entry is lower. Lower barriers
DB2010
France and Germany were ASIA among NORTHfollowing conflict, as in Liberia, Rwanda
AFRICA to entry allow firms to move more easily
the first to reform bankruptcy systems in
Source: Doing Business database. and Sierra Leone. toward industries that most benefit from
response
FIGURE 1.3 to the current crisis. In Eastern Whatever the motivation, govern- trade openness.11
New company law in Rwanda simplifies starting
Europe and Central Asia several econo- ments that succeed in sustaining reform a business and strengthens investor protections
Consistent reformers are inclusive.
miesStarting
14 have recently
a business started to do so. Lat- programs, as measured by2008 Doing Busi- Protecting They involve all relevant public agencies
investors
via’s Time
newtoinsolvency
start a business became effective ness, tend to have common features. To Improvement
law(days) and private sector representatives
9 and in-
12 (index 0–10)
in January 2008, Lithuania’s in July 2008. begin with, they follow a longer-term stitutionalize reform at the highest level.
And in December 2008 Estonia adopted
10 agenda aimed at increasing the com- Colombia and Rwanda have formed reg-
2009 7
a new reorganization act that establishes petitiveness of their firms andTime economy.
from ulatory reform committees reporting di-
a8 legal procedure enabling distressed Colombia, Egypt, Malaysia and 14 Rwanda
days to 3 rectly to the president or prime minister.
companies on the verge of insolvency to are all examples of economies incorpo- 5
More than 20 other economies, includ-
6
reorganize themselves, restructure their rating business regulation reforms into a ing Burkina Faso, India, Liberia, FYR
debt
4 and take other measures to restore broader competitiveness agenda. Macedonia, the Syrian Arab Republic 3
From 8 to 2 procedures
their financial health and profitability. Such reformers continually push and Vietnam, 2 have formed committees
2 2008
Such efforts are timely. The region’s aver- forward and stay proactive. 2009Singapore at the ministerial level. Reforms in Egypt
1
age
0 recovery rate following bankruptcy and Hong Kong (China) rank among involved 32 government agencies sup-
is 32%, 1far lower than the 69% in OECD the top economies on 8 the ease of doing ported by the
Extent of parliament.
Extent of Ease of
high-income economies. Procedures business and are also some of the most disclosure director
Successful reformers shareholder
stay focused
Source: Doing Business database. index liability index suits index
Employing
workers

Note: Not all indicators are covered for the full period. Registering property was introduced in Doing Business 2005, and paying taxes,
trading across borders, dealing with construction permits and protecting investors in Doing Business 2006.
Source: Doing Business database.
over vie w 9
FIGURE 1.7
Consistent reformers continued reform efforts in 2008/09
Improvement in the ranking on the ease of doing business, DB2009–DB2010
1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 183

Georgia Colombia
16 TO 11 49 TO 37
2 REFORMS 8 REFORMS

Mauritius Rwanda
24 TO 17 143 TO 67
6 REFORMS 7 REFORMS

Macedonia, FYR Egypt, Arab Rep.


69 TO 32 116 TO 106
7 REFORMS 4 REFORMS

AVERAGE RANKING 30 71 83 95 118 139


ON THE EASE OF OECD EASTERN EAST 92 LATIN SOUTH SUB-
DOING BUSINESS, HIGH EUROPE ASIA & MIDDLE AMERICA & ASIA SAHARAN
DB2010 INCOME & CENTRAL PACIFIC EAST & CARIBBEAN AFRICA
ASIA NORTH
AFRICA
Source: Doing Business database.

FIGURE 1.3
New company
thanks law in Rwanda
to a long-term vision simplifies
supported starting a business and strengthens investor protections
by specific
14 goals.
Starting a business Malaysia aims to be a 2008 Protecting investors
Time to start a business
fully developed economy by 2020. Co-
(days) 1. Based on estimates by the International Improvement
9
12 Labour Organization. This year Doing (index 0–10)
lombian President Alvaro Uribe envi-
Business improved the methodology
sions a new Colombia in which, rather
10 for the employing workers indicators 2009 7
than 60% of the population living in pov- to ensure that the existence ofTimesafety
from
erty, most would be counted as middle
8 nets is taken into account in the current
14 days to 3
measures of flexibility. For further de- 5
class. Rwanda aims to become a technol-
6 tails, see About Doing Business and Data
ogy and trade hub in the region. The notes.
Kyrgyz
4 Republic wants to become the 2. From
Klapper, 3
8 toLewin and Quesada Delgado
2 procedures
center for regional regulatory excellence (2009). Business density is defined as 2008 2
in2 Central Asia, Azerbaijan the gateway the number of businesses 2009 as a percent-
age of the working-age population (ages 1
to0 the region.
18–65).
Setting
1 long-term goals and keep- Extent of Extent of Ease of
3. OECD Development8 Centre (2009). disclosure director shareholder
ing a steady course of reform Procedures might
Source: Doing Business database. 4. Ardagna and Lusagi (2009). index liability index suits index
help economies recover from shocks,
5. World Bank Enterprise Surveys (http://
including the current global financial www.enterprisesurveys.org).
and economic crisis. In the words of
6. Amin and Djankov (2009a, 2009b).
Egyptian Minister of Investment Mah-
7. Eifert (2008).
moud Mohieldin,
8. World Bank Enterprise Surveys (http://
www.enterprisesurveys.org).
It is not just a crisis of the economy. It is 9. Mauritius, Corporate Affairs Division,
a crisis of economic thinking. It is a crisis http://www.gov.mu.
that is confusing many reformers . . . 10. Sharma (2009).
[but] whatever crisis you are facing, you 11. Chang, Kaltani and Loayza (2009),
need to make life easier for those who are Helpman, Melitz and Rubinstein (2008)
endeavoring and working hard to create and Freund and Bolaky (2008).
opportunities for jobs, and this is the least
that we can be doing.
10 Doing Business 2010
Overview

Starting a FIGURE 2.1


Top 10 reformers in starting a business

business
ess—big improvements since DB2005
Average improvement (%)
2008
Rankings on the ease of
starting a business
1. Samoa
DB2010 DB2009

20 131
es Dealing
Timewith constructionDB2010
permits DB2005 32% 43% 64% 99%
r) (days) 2. Belarus 7 98
Employing workers
3. Taiwan, China 29 119
East Asia &
Registering property 41 52
Pacific 2009 4. Korea, Rep. 53 133
Getting credit 5. United Arab Emirates 44 118
Eastern Europe 17 40
Asia
& Central Protecting investors 6. Rwanda 11 64
Paying taxes
Latin America 62 70 7. Madagascar 12 60
& Caribbean 8. Mozambique 96 143
Trading across borders
Middle East 21 42 9. Armenia 21 65
& North Africa
Enforcing contracts
10. 73 108
Serbia
Closing a business
OECD 13 27
high income Procedures Time Cost Paid-in
South
minimum
28 51 capital Source: Doing Business database.
Asia
Sub-Saharan 46 62
Africa In April 1973, in the midst of the oil a job as the most effective way out of Benefits go beyond the firm level. A
1
crisis, Frederick W.36Smith started
—GLOBAL AVERAGE, a new poverty.
FIGURE 2.2 growing body of empirical research re-
package delivery company. DB2010 On its first StartingFaced with today’s
a business: gettingfinancial
a localand eco-
limited lates easier start-up to greater entrepre-
FIGURE 2.1
night of operations it delivered 186 pack- liabilitycrisis,
nomic company policyup andmakers runningcontinue to neurship and higher
Top 10 reformers productivity
in starting among
a business
st Paid-in minimum capital Rankings are based on 4 subindicators
a) ages to 25 cities. Today FedEx handles recognize the importance of private busi-
(%
FIGURE 2.3
of income per capita) existing firms, particularly
Average improvement (%) in economies Rankings on
more Preregistration, 5 starting a b
21than 7.5 million shipments a day improvements
nesses and entrepreneurs inAscreating
% of incomejobs open
East AsiaRegional averages in starting a business—big since DB2005 2008 to trade. A recent study using data
& per
143 registration and
Pacific capita, no bribes included
worldwide.
DB2005 In the 1980s, during
DB2010 the eco-
Procedures and driving growth. DB2010
postregistration
Time Some economies DB2005 collected32%from company
43%
registries
64%
in 100
99%
1. Samoa
(in calendar days)
Eastern Europenomic
& Central Asia
22 downturn45 in the United States,
(number) a even included
(days) specific measures aimed economies over 8 years found that simple 2. Belarus
3
little-known 3. Taiwan
Latin America 8 8television station struggled East Asiaat& encouraging25% formal 41 entrepreneurship
25% 52 business start-up is critical for foster-
2009
15 4. Korea,
& Caribbean to get off the ground. Now 1.5 billionPacificin their crisis Time response.Cost Economies af- ing formal entrepreneurship. Economies
Eastern Europe 5. United
Middle East people10 in 212 economies
7
130
watch CNN’s
742
fected by 17earlier crises, 40 such as Korea with efficient business registration have a
& North Africa
& Central Asia 25% 25% 6. Rwand
24-hour all-news channel. and Malaysia, were among
Procedures Paid-in the first to do higher entry rate as well as greater busi- 7. Madag
9 Latin America 62
OECD 11 16 Entrepreneurs launch new busi-
45 2
so. The European Union Recovery Act
& Caribbean minimum
70
ness density.6
high income 8. Mozam
capital
nesses
10 even 8in times of economic cri- ofProcedure
Middle East
is
November
completed when 21 2008 outlined 42 measures Another study found that in rela- 9. Armen
South 27 50 & North Africa
Asia sis—though most do not become global tofinalmake
documentit easier for new businesses to tively poor but well-governed econo- 10. Serbia
is received Funds deposited in a bank or with
Sub-Saharan players. Many 7 start 6 their business outOECD incorporate,
145 201
high income
13 especially
27 a notarysmallbeforeones. This
registration, mies, a 10-day reduction in start-up
Africa
of necessity rather than to be the next focus is not surprising. as % The
of income
23 per capita
million time Procedures Time
was associated withCost Paid-in
an increase
minimumof
11 7 South 28details. 51 capitalrate
global star. In—GLOBAL
many AVERAGE,low- and lower- Asia small Note: See and medium-size
Data notes for enterprises in 0.4 percentage points in the growth Source: Doing Busin
10 60 DB2010
middle-income
11 9
economies poor people Sub-Saharanthe European Union employ
46
around62
75 and 0.27 percentage points in the invest-
have seen starting a business or findingAfricamillion people and account for half the
005. Additional economies were added in subsequent years.
8 —GLOBAL AVERAGE, DB2010 new jobs created. 36 In—GLOBAL
the United AVERAGE,States FIGURE 2.2
Table 2.1 DB2010
small businesses have created 93.5% of Starting a business: getting a local limited
Where is business start-up easy— liability company up and running
net new jobs since 1989. 3
and where not? Cost Paid-in minimum capital Rankings are based on 4 subindicators
(% of income per capita) (% of income per capita)
Easiest Rank Most difficult Rank Formal incorporation has several
Preregistration, As % of income per
61 26 East Asiabenefits.
& 21 The legal identities143of compa- registration and
New Zealand 1 Cameroon 174 Pacific capita, no bribes included
postregistration
Canada 2 Iraq 175 nies outlive their founders. Resources (in calendar days)
14 8 Eastern Europe 22 45
Australia 3 West Bank 176 are
& Central Asia often pooled as multiple sharehold-
and Gaza 3 25% 25%
ers
Latin America join together to form a company.
Singapore 50 437 Djibouti 177& Caribbean
15 Time Cost
Georgia 5
And companies have access to services
Equatorial Guinea 178
52 FYR
Macedonia, 6 34 Guinea and institutions ranging
Middle East 130 from courts742 to 25% 25%
& North Africa
179
Belarus 7 Haiti 180 OECD
commercial banks. Among 388 informal Procedures Paid-in
minimum
United States 8 Eritrea
8 5
high income
181 firms16interviewed 45
in the World Bank En- capital
Procedure is
Ireland
39
9 Chad
27 182 South terprise 27
Surveys 50
of 2008 in Côte d’Ivoire, completed when
Mauritius 10 final document
Guinea-Bissau 183 Asia Madagascar and Mauritius, 85% cited is received Funds deposited in a bank or with
the average of the economy’s rankings on theAfrica better access to finance 145 and 68% better
172 100 Sub-Saharan 201 a notary before registration,
Note: Rankings are as % of income per capita
procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital for starting a
business. See Data notes for details.
access to markets as main reasons for
Note: See Data notes for details.
Source: Doing Business41database.
—GLOBAL AVERAGE, DB2010 registration.4 60 —GLOBAL AVERAGE, DB2010

Note: Data refer to economies included in Doing Business 2005. Additional economies were added in subsequent years.
Source: Doing Business database.
FIGURE 2.1 STARTING A BUSINESS 11
Top 10 reformers in starting a business
FIGURE 2.3 Average
Who improvement
reformed(%) in 2008/09? Ran
Regional averages in starting a business—big improvements since DB2005 star
2008
Procedures Time 1.
DB2005 DB2010 DB2010 DB2005 Sixty-one 32%economies 43% made 64% it easier 99% to
(number) (days) 2.
start a business in 2008/09 (table 2.2). 3.
8 8 East Asia & 41 52
Pacific Sub-Saharan
2009 Africa and Eastern Europe 4.
Eastern Europe
and Central Asia had the most reforms. 5.
10 7 17 40
& Central Asia For the first time a small island 6.
11 9 Latin America 62 70 state led the way. Samoa’s new company 7.
& Caribbean 8.
act allows entrepreneurs to choose the
10 8 Middle East 21 42 9.
& North Africa amount of capital for their company. A
10.
OECD
flat fee replaced varying stamp duties.
7 6 13 27
high income And Procedures
thanks to Time standardCostforms,Paid-in entre-
South preneurs can now opt not to usecapital minimum
profes-
11 7 28 51 Source: D
Asia
sional legal services. The new act also
Sub-Saharan
11 9
Africa
46 62 eliminated the antiquated requirement
for a company seal.
8 —GLOBAL AVERAGE, DB2010 36 —GLOBAL AVERAGE, FIGURE 2.2
DB2010 Belarus
Starting and Taiwan
a business: (China)
getting were
a local the
limited
runner-up reformers.
liability company up and Belarus
running simplified
Cost Paid-in minimum capital
(% of income per capita) (% of income per capita) itsRankings
registration
are basedformalities
on 4 subindicators by merging
East Asia &
4 Preregistration,
procedures, abolished the As % minimum
of income per
61 26 21 143 registration and
Pacific capital requirement, made nothe
postregistration
capita, useincluded
bribes of a
14 8 Eastern Europe 22 45 notary optional and removed the need
(in calendar days)
& Central Asia
3 for company seal25% approval. 25% Start-up time
50 37 Latin America 15 was shortened by nearly 4Cost
Time weeks. Taiwan
& Caribbean
Middle East
(China), having cut the minimum capital
52 34 130 742
& North Africa requirement in25% half in25% 2008, this time
Procedures Paid-in
8 5 OECD 16 45 abolished it altogether.minimum It also did away
high income capital streamlined
with the is business license,
Procedure
South completed when
39 27
Asia
27 50 company and tax registrations and intro-
final document
Funds deposited in a bank or with
Sub-Saharan
duced time limits
is received fora notary
incorporation and
before registration,
172 100 145 201
Africa filings with labor authorities. as % of incomeStart-up
per capita
time was
Note: See shortened
Data by about 3 weeks.
notes for details.
41 —GLOBAL AVERAGE, DB2010 60 —GLOBAL AVERAGE, DB2010
In addition to Samoa and Taiwan
(China), 5 other economies in East Asia
Note: Data refer to economies included in Doing Business 2005. Additional economies were added in subsequent years.
Source: Doing Business database. and the Pacific reformed. Almost all in-
troduced standard documents and single
ment rate.7 Conversely, greater barriers tions, the question is why complicated registration forms. Hong Kong (China)
to entry are correlated with higher per- procedures remain. One argument is that streamlined registration procedures and
ceived corruption and a larger informal strict entry regulations provide more introduced a new incorporation form,
sector. Vulnerable groups such as youth legal certainty and protection to the pub- merging 3 procedures into 1. Indonesia
and women, because they mostly operate lic. Yet global practice shows that legal introduced standard registration forms,
in the informal sector, are particularly certainty does not require costly and cut the requirement to obtain a certificate
affected by barriers to entry.8 complex procedures. Look at the practice of company domicile and made business
Recognizing the potential gains in New Zealand or Canada, both among and tax registration faster. Start-up time
from making start-up easier, 134 econo- the top 10 on the ease of starting a busi- was cut by 16 days.
mies have done so since 2004, through ness. There, thanks to links between Malaysia set up a one-stop shop
254 reforms recorded by Doing Business. agencies, entrepreneurs can start a busi- hosting the company registry, the In-
Yet in many economies barriers to entry ness by filing information once. They land Revenue Board, customs, financial
remain high. On average around the are free to decide on company capital institutions and the pension and social
world, it still takes 8 procedures and 36 and need no approval from a judge. Re- security agencies. Singapore combined
days to start a business (figure 2.3). formers focus on solutions to encourage tax and company registration in a single
With so much evidence of the po- formal registration by making services online form. Thailand merged the ap-
tential benefits of simple entry regula- accessible, fast, low cost and predictable. proval of the memorandum of associa-
FIGURE 2.4
African countries made starting a business easier
Number of reforms in 2008/09
12 Doing Business 2010

tion with business registration. with the company registry and expe- by simplifying administrative require-
In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, dited registrations with pension and ments. Argentina now offers expedited
besides Belarus, 12 other economies re- health funds and social security and publication for an additional fee. As part
formed. Six reduced or eliminated the income tax authorities. Poland consoli- of ongoing efforts to simplify municipal
minimum capital requirement: Albania, dated registrations with the company licensing across the country, Brazil no
Armenia, Bulgaria, the Kyrgyz Republic, registry and statistics, tax and social se- longer requires a fire brigade license and
Poland and Tajikistan. Albania’s elec- curity authorities. Serbia implemented started implementing online services in
tronic registry became operational, cut- a one-stop shop combining company a number of districts in São Paulo. Co-
ting the time by 3 days, and registration and tax registration. Slovenia automated lombia established a new public-private
with chambers of commerce became vol- company registration, cutting the time health provider where employers and
untary. Armenia, the Kyrgyz Republic by 13 days. Tajikistan made tax registra- employees can be registered within a
and Slovenia reformed outdated com- tion faster and now requires municipal week. It also introduced online preen-
pany seal requirements. The Kyrgyz Re- licenses only for specific activities such rollment with the social insurance sys-
public accelerated registration, reduced as food and entertainment industries. tem. Guyana replaced a 6% registration
the documents required and abolished Four OECD high-income econo- duty with a flat fee and accelerated tax
the fees for statistical and tax registra- mies reformed. Germany created a new registrations through a single tax iden-
tion. Kazakhstan cut registration with form of limited liability company, reduc- tification number for corporate, value
the local tax office and simplified docu- ing one of the highest minimum capital added and labor taxes.
ment requirements. requirements in Europe from €25,000 Honduras accelerated its company
In FYR Macedonia starting a busi- to €1. Hungary put company registra- and tax registration process. Mexico es-
ness now takes 4 days, because the cen- tion online, eliminating paper-based tablished an electronic platform for com-
tral registry forwards relevant company transactions. Korea eliminated its mini- pany registration, saving 2 weeks. It also
information to other institutions. Sev- mum capital requirement and dropped dropped the requirement for companies
eral documents no longer have to be requirements for notarization. Luxem- to register with the statistical office. Peru
notarized. Moldova offers an expedited, bourg replaced a 0.5% capital duty with implemented an electronic system allow-
24-hour company registration service a fixed registration fee of €75. ing payroll books to be submitted online
for an additional fee. Montenegro uni- In Latin America and the Carib- at no cost. St. Lucia implemented an elec-
fied name verification and registration bean 9 economies reformed, mostly tronic company registration system, and
now name checks can be done online. St.
Table 2.2 Vincent and the Grenadines abolished
Simplifying registration formalities—the most popular reform feature in 2008/09 the requirement for a company seal.
Simplified other registration formalities Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Belarus, Botswana, The Middle East and North Africa
(seal, publication, notarization, inspection, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea- saw 9 reforms making start-up easier.
other requirements) Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong (China), Egypt and the United Arab Emirates
Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Jordan,
eliminated the minimum capital require-
Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Kyrgyz Republic,
Madagascar, Moldova, Pakistan, Samoa, Slovenia,
ment. Syria reduced the amount from
Taiwan (China), Thailand, Republic of Yemen more than 40 times income per capita to
about 10 times—still the highest in the
Cut or simplified postregistration procedures (tax Albania, Argentina, Belarus, Botswana, Brazil,
registration, social security registration, licensing) Cameroon, Colombia, Indonesia, Islamic Republic world. It also put registration forms on-
of Iran, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Liberia, Mali, line. But higher publication and incorpo-
Montenegro, Niger, Samoa, Slovenia, St. Vincent ration fees almost doubled the total cost.
and the Grenadines
The Islamic Republic of Iran streamlined
Abolished or reduced Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Arab
and computerized internal procedures at
minimum capital requirement Republic of Egypt, Germany, Kyrgyz Republic,
Madagascar, Mozambique, Poland, Samoa, Syrian the company registry, reducing the time
Arab Republic, Taiwan (China), Tajikistan, United by nearly 3 weeks.
Arab Emirates Jordan replaced multiple counters
Introduced or improved online procedures Bangladesh, Cape Verde, Hungary, Indonesia, at the one-stop shop with a single one
Luxembourg, Mexico, Oman, Pakistan, Peru,
for document filings. Lebanon abolished
Rwanda, Singapore, St. Lucia, Syrian Arab
Republic the requirement to have company books
Created or improved one-stop shop Afghanistan, Central African Republic, FYR
stamped at the commercial registry but
Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Rwanda, reversed earlier reforms combining tax
Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Togo and company registration. Oman simpli-
Source: Doing Business database. fied name verification and fee payment
STARTING A BUSINESS 13
Table 2.3 at the company registry. Saudi Arabia
Who makes business start-up easy—and who does not? combined all registration procedures for
Procedures (number) local limited liability companies. The
Fewest Most Republic of Yemen removed the require-
Canada 1 Bolivia 15 ment to obtain a bank account certificate
New Zealand 1 Greece 15 for company registration. West Bank and
Australia 2 Philippines 15 Gaza made it more difficult to start a
Madagascar 2 Brazil 16 business by increasing the minimum
Rwanda 2 Guinea-Bissau 16 capital requirement 5-fold.
Belgium 3 Venezuela, R.B. 16
In South Asia, Afghanistan estab-
Finland 3 Brunei Darussalam 18
lished a new one-stop shop and intro-
Hong Kong, China 3 Uganda 18
Kyrgyz Republic 3 Chad 19 duced a flat registration fee. Bangla-
Singapore 3 Equatorial Guinea 20 desh implemented a modern electronic
company registration system, cutting the
Time (days) time by almost a month. In Pakistan,
Fastest Slowest thanks to an e-services project and the
New Zealand 1 Lao PDR 100 introduction of digital signatures, new
Australia 2 Brunei Darussalam 116 companies can register and file tax re-
Georgia 3 Brazil 120 turns online.
Rwanda 3 Equatorial Guinea 136 Sub-Saharan Africa had 16 reform-
Singapore 3 Venezuela, R.B. 141 ers (figure 2.4). Botswana simplified
Belgium 4 São Tomé and Principe 144
business licensing and tax registration
Hungary 4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 149
Macedonia, FYR 4 Haiti 195 as part of an ongoing computerization
Albania 5 Guinea-Bissau 213 effort. Burkina Faso allowed online pub-
Canada 5 Suriname 694 lication at the time of registration. Cam-
eroon waived the business tax for the
Cost (% of income per capita)
first 2 years of a company’s operations.
Least Most Cape Verde implemented an online reg-
Denmark 0.0 Chad 176.7 istration system. The Central African
Slovenia 0.0 Comoros 182.1 Republic established a one-stop shop
Ireland 0.3 Djibouti 195.4 with representatives from the entities
New Zealand 0.4 Togo 205.0 involved in business registration, merg-
Canada 0.4 Gambia, The 215.1
ing 4 procedures into 1. Ethiopia and
Bahrain 0.5 Haiti 227.9
Sweden 0.6 Central African Republic 244.9
Ghana simplified company registration
United States 0.7 Guinea-Bissau 323.0 as part of ongoing administrative re-
Puerto Rico 0.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. 391.0 forms. Ghana aims for business registra-
United Kingdom 0.7 Zimbabwe 499.5 tion in 1 day.
Guinea-Bissau made the company
Paid-in minimum capital
name search electronic and reduced
% of income registration fees. Liberia adopted a risk-
Most per capita US$
based approach by removing the need
Burkina Faso 428 2,049
for companies engaged in general busi-
Mauritania 450 4,082
Guinea 490 2,164 ness to obtain an environmental license.
Ethiopia 492 1,387 Madagascar and Mozambique abolished
Djibouti 501 5,655 the minimum capital requirement.
Central African Republic 507 1,974 Madagascar also eliminated stamp du-
Togo 514 2,075 ties and further streamlined filing re-
Niger 614 2,018 quirements at its one-stop shop. Mali
Guinea-Bissau 780 1,913
established a one-stop shop, merging 4
Syrian Arab Republic 1,013 70,660
procedures into 1, and introduced a flat
Note: Eighty economies have no paid-in minimum capital requirement.
Source: Doing Business database.
fee for registration. Niger eliminated
registrations with the National Center
for Transportation Users and the cham-
14 Doing Business 2010

FIGURE 2.4
African countries made starting a business easier
Number of reforms in 2008/09

16

Botswana
Burkina Faso
Cameroon 13
Cape Verde
Central African Albania
Republic Armenia 9 9
Ethiopia Belarus
Ghana Bulgaria Argentina Egypt, Arab Rep.
Brazil Iran, Islamic Rep. 7
Guinea-Bissau Kazakhstan
Liberia Kyrgyz Republic Colombia Jordan
Hong Kong,
Madagascar Macedonia, FYR Guyana Lebanon China
Honduras Oman
Mali Moldova Indonesia 4
Saudi Arabia 3
Mozambique Montenegro Mexico Malaysia
Syrian Arab
Niger Poland Peru Republic Samoa Germany
Rwanda Serbia St. Lucia United Arab Singapore Hungary Afghanistan
Sierra Leone Slovenia St. Vincent and Emirates Taiwan, China Korea, Rep. Bangladesh
Togo Tajikistan the Grenadines Yemen, Rep. Thailand Luxembourg Pakistan

Sub-Saharan Eastern Latin Middle East East Asia & OECD South
Africa Europe & America & North Africa Pacific high Asia
Central Asia & Caribbean income
Source: Doing Business database.

ber of commerce. Rwanda consolidated Getting up to date ferences in commercial risks. And the
its name checking, payment, tax regis- Creating
FIGURE 2.5 or improving a one-stop shop capital is often withdrawn immediately
Pe
100rceand
tration nt company registration into a has been
Online nametheverification
most popular
most reform
popular fea- after registration—hardly of value in in-
single procedure. It also made notariza- e-service
ture sincefor2004.
starting
Buta business
combining or ex- solvency. Better securities laws and more
10% Share of economies providing e-service (%)
tion 8optional.
0 Sierra Leone’s one-stop pediting procedures that are antiquated efficient courts might offer more protec-
shop 6became
0
operational. So did Togo’s, or do not fulfill their intended purpose tion for investors.
eliminating 6 procedures. makes little sense. One example is the Thirty-five economies have reduced
40
10%
company seal, still required in 70 econo- or eliminated their minimum capital
Toward 20
smart regulation mies. Developed in the Middle Ages, the requirement since 2004. Many of these
seal is intended to avoid fraudulent use reformers are in the Middle East and
Making business start-up easier has of company documents. But it can eas- North Africa. Just 5 years ago, 5 of the
D
beenOECthe m e most popular of the Doing ily be forged. Most modern economies region’s reformers were among the 10
i n co
high
Business reforms
A s i a since 2003. Starting have abolished the requirement for a economies with the highest minimum
East Pacific
a business& need not e be complicated. seal. Many allow electronic signatures capital requirements in the world. Many
n E uropl Asia
Two procedures—notification
e r a of a com- instead. of the other reformers are in Eastern
East& Centr rica an
pany’s existence and t i n Amreiregistration—
tax b b e Another outdated requirement is Europe and Central Asia.
L a & Ca
suffice. More economies As i a
areuthfinding publication in legal journals of a notice High minimum capital require-
E - m e re g gi s t

So
se e is ra

ast
Na VA y r

rv rifi tra tio

creative ways to ensure that good rules dle E ricaof company establishment. Such notices ments can discourage companies from
Ta pa me ity n

ic ca ti n

M i d o r t h Af
e ti on
x / n n t re g
Co p a e c u r a t

v
m
Fe l is

T e

are implemented in the most efficient &N canfricmore


a easily be published electroni- registering. In Egypt in 2006, limited
e s t
So or

A
c i a re g

on
La

ancally,
y r io

r
b

way, often learning from one another. h a as in Germany, FYR Macedonia liability companies accounted for only
b -Sa
Delegations from Botswana, ChinaSuand and Mozambique, or at the registry, as in 19% of registered firms. In 2008, after
ist
ra

Malaysia havedatabase.
visited New Zealand. Re- Burkina Faso. reforms, this share rose to 30%. Yet in
tio

Source: Doing Business


n

formers in Central America have looked many low- and lower-middle-income


to Colombia and Panama for inspiration. Cutting minimum capital economies requirements remain high,
Egypt took Ireland’s registration system Minimum capital requirements can be a up to 10 times income per capita. Among
as a model. big obstacle for entrepreneurs. They are the 10 economies with the highest re-
Several reform features have often justified as a way to protect inves- quirements today, 9 are in Sub-Saharan
emerged as the most popular and effec- tors or prevent unscrupulous entrepre- Africa.
tive. Successful reformers often began by neurs from registering. But this makes Where formalities remain ingrained
reviewing the need for existing require- little sense in practice. Fixed amounts in old company laws, reform can take
ments. of capital do not take into account dif- time and political coordination. Some
Africa Europe & America & North Africa Pacific high Asia
Central Asia & Caribbean income
Source: Doing Business database.

STARTING A BUSINESS 15

Pe FIGURE 2.5 tions can help. Such reforms often go


100rcent Online name verification most popular
e-service for starting a business hand-in-hand with introducing a uni-
80 10% Share of economies providing e-service (%) fied registration form or single company
identification (ID) number. Malaysia was
60 the first to introduce a single company
40
10% ID number for all government interac-
tions, in 2001. Singapore just did so.
20 India launched a single tax ID number,
inspired by its success in using ID num-
D bers for voters.
OECome
h i nc Since 2004, 44 economies have cen-
hig As i a
Eas&t Pacific tralized registrations. In Ethiopia the
pe
Eu ro s i a company registry automatically forwards
s t ernentral A
a
E &C rica information to the license authority. In
t i n Amreibbean
a
L & Ca Zambia the one-stop shop has separate
sia
th A
Sou

E - m e re g gi s t
desks for representatives from different

s e ve i s r a
ast

Na VA y r

rv rifi tra tio


dle hE Africa

Ta pa me ity n

ic ca ti n
e ti on
x / n n t re g
i d agencies. In Denmark, New Zealand and

Co p a e c u r a t
M or t

m
Fe l is

T e
&N frica

e s t
So or Norway entrepreneurs use a single elec-
an A c i a re g

on
La

y r io
r
b
h a
-Sa tronic interface.
Sub
Physical one-stop shops can be

ist
ra
tio
Source: Doing Business database.
implemented quickly and at relatively

n
low cost—ranging from $200,000 in
reformers found it easier to introduce a on company registration. Reform freed Burkina Faso to $5 million in Azerbai-
new company type. That is what Germany up much-needed resources. Montenegro jan. The reform in Azerbaijan took less
did. The update was needed. Within the kept registration in the court, but made than a year—and is saving businesses
European Union companies can register registrars and administrative officers re- an estimated $8.4 million annually. In
anywhere, regardless of where their main sponsible. In Latin America, Chile, Hon- Belarus the streamlining of registration
operations are. Before Germany’s reform, duras and Nicaragua have already moved is expected to yield cost savings for busi-
several thousand of its companies chose registration out of the court. nesses of $21.5 million a year; in Burkina
to register in the United Kingdom, at- Faso, $1.7 million.
tracted by their cheaper and simpler Standardizing documents
start-up processes. In 2006 Japan cre- A more efficient way to ensure that in- Making services electronic
ated the godo kaisha, similar to the U.S. corporation documents are legitimate is In 2006 Tonga’s company registry burned
limited liability company and with no to standardize them. The United King- down. Lesson learned: the registry com-
minimum capital requirement. dom did so in 1856. Standardizing in- puterized its records. Making registra-
corporation documents can especially tion records electronic not only improves
Making registration benefit small businesses, because it frees safety but also aids transparency and in-
administrative them from the need to consult a lawyer. formation sharing. And it makes it easier
Company registration is an administra- And simpler documents mean fewer er- to introduce new online services. Online
tive process. Yet in 17 economies courts rors and omissions—saving hassle for name verification is now common not
are involved. This takes time and exper- registries and entrepreneurs alike. In only among OECD high-income econo-
tise away from resolving commercial dis- Mauritius, which offers standard docu- mies but also increasingly so in East-
putes. In a few economies even higher- ments, the rejection rate is only about ern Europe and Central Asia and Latin
level approval is needed—in Suriname, 8%. Applications can be processed in America and the Caribbean (figure 2.5).
the president’s; in Equatorial Guinea, the hours. Better service attracts more customers.
prime minister’s. As a result, the start-up In Bangladesh the online registration
process takes several months. Centralizing registrations system increased name clearances by
Most economies in Eastern Europe Legally, a company is formed once in- 80% and registrations by 90%.
and Central Asia have moved registra- corporated. In most economies the pro- As a last step, registration itself is
tion out of court, including Serbia, the cess ends with company registration. made electronic. Around 40 economies
Slovak Republic and, most recently, Bul- But entrepreneurs usually must also offer electronic registration services.
garia. Before reform in 2002 Serbian complete other procedures, involving Implementation varies. In India, Nor-
judges spent almost 10% of their time multiple agencies. Centralizing registra- way and Singapore registration is fully
16 Doing Business 2010

electronic. In Sweden applications for New Zealand has one of the most innova-
company, tax and labor registrations can tive systems to ensure timeliness: any ap-
be made online, but most forms must plication not processed within a set time
still be printed and signed by hand. In (10 minutes for a name application, for
Belgium and Hungary electronic regis- example) triggers an alarm for the team
tration is possible only through a notary leader or senior manager. No wonder
or lawyer. New Zealand ranks number 1 on the ease
Electronic systems in many econo- of starting a business.
mies have reduced administrative costs.
Malaysia’s company registry invested
$12.7 million in a sophisticated registra-
tion system over 5 years. The investment 1. Narayan and others (2000).
was fully covered by fees generated by the 2. Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia (Compa-
registry. In the 3 years after the reform, nies Commission of Malaysia), press re-
lease, March 31, 2009. Malaysia reduced
the number of registered businesses in- company registration fees as part of the
creased by 19%—and the compliance government’s economic stimulus pack-
rate for filing annual tax returns rose age, with the expected benefit being the
from 28% to 91%. In the 6 weeks after registration of 320,000 new businesses in
2009.
Slovenia introduced its e-Vem automated
3. National Small Business Association
system, 5,439 applications were recorded (http://www.nsba.biz).
online. Moreover, the new system re- 4. World Bank Enterprise Surveys (http://
duced administrative costs by 71.3%, www.enterprisesurveys.org).
saving €10.2 million a year. 5. For an overview and summary of the lit-
Some reformers offer incentives to erature, see Djankov (2008).
use e-systems. Malaysia and Pakistan 6. Klapper, Lewin and Quesada Delgado
offer electronic services free or at a lower (2009). Entry rate refers to newly regis-
tered firms as a percentage of total regis-
cost. Croatia set a 24-hour deadline for
tered firms. Business density is defined as
responding to online applications, com- the number of businesses as a percentage
pared with 14 days for paper-based ap- of the working-age population (ages
plications. Estonia requires no notariza- 18–65).
tion for documents filed electronically. 7. Eifert (2008).
8. Ardagna and Lusagi (2009).
Overview
Starting a business
17

Dealing with FIGURE 3.1


Top 10 reformers in dealing with construction permits
FIGUR
Deali

construction Average improvement (%) Rankings on the ease of


build
Rankin

permits 2008

2009
17% 33% 23%
construction permits
1. United Kingdom
DB2010 DB2009

16 61
Days t
a ware
in mai
Employing workers 2. Liberia 135 180
Registering property 3. Burkina Faso 80 122
Getting credit 4. Kazakhstan 143 178
5. Croatia 144 172
Protecting investors
6. United Arab Emirates 27 54
Paying taxes
7. Iran, Islamic Rep. 141 163
Trading across borders
8. Hong Kong, China 1 20
Enforcing contracts 9. Belarus 44 63
Closing a business 10. Kyrgyz Republic 40 59 Proce
is rece
Procedures Time Cost and u
Source: Doing Business database. Note: S

For the construction business, 2008 was Building authorities from Lisbon Economic Cooperation member econo-
a difficult year. Demand for new projects to Guatemala City saw fewer businesses mies, respondents identified the time
fell as project finance and bank mortgage apply
FIGURE 3.3 for construction permits between and procedures
FIGURE 3.4 for dealing with con-
lending became scarce. All this put the Difficulty
the seconddealing
half of with 2008 construction
and the first quar- The “Be the
struction Smartas
permits Regulator” program
the biggest “regula-speeds up
permits is associated with corruption
brakes on construction projects around ter of 2009. In some cases the slowdown tory impediment” to doing business.3
120
Share of firms that expect to give gifts
the world. Cities once humming with turned
in exchange outfortoconstruction
be a blessing in (%)
permits disguise. Reforms that make regulation of
construction activity fell silent as small With less demand for permits, build- construction more efficient and trans-
100
30
companies shut down and large ones ing authorities could focus resources on parent can help reduce corruption and
downsized operations. completing
20
reform programs launched informality
80 in the sector. By encouraging
The construction industry accounts in previous years. Less demand for per- construction companies to go through
60
for 5–7% of GDP in most economies and mits
10 meant more time for training staff formal channels, governments can reap
for almost a third of gross capital forma- and testing new systems. In Hong Kong the returns on investments made in re- Procedur
40
tion globally.1 This could in part explain (China)
0 the Building Department put forming the sector. Good regulations
Least Most
why governments are eager to boost the final touches on its full-servicedifficult
difficult
one- ensure safety standards that protect the
20
spending in the construction sector stop center, Economiesthe culmination
ranked by ease of a 2-year
of dealing public while making the permitting pro-
during economic crises. But resources with construction
reform program. permits,
The result? quintiles
Hong Kong cess efficient, transparent and affordable
0
spent for crisis mitigation may not be Note:
(China)Relationships
now are significant
tops at
the the 1% level
rankings and remain
on the for both building authorities and the
significant when controlling for income per capita. 1
efficiently allocated when much of the ease Doing
Source: of dealing withWorldconstruction
Business database; Bank Enterprise per- private professionals who use it. Procedures
Survey database. Source: Doing Business database.
industry operates informally. mits (table 3.1). The ultimate beneficiaries of re-
Doing Business measures the pro- forms in construction permitting are the
Table 3.1
cedures, time and cost for a small to
Where is dealing with construction
FIGURE 3.1
permits easy—and where not? medium-size enterprise to obtain all the FIGURE 3.2
Top 10 reformers in dealing with construction permits necessary approvals to build a commer- Dealing with construction permits:
Easiest Rank Most difficult Rank building a warehouse
Average improvement
cial structure and connect it to electric- Rankings are based on 3 subindicators
Hong Kong, China 1(%) Serbia 174 Rankings on the ease of
2008
ity,construction
water, sewerage permits and telecommunica-
DB2010 DB2009
Singapore 2 India 175 Days to build As % of income per capita,
17%
St. Vincent and the 3 33% Kosovo 23% 176 tions services
1. United Kingdom
(figure 3.2). 16 61 a warehouse no bribes included
in main city
Grenadines
2009 Tajikistan 177 2. By some estimates about
Liberia 135 60–80%
180
Belize 4 Tanzania 178 of 3.construction
Burkina Faso projects in 80 developing
122 33.3% 33.3%
Marshall Islands 5 Zimbabwe 179 economies
4. Kazakhstan are undertaken 143 without 178 a Time Cost
New Zealand 6 China 180 5. Croatia
building permit because144 the approval172
Georgia 7 Ukraine 181 6. United Arab Emirates
process is too complex or oversight54too 27 33.3%
St. Kitts and Nevis 8 Russian Federation 182
lax.7.2 Iran,
World Islamic Rep.
Bank Enterprise 141 163
Surveys Procedures
Maldives 9 Eritreaa 183 8. Hong Kong, China 1 20
Denmark 10
found that companies face more issues
9. Belarus 44 63
related
10. Kyrgyz to corruption
Republic in countries 40 where
59 Procedure is completed when final document
Note: Rankings are the average of the economy's rankings on the
it is more difficult to deal with construc- is received; construction permits, inspections
Procedures
procedures, time and cost to Time Cost to build a
comply with formalities
and utility connections included
warehouse. See Data notes for details.
a. No practice.
tion
Source:permits
Doing Business(figure
database. 3.3). In a recent sur- Note: See Data notes for details.
Source: Doing Business database. vey of 218 companies in 19 Asia-Pacific

FIGURE 3.3 FIGURE 3.4


and utility connections included
Source: Doing Business database. Note: See Data notes for details.

18 Doing Business 2010

FIGURE 3.3 year. 3.4


FIGURE Before, the City Corporation of in the world—was considered a contri-
Difficulty dealing with construction The “Be the Smart Regulator” program speeds up permitting in Hong Kong, China
permits is associated with corruption Monrovia levied a hefty fee on new con- bution to the development of Almaty’s
Share of firms that expect to give gifts
struction projects—3% of the value of infrastructure. Amendments to the elec-
120

in exchange for construction permits (%) the proposed construction—in addition tricity law eliminated the fee altogether.
Time cut from
100
to the building permit fee charged by Neighboring Uzbekistan, in 119 an days
attempt
30 to 67
the Ministry of Public Works. That fee to mitigate the effects of the crisis, re-
80
20 was cut to just 4 cents per square foot duced the fees for building permit ap-
of construction. Tax waivers from the proval procedures by 25%.
60
10 Ministry of Finance, once a requirement Other reformers in the region con-
for obtaining a building permit, are no Procedures cut from 15 to 7
tinued efforts to streamline procedures
40
0 longer needed. Access to utilities also and introduce more sophisticated per-
Least Most
difficult difficult improved.
20
Liberia Telecommunications mitting processes. The Kyrgyz Republic
Economies ranked by ease of dealing Corporation started providing fixed tele- and Montenegro both introduced risk-
with construction permits, quintiles
phone
0 service for the first time since based approvals for construction per-
Note: Relationships are significant at the 1% level and remain
significant when controlling for income per capita. the country’s
1 conflict ended, and power mits. Simpler construction 15 projects now
Source: Doing Business database; World Bank Enterprise
Survey database.
generators became less expensive.Procedures undergo a less cumbersome approval
Source: Doing Business database.
Among regions, Eastern Europe and process, and building authorities can
same businesses hit hard by the recent Central Asia had the most reforms for focus more on reviewing projects with
crisis. “Financing construction projects the third year running. Reforms were potential environmental or public safety
has become harder and we’re under pres- recorded in Belarus, Bosnia and Herze- impacts. Meanwhile, Belarus, Bosnia
sure to meet project deadlines. It helps to govina, Croatia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, and Herzegovina, Croatia, Georgia, FYR
have a more efficient building authority the Kyrgyz Republic, FYR Macedonia, Macedonia and Slovenia all continued to
to work with,” says a builder in Dubai. Montenegro, Slovenia, Tajikistan and improve the efficiency of the permitting
This positive outlook is due in no small Uzbekistan. The reforms cut procedures process by streamlining procedures and
part to reforms undertaken by the Dubai by 7%, time by 15% and cost by 26.5% cutting approval times.
Municipality to speed up the process on average. The Middle East and North Africa
with better electronic application and Kazakhstan reduced the cost to con- saw its first big surge in reforms, with 7
payment systems. nect new buildings to utilities. Before, economies making it easier to deal with
builders in Almaty paid the equivalent construction permits—Algeria, Bahrain,
Who reformed in 2008/09? of $65,452—almost 13 times income per Egypt, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Jor-
capita—to connect to electricity. This dan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab
Reforms to simplify construction per- unusually high fee—the second highest Emirates.
mitting have been on the rise for the
Table 3.2
past 3 years. In 2008/09 Doing Business
Faster processing for permit applications—the most popular reform feature in 2008/09
registered a record 31 reforms making it
easier to deal with construction permits Reduced time for processing Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, Czech Republic,
permit applications Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, Hong Kong (China), Islamic
(table 3.2). Eleven economies, including
Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Liberia, FYR
5 of the top 10 reformers, continued the Macedonia, Mali, Montenegro, Panama, Portugal, Saudi Arabia,
reforms they had started the previous Slovenia, Tajikistan, United Arab Emirates
year. Reduced fees Burkina Faso, Arab Republic of Egypt, Islamic Republic of Iran,
The United Kingdom was the top Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Liberia, Montenegro, Slovenia,
reformer, the first time for an OECD Uzbekistan
high-income economy. Wider use of ap- Introduced or improved one-stop shop Bahrain, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Arab Republic of Egypt, Hong
Kong (China), Jordan, Kyrgyz Republic, Saudi Arabia, United
proved inspectors over several years has Arab Emirates
cut 8 procedures and 49 days from the
Introduced risk-based approvals Colombia, Georgia, Guatemala, Kyrgyz Republic, Montenegro,
process of dealing with construction ap- Portugal, Singapore, United Kingdom
provals. Approved inspectors now have
Adopted new building regulations Algeria, Arab Republic of Egypt, Guatemala, Montenegro,
a 64% share of the commercial market, Netherlands
leaving local authorities to focus on resi-
Improved electronic platforms or online Bahrain, Colombia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Saudi Arabia,
dential projects.4 services United Arab Emirates
Liberia was the runner-up reformer,
Improved building control process Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, United Kingdom
implementing a series of reforms to con-
tinue a program launched the previous Source: Doing Business database.
DEALING WITH CONSTRUC TION PERMITS 19

Algeria and Egypt both introduced Table 3.3


Who makes dealing with construction permits easy—and who does not?
more comprehensive building codes.
The new law in Algeria addresses illegal Procedures (number)
construction in Algiers and strengthens Fewest Most
enforcement mechanisms. In the first Denmark 6 Azerbaijan 31
few months after the new law entered Hong Kong, China 7 Brunei Darussalam 32
into force in July 2008, the Algerian New Zealand 7 Guinea 32
authorities recorded 12,607 infractions Vanuatu 7 Tajikistan 32
related to unlawful construction.5 The Sweden 8 El Salvador 34
Chad 9 Czech Republic 36
new building code introduced in Egypt
Maldives 9 China 37
also took effect. The new regulations St. Lucia 9 India 37
eliminated 3 preapproval procedures and Georgia 10 Kazakhstan 37
reduced the time to obtain a building Grenada 10 Russian Federation 54
permit by almost 1 month.
Time (days)
Jordan and Saudi Arabia both cen-
tralized approvals in one-stop shops. The Fastest Slowest
one-stop shop at the Greater Amman Singapore 25 Cameroon 426
Municipality began accepting building Korea, Rep. 34 Suriname 431
permit applications for mid size and Finland 38 Ukraine 476
smaller commercial construction proj- United States 40 Lesotho 601
Bahrain 43 Côte d’Ivoire 629
ects. The one-stop shop cut 3 proce-
Colombia 51 Cyprus 677
dures and 20 days. Plans are under way
Vanuatu 51 Russian Federation 704
to introduce more one-stop shops in Marshall Islands 55 Cambodia 709
other districts of Amman. The Riyadh Solomon Islands 62 Haiti 1,179
Municipality made it easier for builders United Arab Emirates 64 Zimbabwe 1,426
by merging the location permit with
Cost (% of income per capita)
the building permit process. Applicants
wanting to build simple structures such Least Most
as residential villas, workshops or ware- Qatar 0.6 Serbia 1,907
houses can obtain a building permit Trinidad and Tobago 4.6 Guinea-Bissau 2,020
from the Riyadh Municipality in 1 day. St. Kitts and Nevis 4.8 Russian Federation 2,141
Building authorities allow them to begin Brunei Darussalam 4.9 Niger 2,355
Palau 5.4 India 2,395
building immediately and issue a final
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 6.9 Tanzania 3,281
building permit within a week. Malaysia 7.1 Burundi 7,968
Bahrain, the Islamic Republic of Hungary 9.8 Afghanistan 12,878
Iran and the United Arab Emirates Dominica 11.3 Zimbabwe 24,468
turned to electronic services to reduce Thailand 12.1 Liberia 28,296
processing times and streamline the ap- Source: Doing Business database.
proval process. Bahrain incorporated the
preliminary approval from the electricity building permits and building comple- streamlining has cut 4 procedures and
authority into the one-stop shop, elimi- tion certificates through any of the 70 33 days from the process of dealing with
nating 1 procedure. Bahrain also made it e-service offices throughout the city. The construction-related approvals.
faster to obtain building permits. Rather e-service offices accept applications and In Latin America and the Caribbean
than having to fill out 9 different forms payments and track documents sent to 4 economies introduced major reforms:
and provide 15 pieces of supporting doc- the municipality to ensure timely pro- Colombia, Guatemala and Honduras—
umentation, applicants complete a single cessing. As a result, the time to obtain a which have been reforming consistently
application form online and upload all construction permit in Tehran fell from for several years—as well as Panama.
their documents and plans through a 90 days to 30. In 2008/09 all 4 reformers focused on
completely digitized process. The United Arab Emirates also in- speeding up the delivery of construc-
In Tehran builders no longer have to vested in e-services. Builders in Dubai tion approvals by introducing risk-based
visit multiple government offices to seek can now apply for “no objection” cer- approval processes. On average, they
approvals or follow up on applications. tificates, building permits and comple- trimmed 35 days from the time required
They can obtain location approvals, tion certificates online. The continual to deal with construction permits.
20 Doing Business 2010

Colombia’s new risk-based system to obtain a new water connection by 35 fewer resources on chasing applications
shortened the approval time for build- days. Mali also improved access to utili- and paying bribes and more on meeting
ing permits for buildings between 500 ties. Obtaining a new water connection project deadlines and obtaining financ-
and 2,000 square meters to 25 calendar now takes 1 month less than before. ing. In Mumbai construction companies
days. In Guatemala City a new land Six economies made it more dif- regularly employ a design architect to
management plan introduced simpler ficult to deal with construction permits work on the building plans and drawings
approval processes for some categories in 2008/09. Kenya made it obligatory and either a “consultancy architect” or
of buildings, reducing the total time to for certain projects, such as warehouses, facilitator whose sole purpose is to keep
deal with construction permits by 37 to obtain an environmental clearance up with the bureaucracy. This practice is
days. In Honduras further digitization from the National Environment Manage- hardly surprising in a city where deal-
of zoning maps and the introduction ment Authority and increased the fees ing with construction-related formalities
of risk-based mechanisms in the zon- to obtain a building permit by almost takes 37 procedures and 195 days and
ing regulations cut the time to obtain 4 times. These changes overshadowed costs 2,395% of income per capita.
a location permit from 2 weeks to just the improvements made by the Rapid In the past 5 years Doing Business
2 days. Stricter adherence to statutory Results Initiative reform program, which has recorded 91 reforms in 62 economies
time limits for approvals of environmen- reduced the time to obtain building per- aimed at making construction permit-
tal, design and construction permits cut mits by 20 days. Following the security ting more efficient and easier to comply
19 more days from the time required threats in 2008 in Colombo, Sri Lanka with. Governments that regulate con-
for complying with construction-related now requires clearance from the Defense struction efficiently often take a sys-
formalities. Panama made registration of Ministry for all new buildings erected tematic approach in their reforms. They
newly completed buildings easier, saving within the city limits. Tanzania made it identify areas of overlap among agencies,
builders 2 weeks. mandatory for new projects to obtain a consult widely with stakeholders, opt
Two economies in East Asia and the geological survey before construction. for risk-based approval systems and in-
Pacific introduced significant reforms. While the procedure was intended to troduce internal monitoring systems in
Hong Kong (China) completed its “Be enhance building safety, there are too their agencies.
the Smart Regulator” reform program. few inspectors to match the demand.
A new one-stop center merged 8 proce- As a result, dealing with construction Identifying areas of overlap
dures involving 6 local departments and permits takes 20 days longer on aver- among agencies
2 private utility companies, saving 52 age. New Zealand, Romania and the Dealing with construction permits in-
days. Singapore introduced new work- Solomon Islands all increased the fees for volves multiple agencies and levels of
place safety and health regulations that construction-related approvals. approval—more than in any other area of
allow low-risk industries to submit docu- regulation studied by Doing Business. To
ments online. Dealing with construction Toward smart regulation obtain all construction-related approvals
permits now takes less time in Singapore and connect to utilities, builders around
than in any other economy. Construction regulation should provide the world deal with 9 different agencies
Besides the United Kingdom, 3 other incentives for compliance, even when on average. Understanding how these
OECD high-income economies simplified times are hard. Good regulation ensures agencies interact with one another and
construction permitting. Portugal intro- that safety standards are met while en- identifying areas of overlap is often the
duced a risk-based fire safety approval couraging businesses to operate formally. first step toward speeding up approvals
process, cutting 2 procedures and 41 days. Honduras is one example. In 2007 the while maintaining quality control.
The Netherlands passed a new spatial municipality of Tegucigalpa streamlined In the Kyrgyz Republic, for example,
planning law—the first major overhaul the process for obtaining a building per- the Union of Builders in 2007 mapped
of its planning regulation since 1965. The mit. The next year the revenue from the approval processes of relevant agen-
Czech Republic cut the time to register construction permits was up by 167% cies, identified bottlenecks and proposed
new buildings from 60 days to 30. and the area approved for construction pragmatic solutions. Its detailed analysis
In Sub-Saharan Africa 2 economies by 72%. Impressive results, especially helped persuade the central government
besides Liberia reformed in 2008/09. since the growth rate for construction in to reform in 2008 even in the face of
Burkina Faso implemented a one-stop Honduras was only 3.5% at the time.6 strong opposition from powerful players
shop, reducing the time to obtain a con- Builders are more likely to comply such as the Bishkek mayor’s office. In
struction permit by 2 months. Permit with regulations when time limits are Hong Kong (China) 29 government agen-
fees were reduced by more than half. respected, clear guidelines exist and au- cies worked with focus groups to develop
Efforts by the National Water and Sanita- thorities are held accountable. When reg- a comprehensive scheme identifying
tion Office in Ouagadougou cut the time ulation is predictable, companies spend which procedures could be merged. The
and utility connections included
Source: Doing Business database. Note: See Data notes for details.

DEALING WITH CONSTRUC TION PERMITS 21


FIGURE 3.4 Using internal monitoring to
ruction The “Be the Smart Regulator” program speeds up permitting in Hong Kong, China match demand
orruption
120 Implementing reforms requires flex-
gifts
mits (%)
Time cut from
ibility and continual monitoring of new
100
119 days to 67 systems. Authorities in Jakarta have an
internal real-time system for monitor-
80
ing every step of the building permit
approval process—from the moment the
60
application is submitted to the time the
Procedures cut from 15 to 7
40
permit is issued. The system includes the
prescribed time limits for each internal
Most
difficult 20 procedure and notifies administrators
se of dealing of delays. So, for example, if the officer
ts, quintiles
0 in charge of verifying the zoning takes
vel and remain
pita. 1 15 more than the 5 days stipulated, the
Enterprise Procedures
Source: Doing Business database.
system will warn the supervisor about
the delay. When this happens, the officer
in charge must enter an explanation into
authorities now conduct joint inspec- Piloting reforms the system.
tions once construction is completed. Be- Governments that make construction Monitoring the entire process allows
fore, the Building Department and Fire permitting easy are increasingly adopt- building authorities to identify bottle-
Services Department conducted separate ing risk-based approval mechanisms. necks, ensure better quality and allocate
checks. Through this exercise Hong Kong Many start by piloting reforms to as- resources more efficiently. In Bahrain
(China) managed to cut the number of sess their effectiveness before full-scale the municipal one-stop shop’s technical
procedures from 15 to 7—one of the implementation. support team prepares daily monitoring
most successful reforms in construction Some economies pilot reforms in reports and posts them on the internal
permitting (figure 3.4). specific zones to isolate any potential server for review by top management. If
damage. Building authorities in Bosnia a permit is delayed because there are too
Communicating with and Herzegovina and Honduras tested few structural engineers, for example,
stakeholders the functionality of new regulations by managers can assign more to the task.
Successful reformers involve all relevant implementing them initially in a few Diligent monitoring of reforms gives
actors from the beginning. In Colombia, districts. Egypt began piloting one-stop policy makers the information they need
for example, the central government, the shops in 3 districts of Cairo in 2007. to match their capacity to the demands
municipality of Bogotá and the private The early trial of the one-stop shops of applicants. And it insures that their
urban curators in charge of issuing the helped pave the way for the new building reform efforts continue to have impact
construction permits all needed to be on code passed the following year and the for years to come.
board before a new risk-based approval streamlining of procedures in 2009.
scheme could be approved in May 2009. Germany and Portugal piloted new
Once the new system is implemented, all building approval processes by focus-
parties—from the implementing officials ing only on certain types of projects. In 1. Kenny (2007).
to the users of the system—have to be Jordan the Greater Amman Municipality 2. Moullier (2009).
kept informed of changes or improve- began by processing larger, more com- 3. Singapore Business Federation (2009).
ments. Building authorities in Liberia, plex applications, reasoning that larger 4. Building Control Alliance (2008).
Rwanda, Saudi Arabia and Sierra Leone companies that had suffered the most 5. Idir (2008).
publicized reforms through large-scale from burdensome regulations could pro- 6. World Bank, World Development Indica-
campaigns in the press and on their vide the best input for improving the sys- tors database.
websites. Building authorities in Singa- tem. Conversely, Saudi Arabia adopted
pore and the United Kingdom organize the 1-day permitting procedure first for
periodic consultations with private pro- low-risk residential villas before extend-
fessionals. “We treat them like equals, ing the system to riskier projects such as
and rely a great deal on their profession- warehouses and workshops.
alism,” says an official from Singapore’s
Building and Construction Authority.
Belarus Kyrgyz Montenegro Macedonia, FYR Rwanda
Republic
Note: Higher values indicate more rigid regulation.
Source: Doing Business database.
22 Doing Business 2010
Overview
Starting a business FIGURE 4.1
Low-income economies have less flexible labor regulations
Dealing with construction permits

Employing
70 Low income
40 40 40

workers
Low income 60
35 35 35 Low income

50 Global average
Registering property 30 Global average 30 30
Global average
Getting credit Low income 40
High income High income
Protecting investors 25 25 Global average 25
30
Paying taxes High income High income
Trading across borders 20 20 20
20
Enforcing contracts
Difficulty of Rigidity of Difficulty of Redundancy
Closing a business hiring index hours index redundancy index cost
(0–100) (0–100) (0–100) (weeks of salary)
Note: Higher values indicate more rigid regulation.
Source: Doing Business database.

In Britain during the Industrial Revo- male and female apprentices are to be of 102 countries (see annex on worker
lution, two-thirds of those working in provided with separate sleeping apart- protection).
the newly powered textile factories were ments, and not more than two to sleep Governments all over the world face
children. Working conditions were often in one bed.” A series of labor regulation the challenge of finding the right balance
perilous. Large steam engines made the acts followed. between worker protection and labor
heat almost unbearable. Machines were Employment laws are needed to market flexibility. The ILO, European
tightly packed, and their moving parts protect workers from arbitrary or unfair Union and Organisation for Economic
often exposed. Passing between them treatment and to ensure efficient con- Co-operation and Development (OECD)
was difficult—the reason children were tracting between employers and workers. have embraced the concept of “flexicur-
preferred. It was also dangerous. Doing Business, in its indicators on em- ity,” combining flexible regulation, safety
These conditions gave rise to the ploying workers, measures flexibility in nets (such as unemployment insurance)
Health and Morals of Apprentices Act the regulation of hiring, working hours and active social policies. With the global
of 1802, a first attempt to prevent such and redundancy in a manner consistent financial and economic crisis, unemploy-
abuse and the first law regulating labor with the conventions of the International ment has risen sharply around the world.
relations in Britain. Its regulations in- Labour Organization (ILO). An economy This makes the need for governments to
cluded this: “The master and mistress can have the most flexible labor regula- adopt policies that stimulate job creation
of the factory must observe the law… tions as measured by Doing Business- even more pressing. At the same time,
every apprentice is to be supplied with while ratifying and complying with all adequate safety nets have to be in place
two complete suits of clothing with suit- conventions directly relevant to the areas to protect workers from sudden job loss,
able linen, stockings, hats and shoes… that Doing Business measures. help them transition between jobs and
The ILO core labor standards—
Table 4.1
Where is it easy to employ workers— covering the right to collective bargain- FIGURE 4.2
and where not? ing, the elimination of forced labor, the Employing workers: rules on hiring,
FIGURE 4.3
work schedules and redundancy
Rigid
Easiestlabor regulations are difficult
Rank Most associatedRank abolition of child labor and equitable Rankings are based on 4 subindicators
with a larger informal sector treatment in employment practices—
Australia 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. 174 Fixed-term contracts, Nonstandard work schedules,
Informal
United Statessector share 2of GDP Guinea-Bissau 175 are fundamental principles. The Doing minimum wage paid vacation days
regulations
High
Singapore 3 Morocco 176 Business employing workers indicators
25% 25%
Brunei Darussalam 4 Panama 177 are fully consistent with the core labor Difficulty Rigidity
Marshall Islands 5 Angola 178 standards but do not measure compli- of hiring of hours
Hong Kong, China 6 Paraguay 179 index index
ance with them. To complement these
Uganda 7 São Tomé and 180 25% 25%
indicators, Doing Business has launched
Palau 8 Principe Difficulty of Redundancy
Denmark
Low 9
Venezuela, R.B. 181 research on the adoption of core labor redundancy cost
Equatorial Guinea 182 index
Georgia Least 10 Most standards in national legislation as the
Bolivia 183 Mandatory legal As weeks of salary;
rigid
Economies ranked by
rigid basis for a future indicator on worker requirements on dismissals includes notice period
Note: Rankingsdifficulty of hiring
are the average index, quintiles
of the economy's rankings on the protection. Preliminary results on the for economic reasons and severance payments
difficulty of hiring, rigidity of hours, difficulty of redundancy and
redundancy
Note: cost indices.
Relationships See Dataatnotes
are significant the 5%forlevel
details.
and remain
implementation of minimum working
Note: See Data notes for details.
Source: Doing
significant Business
when database.
controlling for income per capita. age provisions are presented for a sample
Source: Doing Business database; Schneider (2007).

FIGURE 4.4 FIGURE 4.5



FIGURE 4.2
Employing workers 23
Employing workers: rules on hiring,
FIGURE 4.3 and markets, firms tend to stay small and FYR
workMacedonia,
schedules and Poland, and the Slovak
redundancy
Rigid labor regulations are associated Rankings are 7 based on 4 subindicators
with a larger informal sector create fewer jobs.1 Workers in the infor- Republic.
mal sector receive no benefits or social In contrast,
Fixed-term contracts, developing
Nonstandard work economies
schedules,
Informal sector share of GDP minimum wage paid vacation days
High
security, lack formal protection from ar- have made
regulations few reforms in aspects of
bitrary or discriminatory treatment and labor regulation covered by Doing Busi-
25% 25%
may receive lower wages.2 According to ness. Take Difficulty
the 2 regionsRigidity
of hiring of hours
with the most
a recent OECD study, 1.8 billion people rigid employment index regulation:
index in Sub-
are employed in the informal economy Saharan Africa25% only 25% 6 of 46 economies
worldwide—far more than the 1.2 billion made labor Difficulty of Redundancy
regulations more flexible in
redundancy cost
Low in the formal economy.3 the past 5 years index(Burkina Faso, Mau-
Least Most Finding that burdensome regulation ritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda
Mandatory legal As weeks of salary;
rigid rigid
Economies ranked by requirements on dismissals includes notice period
makes it difficult for workers to move and Uganda);
for economic reasons
in Latin America only
and severance payments
3
difficulty of hiring index, quintiles
between firms and industries, another did (Argentina, Colombia and Peru). In
Note: Relationships are significant at the 5% level and remain
significant when controlling for income per capita.
study concludes that this probably leads South
Note: SeeAsia
Data notesonly Bhutan and Pakistan
for details.
Source: Doing Business database; Schneider (2007). to higher job losses due to external eco- increased flexibility. In East Asia and the
nomic shocks.4 Stringent employment Pacific, Vietnam was the only developing
prevent more people from slipping into regulation also reduces a firm’s ability to economy to do so. Some of the econo-
poverty.
FIGURE 4.4 Both are critical for an econo- respond adequately to demand or pro- mies
FIGURE with4.5 the most rigid regulation in
Economies
my’s with unemployment protection schemes
competitiveness. ductivity shocks, according to a study
Share of
of region
Where
the firstisplace
the cost made of redundancy
it even more highest?
rigid—
Average cost to terminate redundant workers
In OECD
response to the crisis, many weekly laborNumber
choices in an international
of economies— 27 100% including
(weeks of salary) Cape Verde, Djibouti, Fiji, The
high income
economies reformed unemployment fast food chain covering 2,500 outlets in Gambia, Honduras, Maldives, Moldova,
Eastern Europe 23 85% rigid re- 446 Zimbabwe
protection
& Central Asiaschemes in recent months by 43 economies.5 And excessively Togo and Zimbabwe.
expanding benefits or lowering6eligibil-
Middle East
32% strictions on hiring and redundancy tend Reform is challenging, but getting
Sri Lanka
& North Africa
ity thresholds.
East Asia
Brazil, Canada and the to raise labor costs, reducing opportuni- the
200 level of employment regulation right
7 29% Sierraeffort.
Leone And it matters for
United& Pacific
States extended the period over ties for firms to spend on innovation and is worth the
Latin America Ghana, Zambia
which unemployment benefits
& Caribbean 7 22%are paid. adapt to new technologies.6 the impact of other reforms. Following
Italy expanded coverage to those who Labor reform is challenging. Most reforms to reduce barriers to entry in
South Asia 1 13% 150
previously did not qualify. Korea pro- major developments in labor law have India, a recent study found that states
Sub-Saharan
vided aid to vulnerable
Africa 3 7% workers put on taken place in the context of big political with more flexible employment regula-
temporary unpaid
Source: Doing Business database.leave. Chile, China, or economic shifts. In Western econo- tion saw a 25% larger reduction in the
Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Philippines, mies the industrial revolutions of the number
100 of informal firms.8 The most
Thailand and Vietnam similarly extended 19th century brought about regulation to vulnerableSouth groups,
Asia
women and youth,
unemployment benefits. protect workers against abuses incidental could benefit the most
Sub-Saharan Africa from reforms.
Middle East & North Africa,
FIGUREIn economies that cannot afford ex- to new forms of large-scale mining and
dropped While employment protection
Latin America & Caribbeanlaws may
50
Reforms in
pensive laborsecurity
social regulation bring greater
systems, sever-flexibility
manufacturing. Fundamental labor laws increase the likelihood
East Asia & Pacific that employed
Rigidity of employment index (0–100) Eastern Europe & Central Asia
ance pay can serve as a substitute for were adopted in Latin America follow- workers will OECD stay
high in
incometheir job, for those
50
unemployment benefits. This year Doing ing the Mexican Revolution ending in without a job they reduce the chances
Denmark
Business has introduced changes to the 1917 and in Russia following the October of0finding employment New Zealand
Puerto Rico
or reentering the
40
employing workers indicators to take Revolution the same year. labor market. 9 This
United Statesparticularly affects
account
30
of the existence of safety nets— In more recent times the collapse women, who
Note: Bolivia and tendBolivariana
República to exitde from
Venezuelaand
are re-
whether in the form of unemployment of the Soviet–26Union and the EU acces- enter
excluded the
because
is not possible.
labor market
redundancy more
for economic frequently
reasons

benefits
20 or severance pay—for –10both per- –15 sion movement triggered –31
a new wave during
Source: Doingtheir
Businesscareer.
database.
manent and temporary workers in cases of reforms. Since Doing Business started
2008
of10redundancy for economic reasons (see tracking reforms in 2004, close to two- Who reformed in 2008/09?
2009 –3
Data notes for details). thirds of Eastern European and Cen-
0 In many developing economies em- tral Asian economies and half of OECD Eleven economies reformed their labor
ployers andBelarus employees continue Kyrgyz to face high-income
Montenegro economies
Macedonia, FYR have made labor
Rwanda laws in 2008/09 (table 4.2). Seven in-
Republic
overly rigid regulations. Faced
Note: Higher values indicate more rigid regulation. with ex- regulation more flexible. Estonia, Hun- creased flexibility in employing workers;
cessive
Source: Doingrestrictions,
Business database. many firms simply gary and Slovenia introduced new labor 4 reduced it. Eastern Europe and Central
choose to opt out of the regulated formal laws following the end of the cold war. Asia had the most reforms, with 4 econo-
sector and operate or hire workers in the The prospect of EU accession led several mies introducing more flexible regula-
FIGURE 4.1
informal
Low-income sector (figurehave
economies 4.3).less
There, withlaboreconomies
flexible regulations to introduce EU labor stan- tion, followed by Sub-Saharan Africa.
less access to formal finance, institutions dards in domestic law, 70
including Latvia, Rwanda was the top reformer.
40 40 40 Low income

Low income 60
35 35 35 Low income
24 Doing Business 2010

Table 4.2 more difficult by increasing the restric-


Eliminating requirements relating to redundancy—a popular reform feature in 2008/09 tions on the use of fixed-term contracts.
Eliminated requirements relating to redundancy Belarus, Kyrgyz Republic, FYR Macedonia, Mauritius, It also tightened restrictions on weekly
Montenegro, Rwanda holiday work and increased mandatory
Made working hours more flexible Kyrgyz Republic, FYR Macedonia, Rwanda, Peru annual leave.
Eased restrictions on fixed-term contracts FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, Rwanda
Toward smart regulation
Reduced dismissal costs Mauritius, Peru
Source: Doing Business database.
Since 2004 Doing Business has recorded
88 reforms affecting the employing
Amendments to the labor code increased tion. When having to make a worker re- workers indicators. Of these, 54 made
flexibility in the use of fixed-term con- dundant, employers are required to give regulation more flexible, 34 more rigid.
tracts by removing limits on their dura- notice of 15 calendar days and are no In searching for the right balance be-
tion and renewal. Employers and em- longer obliged to give prior notification tween flexibility and protection, reform-
ployees now have greater flexibility in to a third party. ers can look to the experience of econo-
choosing the weekly rest day, and work- In the Kyrgyz Republic amendments mies around the world. The following
ers are entitled to statutory paid annual to the labor code increased flexibility in measures are examples of reforms aimed
leave of 21 working days. When faced working hours and simplified procedures at increasing flexibility without compro-
with the need to downsize and make for redundancies for economic reasons. mising protection.
one or more workers redundant for eco- Employers and employees are now free
nomic reasons, employers are no longer to decide on the weekly rest day. Re- Allowing flexible scheduling of
required to consult beforehand with the dundancy procedures for one or more working hours
employees’ representatives or notify the workers were eased: notification require- Laws restricting working hours were cre-
labor inspector. Instead, they inform the ments, priority rules and obligations to ated to protect employees. But they also
labor inspector in writing after the re- retrain or reassign redundant workers limit the ability of firms to adjust for fluc-
dundancy. The aim is to allow possible no longer apply. Belarus also simplified tuations in seasonal demand—and can
abuses to be detected while ensuring that procedures for individual and collective take work away from willing workers.
employers are not deterred from hiring redundancies. To mitigate this risk, most economies
workers in the first place. In Sub-Saharan Africa, besides permit greater flexibility in activities
In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Rwanda, Mauritius reformed. Its new in which continuous operation is eco-
FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, the Kyrgyz Employment Rights Act and Employ- nomically necessary. More than half the
Republic and Belarus reformed. Amend- ment Relations Act entered into force, economies in the Doing Business sample
ments to their labor codes introduced making redundancy procedures more allow the averaging of hours. The Czech
greater flexibility in the scheduling of flexible. Redundancies of one or more Republic and Finland allow the distribu-
working hours and use of employment workers for economic reasons no longer tion of hours over 52 weeks; Angola, 6
contracts and streamlined redundancy require authorization, the notice period months; and Australia, a year. Allowing
procedures. In FYR Macedonia fixed- for redundancy is now 30 calendar days, pay premiums for overtime or work on
term contracts may now be used for per- and severance pay is mandatory only if the weekly rest day is another way econo-
manent tasks for up to 60 months. When the grounds for redundancy are found to mies deal with these needs.
arranging for night shifts, employers can be invalid. The new laws also increased
choose the duration for scheduling and mandatory annual leave to 22 working Promoting youth employment
frequency of shift rotation. Employer days. Young people are disproportionately
and employees are free to agree on the In Latin America, Peru introduced affected by rigid employment regula-
weekly rest day and on the number a law easing labor regulations for small tion. Lack of training and experience
of days of paid annual leave beyond businesses. Redundancy pay was reduced is already an obstacle to finding a first
the legal minimum of 20 working days. to 17 weeks, and mandatory annual leave job; burdensome regulation and high
Requirements to retrain or reassign re- was set at 13 working days. redundancy costs can further deter po-
dundant workers and priority rules for A few economies made employ- tential employers. One measure used to
reemployment no longer apply. ment regulation more rigid. Two raised encourage the hiring of young people
Montenegro also made the use of the cost of redundancy—Honduras by is to introduce apprentice wages. These
fixed-term contracts more flexible, al- 22 weeks and Luxembourg by 13 weeks. allow businesses to hire first-time em-
lowing them for permanent tasks and Portugal increased the notice period by ployees for a portion—typically 75%—
with no limits on their cumulative dura- 2 weeks. Maldives made hiring workers of the mandatory minimum wage for a
Note: Relationships
Note: Relationships are
are significant
significant atat the
the 5%
5% level
level and
and remain
remain Note: See
Note: See Data
Data notes
notes for
for details.
details.
significant
significant when
when controlling
controlling for
for income
income per
per capita.
capita.
Source: Doing Business database; Schneider (2007).
Source: Doing Business database; Schneider (2007).

Employing workers 25
FIGURE
FIGURE 4.4
4.4 FIGURE
FIGURE 4.5
4.5
Economies
Economies with
with unemployment
unemployment protection
protection schemes
schemes Share
Where
Where is
is the
the cost
cost of
of redundancy
redundancy highest?
highest?
Share of
of region
region
Average
Average cost
cost to
to terminate
terminate redundant
redundant workers
workers
OECD (weeks
high
OECD Number
Number of
of economies— 27 100%
economies— 27 100% (weeks of
of salary)
salary)
high income
income
Eastern
Eastern Europe
Europe 23 85% 446
446 Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
&& Central
Central Asia
Asia
23 85%
Middle
Middle East
East Sri
Sri Lanka
&& North 66 32%
32% Lanka
North Africa
Africa
East 200
200
East Asia
Asia 77 29%
29% Sierra
&& Pacific
Pacific Sierra Leone
Leone
Latin Ghana,
Ghana, Zambia
Zambia
Latin America
America 77 22%
&& Caribbean
Caribbean 22%
South
South Asia
Asia 11 13%
13% 150
150
Sub-Saharan
Sub-Saharan
Africa 33 7%
7%
Africa
Source:
Source: Doing Business database.
Doing Business database.
100
100
short period. Germany and the Nether- Things can be different in develop- South
South Asia
Asia
lands have established apprentice wages ing economies. Many lack the financial Sub-Saharan
Sub-Saharan Africa
Africa
Middle
Middle East
East && North
North Africa,
Africa,
through
FIGURE
FIGURE dropped
droppedlaw or collective bargaining resources and administrative capacity to 50
50 Latin
Latin America && Caribbean
America Caribbean
Reforms
Reforms in
in labor
labor regulation
regulation bring greater
greater flexibility
agreement. So have India bringand Lesotho. flexibility
provide comprehensive unemployment East Asia & Pacific
East Asia & Pacific
Rigidity
Rigidity ofof employment
employment index index (0–100)
(0–100) Eastern
Eastern Europe
Europe && Central
Central Asia
Asia
Such
50
countries as Australia and Chile insurance (figure 4.4). Not surprisingly, OECD
OECD high
high income
income
50
exempt young people and apprentices mandatory severance payments remain Denmark
Denmark
00 New
New Zealand
Zealand
from
40
the national minimum wage. the prevalent form of insurance against Puerto
Puerto Rico
Rico
40
Apprentice contracts and trial pe- unemployment.11 But many developing United
United States
States
riods
30
30
are also used to promote the hir- economies may err on the side of ex- Note: Bolivia
Note: Bolivia and
and República
República Bolivariana
Bolivariana de
de Venezuela
Venezuela are
are
excluded
excluded because
because redundancy
redundancy forfor economic
economic reasons
ing of young people. First-time workers cessive rigidity. –26 Severance pay in cases
–26 isis not
not possible.
possible.
reasons

without
20
20 experience get an –10
opportunity
–10 of
–15
–15 redundancy sometimes –31 –31
even exceeds Source:
Source: Doing Business database.
Doing Business database.
to receive2008
training while earning an in- the typical unemployment benefits in
2008
come.
10
10 Having invested in training these rich economies (figure 4.5). In addition, altogether, dismissed workers may be
2009
2009 –3
–3
workers, employers have a greater incen- many impose strict procedural require- forced to accept the first job opportunity,
tive
00 to hire them. Allowing the use of ments for redundancy of one or more even if it is not formal or productive.
fixed-term Belarus contracts
Belarus Kyrgyz
forRepublic
permanent
Kyrgyz Montenegro
tasks workers
Montenegro for economic
Macedonia,
Macedonia, FYR
FYR Rwanda
reasons—such as
Rwanda One study estimates that lack of access to
Republic
can
Note: provide
Higher values another
indicate more point
rigid of
regulation.
Note: Higher values indicate more rigid regulation. entry and prior approval by the labor authority, insurance among poor rural households
Source: Doing
Doing Business database.
an incentive
Source: for
Business employers to create jobs.
database. as in the Republic of Congo, Gabon and forces workers to engage in low-risk ac-
But if strict regulations on permanent Nepal. tivities with lower returns. This reduces
contracts
FIGURE are left in place, a dual system Such requirements are created with their potential earnings by 25% in rural
FIGURE 4.14.1
can be
Low-income created,
economiesas in France
have lessand Spain,
flexible
Low-income economies have less flexible labor regulations labor good intentions—to protect workers
regulations Tanzania and by 50% in a sample of rural
for example. This makes it difficult for from abuse or to provide 70
70
a safety net villages in India.14
40
40 40
40 40
40 Low
Low income
income
fixed-term workers to transition to per- in case of sudden job loss. But when it Some low- and middle-income
manent employment. Low
Low income
income The low-skilled, comes toLowmaking
income employment
60
60 decisions economies have unemployment schemes,
35 35 35 Low income
the35young and immigrants 35
are the most 35 for economic reasons, these require- including Algeria, Ecuador, the Kyrgyz
50
50 Global
affected. They are also the ones already ments can give the authorities—not Global average
em-
average Republic, Moldova, Thailand, Uzbekistan
30
30 Global average 30
Global average 30 30
30
bearing most of the burden ofLow adjust- ployers—the
Global
Global discretion.
average
average And excessive and Vietnam. But some of these also
Low income
income 40
40
ment 25
in times of crisis.1025 High income costs can deter employers from
High income
25
High hiring
High income
income still maintain high redundancy costs.
25 25 Global average
Global average 25
High
workers in the first place.
30
30 Reducing the Employers in Ecuador face redundancy
High income
income High
High income
income
Shifting
20 from severance 20 pay to complexity
20
and costs of dismissals for costs equal to 2.5 years of salary; in Viet-
20 20 20 20
unemployment insurance 20
economic reasons is a first step toward nam, 1.5 years. On the other hand, Mau-
Italy, Norway
Difficulty
Difficulty of and Singapore
of Rigidity
Rigidity ofhave no Difficulty
of encouraging
Difficulty of formal Redundancy
of job creation.
Redundancy ritius, with an unemployment protection
hiring
hiring index
statutory minimum forhours
index hours index
index pay- redundancy
severance redundancy Overindex
time, a shift cost
index cost
to less rigid em- scheme in place, has just eliminated sev-
(0–100)
(0–100) (0–100)
(0–100) (0–100)
(0–100) (weeks
(weeks ofof salary)
salary)
ments and aid workers in transition be- ployment regulation and greater social erance pay for cases of retrenchment.
Note: Higher values indicate more rigid regulation.
Note: Higher values indicate more rigid regulation.
tween
Source:
Source: jobs
Doing
Doing with
Business
Business well-established unem-
database.
database. protection can also make sense in de- Introducing unemployment protec-
ployment assistance programs. Denmark veloping economies.12 Evidence suggests tion schemes is not straightforward. Such
and New Zealand combine flexible labor that unemployment benefits can help schemes risk prolonging unemployment
regulations with unemployment protec- reduce poverty.13 Where social insurance if incentives for job search are distorted.
tion schemes. mechanisms are inadequate or lacking One promising approach is the use of un-
26 Doing Business 2010

Table 4.3
Who makes employing workers easy—and who does not?
1. For a review of research on employment
Rigidity of employment index (0–100) regulation and effects, see Djankov and
Least Most Ramalho (2009).
Australia 0 São Tomé and Principe 59 2. Duryea and others (2006).
Hong Kong, China 0 Morocco 60 3. OECD Development Centre (2009).
United States 0 Congo, Rep. 63 4. Ciccone and Papaioannou (2008).
Singapore 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. 63
5. Lafontaine and Sivadasan (2007).
Brunei Darussalam 0 Angola 66
Marshall Islands 0 Equatorial Guinea 66
6. Pierre and Scarpetta (2007) and Kuddo
(2009).
Uganda 0 Panama 66
St. Lucia 0 Niger 68 7. Kuddo (forthcoming) and Doing Busi-
Kuwait 0 Venezuela, R.B. 69
ness database.
Canada 4 Bolivia 77 8. Sharma (2009).
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 9. Montenegro and Pagés (2004).
Least Most
10. Pierre and Scarpetta (2007) and “When
Jobs Disappear,” The Economist, March
Denmark 0 Mozambique 134 14–20, 2009, pp. 71–73.
New Zealand 0 Ecuador 135 11. Only 9 economies have neither man-
United States 0 Lao PDR 162 datory redundancy payments nor
Puerto Rico 0 Zambia 178 unemployment protection: Brunei
Iraq 0 Ghana 178 Darussalam, Iraq, Jordan, Kiribati, the
Marshall Islands 0 Sierra Leone 189 Marshall Islands, the Federated States of
Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0 Sri Lanka 217 Micronesia, Oman, Palau and Tonga.
Palau 0 Zimbabwe 446 12. Boeri, Helppie and Macis (2008).
Tonga 0 Venezuela, R.B. not possible 13. Vodopivec (2009).
Austria 2 Bolivia not possible
14. Pierre and Scarpetta (2007).
Note: Not possible indicates a full ban on dismissing low-paid workers for economic reasons. The rigidity of employment index is the average
of the difficulty of hiring index, rigidity of hours index and difficulty of redundancy index. See Data notes for details.
Source: Doing Business database.

employment insurance savings accounts.


Workers save a fraction of their earnings
in their account and draw unemploy-
ment benefits from it. Economies such as
Algeria, Belgium and Chile have devel-
oped such accounts in conjunction with
a solidarity fund, to ensure increased
benefits for unemployed workers.
27
Overview
Starting a business FIGURE 5.1 FIGUR
Dealing with construction permits Top 10 reformers in registering property Regis
Average improvement (%) betw
Employing workers Rankings on the ease of Ranki

Registering
2008
15% 38% 10% registering property DB2010 DB2009
Days t
2009 1. Mauritius 66 131 in mai

property 2.
3.
Burkina Faso
Kyrgyz Republic
114
19
163
52
Getting credit 4. Portugal 52 82
Protecting investors 5. Macedonia, FYR 63 88
6. Colombia 51 78
Paying taxes
7. Latvia 58 79
Trading across borders 8. Peru 28 40
Enforcing contracts 9. Afghanistan 164 176
Closing a business 10. Estonia 13 24
Steps t
Procedures Time Cost prepar
can be
Source: Doing Business database.
Note: S

When Abdulayeh decided to sell his busi- tive capital. Hernando de Soto describes ness to purchase a property from another
FIGURE 5.3
ness property in Ouagadougou this year, such land as “dead
Computerizing capital,” registry—a
the property assets whose business and to transfer the property title
big time-saver
he checked the encumbrances on the use is limited or that
Time to register property (days) cannot be used as to the buyer’s name so that the purchasing
property, had the sale agreement nota- collateral.1 Formal titles can ease access business can securely use it to expand,
rized, obtained a property valuation and to credit. A recent study in Peru suggests
Croatia use it as collateral in taking new loans 956

applied for the property transfer at the that property titles are associated with a or, if needed, sell it to another business
Angola
newly created one-stop shop. The process 10%
Bosniaincrease in approval rates on public (figure 5.2).
and Herzegovina
took 4 steps and 59 days. Just 2 years ago sector loans forBelarus construction materials.2 Streamlining property registration
it would have taken 8 steps and 182 days. Women Portugaland children can particu- has become a popular reform. Econo-
Transfer taxes also fell, from 15% of the larly benefit from Zambia easier access to land. mies keep finding ways to make the
Time in Time in
property value to 8%. The results speak A study in Guatemala
Nepal finds that women who process easier2009 and less costly. 2004 Reforms
for themselves: over the past 2 years ownWest landBankareandmore
Gaza empowered and their include practices common in the 10
3
the number of new title registrations in children areEl Salvador
healthier. But some coun- economies where property registration is Reduction
Ouagadougou boomed. And the easier it tries, such as Estonia Cameroon, Chile and the easiest, such as centralizing procedures
is to transfer property, the more likely the Democratic Republic Georgia of Congo, still limit at the registry, digitizing records, lower-
newly registered titles will stay formal. the ability ofHonduras
married women to buy, sell ing transfer taxes and introducing stan-
Land is a fundamental economic or mortgage land without the authoriza- dard forms (table 5.1). In fact, 9 of the
04 90 180 270 360
asset in every society. Where property tion of their husband.
Source: Doing Business database.
In others, such as top 10 economies on the ease of register-
systems are poorly administered or prop- Tanzania, customary inheritance law can ing property reformed over the past 5
erty rights poorly defined, this can pre- restrict landownership by women.5 years. Some, such as Belarus and Georgia,
vent land from being turned into produc- Making property registration sim-
ple, fast FIGURE 5.2
5.4 and cheap allows entrepreneurs
FIGURE 5.1
Table 5.1 FIGURE
Top 10 reformers in registering property Registering property: transfer of property
Where is registering property easy—and Bigfocus
to improvements, but still Property
on their business. harder toown-register property in Sub-Saharan Africa
Average improvement (%) between 2 local companies
where not? ersRankings on theAverage
with formal of time
title
ease invest up to 47%
(days) Average cost (% of property value)
Rankings are based on 3 subindicators
2008 2005 2009property 2009 2005
Easiest 15% Rank Most difficult
38% 10%
Rank registering
more in their property, a study in Argen-
DB2010 DB2009
Days to transfer property As % of property value,
6 South in main city
2009 Arabia
Saudi 1 Liberia 174 tina1. finds.
138 Mauritius A
106study in Peru66showed 131that Asia 5.6 6.1 no bribes included

Georgia 2 Sierra Leone 175 2. Burkina


property Fasoallowed people
titles 114 to163 work
Sub-Saharan
New Zealand 3 Bangladesh 176 away3.122Kyrgyz
fromRepublic
the home81 19
more—because 52 Africa 9.8 12.4
33.3% 33.3%
Lithuania 4 Guinea-Bissau 177 4. Portugal 52 82
they had105 less need to stay 62 63
home keeping Eastern Europe Time Cost
Armenia 5 Nigeria 178 5. Macedonia, FYR 7 88 & Central Asia 1.9 2.7
squatters
6. Colombia
at bay. Another51recent study 78
Thailand 6 Brunei Darussalam 179
United Arab Emirates 7
looked
7. Latviathe
at 99 98impact of a program 58 issu-East
79
Asia &
Pacific 3.8 4.8
33.3%
Maldives 180
Norway 8 Marshall Islands 181 ing8.nearly
Peru 11 million land 28 titles to 40rural Procedures
Latin America
Azerbaijan 9 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 182 households
9. Afghanistan in88Vietnam.74 It164
found a176 small& Caribbean 5.6 6.0

Belarus 10 Timor-Leste 183 increase


10. Estonia in investment in crops 13 and 24 more Middle East
Steps to check encumbrances, obtain
51 38 & North Africa 6.3 7.2 clearance certificates,
Procedures Time Cost time spent in nonfarm activities.8 prepare deed and transfer title so that the property
Note: Rankings are the average of the economy’s rankings on the
OECD can be occupied,4.4 sold or4.8
used as collateral
Source: Doing Business
database. records the full se-
procedures, time and cost to register property. See Data notes 37 25
for details. Doing Business high income
Note: See Data notes for details.
Source: Doing Business database. quence of procedures necessary for a busi-
Note: Data refer to economies included in Doing Business 2005. Additional economies were added in subsequent years.
Source: Doing Business database.
FIGURE 5.3
Computerizing the property registry—a big time-saver
Time to register property (days)
28 Doing Business 2010

Table 5.2 the runner-up reformer, climbing 50


Putting procedures online—the most popular reform feature in 2008/09 places in the rankings.
Computerized procedures or put procedures online Angola, Bulgaria, Colombia, Czech Republic, In Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Estonia, France, Hong Kong (China), Indonesia, 9 economies eased property registration.
Panama, Rwanda, Singapore, United Kingdom, Continuing past reform efforts, Belarus,
West Bank and Gaza the Kyrgyz Republic and Moldova simpli-
Introduced time limits Belgium, Burkina Faso, Indonesia, FYR Macedonia, fied the process by cutting procedures.
Mauritius, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda Moldova eliminated the requirement to
Combined and reduced procedures Algeria, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Kyrgyz Republic, obtain a cadastral sketch, speeding up
Latvia, Moldova, Peru, Russian Federation
the process by 43 days. Now property
Reduced taxes or fees Afghanistan, Ireland, Jamaica, Jordan, Nepal, registration takes only 5 days. The Kyrgyz
Zimbabwe
Republic simplified documentation and
Added new branches at land registry Angola, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Rwanda notarization requirements, cutting the
Made the involvement of notaries optional Belarus, Kyrgyz Republic, Portugal time required to register a title almost in
Introduced fast-track procedures Romania half—from 8 days to 5. Belarus removed
Source: Doing Business database.
the notarization requirement, reducing
the number of steps to register property
from 4 to 3. FYR Macedonia and Roma-
replaced complicated and costly registra-
FIGURE 5.1
Who reformed in 2008/09? nia introduced time limits at the registry.
FIGURE 5.2
tion
Top 10 systems. Oninaverage
reformers among
registering the top
property This helped reduce
Registering property: thetransfer
time to register
of property
10, it now
Average takes(%)
improvement fewer than 3 procedures Thirty-four economies made it easier to between 2 local companies
property by 8 days in FYR Macedonia and
and,
2008 in most cases, 1–4 days and less than Rankingsproperty
register on the easeinof 2008/09. The most byRankings are based onEstonia
35 in Romania. 3 subindicators
completed the
15% 38% 10% registering property DB2010 DB2009
Days to transfer property As % of property value,
1% of the property value to complete a popular reform feature was to introduce computerization
in main city
of its registry.
no bribes included
2009 1. Mauritius 66 131
property transfer. All countries, no mat- onlineBurkina
procedures,
Faso
done in114
11 economies
163
Six OECD high-income economies
2.
ter their size, income level or geography, (table 5.2).Republic
3. Kyrgyz The second most 19 popular,
52 reformed property registration. Ireland
33.3% 33.3%
can make it easier to transfer property. done in 8 economies, was52to speed
4. Portugal 82 up lowered the maximum chargeable stamp
Time Cost
And the benefits can show quickly. Ar- procedures
5. Macedonia, at the FYRregistry. 63 88 duty for property transactions from 9%
menia, Burkina Faso, Egypt and Ghana 6. Mauritius
Colombia was the top 51 reformer,
78 of the property value to 6%. Portugal
7. Latvia 58 79 on 33.3%
are among those that have seen increases moving up 63 places in the rankings amended the registry Procedures
code to allow law-
8. Peru 28 40
in formal title transfers following reforms the ease of registering property. The prop- yers to perform notary functions. And
9. Afghanistan 164 176
that eased property registration. erty registry was made fully electronic, computerization of the Portuguese regis-
10. Estonia 13 24
InProcedures
the past year Doing Business
Time Cost
re- and strict statutory time limits now apply try reached
Steps to check Lisbon,
encumbrances, reducing registration
obtain clearance certificates,
prepare deed and transfer title so that the property
corded reforms easing property transfer to property registration. Six months were time from 42 days to 12 (figure
can be occupied, sold or used as collateral 5.3). The
in all regions. Source:from
cut Doing Business database. Burkina Faso was
the process. Czech Republic reorganized its registry,
Note: See Data notes for details.
increasing the number of staff and intro-
FIGURE 5.3 ducing administrative measures aimed
Computerizing the property registry—a big time-saver at cutting bureaucracy. In the United
Time to register property (days) Kingdom tax returns for land transac-
956
tions are now processed automatically
Croatia
and electronically by the tax authority,
Angola
reducing the time to register property
Bosnia and Herzegovina
from 21 days to 8. In Belgium a new 30-
Belarus
day statutory time limit to make prop-
Portugal
erty transfers opposable to third parties
Zambia
Time in Time in cut delays. In France, after publication of
Guatemala 2009 2004
sales contracts, the registry now returns
West Bank and Gaza them in digital form to the notaries, with
El Salvador Reduction
the registrar’s electronic signature.
Estonia In Latin America and the Carib-
Georgia bean, Colombia, Guatemala, Jamaica,
Honduras Panama and Peru were among the re-
0 90 180 270 360 formers. Jamaica reduced the property
Source: Doing Business database. transfer tax from 6.5% of the property
REGISTERING PROPERT Y 29

value to 5%. Panama made the certificate Table 5.3


Who makes property registration easy—and who does not?
of good standing from the tax agency
available online, cutting the time for Procedures (number)
property registration from 44 days to 32. Fewest Most
New online procedures also made it eas-
Norway 1 Liberia 10
ier to transfer property in Uruguay. But United Arab Emirates 1 Qatar 10
a new law granted preemption rights to Bahrain 2 Algeria 11
the municipality of Montevideo, adding Georgia 2 Greece 11
1 procedure to property transfers. Guate- Netherlands 2 Swaziland 11
mala centralized procedures at the land New Zealand 2 Eritrea 12
registry, reorganized it and introduced Oman 2 Uzbekistan 12
Saudi Arabia 2 Nigeria 13
greater use of electronic services. This
Sweden 2 Uganda 13
cut 1 procedure and 3 days from prop- Thailand 2 Brazil 14
erty registration. Guatemala remains the
Time (days)
region’s best performer, with a ranking of
24 on the ease of registering property. Fastest Slowest
In the Middle East and North Af- New Zealand 2 Guinea-Bissau 211
rica, Algeria, Jordan and West Bank and Saudi Arabia 2 Sierra Leone 236
Gaza had reforms. Algeria eliminated 3 Thailand 2 Bangladesh 245
United Arab Emirates 2 Afghanistan 250
procedures with the removal of the capi-
Georgia 3 Togo 295
tal gains tax. It also made it less costly to Lithuania 3 Solomon Islands 297
register property by reducing notary fees Norway 3 Gambia, The 371
by 0.4% of the property value. In West Armenia 4 Slovenia 391
Bank and Gaza a project computerizing Iceland 4 Haiti 405
records at the land registry sped property Australia 5 Kiribati 513
registration by 15 days, cutting the total Cost (% of property value)
time to 47 days. Least Most
In Sub-Saharan Africa, besides Mau-
Saudi Arabia 0.00 Côte d’Ivoire 13.9
ritius, 5 other economies made it easier Bhutan 0.01 Guinea 13.9
to register property. Zimbabwe reduced Belarus 0.02 Cameroon 17.8
the total cost from 25% of the property Georgia 0.02 Central African Republic 18.6
value to about 10%. In Burkina Faso new Kiribati 0.03 Mali 20.0
regulations reorganized the land registry Slovak Republic 0.05 Senegal 20.6
and established statutory time limits. Kazakhstan 0.06 Comoros 20.8
New Zealand 0.09 Nigeria 20.9
Inspections for property valuations were
Russian Federation 0.13 Chad 22.7
systematized with preestablished tables
Azerbaijan 0.22 Syrian Arab Republic 28.0
of values. And transfer taxes can now be
Source: Doing Business database.
paid at the land registry, at a special desk
of the tax agency. Ethiopia decentral- ownership certificate and for registration Suriname implemented new valuation re-
ized administrative tasks to 10 neigh- at the land registry. This cut the time quirements to ensure proper tax payments
borhoods in Addis Ababa and merged to complete a property transfer by 17 at the land registry, adding to the proce-
procedures at the land registry and mu- days, from 39 to 22. Singapore continued dures, cost and time to register property.
nicipality. Rwanda reorganized the land improving its Computerized Systems of Madagascar increased the cost of trans-
registry by establishing statutory time Government Agencies. Responses now ferring property by 2.7% of the property
limits, dividing registration into 5 dis- come faster when conducting due dili- value by making the use of notaries man-
tricts and making it possible to obtain gence, and the time to register property datory. Before, signatures could be legal-
the tax clearance certificate online from has dropped from 9 days to 5. ized at the municipality. In Tajikistan the
the revenue authority. Angola digitized Seven economies made property state duty for property transfer increased
the land registry and split it into 2 units, registration more difficult in 2008/09. To 3-fold, raising the cost to register property
each covering half the land in Luanda, combat tax evasion and property under- by 4.5% of the property value. And Sierra
accelerating property transfers. valuation, Argentina and Botswana now Leone reinstated a moratorium on the au-
In East Asia and the Pacific, Indone- require entrepreneurs to inform the tax thorization of property transfers, delaying
sia introduced time limits for issuing the agency before completing registration. them by 6 months.
Source: Doing Business database.

30 Doing Business 2010

FIGURE 5.4 for valuation purposes during transfers.


Big improvements, but still harder to register property in Sub-Saharan Africa
Average time (days) Average cost (% of property value)
This procedure is costly and time con-
2005 2009 2009 2005 suming and can foster bribes. Switching
South to lower or fixed fees makes it faster and
138 106 Asia 5.6 6.1
easier to transfer property while reduc-
122 81
Sub-Saharan
Africa 9.8 12.4 ing underreporting of property values.
It also means that the capital gains and
105 62 Eastern Europe 1.9 2.7
& Central Asia property taxes collected later will be
East Asia & based on more realistic property values.
99 98 3.8 4.8
Pacific And reducing taxes does not necessarily
88 74
Latin America
5.6 6.0
mean reducing revenues. Burkina Faso,
& Caribbean
Egypt, the Indian state of Maharashtra,
Middle East
51 38 & North Africa 6.3 7.2 Mozambique, Pakistan and the Slovak
37 25 OECD 4.4 4.8
Republic all reduced fees yet saw total
high income
revenues stay almost steady or even rise,
Note: Data refer to economies included in Doing Business 2005. Additional economies were added in subsequent years. thanks to an increase in transactions.10
Source: Doing Business database.

Simplifying and combining


procedures
Toward smart regulation fixed fees, independent of the property
value. Seventeen economies do so, in- Simple measures such as reducing the
In the past 5 years Doing Business has
FIGURE 5.5 cluding Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, number of documents can save entre-
Not all electronic
recorded 125 reformsland registries
in property offerregis-
online access Bhutan, Egypt, Estonia, Georgia, Ka- preneurs and officials valuable time and
Economies with electronic land registries, by type of access
tration in 93 economies, more than half zakhstan, Kosovo, the Kyrgyz Republic, resources. More than 20 economies re-
of them in Africa and
In person Eastern Online,
Europe New Zealand, Online,
Russia, Rwanda, Saudi quire cadastral certificates, and almost
only restricted access unrestricted access Total
and Central OECD Asia. The largest share, 49 Arabia and the Slovak Republic. “Fixed 23
70 require a proof of tax clearance from
high income
reforms, focused on reducing taxes and
Latin America
fees have reduced corruption at the reg- different levels of government. Eight
fees.
& Caribbean 15
istry,” says a representative of the Real economies, including Ethiopia, Gabon
Eastern Europe Estate Association
14 of Georgia, where re- and República Bolivariana de Venezuela,
& Central Asia
Simplifying and lowering fees forms introduced a fixed fee of $30.9 go even further: they require certificates
East Asia 9
To register a property transfer, an entre-
& Pacific Another alternative is to lower fees of payment from utility companies. Bra-
preneur in
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Uganda first has to 6arrange charged as a percentage of the property zil and Greece require certificates of pay-
for Middle
a government
East
official to inspect the value. Six economies, including Ireland ment of social security or legal fees. And
4
property
& North Africaand assess its value. Then the and Nepal, did so in 2008/09, reducing in 15 economies registration at the land
entrepreneur
South Asia has1to complete an assess- taxes by 2.5% of the property value on registry is not enough: the new owner
ment form to pay the stamp duty at a average. And 49 economies have reduced
Note: Survey covers 128 economies including 56 with paper-based registries. must register with multiple other institu-
bankDoing
Source: and another
Business database. assessment to pay percentage-based transfer fees since tions—such as the municipality, the tax
property registration fees. 2005. In the past 5 years Sub-Saharan agency and utility companies. To avoid
Nearly 30 of the 183 economies Africa reduced taxes by 2.6% of the prop- the extra burden on entrepreneurs, gov-
in the Doing Business sample require erty value on average (figure 5.4). But ernments can establish one-stop shops
physical inspections to assess the value more than 40 economies still have trans- to deal with multiple payments and reg-
of the transferred property. Others im- fer taxes of more than 6% of the prop- istrations all in one place.
pose multiple taxes and fees for property erty value. In Chad, the Comoros, Mali, After simplifying and combining
registration. In these economies not only Nigeria, Senegal and Syria taxes and fees procedures, government agencies can go
are costs higher; the process is generally exceed 20% of the property value. a step further by linking their systems to
more cumbersome. More steps are re- Reducing taxes and fees removes exchange information. Guatemala is link-
quired because payments must be made some of the incentives to underreport ing the land registry to municipalities to
to different agencies and tax assessments property values and promotes formal automatically update property values and
may have to be obtained. Higher costs registration of transactions. It can also ownership. Belarus introduced a success-
encourage informal transactions and un- ease the burden on governments trying ful one-stop shop 3 years ago. Entrepre-
derreporting of property values. And to detect cheaters. In 31 economies—in- neurs can get their tax payment verified
cumbersome processes can create incen- cluding 13 in Africa, 8 in Latin America and obtain clearance from the cadastral
tives for the payment of bribes. and 5 in the Middle East and North Af- office at the one-stop shop. They don’t
An alternative approach is to charge rica—the government inspects property even need to worry about the notariza-
Source: Doing Business database.

REGISTERING PROPERT Y 31
FIGURE 5.5 the most striking example: a 5-year com-
Not all electronic land registries offer online access
puterization effort at the registry reduced
Economies with electronic land registries, by type of access
the total time to transfer property in
In person Online, Online,
only restricted access unrestricted access Total Luanda from 334 days to 184.
OECD
23 In economies with computerized
high income
Latin America registries it takes only half as long to
& Caribbean 15
transfer property as it does in those with
Eastern Europe
& Central Asia 14 paper-based systems. Electronic process-
East Asia ing can also improve title security, by
9
& Pacific making it easier to identify errors and
Sub-Saharan
Africa 6 overlapping titles. And digital records
Middle East can be backed up and maintained more
4
& North Africa easily than paper ones. In Liberia many
South Asia 1 land books were lost or destroyed dur-
Note: Survey covers 128 economies including 56 with paper-based registries. ing the civil war, making it difficult to
Source: Doing Business database.
identify the rightful owners.11 This can
later lead to land disputes that have to be
tion requirement; representatives of the ers are available for searches. Only 25, settled in court.
land registry have the same legal pow- including Australia, Canada and Latvia, Going electronic can also increase
ers as notaries. Thanks in part to these make certificates available over the inter- registrations. Belarus has increased the
reforms, Belarus has cut the steps for net without restrictions (figure 5.5). number of transferred titles 3-fold since it
property registration from 7 in 2007 to 3, Where a personal visit to the registry began computerizing its system in 2005.
and the time from 231 days to 18. is still necessary, decentralizing offices of Bosnia and Herzegovina has seen 33%
the land registry or adding new ones can growth in transferred titles since all mu-
Easing access to the registry reduce backlogs and facilitate access to nicipal cadastres started working on com-
Easy access to information in the prop- the registry. Angola, the Czech Republic, puterization a few years ago. Angola, Por-
erty registry helps reduce the time spent Ethiopia and Rwanda all decentralized tugal and West Bank and Gaza are other
on lengthy and costly due diligence to their registry in 2008/09. Increasing ad- examples of economies that have started
verify ownership, encumbrances and ministrative efficiency at the registry is to reap the benefits of years of computer-
other required documentation. another way to reduce delays for entre- ization efforts at their registries.
Where the internet is widely avail- preneurs. Belgium, Burkina Faso, Indo- Switching from a paper-based prop-
able, allowing online access to informa- nesia and 5 other economies did so in erty registry to an electronic one can
tion is an effective way to reduce the time 2008/09 by introducing time limits—a take time—from 2 to 5 years—and can
and cost to obtain documents. Among the necessary benchmark to measure regis- cost as much as $2 million. Reform in
11 economies establishing online proce- tries’ performance. Two more reduced Georgia in 2005 cost $1.2 million. The
dures in 2008/09, Bulgaria reduced the backlogs by hiring more staff. Establish- cost is even higher when surveying and
total time for property transfer by 4 days ing fast-track procedures at a higher cost cadastre work is involved. In Croatia
and Estonia by up to 33. Such reform has helps people who need speedier registra- work at the land registry and cadastre is
the biggest impact on the due diligence tion and are willing to pay for it—and expected to cost $38 million. Technol-
procedures typically carried out at the allows the registry to prioritize its work. ogy is not always the ultimate solution.
beginning of the transfer process, such The fast-track option can save 21 days In low-income economies particularly,
as obtaining certificates of ownership, in Argentina, 16 in Azerbaijan, 7 in Ar- if paper records are inaccurate, mak-
encumbrances, good standing of firms or menia and 3 in Romania. Spain has an ing them electronic will not help. The
transfer tax payment. Among a sample of innovative system: if the delay exceeds 15 focus should be first on improving the
72 economies having electronic records days, the registry’s fees are cut by 30%. efficiency of current services and the ac-
for encumbrances, 14 of them, including curacy of the registry.
France, make the records available online Computerizing the registry
only to authorized parties such as nota- Transferring property records from paper
ries or lawyers. Thirty-three, including to a digital system speeds up processing.
Antigua and Barbuda, Tunisia and Zam- The 14 economies that have done so 1. De Soto (2000).
bia, still require a visit to the land regis- in the past 5 years have cut the time 2. Field and Torero (2006).
try, because certificates can be obtained to transfer property in half, by about 4 3. Allendorf (2007).
only in person; in some cases comput- months on average this year. Angola is 4. Doing Business Gender Law Library,
32 Doing Business 2010

http://www.doingbusiness.org/
genderlawlibrary.
5. World Bank (2008b).
6. Galiani and Schargrodsky (2005).
7. Field (2007).
8. Quy-Toan and Iyer (2008).
9. Fidas and McNicholas (2007).
10. On the experience in Egypt, see Haidar
(2008).
11. World Bank (2008d).
GE T TING CREDIT 33
Overview
Starting a business FIGURE 6.1
FIGUR
Dealing with construction permits Stronger legal rights and more credit information are associated with more credit
Getti
Private credit as % of GDP Private credit as % of GDP infor
Employing workers
100 100 Rankin
Registering property

Getting credit 75 75 Regul


nonpo
securi
Protecting investors 50 50 in mo
Paying taxes prope

Trading across borders 25 25

Enforcing contracts
0 0
Closing a business Lower Higher Lower Higher
Economies ranked by Economies ranked by Scope
strength of legal rights index, quintiles depth of credit information index, quintiles of cre
and p
Note: Relationships are significant at the 5% level and remain significant when controlling for income per capita. Note: P
Source: Doing Business database; World Bank, World Development Indicators database (2008). are me
See Da

Tara grew a weaving hobby into a small movable


FIGURE 6.deleted
assets and registered it with information on coverage (figure 6.2).
textile business in the Federated States of the
Accesselectronic
to creditcollateral
is seen as an registry
obstaclecreated
in developing Many economies women are not as lucky as
Micronesia. Business picked up quickly, 2 years before. Her inventory, machin-
Firms perceiving access to credit as an obstacle (%) Tara. Female 146 entrepreneurs are less likely

and within a year she was already start- ery and other movable assets, together to have the collateral needed for business
Private credit as % of GDP
ing to make a profit. With plans to ex- with the record 56
of her assets from the loans.3 This hinders their potential. Re-
pand, Tara approached Sangozi, a loan collateral registry, proved to be enough: 52
cent research in India shows that “given
47 48
46
officer at her bank, for a line of credit. Sangozi gave Tara a line of credit. As long the difficulty that poor 38
women in the
To find out whether Tara qualified for a as Tara makes her loan payments, she33 rural sector have historically had in gain-
28 28
low-interest loan program for female- continues to use the machinery securing ing access to the formal financial system, 22
20 21
owned businesses, Sangozi needed to her loan. it is not 14 surprising that when they are
check her credit record. But there was Access to information on credit and able to secure a loan, their probability
no database that shared information on on registered assets used as collateral of engaging in entrepreneurial activity
credit histories. helps East Asia &
creditors
Pacific
Eastern
assess
Europe &
Latin
the creditworthi-
America shows a OECD
Middle East
& North Africa strong
high
South 4 Sub-Saharan
increase.
Asia ” Africa
With no credit report to show Tara’s ness of potential future clients. Although
Central Asia & Caribbean Women tend to borrow from mi-
income

creditworthiness, Sangozi looked at aSource:


credit history
World Bank is Surveys;
Enterprise not aWorldsubstitute for database.
Development Indicators crofinance institutions, but in small
which assets Tara could use as collateral. risk analysis, when banks share credit amounts that often fall short of the mini-
FIGURE 6.3
While Tara rents the premises for her information, loan officers can assess
Credit information coverage grew quickly in economies bor- mum thresholdswith new creditrequiredbureausby credit reg-
business, she owns all the machinery. To rowers’ creditworthiness
Borrowers covered by credit registriesusing (%
objective
of adults) istries to build a credit history. Only 22%
raise the funds for start-up, Tara had cre- measures. And if lenders are also reas- of public credit registries and 52% of
Croatia
ated a nonpossessory pledge over these sured by strong creditors’ rights, it al- private credit bureaus around the world
Czech Republic
Table 6.1
lows them to take greater, well-informed
FIGURE 6.1
Where is getting credit easy— risks.1Poland
This in turn can make access to FIGURE 6.2
Stronger legal rights and more credit information are associated with more credit
and where not? financeLatvia easier, particularly for small and Getting credit: collateral rules and credit
Private credit as % of GDP Private Turkey
credit as % of GDP information
Easiest Rank Most difficult Rank medium-size entrepreneurs. Where col-
100 100 Bulgaria Rankings are based onCoverage 2 subindicators
in Coverage in
Malaysia 1 Iraq 174 lateral laws are effective and credit regis-
2006 2009
South Africa 2 Madagascar 175 tries Armenia
are present, banks are more likely to Regulations on 62.5%
75 75
United Kingdom 3 Tajikistan 176 extend Romania
loans (figure 6.1).2 nonpossessory Strength 33% of
33%
security interests legal rights index
Increase
Australia
50 4 Bhutan 177 50 Albania
Doing Business measures the legal in movable (0–10)
Bulgaria 5 Djibouti 178 rights of borrowers 0 and lenders 20 and the property
40 60 80
Hong Kong, China 6 Eritrea 179 37.5%
25 scope and quality of credit informa-
Source:
25 Doing Business database.
Depth33% of credit
Israel 7 Venezuela, R.B. 180
New Zealand 8 Syrian Arab 181
tion systems. The first set of indica- information index
0 FIGURE
0 6.4 (0–6)
Singapore
Lower 9 Republic Higher tors
Coverage
describes
Lower how well collateralacross
of borrowers varies widelyHigher
and regions
United States Economies ranked by
10 Timor-Leste 182 bankruptcy Economies laws facilitaterankedlending.
by The Scope, quality and accessibility
strength of legal rights of64.0 of credit
Depth information
of credit through
information indexpublic
(0–6)
Palauindex, quintiles 183 seconddepthset credit information
measures index, quintiles
the scope, quality and private credit registries
and accessibility of credit information Borrowers covered by credit registries (% of adults)
Rankings on are
Note: Relationships
Note: thesignificant
ease of getting credit
at the 5% levelare
andbased
remainon the
significant when controlling for income per capita. Note: Private bureau coverage and public registry coverage
sum of the strength of legal rights index and the depth of credit available through public credit registries are measured but do not count for the rankings.
Source: Doingindex.
information Seedatabase;
Business World
Data notes forBank, World Development Indicators database (2008).
details.
See Data notes for details.
Source: Doing Business database. and private credit bureaus and provides
33.2
FIGURE 6.deleted 5 29.3
Access to credit is seen as an obstacle in developing economies 4 19.6
146
Firms perceiving access to credit as an obstacle (%) 3 3 15.2
34 Doing Business 2010

collect and distribute information from crofinance institutions, retailers and util- would render the security agreement
microfinance institutions, according to ity providers. They tend to have bureaus void. Now any individual or business
the Doing Business database. And 20% of that do not limit coverage to large loans can offer movable property as security
bureaus and registries surveyed do not and that provide historical information for loans while maintaining possession.
capture small loans. But credit bureaus on borrowers. And they generally guar- The law permits future assets to be used
and credit registries are not the only way antee the right of borrowers to inspect as collateral. It also established a collat-
to do so. Small loans that require collat- their data. In addition, these economies eral registry, protecting secured creditors
eral can also be recorded in a collateral have a legal framework that encourages against third parties.
registry. Yet only 40% of the economies lending by financial institutions to the Rwanda was not the only economy
covered by Doing Business have an opera- private sector. Their laws ensure secured to reform in Sub-Saharan Africa. Zambia
tional collateral registry. creditors’ rights through a registration now requires banks and other financial
Particularly in developing econo- mechanism for secured interests, allow institutions to provide data to the credit
mies, many small and medium-size out-of-court enforcement of security bureau and use credit reference reports.
companies do not have access to for- rights and protect secured creditors dur- Mauritius adopted or amended several
mal credit and have to rely on personal ing insolvency processes. laws to allow the creation of a licensed
funds and operating profits. Many were private credit bureau and expanded the
hit hard by the financial and economic Who reformed in 2008/09? bureau’s coverage to all credit facilities.
crisis as demand for their products fell. Nigeria also adopted regulations to allow
This makes it even more important to Twenty-seven economies made it eas- the creation of a private credit bureau.
strengthen the regulatory environment ier to get credit in 2008/09 (table 6.2). Sierra Leone passed a new company act
to improve access to credit. One way is Rwanda was the top reformer. The coun- in May 2009 that broadens the range of
to encourage the sharing of information try’s new secured transactions law raised assets that can be used as collateral. The
through credit registries or bureaus and its score on the strength of legal rights reform also clarified the legal framework
strengthen the legal framework related index from 2 to 8. The new law makes for secured transactions. In Cape Verde
to collateral. it easier for small and medium-size en- the central bank introduced online ac-
Economies that rank high on the terprises to obtain loans. Before, banks cess to the loan database for financial
ease of getting credit typically have credit would demand that borrowers give up institutions. The minimum threshold for
bureaus that share information on in- possession of their secured property—or, the loans included, however, was raised
dividuals and firms and include both if they were allowed to keep possession, from 1,000 escudos to 5,000 ($61).
positive and negative credit information the law required a specific description of Eastern Europe and Central Asia
obtained from banks, credit unions, mi- the assets, and any change to the assets saw the most reforms in getting credit
Table 6.2
in 2008/09. Seven economies reformed
Most popular reform features in getting credit in 2008/09 their credit information system. Arme-
nia passed a new law establishing a legal
Introduced regulations guaranteeing that borrowers Colombia, Guatemala, Serbia, Republic of framework for private credit bureaus and
can inspect data in credit registry Yemen
regulating credit information collection
Expanded set of information collected in credit Arab Republic of Egypt, Greece, Latvia, Turkey, and credit reports. Latvia’s new public
registry Zambia
credit registry started sharing data on
Improved regulatory framework related to Armenia, Honduras, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, loans from banks and bank subsidiaries
sharing credit information Philippines, Tajikistan
on a quarterly basis, increasing its cover-
Provided online access to or improved software Azerbaijan, Cape Verde, FYR Macedonia, Sri age to 47%. FYR Macedonia introduced
at credit registry Lanka
new software allowing the public credit
Expanded range of revolving movable assets that Haiti, Kyrgyz Republic, Rwanda, Sierra Leone
bureau to receive data on a monthly
can be used as collateral
basis and lowered the threshold for the
Allowed maximum rather than specific amounts Afghanistan, Kyrgyz Republic, Rwanda
loans included. Serbia now guarantees
in debt agreements
borrowers the right to inspect their
Created a unified registry for movable property Guatemala, Vanuatu own data. Turkey’s private credit bureau
Established new credit bureau Morocco added firms to its database of borrowers
Gave priority to secured creditors' claims in Rwanda and started generating credit ratings.
bankruptcy procedures Azerbaijan’s public credit registry made
Eliminated restrictions on who can hold or Poland it possible for banks to get credit reports
grant a security interest over movable property for new borrowers online. Tajikistan ad-
Source: Doing Business database. opted a new law allowing the creation
GE T TING CREDIT 35

of a credit bureau. The law paves the collected and now also includes retailers. make their security rights in all types of
way for exchanging positive and nega- Morocco introduced a private credit bu- movable assets opposable to third par-
tive historical information on firms and reau, replacing the public registry and in- ties. Guatemala also passed a new law
individuals, making it mandatory for all creasing coverage. The Republic of Yemen guaranteeing borrowers’ right to access
financial companies and voluntary for issued circulars removing the minimum their data in any public registry.
utility firms and other creditors. The law threshold for loans included in the data- Haiti passed a law allowing small
also guarantees that all borrowers can base and guaranteeing the right of bor- and medium-size businesses to create
check their information once a year free rowers to view their credit reports. The security interests in future assets while
of charge and sets no minimum thresh- country’s central bank now has a credit ensuring that the creditors’ rights will
old for loans included in the database. information system—a gift from the cen- extend to products and proceeds of the
Two other economies in the region tral bank of the United Arab Emirates. secured assets. Plans to create a collateral
strengthened the legal rights of borrow- In Latin America and the Caribbean registry are under way. Honduras helped
ers and lenders. The Kyrgyz Republic 4 economies reformed. Colombia passed banks to better manage risks by cat-
amended its civil code and pledge law a new law regulating data protection, egorizing borrowers in the public credit
to make secured lending more flexible with a special section on credit bureaus bureau. It also plans to adopt a new
by allowing general descriptions of en- and on commercial and credit informa- secured transactions law in the second
cumbered assets and of debts and ob- tion. The law guarantees the right of half of 2009.
ligations. Poland amended its 1996 Act citizens to inspect their information and Among OECD high-income econo-
on Registered Pledges to broaden the establishes mechanisms for complaints mies, only Greece reformed. Its private
category of persons who may hold or in case of errors. But the law and subse- credit bureau now distributes positive
grant security interests. quent decisions also limit the historical as well as negative information in credit
In the Middle East and North Africa information available. In Guatemala a reports.
3 economies improved their credit infor- collateral registry became operational Two economies reformed in South
mation system. Egypt’s private credit bu- in Guatemala City in February 2009. Asia. Sri Lanka was the only reformer
reau expanded the scope of information The registry allows secured creditors to in credit information. The country
strengthened its private credit bureau by
Table 6.3 consolidating all data from shareholder
Who has the most credit information and the most legal rights for borrowers and lending institutions, with no minimum
lenders—and who the least? threshold. Registry data have grown 10-
Legal rights for borrowers and lenders (strength of legal rights index, 0–10) fold since 2007. Afghanistan enacted a
Most Least modern secured transactions law. The
Hong Kong, China 10 Belarus 2 law improves the mechanisms available
Kenya 10 Burundi 2 for businesses to secure a loan. Now
Kyrgyz Republic 10 Eritrea 2 companies can use a broad range of
Malaysia 10 Madagascar 2
Singapore 10 Bolivia 1
movable assets as security. The law also
Australia 9 Djibouti 1 provides for the future implementation
Denmark 9 Syrian Arab Republic 1 of a collateral registry.
Israel 9 Timor-Leste 1 In East Asia and the Pacific 2 econo-
New Zealand 9 Palau 0 mies reformed. The Philippines passed a
United Kingdom 9 West Bank and Gaza 0
new law establishing a credit informa-
Borrowers covered by credit registries (% of adults) tion sharing system, and Vanuatu imple-
Most Least mented a new collateral registry. Other
Argentina 100 Liberia 0.27 reforms are on the way in the region. The
Australia 100 Nepal 0.27 Solomon Islands enacted a new secured
Canada 100 Algeria 0.22 transactions law, which will become ef-
Iceland 100 Yemen, Rep. 0.22
Ireland 100 Djibouti 0.21
fective once the collateral registry be-
New Zealand 100 Chad 0.21 comes operational in the second half
Norway 100 Burundi 0.19 of 2009. Tonga is drafting a new law on
Sweden 100 Mauritania 0.16 secured transactions that is expected to
United Kingdom 100 Ethiopia 0.13 establish an electronic collateral registry.
United States 100 Madagascar 0.07
The Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Note: The rankings on borrower coverage reflected in the table include only economies with public or private credit registries (132 in total).
Another 50 economies have no credit registry and therefore no coverage. See Data notes for details.
plans to implement a new collateral reg-
Source: Doing Business database. istry by the end of 2009.
East Asia & Eastern Latin Middle East OECD South Sub-Saharan Regulations o
75 Pacific Europe & America 75
& North Africa high Asia Africa nonpossessor
Central Asia & Caribbean income
security intere
36 Doing Business 2010 50 World Bank Enterprise Surveys; World Development Indicators database.
Source: 50 in movable
property
Toward smart regulation FIGURE
25 6.3 25
Credit information coverage grew quickly in economies with new credit bureaus
Borrowers covered by credit registries (% of adults)
In the past 5 years Doing Business has 0 0
Lower Higher Lower Higher
recorded 42 reforms strengthening the Croatia Economies ranked by Economies ranked by Scope, qualit
strength of legal rights index, quintiles depth of credit information index, quintiles of credit infor
legal rights of borrowers and lenders in Czech Republic
and private c
32 economies around the world—and Poland
Note: Relationships are significant at the 5% level and remain significant when controlling for income per capita. Note: Private bur
108 reforms improving credit informa- Latvia
Source: Doing Business database; World Bank, World Development Indicators database (2008). are measured bu
See Data notes fo
tion systems in 70 economies. This count Turkey
includes 27 new credit bureaus and 11 Bulgaria
FIGURE 6.deleted Coverage in Coverage in
2006 2009
new collateral registries since 2005. Close Access to credit is seen as an obstacle in developing economies
Armenia
to two-thirds of the new credit bureaus Romania
Firms perceiving access to credit as an obstacle (%) 146
Increase
were created by economies in Eastern Albania
Private credit as % of GDP
Europe and Central Asia. And the share 560 20 40 60 80
of the adult population with a credit his- 52
Source: Doing Business database. 47 48
46
tory in these economies has increased 38
dramatically (figure 6.3). do so.6.4Take
FIGURE the Kyrgyz Republic, where33 companies is an effective way to in-
Coverage 28 28
there is nooflaw
20
borrowers varies
governing
21 thewidely across regions
operations crease coverage. But this is among
22 the
Creating a credit bureau of credit 64.0 bureaus. Only 6% of adults harderof14
Depth aspects to reform
credit information indexbecause
(0–6) these
Establishing a credit bureau need not be are covered, because banks are reluc- Borrowers companies often are regulated by differ-
covered by credit registries (% of adults)
expensive. Costs range from $500,000 tant to share information. Economies ent institutions than financial companies
to $3 million, depending on the systems in theEast Asia &
Middle
Pacific EastEastern
Europeand& North
Latin
AmericaAfrica are. OnlyOECD
Middle East
& North Africa
South
40% of bureaus
high Asia
Sub-Saharan
include
Africainfor-
already in place and the readiness of the and those in Latin Asia & Caribbean
Central America and the mation income
from such sources. Yet positive
33.2
5 Bankshare 29.3 World Development Indicators database.
banking sector. Most of the costs can Caribbean
Source: World Enterprisethe same amount of
Surveys; information on payment of electricity
4
be recovered within a couple of years. credit information on average, but they and phone19.6bills can help establish a
FIGURE 6.3 3 3 15.2
But getting started can often take time. have
Creditvery different
information coverage
coverage grew rates (fig-in economies
quickly good credit history2 forbureaus
2with new credit
those who 6.9
need
According to experts, it takes 12–24 ure 6.4). covered
Borrowers One reasonby creditfor the difference
registries (% of adults) it the most—women 3.9and youth, 1
many
months for a credit bureau to begin could be OECD
the legal structureLatin
Eastern
affecting Middle
of
East
whomEast
have
Asia &
hadSouth
no contact with the
Sub-Saharan
Croatia
operations—from developing a business the credit highbureaus and& the information
Europe America bankingPacific
& North Africa sector. Asia Africa
income
Czech Republic Central Asia & Caribbean
plan to issuing the first reports.5 that credit
Source: Doing
bureaus are allowed to collect
Business database.
Poland
The Armenian credit bureau, ACRA, and distribute. In Latin America and the Reforming secured
Latvia transactions laws
cost $1 million to start up and took 3 Caribbean
FIGURE 6.5 59% of economies have credit
More Turkey
borrowers are using movable collateral
years to begin operations. Coverage ini- bureaus that share information from Sound secured transactions laws allow
Share Bulgaria
of companies using machinery and equipment
tially rose from 1.5% of adults to 13.5% utilities and retailers, for example, while asbusinesses
collateral (%) Coverage in
to use their2006
Coverage in
assets—including
2009
Armenia
and has almost doubled each year since. in the Middle East and North Africa only movable assets such as machinery or ac-
Efforts to improve the functioning of the 21%Romania
ofUkraine
economies do. counts receivable—as security Increase
to gener-
bureau continue. In the past year Arme- Albania
Including
Georgia credit information from ate capital for expansion. The ability to
nia strengthened the legal framework retailers
Kyrgyz Republic and0 utility companies 20 such as use40such assets is particularly
60 important 80
Source: Doing Business database.
regulating the activities of credit bureaus electricity
Bosnia and providers and mobile phone for small and medium-size enterprises,
and clarified the rules on sharing credit Herzegovina
FIGURE 6.4 Percentage in Percentage in
information. Coverage has risen to 35% Romania 2005 2008
Coverage of borrowers varies widely across regions
of adults. Serbia
64.0 Depth of credit information index (0–6)
Setting up the credit bureau is only Croatia Increase
a part of any reform. Reformers need to Borrowers covered by credit registries (% of adults)
0 20 40 60
create the regulatory framework that will Source: World Bank Enterprise Surveys (2005, 2008).
allow the sharing of data and foster trust
33.2
in the system by both banks and borrow- 5 29.3
ers. This often requires adopting a new 4 19.6
credit bureau law or amendments to ex- 3 3 15.2
isting banking and data protection laws. 2 2 6.9
3.9
Six economies took this step in 2008/09. 1
In many economies credit bureaus OECD Eastern Latin Middle East East Asia & South Sub-Saharan
high Europe & America & North Africa Pacific Asia Africa
have the capacity to collect more in- income Central Asia & Caribbean
formation but lack the legal backing to Source: Doing Business database.

FIGURE 6.5
More borrowers are using movable collateral
Share of companies using machinery and equipment as collateral (%)
OECD Eastern Latin Middle East East Asia & South Sub-Saharan
high Europe & America & North Africa Pacific Asia Africa
income Central Asia & Caribbean
Source: Doing Business database. GE T TING CREDIT 37

which may not own land or buildings. FIGURE 6.5


More borrowers are using movable collateral
Female entrepreneurs can benefit the Share of companies using machinery and equipment as collateral (%)
most in countries such as Tanzania,
where customary inheritance law means
Ukraine
that few women have land to use as col-
lateral for business loans.6 Georgia

Economies as diverse as Cambodia, Kyrgyz Republic


Guatemala, the Federated States of Mi- Bosnia and
Herzegovina
cronesia and Rwanda have implemented Percentage in Percentage in
Romania 2005 2008
new legal frameworks in recent years.
Such legal changes often do not require Serbia
Increase
large investments. The Dominican Re- Croatia
public, for example, estimates that it will 0 20 40 60
spend about $68,500 on evaluating its Source: World Bank Enterprise Surveys (2005, 2008).
existing secured transactions system and
developing a new regulatory framework. and 7,583 between January a nd May a recent survey of 25 economies with es-
Rwanda invested $55,320 in validation 2009. The value of registered pledges is tablished registries, only 6 had registries
and translation of its new law as well as about $17 billion. In China, 20 months allowing online registration.10
in the legislative process, excluding tech- after the Credit Reference Center of the Reformers seeking to economize
nical assistance from donors. People’s Bank of China had created an might consider combining reforms of
The experience of earlier reformers online registry for receivables in 2007, collateral and credit information systems
shows that such reform is well worth a total of 74,453 lending transactions by focusing on what these systems have
the effort. Where the law allows movable using receivables as security had been in common. Data collected by collateral
goods to be used as collateral, compa- recorded, for an estimated cumulative registries are often similar to those used
nies take advantage of this possibility. amount of more than 5 trillion yuan. in credit reports. When implementing
In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the More than 52% of these transactions both reforms simultaneously, the biggest
region with the most reforms in getting involved small and medium-size en- savings can be made on software. The
credit in the past 5 years, the share of terprises. By now most mid size and software license and customization for a
companies using movable assets as col- large lenders in China have developed new credit registry, accounting for about
lateral has increased significantly since accounts receivable financing.8 half the total cost, can also be used to
2005.7 The use of machinery and other With the legal framework in place, start a collateral registry.
tangible movable property as collateral creating a new collateral registry need
has risen the most (figure 6.5). Revolv- not be costly. Some small island states
ing movable assets such as inventory and have established one in recent years,
accounts receivable are also used, though including the Federated States of Mi- 1. Houston and others (2008).
to a lesser extent. Financial institutions cronesia. Guatemala recently established 2. Djankov, McLiesh and Shleifer (2007).
may still feel more comfortable using as- a paper-based registry that also func- 3. Deininger, Ali and Alemu (2009) and
sets not susceptible to change over time. tions online. The reform process, which Joireman (2008).
Moreover, trust in the use of a collateral included the adoption of a new secured 4. Menon and van der Meulen Rodgers
(2009, p. 14).
registry, rather than possession of the transactions law, took several years.9 The
5. Based on World Bank project experience
collateral, can take time to develop. initial budget to operate the new registry in Armenia, Bulgaria, Egypt, Nigeria,
was $86,500. The total cost of establish- Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Sri Lanka,
Setting up a collateral registry ing a new legal framework with an online Uganda and the United Arab Emirates.
Where the necessary legal framework collateral registry—including diagnostic 6. World Bank (2008b).
is in place, well-functioning collateral and legal review, software, hardware, 7. World Bank Enterprise Surveys (http://
registries are needed so that compa- hosting and maintenance, along with in- www.enterprisesurveys.org).
nies can take advantage of the law and ternational consulting during the entire 8. Marechal, Tekin and Guliyeva (forthcom-
get access to credit. Results can show process—can amount to about $350,000 ing).
quickly. In Serbia, for example, the Reg- or more. Reformers in the Dominican 9. Croci Downes (forthcoming).
ister of Pledges over Movable Property Republic expect a cost of $354,500 for 10. World Bank Group, Investment Climate
Advisory Services, Movable Collateral
and Rights began operating by mid- such a comprehensive reform. Many Registry Survey, 2008.
2005. It recorded 11,799 registered se- economies have well-functioning paper-
curity interests in 2007, 16,974 in 2008 based collateral registries. According to
38 Doing Business 2010
Overview
FIGURE 7.2
Starting a business FIGURE 7.1
Protecting
Dealing with construction permits More investor protections associated with greater access for firms to equity markets
rights in rel
and faster stock turnover
Employing workers Rankings are
Perceived difficulty in access to equity Turnover of stocks traded (%)
Registering property Most 75 Requirements
and disclosure
Getting credit difficult
related-party

Protecting 50 transactions

investors Least
25

Paying taxes difficult 0


Trading across borders Least Most Least Most
protection protection protection protection
Enforcing contracts Economies ranked by Economies ranked by
Closing a business strength of investor protection index, quintiles strength of investor protection index, quintiles
Type o
Note: Relationships are significant at the 1% and 5% level respectively and remain significant when controlling for income per capita. b
Economies are ranked on the perceived difficulty in financing through local equity market, with 134 being the most difficult.
Source: Doing Business database; WEF (2008); World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Note: See Data n

Serghei, a minority shareholder in the kets, the strength of investor protections Doing Business measures the trans-
Kyrgyz Republic, made good use of his isFIGURE 7.3
particularly important (figure 7.1). The parency of related-party transactions,
Colombia—the road to the top 10 FIGURE 7.5
country’s new company law last year. A current crisis
in protecting investors has made access to equity the liabilityinvestor
Increased of company directorsinfor
protections self-as a result of new
Africa
company in which he had invested was markets more challenging.
Total improvement, 2007–2009 (index In0–10)
times of dealing and the ability of shareholders
Strength of investor protection index (0–10), 2006–09
about to enter into a transaction that uncertainty, investors become even more to sue directors for misconduct (figure Before
required pledging a big mortgage to a concerned about corporate governance 9 7.2). A high ranking on the strength of
reform
Kazakhstan financial group. The terms 8 8
risks and look for legal protections. Pre- Rwanda
investor protection index shows that 2.7 an
suggested that interests other than the vious financial 7 crises, such as the East Sierra Leoneregulations offer strong inves-
economy’s
company’s were at play. Aided by the Asian crisis of 1997, and corporate scan- tor Botswana
protections against self-dealing (table 4.3
new law, Serghei and other minority dals such as those involving Enron and 7.1). The indicator is not a measure of
Mozambique
shareholders forced the board to sub- WorldCom have also brought attention the dynamism
Tanzania of capital markets or of 4.0
mit the transaction to an extraordinary to areas where stronger 2 protections are protections for foreign
Source: Doing Business database.
investors.
shareholders meeting for approval. The needed. The lessons learned from them
new law gave the minority investors the have proved to be a source of innovation Who reformed in 2008/09?
Extent of Extent of Ease of
power to block the transaction. This anddisclosure
reform in investor directorprotections. shareholder
saved the company $150 million. And Rules governing
index liability indexself-dealing, the
suits index Ten economies strengthened investor
it reassured minority investors that their use
Source:of corporate
Doing assets by company in-
Business database. protections in 2008/09 (table 7.2). In-
rights were protected. siders for personal gain, are just one area creasing disclosure requirements was
Companies need capital to be able to of corporate governance. But they are once again the most popular reform fea-
FIGURE 7.4
grow and expand. For companies seeking among
Increased thedisclosure
most important,and directors’ particularly
liability ture, followed by regulating the approval
to access finance through equity mar- in developing
in Eastern Europe economies,
and Central whereAsia corpo-
rate
Averageownership
improvement tends
(indexto0–10)
be highly con- FIGURE 7.2
FIGURE 7.1
Table 7.1 centrated. 2009 1 The mosttocommon examples Protecting investors: minority shareholder
More investor protections associated with greater access for5.9firms equity markets
Where are stock
investors protected—and rights in related-party transactions
and faster turnover of self-dealing are related-party transac-
where not? Rankings are based on 3 subindicators
Perceived difficulty in access to equity tions—those
Turnover of stocks
2005 between
traded (%)
4.8 company insiders Liability of CEO
Most protected Rank Least protected
Most Rank 75 2009 4.4 Requirements on approval
difficult
and other companies they control. These and disclosure of and board of directors
New Zealand 1 Gambia, The 174 2005 3.7 related-party in a related-party
include sales of goods or services to the transactions transaction
Singapore 2 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 175 50 33.3%
company at inflated prices or purchases 33.3% Extent
Hong Kong, China 3 Palau 176 Extent of of director
Malaysia 4 Vietnam 177 from it at excessively low prices. disclosure liability
25
Canada 5 Venezuela, R.B. 178 Investors typically look for transpar- index index
Least
Colombia 6 Djibouti 179 ency in such corporate dealings, account-
difficult 0 33.3%
Ireland 7 Suriname 180 ability from company directors for improper Ease of shareholder
Least Most LeastExtent of Extent of Most
Israel protection 8 Swaziland 181
protection corporate
protection practices and abilitydirector to protection
take part suits index
disclosure
United StatesEconomies 9 Lao PDR by
ranked 182 in the major Economies
decisionsranked
index of the bycompany.
liability index If a
strength
South Africa of investor 10protection
Afghanistan index, quintiles 183 strength of investor protection index, quintiles
country’ s laws
Source: Doing Businessdo not provide these, inves-
database. Type of evidence that can be collected
before and during the trial
Note:Relationships
Note: Rankings areareonsignificant at the
of 1% and 5% level respectively
index. and remain may
significant when controlling for income per capita.
on the perceived difficulty in financing through localtors
equity market,bewith reluctant to invest,
difficult. except to
the strength investor protection
Economies are ranked
See Data notes for details. 134 being the most
Note: See Data notes for details.
Source:
Source:Doing Businessdatabase;
DoingBusiness database.WEF (2008); World Bank, World Development become the controlling shareholder.
Indicators database.

FIGURE 7.3
Colombia—the road to the top 10 FIGURE 7.5
Note: Relationships are significant at the 1% and 5% level respectively and remain sig
Economies are ranked on the perceived difficulty in financing through local equity m
Source: Doing Business database; WEF (2008); World Bank, World Development Indic
PROTEC TING INVESTORS 39

process for related-party transactions. judges now have the power to rescind FIGURE 7.3
Colombia—the road to the top 10 FIGURE
Rwanda was the top reformer. In harmful related-party transactions. in protecting investors Increa
April 2009 its parliament adopted a new Mali amended its civil proce- Total improvement, 2007–2009 (index 0–10) Strengt
company law. The new law regulates con- dure code in May 2009. The new rules
flicts of interest by requiring shareholder strengthen investor protections by in- 9
8 8 Rw
approval of related-party transactions creasing shareholders’ ability to access
involving more than 5% of company as- internal corporate information during a 7 Sierra
sets. The law also introduces extensive trial to establish directors’ liability. Bots
requirements for disclosure of related- The runner-up reformer was the Mozam
party transactions to the board of direc- Dominican Republic. One of the top 10 Tan
tors and in the company’s annual report. reformers in the previous year, the coun- 2 Source: D
And for the first time in Rwanda’s legal try targeted investor protections as a pri-
history, the law sets out a clear catalogue ority in 2008/09. The parliament adopted
of directors’ duties. a new company law in December 2008, Extent of Extent of Ease of
disclosure director shareholder
Rwanda’s new law also makes it replacing the outdated commercial code index liability index suits index
easier to sue directors for prejudicial of 1882. The new law requires board ap- Source: Doing Business database.

related-party transactions. If directors proval for related-party transactions rep-


are found liable, they must compensate resenting less than 15% of the company’s and disgorge the profit made from the
FIGURE 7.4
the company for the damage caused and assets and shareholder approval for those transaction. Colombia has now reformed
Increased disclosure and directors’ liability
repay all profits made from the trans- representing more than 15%. The law investor
in Easternprotections
Europe andfor 3 years
Central Asiarunning.
action. And minority shareholders can makes directors liable for all damages This
Average past year’s reform
improvement (indexbrought
0–10) Colombia
now gain access to internal corporate caused to the company by transactions into the2009 top 105.9 on the strength of investor
documents either directly or through a involving a conflict of interest. And to protection index—among the economies
government inspector. increase transparency, the law allows that protect
2005 minority
4.8 investors the most
2009 4.4
Two other countries in Sub-Saha- minority investors access to all internal from self-dealing (figure 7.3).
2005 3.7
ran Africa made important efforts to corporate documents. Eastern Europe and Central Asia
strengthen minority shareholders’ rights. Colombia, another reformer in Latin had 3 reforms. In April 2009, after 9
Sierra Leone adopted a new company law America and the Caribbean, amended years of parliamentary debate, Ukraine
addressing both disclosure requirements its company law through Decree 1925. adopted the Law on Joint Stock Compa-
for related-party transactions and the li- The decree clarifies provisions regulat- nies. The new law considerably strength-
ability of directors in case such a transac- ing the liability of directors for prejudi- ens the legal protections for minority
Extent of Extent of
tion harms the company. Related-party cial related-party transactions, making shareholders.
disclosureIt requires the supervisory
director
transactions must now be approved by a it easier to sue directors in such cases. board to index approve transactions between
liability index
shareholders meeting, and the interested If directors are found liable, they must interested parties
Source: Doing Business database.and prohibits those

party is not allowed to vote. Moreover, pay damages caused to the company parties from participating in the process.
The new law introduces detailed require-
Table 7.2
Greater disclosure—the most popular reform feature in 2008/09 ments for disclosing conflicts of interest
to the supervisory board, increasing the
Increased disclosure requirements Dominican Republic, Indonesia, FYR Macedonia, transparency of the company’s activities.
Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Ukraine It also spells out the duties of supervisory
Regulated approval of related-party transactions Dominican Republic, FYR Macedonia, Rwanda, board members and their liability in
Sierra Leone, Tunisia, Ukraine
the event that their actions or inactions
Passed a new company law Dominican Republic, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Ukraine cause harm to the company.
Made it easier to sue directors Colombia, Dominican Republic, FYR Macedonia, FYR Macedonia also reformed.
Rwanda, Tajikistan In July 2008 the parliament approved
Allowed access to internal corporate information Dominican Republic, Rwanda amendments to the Trade Enterprise
Allowed rescission of prejudicial related-party Colombia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tajikistan Law of 2004. The amendments increased
transactions disclosure obligations and modified
Required an external body to review related-party Tajikistan, Tunisia the approval process for related-party
transactions before they take place transactions. Now directors must pub-
Allowed direct oral questioning of defendants and Mali lish comprehensive information on such
witnesses transactions in the annual report. Di-
Source: Doing Business database. rectors who are interested parties in
40 Doing Business 2010

transactions that harm the company face Table 7.3


Who provides strong minority investor protections—and who does not?
special liability. In addition, the Mace-
donian Securities Commission adopted Extent of disclosure index (0–10)
resolutions strengthening the require- Most Least
ments for periodic disclosures by listed
Bulgaria 10 Bolivia 1
companies.
China 10 Afghanistan 0
Tajikistan reformed for the second France 10 Honduras 0
year in a row. Amendments to the Joint Hong Kong, China 10 Lao PDR 0
Stock Companies Law increased the dis- Indonesia 10 Maldives 0
closure requirements for transactions in- Ireland 10 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0
volving a conflict of interest. The new law Malaysia 10 Palau 0
also makes it easier to sue directors who New Zealand 10 Sudan 0
Singapore 10 Swaziland 0
cause damage to the company and allows
Thailand 10 Switzerland 0
shareholders to request the rescission of
Extent of director liability index (0–10)
harmful related-party transactions.
Indonesia was a repeat reformer and Most Least
the only one in East Asia and the Pacific Albania 9 Belarus 1
in 2008/09. The Indonesian Securities Cambodia 9 Bulgaria 1
Commission, aiming to strengthen its Canada 9 Togo 1
already strong disclosure requirements Israel 9 Zimbabwe 1
Malaysia 9 Afghanistan 0
for related-party transactions, issued a
New Zealand 9 Marshall Islands 0
regulation setting out extensive new re- Rwanda 9 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0
quirements for internal disclosure. Now Singapore 9 Palau 0
a wider range of information must be Slovenia 9 Suriname 0
disclosed to the board of directors and to Trinidad and Tobago 9 Vietnam 0
shareholders meetings. Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10)
In Tunisia, increasing the transpar- Easiest Most difficult
ency of companies’ activities was the
Kenya 10 Lao PDR 2
main goal of reformers. The parliament
New Zealand 10 Senegal 2
amended the Code des Sociétés Com- Colombia 9 Syrian Arab Republic 2
merciales in March 2009. The new provi- Hong Kong, China 9 United Arab Emirates 2
sions require approval of related-party Ireland 9 Venezuela, R.B. 2
transactions by both the board of direc- Israel 9 Yemen, Rep. 2
tors and a shareholders meeting. Inter- Mauritius 9 Guinea 1
ested parties are no longer allowed to Poland 9 Morocco 1
Singapore 9 Djibouti 0
participate in the approval process. In
United States 9 Iran, Islamic Rep. 0
addition, the law requires review of the
terms of such transactions by an inde- Source: Doing Business database.

pendent auditor.
economies also have efficient, responsive And while economies like the United
Toward smart regulation judicial systems—without which good Arab Emirates have clear, rigorous rules
laws would have little impact on investor regulating the liability of directors, they
Doing Business has recorded 68 reforms protections. In Singapore, for example, lack such rules for regulating the disclo-
to strengthen investor protections in 50 it takes 150 days on average to enforce a sure of related-party transactions and
economies over the past 5 years. Econo- commercial contract in court, the fastest access to internal corporate information.
mies that rank high on the strength of in- time in the world. How do economies fill the gaps?
vestor protection index protect minority But many economies still offer mi- Reforms over the past 5 years show some
investors from self-dealing through more nority investors only partial protections common patterns. Reformers in Eastern
disclosure, clear duties for directors and through the laws or the judicial system. Europe and Central Asia, the most active
easy access to corporate information While economies such as Bulgaria have globally, focused on increasing disclo-
(table 7.3). extensive disclosure and approval re- sure requirements and determining clear
Examples are New Zealand, Sin- quirements, for example, they lack clear duties for directors (figure 7.4). In re-
gapore and the United Kingdom. These rules regulating the liability of directors. cent years several low-income economies
Note: Relationships are significant at the 1% and 5% level respectively and remain significant when controlling for income per capita.
Economies are ranked on the perceived difficulty in financing through local equity market, with 134 being the most difficult.
Source: Doing Business database; WEF (2008); World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Note: See Data notes for details.

PROTEC TING INVESTORS 41


FIGURE 7.3
Colombia—the road to the
took similar measures. Twotop 10
examples are FIGURE 7.5
in protecting investors Increased investor protections in Africa as a result of new company laws
Rwanda and Sierra Leone, whose new Strength of investor protection index (0–10), 2006–09
Total improvement, 2007–2009 (index 0–10) FIGURE 7.2
company
FIGURE 7.1 laws strengthened disclosure Protecting investors: minority After shareholder
More investor protections associated with greater access for firms to equity markets Before
requirements and increased directors’
9 reform rights in related-party transactions reform
and faster stock turnover
liability 8(figure 7.5). 8Such reforms put Rwanda 2.7 Rankings are based on 3 subindicators 6.3
Perceived difficulty in access to equity Turnover of stocks traded (%)
into
Most
place 7 much-needed legal protections 75Sierra Leone Requirements on approval 5.7 Liability6.3
of CEO
and disclosure of and board of directors
without costing very much. Rwanda’s
difficult Botswana 4.3
related-party 6.0
in a related-party
adoption of its new company law cost 50 transactions 33.3% transaction
Mozambique 4.7 6.0
33.3% Extent
$250,000, including translation services Tanzania 4.0 Extent of 5.0 of director
and costs associated with the legislative 25 disclosure liability
2 Source: Doing Business database. index index
process. Sierra Leone spent $150,000
Least
on technical assistance, communications
difficult 0 33.3%
andExtent
basic of logistics
Least when
Extent of introducing of its
Ease Most transaction,
Least explain the potential conflict Most company’s assets, Ease ofitshareholder
must be approved
disclosure
protection director shareholder
protection protection protection suits index
new company
index law.
liability index
Economies ranked by suits index of interest in detail and
Economies ranked by provide any other by the board of directors. If it represents
strength
Source: Doingof investor
Business protection index, quintiles
database. relevant
strength ofinformation
investor protectionthat could
index, help
quintilesthe more than 5% of the assets,
Type of evidence that can be collected
it must be
Broadening
Note: at the 1% and 5% level respectively andboard
disclosure
Relationships are significant or shareholders
remain significant comeperto
when controlling for income an in-
capita. approved atbefore a shareholders
and during themeeting.
trial This
requirements
Economies are ranked on the perceived difficulty in financing through local equity market, with 134 being the most difficult.
formed decision. model allows the company flexibility in
Source: Doing Business database; WEF (2008); World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Note: See Data notes for details.
Reforms
FIGURE 7.4 aimed at increasing market But reformers need to watch out for conducting its day-to-day activities while
Increased
transparency disclosure
have and focuseddirectors’
on both liability
in- potential legal loopholes allowing parties ensuring that minority investors are in-
in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
ternal
FIGURE
Average
and
7.3 external
improvement (index
disclosure
0–10)
require- to bypass disclosure requirements. One volved in major decisions.
Colombia—the
ments. road to the top 10 FIGURE 7.5
Requirements for internal dis- signal: references in laws to the “ordinary Many reforms have focused on the
2009
in protecting investors
5.9 Increased investor protections in Africa as a result of new company laws
closure of related-party
Total improvement, 2007–2009 (index 0–10)
transactions call course of business. ” Economies
Strength of investor protection index (0–10), 2006–09 such as time at which approval of related-party
for notifying
2005 the
4.8 company’s board of Switzerland require extensive disclosure transactions is required. Under Rwanda’s
Before After
directors (or supervisory2009 board)4.4 and9 its of related-party transactions. But reform if a new company law, related-party transac-
reform
shareholders. 8 Those for external3.7
8 2005 disclo- transaction Rwanda is conducted as part of 2.7 the tions representing more than 5% of 6.3the
sure include 7 disclosure of the transaction company’s
Sierra Leone “day-to-day activities,” the company’s assets must be5.7approved 6.3 by an
to the stock exchange or market regula- disclosure
Botswana provisions do not apply. Nei- extraordinary4.3 shareholders meeting.
6.0 In
tor within 24–72 hours after the trans- ther legislation
Mozambique nor case law adequately contrast, laws in
4.7 Cameroon and Senegal
6.0
action and disclosure in the company’s defines the “ordinary course of business.” require
Tanzania 4.0that disinterested 5.0 investors ap-
annual report. Often, any transaction could fit the ex- prove every transaction between a com-
2 Source: Doing Business database.
Extent of governments
Reforming Extenthaveof both ception, so disclosure requirements are pany and its directors. This sounds suf-
disclosure director
broadened indexthe scope and improved
liability index the of little use. ficient. But the laws do not specify when
Extent
quality
Source: of
Doingof Extent of
the database.
Business information thatEasemust of be disinterested investors must approve
disclosure director shareholder
disclosed.
index In Indonesia
liability index and the Kyrgyz
suits index Spelling out approval processes such transactions. In practice, the board
Republic, for database.
Source: Doing Business example, directors must Reformers that want to require approval of directors authorizes all related-party
disclose the nature and amount of the of related-party transactions have 2 op- transactions during the fiscal year and
tions: approval by the board of directors waits for the annual shareholders meet-
FIGURE 7.4 (or supervisory board) or by the share- ing for the approval. So shareholders may
Increased disclosure and directors’ liability
in Eastern Europe and Central Asia holders. Either way, interested directors not vote on a transaction until months
Average improvement (index 0–10) should not be allowed to participate in after it has taken place—and possibly
2009 5.9
the process—or should not have their caused serious harm to the company.
votes counted.
2005 4.8 In economies with large corpora- Being clear about liability
2009 4.4
tions, modern legal systems and good Company directors are subject to strict
2005 3.7 communications infrastructure, such as rules and duties because they are fi-
France and Singapore, shareholder ap- duciaries. If they manage the business
proval is the preferred route. But in econ- properly, they are rewarded. If they fail
omies with smaller companies and fewer to do so, they are responsible for the
shareholders, the tendency is to create consequences.
thresholds for approval of transactions. When regulating directors’ du-
Extent of Extent of In Albania and Rwanda, if a related-party ties, governments generally follow 1 of
disclosure director
index liability index transaction—or a group of such trans- 2 paths. Either they set out in the law a
Source: Doing Business database. actions—represents less than 5% of the detailed catalogue of rights and duties for
42 Doing Business 2010

company directors—the case in Mexico.2 need access to evidence before and dur-
Or they create a special regime of liability ing the trial.
for directors in case of prejudicial related- Reformers have made it easier for 1. Djankov, La Porta, López-de-Silanes and
Shleifer (2008).
party transactions—the case in Georgia minority investors to gain access to
2. Johns and Lobet (2007).
and FYR Macedonia. In both approaches internal corporate information before
directors found liable must compensate the trial—either directly or through a
the company for damages and repay prof- government inspector. Indonesia and
its made from the transaction. Japan offer both options. Mozambique
Many laws have only transparency and Rwanda allow shareholders access to
provisions without making directors li- any internal corporate documents except
able for prejudicial related-party transac- corporate secrets. And if the manage-
tions. This is the case in Kazakhstan and ment fails to provide sufficient informa-
Moldova: as long as interested parties tion, shareholders can ask the court to
comply with the requirements for ap- appoint a government inspector with
proval and disclosure of a related-party full powers to access all corporate docu-
transaction, they are not liable for any ments. But some economies, such as the
damages caused. This deprives minority Plurinational State of Bolivia and the
investors of an important tool for pro- Democratic Republic of Congo, lack laws
tecting their own interests and those of allowing shareholders access to corpo-
the company they invest in. rate information.
Others have facilitated access to
Easing access to evidence evidence during the trial. Mali did so by
Minority investors are protected when amending its procedural rules. Now law-
they can bring a case before the court yers representing investors can question
and expect the court to rule in a reason- defendants and witnesses directly, with-
able time. But to make their case, they out needing approval from the judge.
43
Overview
Starting a business FIGURE 8.1
Dealing with construction permits 104 economies reformed in paying taxes in 2004–08
Employing workers Average percentage change, 2004–08
1.7
Registering property 2004
Getting credit –4.3 –4.6
–5.9
Protecting investors –7.7
–9.3

Paying taxes
–10.3 –11.7 –10.6
2008 –12.8
–15.9
Income group –17.8
Trading across borders
H High
Enforcing contracts UM Upper middle
Closing a business LM Lower middle H UM LM L H UM LM L H UM LM L
L Low
Payments Time to comply Total tax rate

Note: The percentage increase in payments in low-income economies is driven by 1 major reform in 1 economy that increased payments
by 60% in 2006. Without this outlier, the average percentage decrease would be 1.09%.
Source: Doing Business database.

In Egypt during the 18th dynasty the To finance these services, the vast major- around the world, governments stayed
pharaoh sent tax collectors 3 times a ity of governments must levy taxes. The on course with reform programs to lower
year. They were accompanied by a scribe challenge for governments is to find a the tax burden for businesses, broaden
who kept records. The scribe wrote down way to do so that ensures public revenues the tax base and make compliance easier.
the names of the peasants and measured while encouraging compliance. More economies reformed than in any
the fields. On the second visit the scribe Businesses from around the world previous year. A few economies, such
and the tax collectors inspected the new have identified taxation as an area in as Russia and Korea, reduced corporate
crops. From this they calculated the taxes which they would most like to see their income tax rates or accelerated previ-
owed. The tax collectors made the third governments improve.2 How govern- ously planned reform programs as part
visit during the harvest to collect the ments raise revenues can make an impor- of economic stimulus packages. In sev-
pharaoh’s share. The taxes were paid in tant difference to business and growth. eral economies small and medium-size
sacks of grain.1 And what can be a challenge in good businesses benefited from other crisis
Governments need revenues to pro- times becomes even more complicated response measures. Australia, for ex-
vide public services to society. For busi- when things become difficult. The global ample, sought to encourage investments
nesses, these services offer infrastructure, financial and economic crisis has led to in assets by increasing capital allowance
education and other amenities key to rising government debt and unemploy- rates.3 Twelve other economies intro-
achieving a common goal of prosperous, ment around the world. The question for duced similar measures, including the
functional and orderly societies. Many many governments is how to ensure pub- Czech Republic, Korea and Lebanon.
services directly affect businesses—from lic revenues while supporting economic Five economies reduced property tax
company and land registries to courts. recovery by encouraging firm growth rates: Denmark, the Netherlands, Niger,
Table 8.1
and investment.
FIGURE 8.3
Where is it easy to pay taxes— Doing Business measures the total FIGURE 8.2
Overall
and where taxnot?
burden still highest in Sub-Saharan Africa Paying taxes: tax compliance for a local
tax burden borne by a standard small
Total
Easiesttax rate (% of Rankprofit) Most difficult Rank to medium-size business as well as the manufacturing company
Rankings are based on 3 subindicators
60
Maldives Other1taxes Jamaica 174 number of payments and total time
Number of hours Firm tax liability
Qatar Labor2taxes and
Mauritania
contributions 175 spent complying with tax laws in a given per year to prepare, as % of profits before
Hong Kong, ChinaProfit 3taxes Gambia, The 176 year (figure 8.2). Thus it compares tax file returns all taxes borne
40
United Arab 4 Bolivia 177 and pay taxes
Emirates
systems and tracks reforms around the
Uzbekistan 178
Singapore 5 world from the perspective of local small
Central African 179 33.3% 33.3%
Ireland 6 Republic to medium-size businesses. It does not Time Total
20 tax rate
Saudi Arabia 7 Congo, Rep. 180 measure the fiscal health of economies,
Oman 8 Ukraine 181 the macroeconomic conditions under
New Zealand 9 Venezuela, R.B. 182 33.3%
which governments collect revenues Payments
0
Kiribati 10 Belarus 183
or the provision of public services sup-
Middle East East Asia South OECD Eastern Europe Latin Sub-Saharan
Note: Rankings& North & Pacific
are the average of the economy’s Asiarankings on highported&by taxation.
Central America Africa
the number ofAfrica
payments, time and total tax rate. See Data notesincome Asia & Caribbean Number of tax payments per year
for details.
Over the past year, as the financial
Source: Doing Business database. Note: See Data notes for details.
Source: Doing Business database. and economic crisis affected economies

FIGURE 8.4
44 Doing Business 2010

Portugal and Singapore. Table 8.2


Reducing tax rates—the most popular reform feature in 2008/09
In the past, tax reforms were often
part of government responses to finan- Reduced profit tax rates Algeria, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei Darussalam, Cape Verde, Fiji,
cial or economic crises. During the Asian Iceland, Israel, Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Kosovo, Montenegro,
financial crisis of the late 1990s Singa- Philippines, Russian Federation, Spain, St. Vincent and the Grenadines,
Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Vietnam
pore was one economy that undertook
elaborate tax reforms to combat the eco- Simplified process of paying taxes Angola, Belarus, Belgium, Colombia, Czech Republic, Finland,
Guatemala, Jordan, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao PDR, Lebanon, FYR
nomic downturn. It lowered business Macedonia, Mexico, Peru, Poland, Sierra Leone, Taiwan (China), Tunisia
costs through a series of tax cuts, rebates
Revised tax code Djibouti, Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic,
and exemptions introduced over the FYR Macedonia, Oman, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Tonga,
course of the crisis. It also reduced the Uzbekistan, Vietnam
number of payments by removing the Reduced labor tax or mandatory Belgium, Benin, Czech Republic, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, FYR
stamp duty on almost all documents.4 contribution rates Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland
Today Singapore is still one of the easiest Eliminated one or more taxes Cameroon, Djibouti, Kyrgyz Republic, South Africa, Sudan, Timor-Leste,
places in which to pay taxes as measured Vietnam
by Doing Business. Source: Doing Business database.
The size of the tax burden on
businesses matters for investment and developing economies, large informal by consolidating or eliminating taxes.
growth. Where taxes are high and cor- sectors contribute to the creation of an Twelve adopted new tax laws or substan-
responding gains seem low, the incentive uneven playing field for formal small tially revised existing ones to simplify
for businesses to opt out of the formal and medium-size enterprises, squeezed procedures and modernize tax regimes:
sector increases. A recent study shows between smaller informal competitors Djibouti, the Islamic Republic of Iran,
that higher tax rates are associated with and larger competitors whose greater Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, FYR
lower private investment and fewer for- resources can help win a more effec- Macedonia, Oman, Sierra Leone, Sudan,
mal businesses. A 10 percentage point tive audience with government and thus Timor-Leste, Tonga, Uzbekistan and
increase in the effective corporate tax greater tax concessions. Vietnam.
rate is associated with a reduction in the Worldwide, economies that make Timor-Leste was the top reformer in
ratio of investment to GDP of up to 2 paying taxes easy tend to focus on lower 2008/09. A new tax law came into force
percentage points and a decrease in the tax rates accompanied by wider tax in July 2008, transforming the tax regime
business entry rate of about 1 percentage bases, simpler and more efficient tax for businesses. It cut the profit tax rate
point.5 Other research suggests that a 1 administration and one tax per tax base. from 30% to 10%, allowed all depreciable
percentage point increase in the statu- They also tend to provide electronic fil- assets to be fully written off in the year of
tory corporate tax rate would reduce the ing and payment systems, which reduce purchase and abolished the alternative
local profits of existing investments by the tax burden for firms while lightening minimum tax and the withholding tax
1.31 percentage points on average 6 and their administrative requirements. on interest (table 8.3). Corporate income
lead to an 18 percentage point increase in tax is now paid in quarterly rather than
average debt-to-asset ratios (part of the Who reformed in 2008/09? monthly installments when turnover is
reason for the lower reported profits).7 A less than $1 million, with simple rules
1 percentage point increase in effective Between June 2, 2008, and June 1, 2009, for its calculation. The time required for
corporate tax rates reduces the likeli- 45 economies made it easier for busi- paying taxes fell by 364 hours a year.
hood of establishing a subsidiary in an nesses to pay taxes—almost 20 more Mexico was the runner-up reformer
economy by 2.9 percentage points.8 than in the previous year.10 Reforms over thanks to its introduction of electronic
Besides the taxes paid, there are this period both lowered the tax burden filing systems for payroll taxes, property
costs of complying with tax laws and of on businesses and simplified tax compli- taxes and social security. This reduced the
running the revenue authority. World- ance processes. Twenty economies re- number of payments in a year by 21, to 6.
wide on average, a standard small to duced corporate income tax rates, while For the third year in a row Eastern
medium-size business still spends 3 9 reduced labor tax rates (table 8.2). A Europe and Central Asia had the largest
working days a month complying with second category of reforms focused on number of reforms, with 10 economies
tax obligations as measured by Doing making it easier to file tax returns and reforming. Kazakhstan cut its corpo-
Business. Where tax compliance imposes pay taxes. Fourteen economies, more rate income tax rate by 10 percentage
heavy burdens of cost and time, it can than in any previous year, introduced points. Kosovo, Montenegro and Russia
create a disincentive to investment and electronic filing and payment systems. also reduced their corporate income tax
encourage informality.9 Particularly in Seven reduced the number of taxes paid rates. Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic,
PAYING TAXES 45

FYR Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro Table 8.3


Major cuts in corporate income tax rates in 2008/09
and Poland reduced the rates for labor
Region Reduction in corporate income tax rate (%)
taxes and mandatory contributions paid
by employers. Regionwide shifts have East Asia & Pacific Brunei Darussalam from 25.5 to 23.5
Fiji from 31 to 29
become evident. Traditionally, employ-
Philippines from 35 to 30
ers have borne a significant share of the Timor-Leste from 30 to 10
tax burden through labor taxes. This Vietnam from 28 to 25
is gradually reversing, with the region Eastern Europe & Central Asia Kazakhstan from 30 to 20
accounting for 55% of labor tax rate re- Kosovo from 20 to 10
forms in the past 2 years. Montenegro from 15 to 9
Russian Federation from 24 to 20
Electronic systems are increasingly
Sub-Saharan Africa Benin from 38 to 30
used in the region. In Belarus the online
Cape Verde from 30 to 25
tax portal has become fully operational Sudan from 30 to 15
for use by all taxpayers, and in FYR Togo from 37 to 30
Macedonia electronic filing is now man- OECD high income Iceland from 18 to 15
datory for all taxes. In the past 4 years Republic of Korea from 25 to 22
changes such as these have reduced the Spain from 32.5 to 30
average number of tax payments in the Middle East & North Africa Algeria from 25 to 19
region by 4 and the time for tax compli- Israel from 29 to 27, and further to 26a

ance by almost 6 days. Other reforms Latin America & Caribbean St. Vincent and the Grenadines from 37.5 to 35,
and further to 32.5a
also simplified tax compliance. Kazakh-
stan, FYR Macedonia and Uzbekistan South Asia Bangladesh from 40 to 37.5
introduced new tax codes. So did the a. The statutory rate changed twice over the period 2008 to 2009.
Source: Doing Business database.
Kyrgyz Republic, and it eliminated some
taxes as well. In East Asia and the Pacific, Brunei came into effect.
Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for al- Darussalam, Fiji, the Philippines and In the Middle East and North Africa
most a fifth of the total number of reforms Vietnam joined Timor-Leste in reduc- the trend of lowering corporate income
last year. This is timely in a region where ing corporate income tax rates. Vietnam tax rates and implementing online sys-
businesses still face the highest average cut the rate to 25% and also abolished tems continued. Jordan simplified tax
tax burden in the world (figure 8.3). On the surtax on income from the transfer forms and introduced an online filing
average, African firms must pay 67% of of land. Lao PDR consolidated the fil- and payment system. Lebanon also in-
profits in taxes and mandatory contribu- ing for 3 taxes in a single tax return troduced electronic payment. In Tunisia
tions and spend 38 days a year complying and improved the lodgment process and as of 2009, all companies with a turnover
with 38 tax payments and filings. staffing at the tax offices. Taiwan (China) equivalent to at least $1.5 million must
Benin, Cape Verde, Sudan and Togo extended electronic filing and payment use the télédeclaration online tax system.
reduced the corporate income tax rate to the value added tax. In Timor-Leste, Algeria and Israel reduced corporate in-
by 8.75 percentage points on average. Tonga and Vietnam new income tax laws come tax rates. Oman introduced a new
Benin also reduced its payroll tax, by 4 FIGURE 8.3 FIGUR
percentage points. Sudan enacted a new Overall tax burden still highest in Sub-Saharan Africa Payin
tax code, reduced the capital gains tax Total tax rate (% of profit) man
by 5 percentage points and abolished Ranki
60
Other taxes
an additional tax on labor. South Africa Num
Labor taxes and contributions per y
abolished the stamp duty, and Cameroon Profit taxes file re
exempted new companies from the busi- 40 and p
ness license tax for 2 years. Electronic
filing became more popular across the
region. Angola and Kenya introduced 20
electronic systems, making it easier to
pay taxes. Sierra Leone eased tax compli-
ance and increased transparency through 0

administrative reforms at the tax author- Middle East East Asia South OECD Eastern Europe Latin Sub-Saharan
& North & Pacific Asia high & Central America Africa
ity and publication of a consolidated Africa income Asia & Caribbean
income tax act, now available online. Source: Doing Business database. Note: S
Africa income Asia & Caribbean
Source: Doing Business database. Note: See Data no

46 Doing Business 2010

income tax law. Djibouti replaced its FIGURE 8.4


Most time consuming in Latin America & Caribbean
sales tax with a new value added tax, as
did the Islamic Republic of Iran. # Number of
tax payments
Among OECD high-income econo-
OECD
mies, Belgium, Finland and Spain made it high income 13 194 Time (hours per year)
even easier to file and pay taxes electroni- Middle East
& North Africa 23
43 204
cally. Iceland, Korea and Spain reduced
East Asia
corporate income tax rates. The Czech & Pacific 25 227

Republic mandated electronic filing for South Asia 31 285


all taxes, reducing compliance time by
Sub-Saharan
317 hours, and lowered the rate for social Africa 38 306

security contributions from 8% to 6.5%. Eastern Europe


46 336
& Central Asia
In Latin America and the Caribbean
Latin America
most major reforms enhanced electronic & Caribbean 33 385

systems. This is a welcome development,


Source: Doing Business database.
since the region’s businesses spend the
greatest average time on tax payment Table 8.4
and filings (figure 8.4). Aside from Mex- Who makes paying taxes easy and who does not—and where is the total tax rate
ico’s reforms, Peru made it easier to pay highest
FIGURE 8.5and lowest?
Going electronic—more
Payments (number per year) economies put tax systems online
value added tax by providing taxpayers
Share of economies with online tax filing and payment (%)
with free software. Colombia’s tax au- Fewest Most 96.3
thority upgraded its electronic payment Maldives 1 Côte d’Ivoire 66
% New in 2008
system (MUISCA) to allow electronic Qatar 1 Serbia 66
% As of 2007
filing and payment of corporate income Sweden 2 Venezuela, R.B. 71
tax and value added tax. Guatemala Hong Kong, China 4 Jamaica 72
Norway 4 Kyrgyz Republic 14.8 75
introduced regulations mandating use Singapore 5 Montenegro 89
9.4 37.0
of electronic systems for tax payments Mexico 6 29.2
Uzbekistan 28.1 106
and filings, reducing the number of pay- Timor-Leste 6 15.8 Belarus 107
ments by 14. St. Vincent and the Grena- Kiribati 6.5 12.5 7 Romania 113
4.3
dines lowered the corporate income tax Mauritius 7 Ukraine 147
Sub-Saharan South Middle East East Asia & Latin Eastern OECD
rate from 37.5% to 35% in 2008 and to Time (hoursAfrica
per year) Asia & North Africa Pacific America Europe & high
& Caribbean Central Asia income
32.5% in 2009. Source: Doing Business database.
Fastest Slowest
In South Asia, only Bangladesh re- Maldives 0 Mauritania 696
formed, reducing the corporate income United Arab Emirates 12 Ukraine 736
tax rate from 40% to 37.5%. Bahrain 36 Venezuela, R.B. 864
Only one economy increased the Qatar 36 Belarus 900
FIGURE 8.1The
Bahamas, 58 Nigeria 938
corporate income tax rate: Lithuania, 104 economies reformed in paying59taxes in 2004–08
Luxembourg Armenia 958
from 15% to 20% in 2009. The Demo- Average percentage change, 2004–08 62
Oman Vietnam 1,050
cratic Republic of Congo increased the 1.7
Switzerland 63 Bolivia 1,080
sales tax from 13% to 15%. Two econo- 2004
New Zealand 70 Cameroon 1,400
Macedonia, FYR 75 –4.3Brazil –4.6 2,600
mies increased the labor tax and manda- –5.9
–7.7
tory contribution rates: St. Vincent and Total tax rate (% of profit) –9.3
–10.3 –11.7 –10.6
the Grenadines by 1 percentage point and 2008
Lowest –12.8 Highest
Tunisia by 1.07 percentage points. Roma- –15.9
Income group
Timor-Leste –17.8 0.2 Tajikistan 85.9
nia increased the rates of 3 labor taxes. Vanuatu
H High 8.4 Mauritania 86.1
Three economies introduced new Maldives
UM Upper middle 9.1 Uzbekistan 94.9
taxes. Brunei Darussalam introduced a Namibia
LM Lower middle H UM LM 9.6L H Belarus
UM LM L H UM LM 99.7 L
L Low
Qatar 11.3 Argentina 108.1
12% building tax on commercial build- Payments Time to comply Total tax rate
United Arab Emirates 14.1 Central African Republic 203.8
ings. República Bolivariana de Venezuela Saudi Arabia 14.5 Sierra Leone 235.6
Note: The percentage increase in payments in low-income economies is driven by 1 major reform in 1 economy that increased payments
had a new antidrug tax come into effect Bahrain
by 15.0 decrease would
60% in 2006. Without this outlier, the average percentage Burundi
be 1.09%. 278.6
in 2008. Cambodia introduced a new Source:
Georgia Doing Business database. 15.3 Gambia, The 292.4
social security contribution. Kuwait 15.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. 322.0
Source: Doing Business database.
Source: Doing Business database.

PAYING TAXES 47

Toward smart regulation FIGURE 8.5


Going electronic—more economies put tax systems online
Share of economies with online tax filing and payment (%)
In the past 5 years Doing Business has 96.3
recorded 171 reforms in paying taxes
% New in 2008
in 105 economies around the world—
% As of 2007
reforms aimed at making tax compli-
ance easier and the tax burden lighter
14.8
for small and medium-size businesses.
9.4 37.0
Reformers in economies as diverse as 29.2 28.1
Egypt, Mauritius and Turkey have un- 15.8
derscored the importance of tax reform 6.5 12.5
4.3
in enhancing economic growth and in- Sub-Saharan South Middle East East Asia & Latin Eastern OECD
Africa Asia & North Africa Pacific America Europe & high
vestment, increasing competitiveness, & Caribbean Central Asia income
combating unemployment and achieving Source: Doing Business database.

good governance. In reforming their tax


systems they have sought to eliminate Georgia’s tax reform of 2008 was but about 20% for paper returns.15 But
various exemptions, broaden the tax base multifaceted, targeting different taxes si- taxpayers can be slow to take up the new
and modernize their tax systems. multaneously. It lowered the corporate technology. In many developing econo-
FIGURE 8.1
tax rate, abolished the social
104 economies reformed in paying taxes in 2004–08 tax and mies access to the internet remains an
Easing compliance through introduced online filing,
Average percentage change, 2004–08 reducing the obstacle. But adoption of new systems
broad-based reforms number of tax payments and the tax 1.7 can be slow for reasons that cut across
Many tax reforms are aimed at simpli- 2004
burden. Easier compliance also made economies at all levels of development.
–4.3 –4.6
fying the tax law and making it easier enforcement less burdensome. Surveys –5.9 Most critically, taxpayers need to
–7.7
for firms to comply with regulations. of businesses showed that the average trust the –9.3payment system. This requires
–10.3 –11.7 –10.6
A bold step in this direction involves number of visits or required
2008 meetings high-quality security systems
–12.8 to protect
eliminating tax exemptions, tax holidays with taxgroup
officials fell from 8 in 2005 to data. Also required are laws addressing –15.9
Income –17.8
14
and other special treatment for differ- only
H High 0.4 in 2008. data protection and privacy concerns and
ent types of businesses, to achieve equal UM Upper middle allowing electronic signatures. Electronic
treatment for all businesses. Eliminating Making
LM Lower middlesystems H UM LM L
electronic H payment
UM LMcanLbe implemented H UM LM L
in several
L Low
tax exemptions can be difficult, because Almost 70 of the 183 economies Payments covered Time ways, including through
to comply Total taxtherateinternet.
they are often used as tax incentives with by Doing Business offer electronic tax Another way is through automatic bank
Note: The percentage increase in payments in low-income economies is driven by 1 major reform in 1 economy that increased payments
specific objectives. Reform experiences filing
by 60% inand payment
2006. Without options
this outlier, topercentage
the average businesses transfer,
decrease would be 1.09%. popular across all regions and
in such economies as Egypt, Georgia, (figure
Source: Doing8.5).
BusinessIn 56 economies the elec-
database. income levels, mainly because taxpayers
Mauritius and Turkey show that it takes tronic systems are used by a significant perceive it as less prone to security risks.
political will and buy-in from stakehold- share of businesses. Not surprisingly, In Lebanon taxpayers can make
ers to succeed. among OECD high-income economies all electronic payments at any post office. In
Jamaica also has a lesson to share: but one permit firms to file and pay taxes Tunisia the government initially intro-
during its 1986 flat tax reform it used electronically. But the trend is also pick- duced an intermediate option allowing
arguments of fairness to overcome op- ing up among developing economies. In online filers to print a receipt number
position to reform—and eliminated 17 the past 5 years 31 have introduced fairly and make their payment in any tax of-
types of credits and 44 allowances.11 In comprehensive electronic systems. An- fice. The past year’s reform consolidated
2005 Egypt eliminated all tax exemp- other 14 are introducing electronic filing electronic payment and filing through
tions and introduced a flat tax of 20% or payment or have just done so and are the télédeclaration online system.
on corporate income, down from 32% encouraging wider use by taxpayers. Another issue is access to the sys-
or 40%, as well as electronic filing and Many economies are eager to make tem. To encourage use of new technol-
self-assessment.12 Sales tax revenue rose use of technology to ease the paying of ogy, Peru and South Africa provide free
by 46%, and corporate tax collections by taxes—and with good reason. If prop- software that makes the filing process
24.7%. Mauritius shifted from a tiered erly implemented, and adopted by busi- automatic.16 France eased access while
rate to a single rate with a broader tax nesses, electronic tax systems speed up maintaining security by scrapping its
base. It also streamlined tax admin- processing, improve data collection and electronic verification software. Taxpay-
istration and made it electronic. The reduce error rates. In the United States in ers can now verify their identity with
following year corporate tax collection 2009, the error rate was less than 1% for the numbers on their annual declaration
exceeded projections by 13.5%.13 electronically prepared and filed returns and their notice of assessment. In Chile
48 Doing Business 2010

taxpayers can use their universal identi- 11. Hadler, Moloi and Wallace (2006).
fication number and a password. 12. World Bank (2006).
Faster refunds and processing times 1. Oracle Education Foundation, Think- 13. Cuttaree and Trumbic (forthcoming).
Quest, “Daily Life of the Egyptians,”
for online transactions are key incentives 14. World Bank Enterprise Surveys (http://
http://thinkquest.org/ library. www.enterprisesurveys.org).
to encourage use of new technology.
2. PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008). 15. Kim Dixon, “Electronic Tax Filing
Australia, Ireland, Taiwan (China), the
3. Commonwealth of Australia (2009). Jumps 19 Percent—IRS,” Reuters, April
United Kingdom and the United States
4. Chew (2009). 30, 2009, http://uk.reuters.com/article/
offer inducements such as these. South idUKN3032076020090430.
5. Djankov and others (forthcoming).
Africa waived late penalties for online 16. Wongtrakool (1998).
6. Huizinga and Laeven (2008).
filers in 2007. France introduced tax
credits for individual taxpayers filing 7. Huizinga, Laeven and Nicodème (2008).
their returns electronically, though in 8. Nicodème (2008).
the future this will apply only to first- 9. Everest-Phillips and Sandall (2009) and
de Mooij and Nicodème (2008).
time electronic filers. Sharing gains from
10. This year’s report records all reforms
administrative efficiency is a way to en- with an impact on the paying taxes indi-
courage taxpayers to use the system. cators between June 2008 and May 2009.
Because the case study underlying the
paying taxes indicators refers to the fi-
nancial year ending December 31, 2008,
reforms implemented between January
2009 and May 2009 are recorded in this
year’s report, but the impact will be re-
flected in the data in next year’s report.
49
Overview
Starting a business FIGURE 9.1
Dealing with construction permits Speeding up trade—especially in low-income economies FIGUR
Reduction in the time to export (days) Trad
Employing workers
Lower middle Upper middle High impo
Registering property Time to Low income income income income Ranki
export
Getting credit 2005 1.3 All doc
Protecting investors days by cus
3.4
other a
days
Paying taxes 5.5

Trading across
6.7 days
days

borders
Enforcing contracts
Time to
Closing a business export
2009
Source: Doing Business database.

Note: S
Janet has been running a successful com- and risks pushing economies into a pro- ocean transport (figure 9.2). The indica-
pany in Rwanda producing and selling longed contraction. Indeed, as Australian tors cover documentation requirements
baskets and other traditional crafts. Busi- Minister for Trade Simon Crean notes, and procedures at customs and the port
FIGURE 9.3
ness was going so well that a few years “international
The Republic of trade
Korea is cuts
one firms‘
of thecosts
mostby reforming
as well astrade inland transport to the largest
facilitation
ago she started exporting her products important arenas in which we must com- business city. The more time consum-
Annual cost savings (billions of won)
to markets in the United States and bat the real effects of the crisis. Trade is ing and costly it is to export or import,
2,500
Europe. But times have become more itself a stimulus.”1 the more difficult it is for traders to be
difficult. With the global financial and Where the trade environment is competitive and to reach international
economic crisis, demand fell and new 2,000
more favorable, businesses are better markets.
orders stopped coming in. positioned to take advantage of new op- Traders in low-income economies
Janet is not the only one. The World portunities, to grow and to create jobs
1,500 face particular constraints. Recent stud-
Total cost savings:
Trade Organization estimates that trade when the global economy picks up again. ies show that manufacturing 2,582 billionenterprises
won
volumes will drop by 10% in 2009, the Rather than resorting to protectionism, in Africa have difficulty (US$2.1 billion) be-
exporting
1,000
first fall after 27 years of uninterrupted policy makers can help struggling trad- cause of poor customs administration
expansion. In response to political pres- ers by cutting red tape and burdensome and restrictive trade and customs regula-
500
sures to preserve jobs, import barriers procedural requirements to export and tions.2 Much attention is paid to tariff
have been rising around the world. But import (figure 9.1). Rwanda is one coun- cuts. But better customs processes and
one lesson from the experience of the try 0thatFreight
did storage
so in the past year—and
Inventory Labor trade logisticsPaperwork
No overlapping
would alsoPrinting benefit Afri-
1930s is that raising trade barriers can thanks to its reform, Janet’s business investments can exporters.delivery Take Ethiopia. One recent
Source: Doing Business database.
merely compound recessionary forces can benefit from simpler documenta- study shows that if it improved its logis-
FIGURE 9.1 tion requirements and speedier border
Speeding
Table 9.1
up trade—especially in low-income economies
processing. FIGURE 9.2
Reduction in the time to export
Where is trading easy—and where not? (days) Trading across borders: exporting and
But in many economies cumber-
Lower middle Upper middle High importing by ocean transport
Easiest
Time to incomeMost difficult income
Low Rank Rank some trade procedures,income
income long delays and Rankings are based on 3 subindicators
export high trading costs continue to stifle trade
FIGURE 9.4 FIGURE 9.5
Singapore 1 Uzbekistan 174 All documents required Document preparation,
2005 Higher customs-related charges 1.3 Higher port and terminal charges
Hong Kong, China 2 Burundi 175 potential.
3.4 In Eritrea, days for example, an ex- by customs and customs clearance and
in low-income economies inother
low-income
agencies economies technical control, port
Estonia 3 Burkina Faso 176 days must spend 50 days and $1,431 to
porter
5.5 Average customs-related charges Average port and terminal handling and terminal handling,
Finland 6.7 4 Azerbaijandays 177 complete all export formalities from the charges (US$ per container) inland transport
(US$ per container) 33.3% 33.3%
United Arab days 5 Congo, Rep. 178 and handling
Emirates time the sales contract is concluded until
400 400 Documents Time to
Tajikistan 179 to export export
the goods are on the vessel. In Cambodia and import and import
Denmark 6 Iraq 180
Sweden 7 Central African 181 an
300 exporter faces only half that time and 300
Korea, Rep. 8 Republic cost. 33.3%
Cost to export
Time to
Norway
export
9 Kazakhstan 182 200 Doing Business measures the pro- 200 and import
Panama 2009 10 Afghanistan 183 cedural requirements, including the
Note: Rankings are the average of the economy’s rankings on the number of necessary documents and US$ per 20-foot container,
100 Doing Business database.
Source: 100 no bribes or tariffs included
documents, time and cost required to export and import. See Data
notes for details.
the associated time and cost (excluding
Note: See Data notes for details.
Source: Doing Business database. tariffs), for exporting and importing by
0 0
High Upper Lower Low High Upper Lower Low
income middle middle income income middle middle income
FIGURE 9.3 income income income income
50 Doing Business 2010

tics to half the quality of South Africa’s, semiconductors around the world. In depend on it. Before, says Mr. Megrel-
the benefit would be equivalent to a 7.5% many low-income economies inefficient ishvili, a freight forwarder in Georgia,
tariff cut.3 An OECD study finds that re- practices continue to constrain trade. But “you could never say which terminal
ducing delays at borders by 6.3%, or the many are also reforming. was better or worse. All were the same:
number of documents required for trad- a long physical inspection process, poor
ing by 11%, could increase trade flows in Who reformed in 2008/09? professionalism, flourishing bribery and
Africa by 10%.4 a permanent wasting of time and nerves.
Another recent study shows that Thirty-eight economies made it easier Today the process is quicker.”
high trade transactions costs constrain to trade in 2008/09 (table 9.2). Reform- Elsewhere in Eastern Europe and
the trade performance of African, Carib- ers in Sub-Saharan Africa were once Central Asia, Albania, Azerbaijan, Be-
bean and Pacific economies negotiat- again the most active: 14 of the region’s larus and the Kyrgyz Republic reformed.
ing Economic Partnership Agreements economies reformed, thanks in part to They made it easier for traders to submit
with the European Union. The study greater donor support for aid-for-trade documents to customs electronically or
estimates that reducing border delays in initiatives.8 Motivated by plans to foster implemented risk-based inspection sys-
these economies by 1 day could increase greater regional integration, 7 econo- tems. Albania upgraded its electronic
exports by 1%.5 And a study using data mies reformed in Latin America and data interchange system, allowing trad-
from 167 countries finds that every $1 the Caribbean and 6 in Eastern Eu- ers to access the system by the inter-
reduction in trade costs could increase rope and Central Asia. Economies in the net. Armenia, another top reformer in
exports by more than $1,000.6 OECD high-income group and East Asia trade, improved the transparency and
The potential benefits from re- and the Pacific had the fewest reforms, efficiency of customs by increasing the
forms to facilitate trade are not limited but many of them have already adopted number of licensed customs brokers,
to higher exports. The public treasury global good practices. clarifying valuation rules and inspection
could be a big winner. Ask Peter Malinga, Georgia, one of the most consistent requirements and reducing the number
commissioner of customs in Uganda. The reformers over the past 5 years, was the of documents required to clear goods.
country’s reforms to improve customs top reformer in trade in 2008/09. Re- As part of the East African Customs
administration and reduce corruption sponding to business complaints about Union harmonization program, Kenya,
helped increase customs revenue by 24% slow processing of paperwork, the gov- Rwanda and Uganda are strengthening
between 2007 and 2008. Trade facilita- ernment issued new regulations reduc- their border cooperation with the aim of
tion reforms yield the greatest benefits ing the number of documents required improving data sharing. Angola, Benin,
when matched by reforms to improve the for trading to 4. New job performance Mali, Mauritius, Senegal and Sudan are
regulatory environment for businesses in measures for customs officers require seeing the results of several years of con-
other areas—such as start-up or contract them to examine customs declarations tinual efforts to improve customs clear-
enforcement.7 within 2 hours of receipt. Promotions ance through better use of electronic
Economies that rank high on the
Table 9.2
ease of trading across borders have found Electronic data interchange—the most popular reform feature in 2008/09
ways to make exporting and importing as
efficient as possible. They require fewer Introduced or improved electronic data Albania, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Colombia, Guyana,
documents, so traders spend less time interchange system Haiti, Jordan, Kuwait, Mali, Mauritius, Paraguay, Senegal,
Slovak Republic, St. Kitts and Nevis, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda,
on bureaucratic approvals. They allow Republic of Yemen
traders to submit those documents elec-
Introduced or improved risk-based Albania, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Cameroon, Georgia, Islamic
tronically, often even before the goods inspections Republic of Iran, Jordan, Kyrgyz Republic, Liberia, Malawi,
arrive at the port. They limit physical in- Mali, Mozambique, Paraguay, Sudan, Republic of Yemen
spections to the riskiest cargo. And many Improved customs administration Angola, Armenia, Belarus, Benin, Georgia, Grenada, Islamic
have fast-track clearance procedures for Republic of Iran, Kuwait, Mozambique, Portugal, Rwanda,
Uganda, Vietnam
selected companies, auditing their ship-
ments only after clearance. Reduced number of trade documents Angola, Armenia, China, Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, Mali,
Rwanda, United Arab Emirates
More than 90 economies have ad-
opted such practices over the past 5 Improved procedures at ports Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, Kuwait, Peru, Senegal,
United Arab Emirates
years. Korea is one that has continually
reformed its trade logistics environment Introduced or improved single window Azerbaijan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Liberia
over the past decade. No wonder it is Implemented border cooperation Rwanda, Uganda
a key player in global supply chains, agreements
exporting automobiles, cell phones and Source: Doing Business database.
TRADING ACROSS BORDERS 51

data interchange systems. Madagascar ditional training to officers and stream- manifests can now be submitted elec-
and Senegal are benefiting from hav- lining interdepartmental coordination. tronically to customs. This change, along
ing privatized the management of their Paraguay improved its risk-based in- with better coordination between cus-
container terminals. In Liberia some spection system by upgrading to a green, toms and the port authority, has reduced
inspections are now being carried out yellow, and red lane system, reducing the the time to export and import. The Is-
jointly by customs and border security share of goods inspected. Peru installed lamic Republic of Iran reduced inspec-
authorities, and a single window has additional cranes at its port, reducing tion delays at the port of Shahid Rajae
opened at the port. port and terminal handling times. by installing 2 scanners, and the United
In Latin America and the Caribbean, In the Middle East and North Af- Arab Emirates continued to improve its
Colombia, Guyana, Haiti, Paraguay and rica, the Republic of Yemen introduced customs and port infrastructure.
St. Kitts and Nevis implemented elec- an electronic data interchange system In East Asia, China relaxed restric-
tronic data interchange systems—and that has helped reduce the time to clear tions on foreign exchange prepayments
traders can now submit their documents customs. Jordan and Tunisia made clear- for exporters and deferred payments for
electronically. Grenada is improving cus- ance faster by allowing 24-hour online importers, making it easier for smaller
toms administration by providing ad- access to the e-trade portal. In Kuwait companies to carry out international
Table 9.3
Who makes exporting easy—and who does not? Who makes importing easy—and who does not?
Documents (number) Documents (number)

Fewest Most Fewest Most


France 2 Cambodia 11 France 2 Uzbekistan 11
Estonia 3 Namibia 11 Denmark 3 Burkina Faso 11
Korea, Rep. 3 Mauritania 11 Sweden 3 Afghanistan 11
Panama 3 Angola 11 Korea, Rep. 3 Congo, Rep. 12
Canada 3 Malawi 11 Thailand 3 Fiji 13
Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 3 Burkina Faso 11 Singapore 4 Russian Federation 13
Singapore 4 Congo, Rep. 11 Hong Kong, China 4 Eritrea 13
Hong Kong, China 4 Kazakhstan 11 Estonia 4 Kazakhstan 13
Finland 4 Afghanistan 12 Norway 4 Azerbaijan 14
United Arab Emirates 4 Fiji 13 Panama 4 Central African Republic 17
Time (days) Time (days)

Fastest Slowest Fastest Slowest


Singapore 5 Central African Republic 54 Singapore 3 Venezuela, R.B. 71
Estonia 5 Niger 59 Hong Kong, China 5 Burundi 71
Denmark 5 Kyrgyz Republic 63 Estonia 5 Kyrgyz Republic 72
Hong Kong, China 6 Angola 65 Denmark 5 Zimbabwe 73
Netherlands 6 Uzbekistan 71 Cyprus 5 Kazakhstan 76
United States 6 Afghanistan 74 United States 5 Afghanistan 77
Luxembourg 6 Chad 75 Sweden 6 Tajikistan 83
Norway 7 Tajikistan 82 Netherlands 6 Uzbekistan 92
Germany 7 Kazakhstan 89 Luxembourg 6 Chad 100
Cyprus 7 Iraq 102 Norway 7 Iraq 101
Cost (US$ per container) Cost (US$ per container)

Least Most Least Most


Malaysia 450 Uzbekistan 3,100 Singapore 439 Niger 3,545
Singapore 456 Tajikistan 3,150 Malaysia 450 Burkina Faso 3,830
China 500 Uganda 3,190 China 545 Iraq 3,900
Finland 540 Rwanda 3,275 São Tomé and Principe 577 Burundi 4,285
United Arab Emirates 593 Zimbabwe 3,280 United Arab Emirates 579 Tajikistan 4,550
Latvia 600 Afghanistan 3,350 Hong Kong, China 583 Uzbekistan 4,600
Pakistan 611 Niger 3,545 Israel 605 Rwanda 5,070
Hong Kong, China 625 Iraq 3,900 Finland 620 Zimbabwe 5,101
Thailand 625 Central African Republic 5,491 Fiji 630 Central African Republic 5,554
Brunei Darussalam 630 Chad 5,497 Qatar 657 Chad 6,150
Source: Doing Business database.
52 Doing Business 2010

trade transactions. Vietnam improved ing government revenues and helping to ample, traders still have to file paper
the efficiency of its customs clearance legitimate trade. documents even though an electronic
by introducing postcustoms clearance Electronic data interchange systems system is in place.
audits and installing software that allows are an investment. The cost of imple- For electronic data interchange re-
traders to determine the duties applicable mentation varies, depending in part on forms to succeed, all these concerns need
to goods being cleared. Finally, in South the system’s complexity. Off-the-shelf to be addressed.
Asia traders in Bangladesh benefited systems tend to be less expensive than
from the introduction of an automated customized ones—though customized Creating a single window
import and export customs clearance systems may be better tailored to ad- Implementing a single window for trade
system at Chittagong port. dressing the specificities of an economy’s transactions is another way to make it
trade procedures. In Afghanistan the faster and easier to trade. By 2003 Korea
Toward smart regulation cost was estimated to be $1.6 million. Customs Service already had in place
But in Jamaica it was $5.5 million—and an electronic data interchange system
In the past 5 years Doing Business has in Turkey, $32 million. that cut firms’ costs from trade-related
recorded 140 trade facilitation reforms in Technology is no magic wand. The paperwork by 80%. Yet it set its sights
92 economies. The most active reform- benefits of electronic data interchange higher, embarking on a comprehensive
ers have been Mauritius, Rwanda and systems can be undercut by many fac- single-window project aimed at making
Uganda, in Sub-Saharan Africa; India, in tors. Traders
FIGURE 9.1 in several African econ- Korea the logistics hub of North Asia.
South Asia; Egypt and Morocco, in the Speeding
omies thatuphave trade—especially in low-income
developed automated economies
Completed in July 2008, the system al- FIGURE 9.2
Middle East and North Africa; and Brazil Reduction in the time to export
customs systems—such (days) Kenya
as Ghana, lows traders, government agencies and Trading acro
and Colombia, in Latin America and the and toTanzania—complain about lack
Lower of private
middle sector participants—including
Upper middle High importing b
Time Low income income income income Rankings are b
Caribbean. Here are some of the most access to uninterrupted power supply
export traders, banks, customs brokers, insur-
2005 1.3 All documents r
effective reform features that have been and high-speed internet connections. In ance companies and days freight forward- by customs and
3.4
implemented over the years. Bangladesh technical glitches initially ers—to other agencies
days exchange information in real
5.5
hampered the 6.7 operation of thedayselectronic time, speeding up approvals. Firms’ sav-
33.3
Going electronic system at the days
Chittagong Customs House. ings in labor, printing, paper delivery, Documen
Across economies, regardless of income But the problems were overcome, and storage and inventory costs are estimated to exp
and imp
level, installing electronic data inter- now most of the traders prefer to use the at more than 2,582 billion won, or about
change systems for submitting and pro- new system because they believe it pro- $2 billion, a year (figure 9.3).9 And the
Cos
cessing documents remains a popular vides faster
Timeservice
to and limits the scope reform efforts are not over. Korea Cus- an
and effective way to reduce delays in the for bribes.export
2009
toms Service is now working with the
trading process. In 2008/09, 19 economies Lack of legislation on electronic sig- customs services of other economies to US$ per
Source: Doing Business database.
implemented or improved such a system, natures and transactions can also cause link their systems as well. no bribe
Note: See Data no
7 of them in Africa. Thanks in part to problems and lead to duplications in Reforms do not always go smoothly.
systems recently put into place in Benin, the clearance system. In Tunisia, for ex- Because a single window brings together
Guyana, Haiti, Jordan, Mali and Uganda,
traders in those economies saw the time FIGURE 9.3
to clear goods cut by at least 2 days. The Republic of Korea cuts firms‘ costs by reforming trade facilitation
Such reforms can also boost govern- Annual cost savings (billions of won)
ment revenues. Take Afghanistan. As part 2,500
of a $31.2 million World Bank project to
modernize customs and facilitate trade, 2,000
Afghanistan computerized its customs
processes at 4 major border crossings. 1,500
More trade is now passing through of- Total cost savings:
2,582 billion won
ficial channels. Customs revenues soared (US$2.1 billion)
1,000
from $50 million in 2004 to more than
$399 million in 2008, a 700% increase.
Truckers also gained: the waiting time 500

at the Kabul Inland Clearance Depot is a


quarter of what it was before. Challenges 0
Freight storage Inventory Labor No overlapping Paperwork Printing
remain, with other border crossings yet investments delivery
to be tackled. But the project is increas- Source: Doing Business database.
FIGURE 9.1 FIGURE 9.1
Speeding up trade—especially in low-income Speeding
economies up trade—especially in low-incomeFIGURE
economies
9.2 FIGUR
Reduction in the time to export (days) Reduction in the time to export (days) Trading across borders: exporting and Trad
Upper middle

importing
TRADING ACROSS BORDERS
by ocean transport
Upper middle
53 impo
Lower middle High Lower middle High
Time to Low income income Time to
income Low incomeincome income income
Rankings income
are based on 3 subindicators Ranki
export parties, some of which may have
several exportIn Uganda customs brokers charge
mies. terred from coming to Rwanda because
2005 2005 1.3 All documents required 1.3 Document preparation, All do
to cede some control, it requires strong clients3.4 $150 on average
days to clear a 20-foot ofby some
3.4 of the difficulties
customs and days customs inclearance
passing and by cus
other agencies technical control, port other
political support to succeed. Reformers in days
container. In Germany, where5.5income days borders,” says Eric,
through a Rwandese
5.5 and terminal handling,
Colombia and 6.7 Senegal, for example,
days first per capita is 6.7 more than 100days times as freight forwarder.
33.3% 33.3% Trade can be boosted
inland transport
days days and handling
had to overcome resistance from oppos- high, customs brokers charge clients $50 by reforms that ease entry restrictions
Documents Time to
to export export
ing parties. In Korea the single window on average for the same service. Trad- in trucking
and importservices within economies
and import
succeeded thanks to the priority accorded ers in Uganda are not alone (figure 9.4). and streamline cumbersome transport
to trade facilitation reforms at high lev- Customs brokers are often regulated by procedures at33.3% borders, allowing trucks
Cost to export
Time to
els of government. The National e-Trade government Timeagencies.
to But caps on the to pass through and importneighboring economies
export export
Committee2009 was chaired by the prime number of2009 brokers, high license fees, with fewer restrictions.
minister and included 10 ministers, the onerous
Source: Doingeligibility requirements and in-
Business database. Source:Maritime transport
US$ per 20-foot container, accounts for
Doing Business database.
no bribes or tariffs included
commissioner of customs and the chairs frequent training opportunities restrict some 80% of trade. So access to com-
Note: See Data notes for details. Note: S
and presidents of leading private industry entry, limit competition and contribute petitive, efficient ports can provide a big
associations, including those for small to higher brokerage fees. boost to an economy’s trade prospects.
and medium-size businesses. Greater competition makes a dif- Low-income economies generally face
FIGURE 9.3 FIGURE 9.3After Algeria accelerated the ap-
ference. higher port costs, in part because of
The Republic of Korea cuts firms‘ costs by reforming The Republic tradeof facilitation
Korea cuts firms‘ costs by reforming trade facilitation
Easing private sector proval of license applications for brokers, poorer infrastructure (figure 9.5). And
participation
Annual cost savingsIN TRADE
(billions SERVICES
of won) Annual cost
customs savings (billions
clearance fees of won)
dropped by 40– port infrastructure is costly. The develop-
2,500
Customs formalities are not the only 2,500 Armenia saw costs fall after improv-
50%. ment of an economy’s port competitive-
factor affecting the time and cost for ing training opportunities and licensing ness can be hindered by many issues, one
trading across borders. Private provid-
2,000 new
2,000 customs brokers. Yet in some econo- of which is unfavorable regulations.
ers of trade services—such as customs mies the high service fees reflect the Based on a sample of container ter-
brokers, trucking companies and port facilitation
1,500 1,500 payments brokers must pay minals around the world, one study finds
Total cost savings: Total cost savings:
service providers—all play an important to navigate the maze2,582 of trade
billionprocedures.
won that private sector participation
2,582 billion won can im-
role. The quality of their services and the These should be tackled first.billion)
(US$2.1 prove the efficiency (US$2.1 of portbillion)
operation,
1,000 1,000
fees they charge inevitably affect trade Competition is just as critical in which in turn increases port competitive-
competitiveness. By removing overly trucking. Transporting a container load ness.12 But in many economies regulations
500 500
burdensome restrictions on their op- from Lusaka (Zambia) to the seaport restrict or discourage private participa-
erations, governments can help increase in Durban (South Africa) costs $2,100; tion in the provision of port services. And
competition
0 and thus improve the qual- from 0 Ndjamena (Chad) to the seaport without the right regulatory regime and
Freight storage Inventory Labor No overlapping Freight Paperwork
storage Printing
Inventory Labor No overlapping Paperwork Printing
ity and lower the cost of service. in Yaoundé (Cameroon),
investments delivery it costs $4,000. investments
incentive structure, delivery an inefficient public
Source:In
Doingseveral developing economies,
Business database. What’s surprising?
Source: Doing Durban is much far-
Business database. service provider could simply be replaced
despite lower wage levels, traders must ther away from Lusaka (1,630 kilome- by an inefficient private monopoly service
pay higher fees to customs brokers than ters) than Yaoundé is from Ndjamena provider. Good contractual and regula-
their counterparts in developed econo- (996 kilometers). A recent study con- tory design and oversight—embodied in
cludes that “traders in landlocked devel-
FIGURE 9.4 oping
FIGURE 9.5
FIGURE countries may be confronted with
9.4 FIGURE 9.5
Higher customs-related charges Higher
Higher
bad customs-related
port or longcharges
and terminal
infrastructure charges
distances, but Higher port and terminal charges
in low-income economies in low-income
in low-income economies economies in low-income economies
the main sources of higher cost have to
Average customs-related charges Average
Average port and terminalcharges
customs-related handling Average port and terminal handling
(US$ per container)
do with(US$
charges rent-seeking,
per container) inefficient markets
(US$ per container) charges (US$ per container)
400 for
400 services such as trucking and inad-
400 400
equate transit procedures.”10
300 300
300
This does not have to be the case. 300
The Zambian trucking market can offer
relatively competitive rates because
200 200
200 200
several foreign trucking companies,
most from South Africa, operate along
100 100
100 100
Zambian trade corridors.11 In Rwanda
greater border cooperation has allowed
0 more00 trucks from neighboring coun- 0
High Upper Lower Low tries suchHigh
High as Kenya Upper and Lower Uganda toLow Low
aug- High Upper Lower Low
income middle middle income income
income middle middle income
income income middle middle income
income income ment the domestic fleet.
income income “Before these income income
Source: Doing Business database. reforms
Source: Doingmany
Source:Doing Business foreign truckers were de-
Businessdatabase.
database. Source: Doing Business database.
54 Doing Business 2010

favorable pricing policies, labor regula-


tions and contract duration—can help
translate private participation into com- 1. Crean (2009, p. 13).
petitive port services.13 2. Iwanow and Kirkpatrick (2009) and
Clarke (2005).
Take the port of Dakar. Until re-
cently it lacked critical infrastructure 3. Portugal-Perez and Wilson (2008).
investments even though private com- 4. Wilson (2009).
panies provided container terminal ser- 5. Person (2008).
vices. The problem was that the contracts 6. Martinez-Zarzosa and Márquez-Ramos
(2008).
signed with the private participants had
7. Iwanow and Kirkpatrick (2007) and Ran-
such short durations that no one was
jan and Lee (2007).
interested in committing to costly invest-
8. World Bank (2009a).
ments that would yield returns only in
9. Yang (2009).
the long run.
10. World Bank (2008c, p. 13).
This has changed. The winner of the
11. Raballand, Kunuka and Giersing (2008).
bid to manage the container terminal
12. Tongzon and Heng (2005).
was awarded a long-term contract. The
company has since invested heavily in 13. For comprehensive coverage of issues
related to port reform, see World Bank
gantry cranes and a world-class container (2007).
management system. With cargo now
moving through more quickly, the port
of Dakar remains the only one on the
west coast of Africa that faces no conges-
tion surcharges. Recent years have seen
a similar turnaround in performance at
the ports of Djibouti; Aqaba, Jordan; and
Toamasina, Madagascar, thanks in part
to favorable contractual and regulatory
design encouraging investments by some
of the world’s leading private container
terminal operators.
Trial and judgment Steps

Note: Se

55
Overview Source: Doing Business database.

Starting a business FIGURE 10.1


Dealing with construction permits Reformers reduce the time to enforce
a contract in 2008/09
Employing workers
Average improvement
Registering property 2008
1% 2%
Getting credit
Protecting investors
Paying taxes 7%
Trading across borders

Enforcing
contracts
2009

Closing a business
Time Cost Procedures

Note: Based on average improvement of the 16 reforming economies.


Source: Doing Business database.

These are busy times for courts. The fi- try’s ability to enforce contracts is an Who reformed in 2008/09?
nancial and economic crisis has brought important determinant of its compara-
more litigation to courts all over the tive advantage in the global economy: Sixteen economies made it faster, cheaper
world. Businesses are collecting debt among10.4comparable economies, those or less cumbersome to enforce a contract
FIGURE
more actively, because they need the Most
with economies
good contract limit small claims filings
enforcement to equivalent
tend throughofthe20%courts
or less in
of income
2008/09 per(figure
capita
money to keep operating. Debtors are Claim limit as % of
to produce and export more customized 10.1). The reforms included comprehen-
income per capita
more likely to become insolvent, espe- products than those with poor contract sive reviews of civil procedure rules, pro-
cially where court proceedings drag on enforcement. <21 2 grams to reduce case backlogs, redistri-
for years. Countries such as Iceland, 21–40
The efficiency of courts varies bution of Income caseloads and the introduction
group
New Zealand, Ukraine and the United greatly41–60 around the world. Enforcing a or expansion Highof computerized case man-
Kingdom have reported greater case- contract can take less than a year in agement systems
61–80 Upper(table
middle 10.2). Introduc-
loads due to crisis-related litigation. Norway or Korea, both among the top 10
81–100 ing specialized commercial
Lower middle courts and
In Iceland commercial cases rose by on the ease of enforcing contracts, but making enforcement of judgment more
101+ Low
33%, from fewer than 15,000 in 2007 to more than 4 0years in Bangladesh or An- 10 efficient continued to be popular. 20
Sub-
20,000 in 2008.1 gola (table 10.1). Worldwide on average, Number ofSaharan
economiesAfrica and the Middle East and
Note: 48 economies surveyed.
Courts must deliver despite grow- exchanging written and oral arguments,
Source: Doing Business database.
North Africa saw the most significant re-
ing caseloads and looming budget prob- including expert testimony during trial, forms in commercial litigation. Eastern
lems. Recent research shows that a coun- takes almost two-thirds of the total time. European and Central Asian economies
Enforcing the judgment takes about a continued to build on previous reforms.
Table 10.1
third of the time. It accounts for 17% of In South Asia no reforms were recorded.
Where is enforcing contracts easy­—and
where not? the total cost, and court and expert fees
for about the same share. Attorney fees FIGURE 10.2
Easiest
FIGURE 10.3 Rank Most difficult Rank are the biggest driver of cost. Enforcing contracts: resolving a commercial
Enforcement of the judgment takes about a third of the time to enforce a contract dispute through the courts
Luxembourg 1 Cameroon 174 Doing Business measures the time, Rankings are based on 3 subindicators
Global
Icelanddistribution of time and cost
2 Honduras to enforce a contract
175 cost and procedural complexity of re-
Days to resolve Attorney, court and
Hong Kong, China 3 Syrian Arab 176 solving a commercial lawsuit between commercial sale dispute enforcement costs
Norway 4 Republic
Time 2 domestic businesses. Cost The dispute in- before the court as % of claim value
Korea, Rep. 5 Benin 177
Enforcement Filing and service volves the breach of a sales contract
Enforcement
France 6 Suriname 178 Attorney fees
of judgment worth twice the income per capita of
of judgment 33.3%
Germany 7 7%São Tomé and 179 33.3%
Finland Principe the economy. The17% case study assumes Time Cost
30% 8
United States 9 Bangladesh 180 that the court hears an expert on the
Court costs
New Zealand 10 Angola 181 quality
and expertof the18% goods in 65% dispute. This 33.3%
63%
India 182 distinguishes
fees the case from simple debt Procedures
Timor-Leste 183 enforcement.
Note: Rankings are the average of the economy’s rankings on the
Trial
procedures, time and cost to anda commercial
resolve judgment dispute through Steps to file claim, obtain judgment and enforce it
the courts. See Data notes for details.
Note: See Data notes for details.
Source: Doing Business database.

Source: Doing Business database.

FIGURE 10.1
Reformers reduce the time to enforce
56 Doing Business 2010

Table 10.2 courts have heavier caseloads and guide


Computerizing case management—the most popular reform feature in 2008/09 the allocation of resources.
Introduced or expanded computerized case Algeria, Botswana, Ethiopia, Jordan, Norway, West Three other Sub-Saharan African
management system Bank and Gaza countries reformed. Mali amended its
Undertook review of civil procedure rules Algeria, Botswana, Mali, Norway, Peru procedural rules. Now litigants can file
suit without applying and waiting for a
Implemented program to reduce case backlog or Ethiopia, Grenada, Jordan, Malaysia, West Bank
redistribute caseload and Gaza judge’s order authorizing service—less
Introduced or expanded specialized commercial Arab Republic of Egypt, Jordan, Mauritius, Papua
procedural steps and 7 fewer days to
court New Guinea file and serve process. The new rules go
Made enforcement of judgment more efficient Ethiopia, Jordan, Portugal, West Bank and Gaza
beyond contract enforcement. Counsel
can now interrogate witnesses directly,
Reviewed rules on modes of service and notification Costa Rica, Peru
without prior approval by the judge, im-
Changed cost regime Burkina Faso proving Mali’s score on the strength of
Source: Doing Business database. investor protection index. Recruitment of
additional judges for Bamako’s commer-
Botswana was the top reformer in of enforcing contracts. The Ethiopian cial court reduced the average trial time
2008/09. New rules for its high court, in courts are implementing a backlog re- from 315 days to 240. Between January
force since mid-2008, have reduced the duction program with a new twist: sum- and June 2009 the court disposed of 344
average time to resolve a commercial dis- mer recess is being devoted to disposing cases, as against 359 new cases lodged.
pute by 30%, from 987 days to 687. The of backlogged cases. Two-thirds of judges Mauritius set up its first specialized
rules introduced pretrial conferences, volunteered to hear cases during special commercial court in January 2009, as
leading to faster resolution. Judges no summer sessions. a division of the supreme court. Two of
longer merely hear cases but actively Like Botswana, Ethiopia now has a the 16 supreme court judges are now as-
manage them, setting a timetable and computerized case management system signed exclusively to commercial cases.
ensuring compliance. A sophisticated that helps to sustain the improvements. By May 2009, after just 5 months of
new computerized case management Addis Ababa’s automated system allows operation, the commercial division had
system makes it easy to keep close tabs users to search for cases more easily. disposed of 593 cases. That’s a big share
on whether court personnel and litigants Anyone can access the court schedule— of its total of 959, of which 657 were old
are complying with deadlines. The sys- online, over the telephone or from a cases transferred to the new division.
tem also allows court officers to dismiss touch screen at the court building. The Burkina Faso reduced official court
“aged matters”—cases in which litigants system produces real-time data on the costs by replacing a percentage-based fil-
have remained inactive for long periods. number of cases assigned to each court ing fee with a nominal fixed fee of 6,000
Ethiopia was the runner-up re- chamber, making it possible to measure CFA francs (about $12). It also abolished
former. It reduced the average time to re- the performance of judges, chambers the stamp duty that creditors previously
solve a commercial dispute by 10%—and and courts across the country. Over time had to pay to register a judgment before
rose 13 places in the rankings on the ease these data will help determine which enforcement.
FIGURE 10.2
In the Middle East and North Africa
FIGURE 10.3 Enforcing contracts: resolving a commercial
Enforcement of the judgment takes about a third of the time to enforce a contract 4 dispute
economies reformed.
through the courtsEgypt and Jordan
both introduced
Rankings are basedspecialized courts. Egypt
on 3 subindicators
Global distribution of time and cost to enforce a contract
established
Days to resolve a separate commercial court
Attorney, court and
tocommercial
deal withsale dispute
commercial enforcement
matters. costs
Jordan
Time Cost before the court as % of claim value
set up commercial divisions within the
Enforcement Filing and service Enforcement existing courts.
Attorney fees
of judgment 7% of judgment Jordan 33.3%
is trying to better distribute
33.3%
17% Time Cost
30% caseload by raising the threshold for
Court costs cases heard by its lowest first-instance
18% 65% 33.3%
and expert civil court, the “conciliation court,” from
63% fees Procedures
3,000 Jordanian dinars to 7,000 (about
$10,000). It also introduced a computer-
Trial and judgment ized
Stepscase management
to file system,and
claim, obtain judgment Mizan II,it
enforce
anNote:
improved version of
See Data notes for details. the original used
in neighboring West Bank and Gaza. The
Source: Doing Business database. system adds features such as text mes-
FIGURE 10.1
Reformers reduce the time to enforce
a contract in 2008/09
ENFORCING CONTRAC TS 57
Table 10.3 dresses of all citizens. Those who move
Who makes enforcing contracts easy—and who does not? must update the register. Costa Rica also
Procedures (number of steps) allows the first announcement of a public
Fewest Most auction of seized assets to include a sec-
Ireland 20 Guinea 50 ond and third date, in case the assets are
Singapore 21 Kuwait 50 not sold in the initial sale. Eliminating
Hong Kong, China 24 Belize 51 the need to publish second and third an-
Rwanda 24 Iraq 51 nouncements saves judgment creditors
Austria 25 Oman 51 time and costs.
Belgium 25 Timor-Leste 51
Peru requires attempts at concili-
Netherlands 25 Kosovo 53
ation even before litigation is initiated.
Iceland 26 Sudan 53
Luxembourg 26 Syrian Arab Republic 55 New procedural laws have introduced
Czech Republic 27 Brunei Darussalam 58 deadlines to file evidence and dispose
Time (days) of inactive cases. Peru is also moving
toward greater use of e-services. The
Fastest Slowest
law recognizes notification by electronic
Singapore 150 Slovenia 1,290 means. The justices of the peace, Peru’s
Uzbekistan 195 Sri Lanka 1,318
lowest civil courts, are piloting a system
New Zealand 216 Trinidad and Tobago 1,340
in which judgments are uploaded on
Belarus 225 Colombia 1,346
Bhutan 225 India 1,420 their websites as soon as they are deliv-
Korea, Rep. 230 Timor-Leste 1,435 ered. Grenada issued practice notes to
Azerbaijan 237 Bangladesh 1,442 bolster its civil procedure code and hired
Kyrgyz Republic 260 Guatemala 1,459 a second judge, doubling the size of the
Rwanda 260 Afghanistan 1,642 small island state’s judiciary.
Namibia 270 Suriname 1,715 In East Asia and the Pacific, Ma-
Cost (% of claim) laysia and Papua New Guinea reformed.
Least Most Malaysia cut filing and service time by 15
Bhutan 0.1 Burkina Faso 83.0 days by adding administrative staff to deal
Iceland 6.2 Comoros 89.4 with incoming cases and setting stricter
Luxembourg 9.7 Cambodia 102.7 deadlines. It also improved caseload al-
Norway 9.9 Papua New Guinea 110.3 location by creating a fast track in the
Korea, Rep. 10.3 Indonesia 122.7 commercial division of the Kuala Lumpur
Finland 10.4 Malawi 142.4 high court, to deal exclusively with inter-
China 11.1 Mozambique 142.5
locutory matters. In Papua New Guinea
Poland 12.0 Sierra Leone 149.5
Thailand 12.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. 151.8 a specialized commercial division of the
Slovenia 12.7 Timor-Leste 163.2 national court is now fully operational.
Source: Doing Business database.
Among OECD high-income econ-
omies, Norway and Portugal were re-
sage notification of attorneys, online ac- In Algeria a new civil procedure formers. Already among the top 10 on
cess to court records for authorized users code came into force in April 2009. The enforcing contracts, Norway is enforcing
and the possibility to consult electronic code introduces nonmandatory arbitra- procedural deadlines more strictly. The
copies of each case file. tion and mediation. It also reinforces computer system that tracks incoming
West Bank and Gaza is piloting procedural time limits, setting caps not cases now requires judges to justify de-
Mizan II. It is also implementing wide- only on delays but also on the number of lays in any case not resolved within the
ranging court reforms. New judges have hearings (5) to dispose of a case. prescribed 6 months. This has reduced
been recruited and trained. Courts with a In Latin America and the Carib- the time to enforce a contract by 10%.
substantial caseload, such as the Ramallah bean, Costa Rica, Grenada and Peru re- Portugal carried out an extensive review
magistrates’ court, have been assigned an formed. All 3 reviewed their procedural of its law on the execution of judgments.
enforcement judge responsible solely for rules. Costa Rica now allows the use of The result: streamlined procedures with
handling issues arising from the execu- ordinary mail and e-mail for serving less intervention by judges and broader
tion of judgments. The reforms reduced process on defendants. To make this powers for bailiffs. And lawyers fulfilling
the average time to resolve a commercial easier, it is setting up a national registry certain requirements can now apply to be
dispute from 700 days to 600. recording the home and business ad- licensed as bailiffs.
Note: Based on average improvement of the 16 reforming economies.
Source: Doing Business database.

58 Doing Business 2010

Toward smart regulation FIGURE 10.4


Most economies limit small claims filings to equivalent of 20% or less of income per capita
Claim limit as % of
In the past 6 years Doing Business has re- income per capita
corded 97 reforms in enforcing contracts.
<21
Policy makers often assume that judicial
21–40
reform takes years and costs millions of Income group
41–60 High
dollars. Saudi Arabia, for example, plans
61–80 Upper middle
to spend almost $2 billion to upgrade
its court system over the coming years. 81–100 Lower middle
101+ Low
But improving court efficiency can often
be achieved through simple, targeted 0 10 20
measures. An initial analysis of the en- Number of economies
Note: 48 economies surveyed.
tire process of taking a commercial case Source: Doing Business database.
through the court system, along with
collection of court statistics, helps focus fers starkly. The thresholds range from $21,000 in Korea. Most economies with
reform efforts. Related consultancy fees $240 in Guyana to $45,000 in Australia— small claims courts fix the threshold at
range from $80,000 to $500,000, depend- and from one-eighth of income per cap- 20% or less of income per capita (figure
ing on the size of the judicial system and ita in the Dominican Republic, Germany 10.4). In Korea more than 70% of civil
the quality of the data. and the Netherlands to 4 times income suits are decided under the small claims
Depending on the caseload of the per capita in Papua New Guinea. Glob- procedure.3 The process of resolving a
courts, it can make sense to establish new ally, higher courts deal with cases above commercial dispute in Seoul is one of
commercial courts. Uganda did so and 126% of income per capita on average. the fastest in the world, taking 230 days
invested $1.5 million. Nigeria and Tan- Regardless of the level, monetary on average.
zania each spent $10 million on setting thresholds have to be updated regularly Small and medium-size businesses
up new courts. Where a limited number to ensure that the workload is distrib- can especially benefit from small claims
of commercial cases needs to be handled, uted as initially intended. With economic courts. Recognizing this, in January
specialized commercial sections provide a growth and inflation, thresholds can 2009 the European Union issued a new
less expensive alternative. In Cairo a one- quickly become outdated, and higher ju- regulation to create a small claims pro-
step filing procedure was introduced in risdictions overburdened. Some econo- cedure for cross-border cases of less than
the busiest first-instance court to increase mies have recently adjusted thresholds. €2,000. The measure is aimed at tackling
efficiency and reduce opportunities for In 2007 Tonga quintupled the threshold inefficient debt enforcement, one of the
bribes. The initiative, including relocation for cases assigned to magistrates. In 2009 “major reasons threatening the survival
and training of staff, the creation of new Jordan more than doubled the threshold of businesses, particularly small and me-
forms and even building renovations, cost for its lower court. The United Kingdom dium-sized enterprises, and resulting in
less than $1 million. raised the minimum threshold for its numerous job losses.”4
high court from £15,000 to £25,000.
Updating claim thresholds Using benchmarks as a guide
Most economies redistribute the respon- Relying on small claims courts Global comparisons can help determine
sibilities of first-instance courts to ensure Simple commercial disputes can often be time limits and assess resource needs.
more efficient processing of cases. Of the resolved in small claims courts, lessening Take the appeals process. In 71% of the
183 economies covered by Doing Busi- the burden on higher-instance courts. economies in the Doing Business sam-
ness, 128 operate a 2-tiered civil court Simplified procedural rules help speed ple, a judgment creditor knows within a
system. Depending on the litigation value up trial and judgment. These include month after the first judgment whether
of the claim and, in some cases, the sub- the use of standard forms to file claims, the debtor is appealing. In 31 economies,
ject matter, first-instance cases go either oral proceedings and limits on types mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin
to a lower court—often the magistrate’s of evidence and on cross-examination. America, the law allows debtors more
court, city court or justice of the peace— Small claims courts also oblige judges to than a month to appeal. Judgment credi-
or to the higher court. Some economies issue a decision shortly after concluding tors have their patience particularly tested
further divide lower and higher jurisdic- a hearing. in Cameroon, The Gambia and Nigeria,
tions. Kenya’s magistrate’s court has 5 Small claims courts exist in 48 of the where the debtor has 3 months to lodge
different levels. 183 economies covered by Doing Busi- an appeal. Policy makers in these coun-
Where economies draw the line be- ness. They deal with claims ranging from tries might consider reducing the time to
tween their lower and higher courts dif- as little as $200 in India to as much as appeal to the global average: 1 month.
ENFORCING CONTRAC TS 59

A global comparison of the number


of judges involved in the standardized
case used by Doing Business is equally 1. Courts of Iceland, http://www.domstolar.is/.
informative. In most economies just 1 2. Nunn (2007).
judge would be assigned to this simple 3. Supreme Court of Korea, “Proceedings,”
commercial case. But in roughly 10% of http://eng.scourt.go.kr/.
economies, mainly in the Middle East 4. Directive 2000/35/EC of the European Par-
liament and of the Council of 29 June 2000
and North Africa, the law requires 3 on Combating Late Payment in Commer-
judges to hear the case. While additional cial Transactions, http://eur-lex.europa.
judges can add value to the decision- eu/.
making process, many commercial cases,
particularly routine ones, can be handled
by a single judge.

Making legal information


public
Making information readily available on
the law, and on the courts’ interpretation
of the law, benefits both the general pub-
lic and the courts. Public information
makes the law more predictable. It also
helps potential parties to a lawsuit more
easily find an out-of-court solution—
and that helps reduce the workload of
the courts.
Today, 104 economies make legal
texts and recent court judgments avail-
able to the general public. But more than
30 economies, most of them low-income
ones in Sub-Saharan Africa, still do not
provide access to such information.
60 Doing Business 2010
Overview
FIGURE 11.3
Higher
Startingrecovery
a businessrates associated with FIGURE 11.1
greater business density In OECD high-income economies viable businesses are more likely to keep running
Dealing with construction permits
Business density (%) after bankruptcy
75
Employing workers
Share of economies where companies are sold as a going concern (%)
Registering property 77
50
Getting credit
Protecting investors
25
Paying taxes
Trading across borders
0
Enforcing
Lowestcontracts Highest 22 21
16

Closing a
Economies ranked by recovery rate, quintiles
Note: Business density is the number of registered corporations
7
4 0

business
divided by the working-age population. Relationships are significant at
the 1% level and remain significant when controlling for income OECD Latin East Asia & Middle East Sub-Saharan Eastern South
per capita. The data include 76 economies. high America Pacific & North Africa Africa Europe & Asia
Source: Doing Business database; World Bank Group income & Caribbean Central Asia
Entrepreneurship Survey, 2008.
Note: Sale as a going concern is considered an efficient outcome in the Doing Business case study.
FIGURE 11.3 Source: Doing Business database.
Higher recovery rates associated with FIGURE 11.1
greater business density In OECD of high-income
Perhaps no business regulations have period 2008.1 IneconomiesIreland company viable businesses gionare inmore likely tothe
1997–98, keep running
entire financial
Business density (%) after bankruptcy
been
75 more tested by the global finan- insolvencies rose by 113% from 2007 to sector was dragged down and liquida-
Share of2 economies where companies are sold as a going concern (%)
cial and economic crisis than those re- 2008. In the United Kingdom insolvency tions became widespread. To forestall
77
lating
50 to insolvency. Bankruptcies have proceedings increased by 92% in 2008.3 this trend, Korea and Thailand modified
FIGURE 11.5
increased with
Economies sharply, and policy
specialized bankruptcymakers Canada’s bankruptcies increased by 33% their laws to favor rehabilitation of dis-
around
courts
25 the higher
have world recovery
are debating rateswhether between April 2008 and April 2009. In tressed firms.5
existingrate
Recovery insolvency
(cents on thelaws
dollar)and regulations Norway corporate bankruptcies are ex- Ineffective procedures for dealing
FIGURE 11.2
can
400 adequately
YES respond or whether
YES
more pected to at least 22 double in 2009. Other with
Closinginsolvency
a business: cantime,deepen
costand
andprolong
outcome
Lowest Highest 21
needs to be done.
Economies ranked by recovery rate, NO quintiles
regions, such as Latin America and the 16 aofcrisis. Effective
bankruptcy of aprocedures
local company can speed
35 The global NO financial crisis has had Caribbean, so far have not experienced recovery:
Rankings are 7viable
based on businesses are restruc-
1 subindicator
4
Note: Business density is the number of registered corporations 0
unequal
divided effectspopulation.
by the working-age acrossRelationships
regions. Someat
are significant a remarkable
OECD
increase
Latin
in the number
East Asia &
of tured
Middle East
Recoveryand rate isnonviable
Sub-Saharan
ones
a function of time,
Eastern
costare quickly
and other
South
factors
the 1% level and remain significant when controlling for income such as lending rate and the likelihood
numbers
30 for OECD high-income
per capita. The data include 76 economies. econo- bankruptcies.
high America Pacific liquidated
& North Africa Africa(figure Europe
of the company 11.3). & Resources Asia can
Source: Doing Business database; World Bank Group income & Caribbean Central Asia
mies are daunting. In Spain 2,902 orders
Entrepreneurship Survey, 2008.
History shows that financial crises be reallocated and remobilized. Chile’s
continuing
to Business
Note: Sale as a going concern is considered an efficient outcome in the Doing operatecase study.
of concurso (a type of reorganization
25 provide good database.
Source: Doing Business opportunities for bank- bankruptcy reform was one reason for its
procedure) were issuedAreinthere
Are there specialized 2008, 183%
minimum ruptcy reforms.4 In times of recession, relatively quick emergence 100% from a deep
morebankruptcy
than incourts? the previous qualifications
year. Span- keeping viable companies operating as recession in theRecovery early 1980s.6 Colombia
for trustees? rate
ish courts registered 1,558 insolvency a going concern and preserving jobs streamlined reorganization procedures
Source: Doing Business database.
proceedings in the first quarter of 2009 becomes especially important. The Great in 1999 with positive effect, in the midst
alone, 366% more than in the same Depression prompted the first compre- of the financial crisis spreading across
FIGURE 11.5
Table 11.1
hensive reform of U.S. bankruptcy law Latin America in the late 1990s.7
Economies with specialized bankruptcy Note: Time and cost do not count separately for the ranking.
Where have is it easy to close a business—and in 50 years. Under the Chandler Act of If notes
See Data history is any guide, we might
for details.
courts
FIGURE higher recovery rates
where11.4 not? 1938, the predecessor of today’s Chapter
Recovery rate
OECD high-income (cents on the dollar)
economies reformed the most since 2004
40
Easiest
Recovery
Mostmaking
difficult
Recovery 11, bankruptcy was no longer synony- FIGURE 11.2
Share of economies
YES in region
rate
YES it easierrateto close a business (%) Closing a business: time, cost and outcome
mous with liquidation. Instead, troubled
Japan OECD 92.5 Liberia of bankruptcy of a local company
NO 8.3 firms had a chance
35
high income NO
Singapore 91.3 Suriname 8.1 59 to reorganize and to Rankings are based on 1 subindicator
NorwayEurope
Eastern 89.0 Mauritania 6.7
survive difficult times. The 1938 reform Recovery rate is a function of time, cost and other factors
56
& Central Asia
30
Canada 88.7 Venezuela, R.B. 6.0 also established the authority of bank- such as lending rate and the likelihood
East Asia of the company
Finland& Pacific 87.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. 5.433 ruptcy administrators, vesting them with continuing
Ireland
25
Latin America 86.6 Philippines 4.4 powers to help effect reorganizations. to operate
& Caribbean 22
Denmark 86.5 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 3.5 The Asian financial crisis spurred
Are there
Belgium
Middle East specialized
86.3 Haiti Are there minimum 2.7 100%
bankruptcy
& North Africa courts? 16 qualifications efforts across East Asia to restructure
United Kingdom 84.2 Zimbabwe 0.0 Recovery
Sub-Saharan for trustees? national bankruptcy procedures. Before rate
Netherlands
Africa 82.7 13 Central African 0.0
Source: Doing Business database.Republic 1998 Korea and Thailand had outdated
South Asia 13 and inadequate procedures that were
Note: Rankings are based on the recovery rate: how many cents
on the dollar claimants (creditors, tax authorities and employees) rarely used. So the laws were never tested
Source:
recoverDoing Business
from the database.
insolvent firm. See Data notes for details.
under normal economic circumstances. Note: Time and cost do not count separately for the ranking.
Source: Doing Business database. See Data notes for details.
FIGURE 11.4 When illiquidity spread across the re-
OECD high-income economies reformed the most since 2004
Share of economies in region making it easier to close a business (%)
OECD
59
CLOSING A BUSINESs 61
FIGURE 11.3 and West Bank and Gaza agreed to set up amended its Enterprise Bankruptcy Law
Higher recovery rates associated with FIGURE 11.1
greater business density public-private partnerships to strengthen to eliminate the 3-month wait for credi-
In OECD high-income economies viable 8 businesses are more likely to keep running
Business density (%) their outdated
after bankruptcy
insolvency regimes. tors wishing to initiate bankruptcy pro-
75 Doing Business
Share of economies where companies are sold as a goingceedings.
studies the time, concern (%)Now a creditor in Vilnius can
cost and 77 outcomes of bankruptcy pro- simply notify the debtor of its intention
50 ceedings involving domestic entities. to file a bankruptcy petition and allow a
Speed, low cost and continuation of 30-day grace period to repay the debt.
25 viable business operations characterize Poland amended its bankruptcy law,
the top-performing economies. In these expanding the grounds for filing for re-
0
Lowest Highest
economies viable22businesses21are more organization. Companies facing financial
Economies ranked by recovery rate, quintiles likely to be sold or reorganized as a 16 difficulties can apply for legal protection
7
Note: Business density is the number of registered corporations going concern rather than liquidated earlier than before. Like 4 Poland, Estonia0
divided by the working-age population. Relationships are significant at
the 1% level and remain significant when controlling for income
through OECD piecemeal Latin sales.EastEconomies
Asia & madeSub-Saharan
Middle East it possible for Eastern
distressed companies
South
high America Pacific & North Africa Africa Europe & Asia
per capita. The data include 76 economies. withincome
efficient insolvency
& Caribbean regimes achieve on the verge of insolvency
Central Asia to restructure
Source: Doing Business database; World Bank Group
Entrepreneurship Survey, 2008. higher recovery rates than those without their debt and take other measures to
Note: Sale as a going concern is considered an efficient outcome in the Doing Business case study.
such systems.
Source: Doing Doing Business does not
Business database. restore profitability.
expect to see more insolvency reforms measure bankruptcy proceedings of fi- Russia amended its insolvency law
in the next few years. Doing Business re- nancial institutions, which normally are to introduce professional qualification
corded few insolvency reforms in 2008/09 not subject to bankruptcy laws.9 standards for administrators and regulate
that were directly related to the global cri- their compensation. Albania amended its
sis. The demand for reform may increase Who reformed in 2008/09? bankruptcy law to establish the Agency
FIGURE 11.5
if the effects of the crisis on the real econ-
Economies with specialized bankruptcy
of Insolvency Supervision, to supervise
omy intensify
courts have higherand asrecovery
governmentsrates see the Malawi was the top reformer in closing and issue licenses to insolvency admin-
effectiveness
Recovery of their
rate (cents insolvency regimes
on the dollar) a business in 2008/09. Its Companies istrators. The new law also introduced
FIGURE 11.2
tested
40 under
YES difficult conditions. Regulation 2009 took effect on June 1, professional qualification
Closing a business: time, coststandards
and outcome for
YES
Some economies took early action to 2009. The new regulation sets a cap on administrators. Tajikistan
of bankruptcy of a local company amended its
NO
respond
35 to theNOcrisis. One of them is Ger- the liquidator’s fees: 5% of the value of bankruptcy law toonstreamline
Rankings are based 1 subindicatortimetables
many, which no longer obliges potentially the estate. Before, liquidators had the for its rehabilitation
Recovery andcostwinding-up
rate is a function of time, and other factors
such as lending rate and the likelihood
viable
30 companies to file for bankruptcy discretion to set their own fees, usually at procedures
of the company (table 11.2).
in case of overindebtedness. Instead, they around 10% of the value of the estate. The Two economies in Latin America and
continuing
to operate
can
25 continue to operate. This change, overall cost of the insolvency procedure the Caribbean joined the list of reformers
intended
Are thereasspecialized
temporary Are relief during
there the
minimum in Malawi fell from 30% of the value of in 2008/09. Uruguay 100%enacted a new insol-
bankruptcy
financial courts?
crisis, will be effectivequalifications
only until the estate to 25%, and the mechanism for vency law, consolidating Recovery its many exist-
for trustees? rateone reorganization
December 31, 2010. France relaxed the payment of liquidators has become more ing mechanisms into
Source: Doing Business database.
entry requirements for its “safeguard transparent. procedure. Colombia issued decrees in
procedure,” an in-court preinsolvency re- In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 2008/09 to more strictly regulate the pro-
structuring introduced in 2006. Kuwait among the regions hit hard by the global fession of insolvency administrators.
Note: Time and cost do not count separately for the ranking.
made it possible for firms to reorganize crisis, 6 economies had reforms making Among
See Data notes forOECD
details. high-income econo-
FIGURE
while 11.4on the verge of insolvency. it easier to close a business. Lithuania mies, France and Germany reformed.
OECD high-income economies reformed the most since 2004
Other economies are working on
Share of economies in region making it easier to close aTable 11.2(%)
business
future reform programs. In March 2009 Establishing or promoting reorganization procedures—
the Czech OECD Republic approved a plan to the most popular59 reform feature in 2008/09
high income
amend its
Eastern Europe
insolvency act as part of a
Established or promoted
56 reorganization procedures Estonia, France, Kuwait, Mauritius, Philippines,
crisis
& Centralrecovery
Asia plan. The aim is to help or prepackaged reorganizations Poland, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Uruguay
East Asia stay alive by making it easier
businesses
& Pacific 33
Regulated the profession of Albania, Colombia, Malawi, Philippines, Russian
for
Latin debtors
America to obtain funds after fil- insolvency administrators Federation
22
ing for bankruptcy. In May 2009, 10
& Caribbean
Middle East
Introduced or tightened time limits Albania, Lithuania, Russian Federation, Tajikistan
governments
& North Africa in the Middle
16 East and
North Africa signed a joint declaration Established receivership
Sub-Saharan
Samoa
Africa 13 Promoted specialized courts India
on intended reforms. Meeting in Abu
Dhabi, representatives
South Asia 13 from Egypt, Jor- Temporarily eased obligation for Germany
dan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi management to file for bankruptcy
Source: Doing Business database.
Arabia, Sudan, the United Arab Emirates Source: Doing Business database.
62 Doing Business 2010

Table 11.3 procedure allows the reorganization of


Who makes it easy to close a business—and who does not?
companies that face financial difficulties
but are not yet insolvent.
Time (years)
Romania made it more difficult to
Fastest Slowest go through insolvency procedures by
Ireland 0.4 Ecuador 5.3 increasing the cost. A November 2008
Japan 0.6 Indonesia 5.5 amendment to its insolvency law requires
Canada 0.8 Haiti 5.7 1.5% of the amount recovered from each
Singapore 0.8 Philippines 5.7
insolvency procedure to go to a fund for
Belgium 0.9 Belarus 5.8
Finland 0.9 Angola 6.2
reimbursing the expenses of insolvency
Norway 0.9 Czech Republic 6.5 administrators. The aim is to ensure that
Australia 1.0 Maldives 6.7 insolvency administrators are paid even
Belize 1.0 India 7.0 when debtors have no assets. This reform
Iceland 1.0 Mauritania 8.0 reduces the amount creditors recover in
Cost (% of estate) cases where the company has assets and
Least Most increases inefficiency in cases where few
or no assets are available. Other econo-
Colombia 1.0 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 38.0
Kuwait 1.0 Philippines 38.0
mies seek to handle this problem by lim-
Norway 1.0 Samoa 38.0 iting professional intervention where the
Singapore 1.0 Solomon Islands 38.0 possibilities of recovery are slim.
Bahamas, The 3.5 Vanuatu 38.0
Belgium 3.5 Venezuela, R.B. 38.0 Toward smart regulation
Brunei Darussalam 3.5 Sierra Leone 42.0
Canada 3.5 Ukraine 42.0
In times of crisis, overburdened courts,
Finland 3.5 Liberia 42.5
Georgia 3.5 Central African Republic 76.0
unqualified liquidators and rigid laws
become even bigger obstacles to the or-
Source: Doing Business database.
derly exit of nonviable businesses. And
reorganizing viable firms to preserve jobs
France amended its legislation to make procedure available to companies. becomes more important than ever. Gov-
it easier for firms to qualify for its safe- In East Asia and the Pacific, Samoa ernments can help by encouraging firms
guard procedure. The aim is to encour- and the Philippines reformed. Samoa to seek preinsolvency solutions, improv-
age firms to apply for court protection passed 2 new laws: the Companies ing the efficiency of courts and training
early on, before they become insolvent. Amendment Act 2006, which regulates receivers and liquidators to do a good job
Germany, as a temporary relief during 3 stages in insolvency—administration, in administering distressed companies
the financial crisis, eliminated manage- compromise and liquidation—and the and selling their assets efficiently. Doing
ment’s obligation to file for bankruptcy Receivership Act 2006, which provides Business has recorded 76 reforms making
in the case of overindebtedness, where for the appointment of receivers of com- it easier to close a business in the past
business survival is more likely than in panies. The Philippines adopted the Rules 6 years. OECD high-income economies
the case of illiquidity. of Procedure on Corporate Rehabilita- reformed the most (figure 11.4).
Three economies besides Malawi re- tion, introducing the concept of prene-
formed in Sub-Saharan Africa. Mauritius gotiated reorganizations and requiring Facing reality early on
passed a new insolvency law, establishing receivers to have certain qualifications. Debtors should not wait until it is too
a rehabilitation procedure for companies In South Asia, India reformed. More late to save the company. In economies
as an alternative to winding up. The law judges were assigned to the specialized where reorganization functions well,
sets clear time limits, defines the rights debt recovery tribunals, enabling them such as Finland and Norway, companies
and obligations of creditors and debtors to pick up the pace of resolving fore- typically file for bankruptcy a couple of
and outlines sanctions for those who closures. And the Securitization and weeks after default. Many economies,
abuse the system. Rwanda adopted a new Reconstruction of Financial Assets and particularly those with old bankruptcy
law promoting reorganization procedures Enforcement of Security Interest Act regimes, could save more companies by
as a viable option for distressed firms and 2002—has made it easier for courts to getting debtors to face reality early on.
setting clear time limits during the insol- handle foreclosure procedures. One way policy makers can encour-
vency process. Sierra Leone passed a new Kuwait was the only reformer in the age businesses to seek timely solutions is
company act that makes a reorganization Middle East and North Africa. A new to expand the grounds on which compa-
Source: Doing Business database.

CLOSING A BUSINESs
Note: Time and cost do not count separately for the ranking.
63
See Data notes for details.
FIGURE 11.4 troduced specialized bankruptcy courts
OECD high-income economies reformed the most since 2004
to deal more efficiently with insolvency
Share of economies in region making it easier to close a business (%)
procedures.
OECD
59 One country that has increased court
high income
Eastern Europe
efficiency is the United States. Thanks
56
& Central Asia to  an online  case management system,
East Asia
& Pacific 33 anyone  can  consult any document  in
Latin America a bankruptcy case. Bankruptcy judges
22
& Caribbean can work from anywhere, signing orders
Middle East
& North Africa 16 with the click of a mouse. Developed at
Sub-Saharan the end of the 1990s and rolled out in all
Africa 13
states by 2005, the system provides one
South Asia 13 level of information to the general public,
another to lawyers with an account and a
Source: Doing Business database.
third level to bankruptcy judges.
nies suffering financial problems can file ment on the creditors still holding out.
for reorganization. The law should allow The advance negotiations with creditors Training administrators
debtors to file for reorganization when clear the way for quickly scheduling a Receivers and liquidators play essential
facing financial distress rather than court hearing, allowing a rapid exit from roles
FIGUREin 11.3insolvency procedures. Receivers
requiring that they wait for the much bankruptcy.10 take
Higher part in managing
recovery debtor with
rates associated compa- FIGURE
worse situation of insolvency. Of the 18 greater business density
nies—either replacing management or In OEC
Speeding up court procedures Business density (%) after b
economies that reformed in 2008/09, 5 coadministering
75 with it. Liquidators are
Share o
implemented rescue statutes introducing Once an insolvency case is brought be- in charge of selling the assets of nonvi-
or promoting the use of preinsolvency fore the court, a timely resolution be- able
50 companies. Many economies have
procedures: Estonia, France, Kuwait, comes essential, especially if the aim is launched reforms to ensure that both pro-
the Philippines and Poland. The Slovak to save the company. Proceedings that fessions
25
have adequate business and edu-
Republic did so in its Bankruptcy and end with an efficient outcome—the firm cational qualifications and are being well
Restructuring Act that went into effect continuing to operate or being sold as supervised.
0 In recent years such econo-
in 2006. a going concern—go through the insol- Lowest
mies as Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Highest
Economies ranked by recovery rate, quintiles
Requiring debtors to file for insol- vency process in less than 2 years. In the Poland, Romania, the United Kingdom
Note: Business density is the number of registered corporations
vency as soon as they default or as soon OECD high-income group 77% of econo- and the
divided by United population.
the working-age States Relationships
have introduced
are significant at
the 1% level and remain significant when controlling for income O
as default is imminent is another way mies achieve such an outcome. Japan’s qualification standards (figure
per capita. The data include 76 economies.
11.5). h
in
to encourage companies to face reality rehabilitation procedure is one example In 2008/09
Source: Doing Albania,
Business database; World BankColombia
Group and
Entrepreneurship Survey, 2008.
before it is too late. In Poland and Spain, of a well-functioning system of in-court Russia adopted regulations imposing li- Note: Sal
Source: D
filing for bankruptcy too late can subject restructuring. censing requirements for receivers. In
a company’s management to penalties. In Economies in South Asia have the June 2006 FYR Macedonia created a
2008 Uruguay’s new bankruptcy law in- longest insolvency proceedings, averag- chamber of bankruptcy trustees and
troduced an obligation for management ing 4.5 years. They also have the lon- implemented a licensing regime. In 2005
to file within 30 days of learning of the gest average time to enforce a contract
company’s insolvency. If implemented through the courts: 1,053 days. The FIGURE 11.5
well, this provision will reduce delays. length of these procedures reduces the Economies with specialized bankruptcy
courts have higher recovery rates
Creating a framework for prepack- value of firms, making it unlikely that
Recovery rate (cents on the dollar)
aged reorganizations can help keep com- they will continue as a going concern 40
YES
panies operating as a going concern. after insolvency proceedings. YES

Italy and Korea introduced prepackaged The court systems in many econo- 35 NO
NO
reorganizations in 2006/07. Now a firm mies lack the infrastructure, training
can negotiate a reorganization plan with and technical expertise to resolve com- 30
its creditors before filing for bankruptcy. mercial disputes in a timely way.11 In
Once it reaches an agreement with the the coming years growth in the num- 25
required majority of creditors, the firm ber of bankruptcy filings could further
Are there specialized Are there minimum
files for bankruptcy and asks the court strain the capacity of courts, increasing bankruptcy courts? qualifications
to approve its reorganization plan. Once their risk of becoming overwhelmed. But for trustees?
the court approves, it imposes the agree- some economies in recent years have in- Source: Doing Business database.
64 Doing Business 2010

Chile established a system to ensure rig-


orous surveillance by the bankruptcy
commissioner and to link receivers’ fees
to the proceeds realized from asset sales.
The aim is to encourage trustees to sell
distressed assets quickly, maximizing
returns.

1. Spain, National Statistics Institute,


http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do.
2. Euler Hermes, “A Remarkable Accelera-
tion in Business Insolvencies,” press
release, June 4, 2009, http://www
.eulerhermes.com/.
3. Insolvency Service, “Insolvencies in the
Fourth Quarter 2008,” statistics release,
February 6, 2009, http://www
.insolvency.gov.uk/.
4. Gine and Love (2008).
5. Carruthers and Halliday (2007).
6. Bergoeing and others (2007).
7. Gine and Love (2008).
8. The symposium was organized by
Hawkamah, the Institute for Corporate
Governance, in association with the Or-
ganisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development, the World Bank,
INSOL International, the Abu Dhabi
Chamber of Commerce and Industry
and the Abu Dhabi Centre for Corporate
Governance, and supported by Latham
& Watkins.
9. Djankov (2009a).
10. Djankov (2009b).
11. Djankov (2009b).
65

Annex:
pilot
indicators on
getting
electricity

Infrastructure services such as roads, Business aims to illustrate the implica- ture.2 To ensure that the data are com-
water, electricity and telecommuni- tions for entrepreneurs of weak commer- parable across economies, respondents
cations matter for private businesses. cial services by distribution companies in the 140 economies covered were pre-
Where access and quality are poor, they and to complement existing data sets. sented with a standard case study:
can slow a company’s growth. Managers Consistent, objective data on connection
FIGURE 12.1
responding to World Bank Enterprise services can inform utilities, regulators An
Theentrepreneur
cost of electricitywouldfor likebusiness
to connect his
Surveys in 89 economies between 2006 and governments seeking to strengthen newly
Cost built warehouse
to business (% of annual forsales)
cold meat stor-
and 2009 estimated that their spending sector performance and serve as an input age to electricity. The internal wiring up to
on such items as fuel, electricity, tele- for research on links to economic out- the Infrastructure
metering point has already been com-
communications and water amounted comes. pleted Machinery
by the electrician employed by the
to 9% of annual sales, more than for The data differ in important ways construction
Electricity outage firm, and the entrepreneur3.2
machinery. They reported losses due to from other electricity data sets. The new would now like to obtain the final
Bribes 1.9electric-
electricity outages amounting to 3.2 per- indicators do not reflect the costs as- ity connectionSecurityfrom the local 1.4distribution
cent of sales. And when asked about the sociated with electricity consumption or utility. TheCrime electrician working0.9 for the en-
biggest constraint to the operation and measure the percentage of households trepreneur estimates that the warehouse
Note: Survey data are from 64 economies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Latin A
growth of their business, more managers and businesses connected to electricity willreflect
Data need a given
responses 140-kilovolt-ampere
by managers between 2005 and(kVA)
2009.
Source: World Bank Enterprise Surveys.
identified weak electricity services and in each economy. Nor do the indica- connection.3
access to finance than any other issue.1 tors measure problems of quality, such
To move into higher-value-added as the frequency of service interrup-
activities that rely on electricity-based tions, energy losses and voltage drops,
technologies, small and medium-size which represent a significant burden on FIGURE 12.1
enterprises depend on a reliable and af- businesses. But analysis using data on Easier connection—better perception
fordable supply of electricity. But because the new indicators as well as from the of overall infrastructure quality
of capacity constraints in power utilities, World Economic Forum’s Global Com- Perceived quality of infrastructure
services overall
especially in low-income economies, this petitiveness Report suggests a positive
High
important input often cannot be guaran- correlation between the efficiency of the
teed. Whether electricity is reliably avail- connection process and entrepreneurs’
able or not, the first step for a customer perceptions of the overall quality of in-
is always to gain access by obtaining a frastructure services (figure 12.1).
connection. It is this first and key step
that Doing Business aims to measure Constructing the indicators Low
through a new set of pilot indicators on Doing Business tracks all procedures Least Most
difficult difficult
the process a private business must go required for a business to obtain an Economies ranked by ease of getting
through to do so. electricity connection for a newly con- electricity, quintiles
By applying its methodology to the structed building, including an extension Note: Relationships are significant at the 1% level and remain
significant when controlling for income per capita.
question of electricity provision, Doing or expansion of the existing infrastruc- Source: Doing Business database; WEF (2008).

FIGURE 12.3
66 Doing Business 2010

Based on the case study, distribution Table 12.1


Who makes it easy to get electricity—and who does not?
utilities in the main business city of each
economy were asked to describe the pro- Procedures (number)
cedures for obtaining an electricity con- Fewest Most
nection along with the time and cost of Denmark 3 Angola 8
completing them. From their responses, Germany 3 Armenia 8
a list of procedures was drawn up and Japan 3 Azerbaijan 8
verified through e-mail and telephone in- Mauritius 3 Guinea-Bissau 8
terviews with independent professionals Qatar 3 Honduras 8
Saudi Arabia 3 Nigeria 8
such as electricians, electrical engineers,
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 3 Russian Federation 8
electrical contractors and construction Sweden 3 Tajikistan 8
companies. For details on methodology Switzerland 3 Ukraine 9
see data notes on page 95. Antigua and Barbuda 4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10

Time (days)
Who makes it easy to get
electricity? Least Most
An entrepreneur in Ukraine seeking to Germany 17 Russian Federation 272
get his cold-storage business connected St. Kitts and Nevis 18 Czech Republic 279
to electricity has to go through 9 differ- Iceland 22 Cyprus 306
ent procedures to obtain design approv- Austria 23 Ukraine 306
St. Lucia 25 Kyrgyz Republic 325
als, technical certificates for the required
Grenada 30 Tanzania 382
power lines and multiple inspections of
Chile 31 Madagascar 419
the connection works, including an in- Puerto Rico 32 Afghanistan 424
spection from the State Inspectorate for Honduras 33 Guinea-Bissau 437
Protection of Labor. The process takes Panama 35 Sierra Leone 441
306 days and costs $8,419, or 262% of
Cost (% of income per capita)
income per capita.
Economies such as Denmark, Ger- Least Most
many and Japan make it much easier for Japan 0 Ethiopia 6,967
businesses to connect to electricity (table Hong Kong, China 2 Gambia, The 6,975
12.1). In Germany, which has the fastest Qatar 4 Senegal 7,007
process, it takes only 3 interactions with Germany 5 Madagascar 8,466
Iceland 9 Malawi 11,655
the utility and 17 days. An entrepreneur
Panama 11 Central African Republic 14,378
simply needs to sign a supply contract Israel 13 Burkina Faso 15,443
with an electricity retailer and have his Cyprus 14 Benin 15,817
licensed master electrician take care of Norway 14 Congo, Dem. Rep. 28,304
the electricity application. The utility Australia 15 Burundi 43,020
then completes the external connection Source: Doing Business database.
works. The entrepreneur’s warehouse is
hooked up to electricity in less than 3 distribution transformer needed for agencies to comply with safety
weeks, with a total connection cost of the connection. In both Serbia and standards.
$2,151 (5% of income per capita). Montenegro the same construction • Ensure efficient procurement planning,
license can be obtained from the freeing customers from having to
Procedures are few in economies where municipality together with the main obtain the materials needed. In
utilities: construction permit. economies like Bangladesh, Tanzania
• Coordinate with other agencies, such • Transfer responsibility for safety and the Central African Republic
as the municipality or the building compliance of the building’s internal customers may be asked to provide
department, freeing customers from wiring to private electricians. This is such materials as poles, meter boxes
having to contact the same agencies done in Denmark, Germany, Japan or transformers because the utility
several times. In Romania the and Mauritius. But in economies such does not have them in stock.
private contractor hired to complete as Ukraine contractors have to obtain
the connection works must get a multiple approvals from different The number of interactions cus-
separate construction license for the tomers have with the utility and other
annex • ge t ting elec tricit y 67

agencies is the biggest determinant of many economies the bill also includes
connection delays. In economies where the costs of a security deposit and pay-
businesses have to go through 6–10 pro- ments to other agencies for permits,
cedures to get connected, the process inspections and approvals.6
takes 144 days on average. In economies Where the connection process is
with 3–5 procedures, it takes 104 days more complex, the variable costs a cus-
on average. It takes 56 days to get con- tomer must pay account for a larger share
nected in the 10 economies with the of the total. While fixed costs represent
fewest procedures, and 215 days in the an average 59% of the total cost in the 10
10 economies with the most. lowest-cost economies, they amount to
Differences in the voltage level to only 8% of the total in the 10 highest-cost
which customers need to connect are economies. This reduces the transpar-
the biggest driver of differences in con- ency of connection costs and utilities’
nection costs across economies. High- accountability to customers, possibly
income economies often have electricity leaving more room for corruption.
distribution systems that can connect a
customer requesting a 140-kVA connec- What is to come?
tion simply by extending an overhead Data have been collected for 140 econo-
line or underground cable. The cost in mies (table 12.2). More detailed data for
these cases is a quarter to a half of the each economy can be found on the Doing
cost in cases where the customer’s prem- Business website. In the coming year the
ises must be connected to the next higher sample of economies will be expanded,
voltage level. with the aim of covering the same sample
But connection costs vary signifi- as the main Doing Business indicators.
cantly among economies within income As more data become available, the data
groups, suggesting room to reduce costs set on the Doing Business website will be
regardless of existing infrastructure. In updated. A report with a more detailed
the 10 lowest-cost economies (all high- analysis of findings is under prepara-
income economies except Panama) the tion, as is a background paper on the
average cost for a connection is no more methodology. Feedback from govern-
than 9% of income per capita, an eighth ments and utilities is welcome and will
of the average for all high-income econo- be used as input in further refining the
mies (75% of income per capita). In the methodology.
10 highest-cost economies (all low-in-
come economies) the average is 15,803%
of income per capita, more than twice
the average for the low-income group
(7,384% of income per capita).
Connection costs can be divided
into 2 main categories: a fixed connec-
tion fee that should reflect a cost model
on how to spread the fixed costs of
operating a distribution grid over all cus-
tomers,4 and the variable costs for each
connection, accounting for the labor,
material and inspections required.5 In
68 Doing Business 2010

table 12.2
Getting electricity data

Cost Cost
Procedures (% of income Procedures (% of income
Economy (number) Time (days) per capita) Economy (number) Time (days) per capita)
Afghanistan 4 424 618.2 Gambia, The 4 178 6,975.1
Albania 5 162 614.5 Georgia 4 71 666.3
Angola 8 41 1,102.3 Germany 3 17 5.1
Antigua and Barbuda 4 42 140.0 Ghana 4 78 2,240.5
Argentina 6 74 25.2 Greece 6 77 35.6
Armenia 8 242 673.0 Grenada 4 30 244.6
Australia 5 46 15.4 Guatemala 4 39 677.4
Austria 5 23 110.7 Guinea-Bissau 8 437 4,125.8
Azerbaijan 8 225 624.4 Honduras 8 33 963.4
Bahamas, The 7 61 45.0 Hong Kong, China 4 101 1.8
Bahrain 5 72 47.8 Hungary 6 252 98.3
Bangladesh 7 109 3,171.4 Iceland 4 22 8.7
Belarus 6 218 1,291.4 India 7 67 504.9
Belgium 4 50 44.2 Iran, Islamic Rep. 6 143 1,050.3
Belize 5 106 341.9 Ireland 4 106 21.3
Benin 5 172 15,816.9 Israel 6 113 12.7
Bhutan 5 241 1,675.4 Jamaica 6 48 80.1
Bolivia 7 51 1,484.4 Japan 3 105 0
Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 127 276.7 Jordan 5 43 525.2
Botswana 5 117 465.4 Kazakhstan 5 103 300.5
Brazil 6 36 163.2 Kenya 5 162 1,405.3
Bulgaria 6 102 295.1 Kyrgyz Republic 6 325 2,478.4
Burkina Faso 4 158 15,443 Lao PDR 5 127 3,245.2
Burundi 4 158 43,020.5 Latvia 5 193 335.1
Cambodia 4 169 3,854.1 Lebanon 5 75 29.9
Cameroon 4 67 1,735.3 Lesotho 5 86 2,675.7
Canada 8 133 164.4 Lithuania 4 98 62.3
Cape Verde 4 46 1,112.9 Luxembourg 5 120 51.5
Central African Republic 6 210 14,377.7 Macedonia, FYR 5 90 924.9
Chile 6 31 88.4 Madagascar 5 419 8,466.2
China 4 118 835.7 Malawi 5 179 11,654.8
Colombia 5 150 1,243.6 Malaysia 6 51 42.6
Congo, Dem. Rep. 6 73 28,304.0 Maldives 6 101 823.1
Costa Rica 5 62 329.0 Mauritius 3 44 262.8
Côte d’Ivoire 5 43 4,303.7 Mexico 7 169 577.1
Croatia 5 70 319.8 Moldova 7 126 650.7
Cyprus 4 306 13.9 Montenegro 4 67 409.3
Czech Republic 6 279 184.9 Morocco 5 71 2,295
Denmark 3 43 106.2 Namibia 7 40 403.9
Djibouti 4 180 6,473.4 Nepal 6 73 2,890.0
Dominica 5 73 1,188.1 Netherlands 5 125 38.9
Ecuador 5 89 973.5 New Zealand 5 47 73.3
Egypt, Arab Rep. 7 50 453.5 Nicaragua 6 70 1,695.3
El Salvador 7 74 467.3 Niger 4 165 4,295.9
Estonia 4 99 206.1 Nigeria 8 260 1,146.8
Ethiopia 4 75 6,967.3 Norway 4 59 14.1
Fiji 6 46 794.8 Oman 5 66 70.8
Finland 5 53 20.9 Pakistan 5 233 2,334.7
France 5 123 27.9 Panama 5 35 10.7
Gabon 5 160 256.9 Paraguay 4 53 409.8
annex • ge t ting elec tricit y 69

Cost
Procedures (% of income
Economy (number) Time (days) per capita) 1. According to World Bank Enterprise Surveys for 89 economies,
15.6% of managers consider electricity the most serious constraint,
Peru 5 118 521.8 and a similar share (15.7%) consider access to finance the most se-
Philippines 5 63 466.5 rious constraint (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org).
Poland 4 143 233.2 2. An extension involves extending the network by laying low-voltage
Puerto Rico 5 32 433.8 underground cables or installing low-voltage overhead wires from
Qatar 3 90 3.8 the metering point to the closest substation. An expansion involves
Romania 7 207 312.8 installing a pole- or pad-mounted distribution transformer and
connecting it between the customer’s metering point and the util-
Russian Federation 8 272 4,521.6
ity’s medium-voltage network.
Saudi Arabia 3 71 78.0
3. The load of 140 kVA was chosen to reflect the energy needs of a
Senegal 6 125 7,007.0 relatively electricity-intensive small or medium-size enterprise. By
Serbia 4 81 513.4 comparison, a residential customer would need 20–40 kVA. A 140-
Seychelles 5 132 479.5 kVA load is also significant enough to assume that the entrepreneur
Sierra Leone 8 441 1,279.1 cannot opt to steal electricity instead.
Singapore 5 76 34.2 4. Where connection fees are fixed, they are usually calculated as a
Slovenia 5 38 115.4 function of the peak electricity demand of the facility to be con-
nected. These fixed fees can often be found on the website of the
South Africa 5 171 443.2
utility or the regulator.
Spain 4 85 169.6
5. Detailed information on different cost components for each econ-
Sri Lanka 4 132 1,548.5 omy can be found on the Doing Business website (http://www
St. Kitts and Nevis 4 18 377.3 .doingbusiness.org).
St. Lucia 4 25 469.9 6. Security deposits represent a significant financial burden. In Ethio-
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 3 52 459.6 pia a medium-size company requesting an electricity connection
Suriname 5 128 745.7 will lose an amount equivalent to 148% of income per capita be-
Sweden 3 52 21.1 cause of the security deposit, required as a guarantee that it will pay
future electricity bills. Because the utility holds the deposit until
Switzerland 3 39 68.8
the end of the contract and repays it without interest, the company
Syrian Arab Republic 5 71 994.2 cannot put that money to a more productive use. Security deposits
Tajikistan 8 211 1,456.8 are charged by utilities in both the top 10 economies on the cost of
Tanzania 4 382 251.4 a new electricity connection and the bottom 10. But in the better-
Tonga 5 50 128.8 performing economies they are significantly lower and utilities offer
arrangements reducing the financial burden. In Australia, Hong
Trinidad and Tobago 5 56 53.6
Kong (China) and Panama customers can opt in part for a guaran-
Tunisia 4 58 1,136.1 tee from a bank, at a lower cost than the interest that would be lost
Turkey 4 62 812.6 on the deposit.
Uganda 5 151 5,209.9
Ukraine 9 306 262.0
United Arab Emirates 4 55 15.9
United Kingdom 5 111 42.2
United States 5 48 16.8
Uzbekistan 7 123 2,532.8
Vietnam 4 127 1,685.1
West Bank and Gaza 6 70 1,567.1
Yemen, Rep. 4 35 6,926.1
Zambia 4 103 1,042.7
70 Doing Business 2010

Annex: methodology, Doing Business intends to


measure implementation of core labor
fined as “work which by its nature or the
circumstances . . . is likely to jeopardize
worker standards, that is, the adoption of the core
labor standards in national legislation.
the health, safety or morals of young
persons.”6 In 1999 Convention 182 was

protection Data are collected from readings of laws


and regulations. Child labor was selected
adopted to eliminate the worst forms of
child labor. Convention 182 classifies haz-
as the first area of research. Estimates re- ardous work as among the 4 worst forms
ported in a 2006 ILO study of child labor of child labor, with the other 3 being child
are high: worldwide, more than 190 mil- slavery and practices similar to slavery,
lion children between the ages of 5 and 14 child prostitution and child pornography
are economically active.2 and illicit activities such as drug traffick-
In 2008 Doing Business initiated re- ing.7 According to the 2006 ILO study, of
search on the national implementation the 190.7 million children between 5 and
of the minimum age provisions included 14 involved in economic activity, 70.9
in 2 ILO conventions on child labor: million were engaged in some form of
Convention 138, on the minimum age hazardous work.8
Last year’s report included a table show- for admission to employment, ratified by Specific minimum age thresholds
ing ratification of the International La- 154 countries, and Convention 182, on exist for “light work.” Convention 138
bour Organization’s core labor standards the worst forms of child labor, ratified allows national laws to permit children
by the 181 economies covered by that by 171 countries.3 These conventions ages 13–15 to engage in light work
report and indicated that Doing Business establish clear minimum age thresholds “which is not likely to harm their health
would be conducting further analysis on that ratifying countries must implement or development or prejudice their school
those standards.1 These standards are in their national legislation. The results attendance.”9 Countries “whose economy
included in the 8 ILO conventions cover- of the research are not included in the or educational facilities are insufficiently
ing the freedom of association and right indicators on employing workers. developed” may allow children ages
to collective bargaining, the elimination In a sample of 102 countries se- 12–14 to do light work. As a proxy for
of forced labor, equitable treatment in lected to represent different regions and countries “whose economy and educa-
employment practices and the abolition income groups, the research looked at tional facilities are insufficiently devel-
of child labor. whether national laws are in line with oped,” Doing Business used the World
Building on the initial analysis on the ILO conventions on child labor (table Bank country classifications low income
the core labor standards, Doing Business 13.1). Labor law experts completed sur- and lower middle income.10
plans to develop a new worker protec- vey questions on national child labor
tion indicator, a process that will benefit provisions. Answers were verified using Ratification of ILO convention 138
from the advice of a working group with the text of the laws. The survey did not Among the 102 countries covered by the re-
broad stakeholder representation. The cover enforcement of child labor laws. search, 20 have not ratified Convention 138
ILO, which has leadership on the core (table 13.2). While ratifying the relevant
labor standards, will serve as an essential ILO conventions on child labor ILO conventions is important, not ratify-
source of guidance in this process. When the ILO was formed in 1919, child ing the conventions does not necessarily
In accordance with the standard labor was the subject of its first conven- mean that standards are not implemented
tions. In 1973 Convention 138 revised
Table 13.1 10 conventions that had covered mini- Table 13.2
Countries in the sample Implementation of minimum working
mum age for admission to employment age by nonratifying sample countries
Region Countries or work in specific sectors since 1919.
Minimum age limit Countries
East Asia & Pacific 16 Convention 138 sets the minimum age
Higher 8
Eastern Europe & Central Asia 13 of admission to the labor force at “not
Same 3
Latin America & Caribbean 16
less than the age of completion of com-
pulsory schooling, and, in any case, not Lower 5
Middle East & North Africa 18
less than 15 years.”4 For countries “whose None 4
OECD high income 14
economy or educational facilities are in- Total 20
South Asia 5 sufficiently developed,” the minimum Note: Table shows sample countries that have not ratified
Sub-Saharan Africa 20 age may be set at 14.5 Convention 138 by minimum working age relative to that set
in the convention (14 years for low- and lower-middle-income
Total 102 The convention establishes a mini- countries, 15 for high- and upper-middle-income countries).
Source: Doing Business database. mum age of 18 for hazardous work, de- Source: Doing Business database.
annex • worker protec tion 71
Table 13.3
Table 13.4
Implementation of minimum working age by all sample countries Implementation of minimum age for
Region Higher limit Same limit Lower limit No limit hazardous work by all sample countries
East Asia & Pacific 9 3 2 2 Minimum age limit Countries
Eastern Europe & Central Asia 9 4 0 0 Same 73
Latin America & Caribbean 6 6 4 0 Lower 13
Middle East & North Africa 10 5 3 0 None 16
OECD high income 4 7 2 1 Total 102
South Asia 2 2 0 1 Note: Table shows sample countries by minimum age for haz-
ardous work relative to that set in Convention 138 (18 years).
Sub-Saharan Africa 7 11 2 0 Source: Doing Business database.

Total 47 38 13 4
Note: Table shows sample countries by minimum working age relative to that set in Convention 138 (14 years for low- and lower-middle- Minimum age for hazardous
income countries, 15 for high- and upper-middle-income countries).
work
Source: Doing Business database.
National provisions specifying a mini-
in national legislation. For example, while reforms are under way. Kuwait is chang- mum age for hazardous work exist in
Ghana and Saudi Arabia have not rati- ing its labor law to raise the minimum 86% of low- and lower-middle-income,
fied Convention 138, their laws establish a age from 14 years to 15. In South Asia 83% of upper-middle-income and 81%
minimum working age of 15. 2 countries that did not ratify the con- of high-income countries in the sample
Half the 20 countries that have not vention, Afghanistan and Bhutan, set a of 102 countries. Of the 102 countries,
ratified the convention are low- and minimum working age of 18, exceeding 86 have laws prohibiting hazardous work
lower-middle-income countries. These the requirement of the ILO convention below a certain age (table 13.4). Among
10 countries all meet or exceed the mini- and raising the average in the region. these 86 countries, 73 set the standard
mum age of 14 established by the con- In Eastern Europe and Central Asia all minimum age of 18 for hazardous work.
vention for countries “whose economy countries have adopted the minimum Thirteen have lower age thresholds, in-
or educational facilities are insufficiently age threshold of 15. cluding the United Arab Emirates (17),
developed.” Afghanistan and Bhutan are In East Asia and the Pacific some Namibia (16) and Samoa (15).
examples. Each has legislation estab- countries, such as China, Mongolia and Sixteen countries, including Anti-
lishing a minimum working age of 18, Papua New Guinea, exceed the require- gua and Barbuda, the Netherlands and
exceeding the minimum age required by ment by setting 16 as the minimum age. Palau, have no age limit applying specifi-
the convention by 4 years. In the Middle East and North Africa, cally to hazardous work.
Five of the 20 countries that have Algeria, Jordan and Tunisia have done
not ratified the convention have not im- the same. Minimum age for light work
plemented the convention’s standards: Only 17 of the 102 countries have an Of the 102 countries surveyed, only 44
Bahrain, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, age limit below the minimum specified in (or 43%) have established an age limit
Mexico and the United States. These 5 the convention or have set no minimum specifically for light work (table 13.5).
high- and upper- middle-income coun- age at all. This is the case for 4 countries Three countries allow light work but do
tries have established 14 as the minimum in East Asia and the Pacific and 4 in Latin not specify an age limit. The 47 coun-
age, 1 year below the minimum age pre- America and the Caribbean. The law in
scribed by the convention. Belize is unclear, mentioning 2 differ- Table 13.5
ent minimum working ages, 12 and 14, Implementation of minimum age for
light work by all sample countries
Minimum age for admission to in different provisions of the text.11 The
the labor force Minimum age limit Countries
Federated States of Micronesia’s law does
Of the 102 countries in the sample, 85 not set a minimum age. Higher 24

have a minimum age for admission to In East Asia and the Pacific 9 of Same 20
the labor force that complies with the 11 low- and lower-middle-income coun- No minimum age in provision for 3
minimum age prescribed by Convention tries, including Cambodia, Fiji and light work
138 (table 13.3). Timor-Leste, have not used the excep- No provision for light work 55
In Sub-Saharan Africa 18 of 20 tion for “countries whose economy or Total 102
countries have a minimum age that educational facilities are insufficiently Note: Table shows sample countries by minimum age for light
work relative to that set in Convention 138 (12 years for low-
meets or exceeds the age limit set by developed,” which would allow them to and lower-middle-income countries, 13 for high- and upper-
the convention. In the Middle East and set a minimum age of 14. Instead, they middle-income countries).
North Africa 15 of 18 countries do. And set their minimum working age at 15. Source: Doing Business database.
72 Doing Business 2010

tries that allow light work include such


examples as seasonal agricultural work,
helping out in the family business and
vocational training. In The Bahamas the
law specifically allows children to sell
newspapers or nuts after school hours.
The 44 countries that have estab-
lished a specific minimum age for light
work include countries that have not
ratified Convention 138, including the
United States (14), Saudi Arabia (13) and
Bangladesh (12).

1. World Bank (2008a, p.147).


2. ILO (2006).
3. http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/docs/
declworld.htm.
4. Convention 138, Article 2.3.
5. Convention 138, Article 2.4.
6. Convention 138, Article 3.
7. Convention 182, Article 3.
8. ILO (2006).
9. Convention 138, Article 7.
10. World Bank country income group clas-
sifications are available at http://www
.worldbank.org/data/countryclass.
11. Belize Labor Act (Chapter 297), Revised
Edition 2000, Section 164 and Section
169 (a).
73

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77

Data notes Methodology swers checked for accuracy. The meth-


odology is inexpensive and easily repli-
The Doing Business data are collected in cable, so data can be collected in a large
a standardized way. To start, the Doing sample of economies. Because standard
Business team, with academic advis- assumptions are used in the data collec-
ers, designs a survey. The survey uses tion, comparisons and benchmarks are
a simple business case to ensure com- valid across economies. Finally, the data
parability across economies and over not only highlight the extent of specific
time—with assumptions about the legal regulatory obstacles to business but also
form of the business, its size, its loca- identify their source and point to what
tion and the nature of its operations. might be reformed.
Surveys are administered through more
than 8,000 local experts, including law- Limits to what is measured
yers, business consultants, accountants,
freight forwarders, government officials The Doing Business methodology has 5
and other professionals routinely ad- limitations that should be considered
The indicators presented and analyzed in ministering or advising on legal and when interpreting the data. First, the
Doing Business measure business regu- regulatory requirements (table 14.1). collected data refer to businesses in the
lation and the protection of property These experts have several (typically 4) economy’s largest business city and may
rights—and their effect on businesses, rounds of interaction with the Doing not be representative of regulation in
especially small and medium-size do- Business team, involving conference other parts of the economy. To address
mestic firms. First, the indicators docu- calls, written correspondence and visits this limitation, subnational Doing Busi-
ment the degree of regulation, such as the by the team. For Doing Business 2010 ness indicators were created for 17 econ-
number of procedures to start a business team members visited 43 economies omies in 2008/09: Albania, Bosnia and
or to register and transfer commercial to verify data and recruit respondents. Herzegovina, China, Colombia, Croatia,
property. Second, they gauge regulatory The data from surveys are subjected to Egypt, India, Italy (Veneto region), Ko-
outcomes, such as the time and cost to numerous tests for robustness, which sovo, FYR Macedonia, Mexico, Monte-
enforce a contract, go through bank- lead to revisions or expansions of the negro, Morocco, Nigeria, the Philippines,
ruptcy or trade across borders. Third, information collected. Serbia and the United Arab Emirates
they measure the extent of legal pro- The Doing Business methodology (Abu Dhabi).2 Five other subnational
tections of property, for example, the offers several advantages. It is trans- studies are under way, in Central Asia,
protections of investors against looting parent, using factual information about Indonesia, Kenya, the Russian Federa-
by company directors or the range of what laws and regulations say and al- tion and Ukraine. Some existing sub-
assets that can be used as collateral ac- lowing multiple interactions with local national studies are updated annually
cording to secured transactions laws. respondents to clarify potential misin- to measure progress over time or to
Fourth, they measure the flexibility of terpretations of questions. Having repre- expand geographic coverage. This is the
employment regulation. Finally, a set of sentative samples of respondents is not case in Colombia, India, Mexico, Nige-
indicators documents the tax burden on an issue, as the texts of the relevant laws ria, Pakistan and the Philippines. These
businesses. For details on how the rank- and regulations are collected and an- subnational studies point to significant
ings on these indicators are constructed, differences in the speed of reform and
Table 14.1
see Ease of doing business, page 97. How many experts does Doing Business the ease of doing business across cities in
The data for all sets of indicators in consult? the same economy.
Doing Business 2010 are for June 2009.1 Number of Second, the data often focus on
Indicator set contributors
Two new economies—Cyprus and Ko- a specific business form—generally a
Starting a business 1,403
sovo—were added to the sample, now limited liability company (or its legal
Dealing with construction permits 639
comprising 183 economies. Employing workers 997
equivalent) of a specified size—and may
Registering property 1,010 not be representative of the regulation
Getting credit 1,173 on other businesses, for example, sole
Protecting investors 877 proprietorships. Third, transactions de-
Paying taxes 926 scribed in a standardized case scenario
Trading across borders 1,455 refer to a specific set of issues and may
Enforcing contracts 1,029 not represent the full set of issues a busi-
Closing a business 863 ness encounters. Fourth, the measures of
78 Doing Business 2010

time involve an element of judgment by Economy characteristics


the expert respondents. When sources Gross national income (GNI) ates and Zimbabwe. In these cases
indicate different estimates, the time per capita GDP or GNP per capita data and
indicators reported in Doing Business Doing Business 2010 reports 2008 growth rates from the International
represent the median values of several income per capita as published in Monetary Fund’s World Economic
responses given under the assumptions the World Bank’s World Development Outlook database and the Economist
of the standardized case. Indicators 2009. Income is calculated Intelligence Unit were used.
Finally, the methodology assumes using the Atlas method (current US$).
that a business has full information on For cost indicators expressed as a per- Region and income group
what is required and does not waste time centage of income per capita, 2008 Doing Business uses the World Bank
when completing procedures. In practice, GNI in local currency units is used as regional and income group clas-
completing a procedure may take longer the denominator. GNI data were not sifications, available at http://www
if the business lacks information or is un- available from the World Bank for .worldbank.org/data/countryclass.
able to follow up promptly. Alternatively, Afghanistan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
the business may choose to disregard Brunei Darussalam, Cyprus, Guinea, Population
some burdensome procedures. For both the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Doing Business 2010 reports midyear
reasons the time delays reported in Doing Kosovo, Kuwait, Mauritania, Oman, 2008 population statistics as published
Business 2010 would differ from the rec- Puerto Rico, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tai- in World Development Indicators
ollection of entrepreneurs reported in the wan (China), the United Arab Emir- 2009.
World Bank Enterprise Surveys or other
perception surveys.

Changes in what is measured Data challenges and revisions Starting a business

The methodology for one of the Doing Most laws and regulations underlying the Doing Business records all procedures
Business topics—employing workers— Doing Business data are available on the that are officially required for an entre-
was updated this year.3 The assumptions Doing Business website at http://www.do- preneur to start up and formally operate
for the standardized case study were ingbusiness.org. All the sample surveys an industrial or commercial business.
changed to refer to a small- to medium- and the details underlying the indicators These include obtaining all necessary
size company with 60 employees rather are also published on the website. Ques- licenses and permits and completing any
than 201. The scope of the question on tions on the methodology and challenges required notifications, verifications or
night and weekly holiday work has been to data can be submitted through the inscriptions for the company and em-
limited to manufacturing activities in website’s “Ask a Question” function at ployees with relevant authorities.
which continuous operation is economi- http://www.doingbusiness.org. After a study of laws, regulations
cally necessary. Legally mandated wage Doing Business publishes 8,967 in- and publicly available information on
premiums for night and weekly holiday dicators each year. To create these in- business entry, a detailed list of proce-
work up to a threshold are no longer dicators, the team measures more than dures is developed, along with the time
considered a restriction. In addition, the 52,000 data points, each of which is and cost of complying with each proce-
calculation of the minimum wage ratio made available on the Doing Busines dure under normal circumstances and
was modified to ensure that an economy website. Historical data for each indica- the paid-in minimum capital require-
would not benefit in the scoring from tor and economy are available on the ments. Subsequently, local incorpora-
lowering the minimum wage to below website, beginning with the first year the tion lawyers and government officials
$1.25 a day, adjusted for purchasing indicator or economy was included in complete and verify the data.
power parity. This level is consistent the report. To provide a comparable time Information is also collected on the
with recent adjustments to the absolute series for research, the data set is back- sequence in which procedures are to
poverty line. Finally, the calculation of calculated to adjust for changes in meth- be completed and whether procedures
the redundancy cost was adjusted so odology and any revisions in data due may be carried out simultaneously. It is
that having severance payments or un- to corrections. The website also makes assumed that any required information
employment protections below a certain available all original data sets used for is readily available and that all agencies
threshold does not mean a better score background papers. The correction rate involved in the start-up process function
for an economy. between Doing Business 2009 and Doing without corruption. If answers by local
Business 2010 was 5.5%. experts differ, inquiries continue until
the data are reconciled.
DATA NOTES 79

To make the data comparable across TABLE 14.2


What does starting a business measure?
economies, several assumptions about the
business and the procedures are used. Procedures to legally start and operate a company (number)
• Preregistration (for example, name verification or reservation, notarization)
Assumptions about the business • Registration in the economy’s largest business city
• Postregistration (for example, social security registration, company seal)
The business:
• Is a limited liability company. If there Time required to complete each procedure (calendar days)
is more than one type of limited • Does not include time spent gathering information
liability company in the economy, the • Each procedure starts on a separate day
• Procedure completed once final document is received
limited liability form most popular
• No prior contact with officials
among domestic firms is chosen.
Information on the most popular Cost required to complete each procedure (% of income per capita)

form is obtained from incorporation • Official costs only, no bribes


lawyers or the statistical office. • No professional fees unless services required by law

• Operates in the economy’s largest Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita)
business city. • Deposited in a bank or with a notary before registration begins
• Is 100% domestically owned and has Source: Doing Business database.
5 owners, none of whom is a legal
entity. must be completed in the same build- the majority of companies, and avoiding
• Has start-up capital of 10 times ing but in different offices are counted them causes substantial delays.
income per capita at the end of 2008, as separate procedures. If founders have Only procedures required of all
paid in cash. to visit the same office several times for businesses are covered. Industry-specific
• Performs general industrial or different sequential procedures, each is procedures are excluded. For example,
commercial activities, such as the counted separately. The founders are as- procedures to comply with environmen-
production or sale to the public of sumed to complete all procedures them- tal regulations are included only when
products or services. The business selves, without middlemen, facilitators, they apply to all businesses conducting
does not perform foreign trade accountants or lawyers, unless the use general commercial or industrial activi-
activities and does not handle of such a third party is mandated by ties. Procedures that the company un-
products subject to a special tax law. If the services of professionals are dergoes to connect to electricity, water,
regime, for example, liquor or required, procedures conducted by such gas and waste disposal services are not
tobacco. It is not using heavily professionals on behalf of the company included.
polluting production processes. are counted separately. Each electronic
• Leases the commercial plant and procedure is counted separately. If 2 pro- Time
offices and is not a proprietor of real cedures can be completed through the Time is recorded in calendar days. The
estate. same website but require separate filings, measure captures the median duration
• Does not qualify for investment they are counted as 2 procedures. that incorporation lawyers indicate is
incentives or any special benefits. Both pre- and postincorporation necessary to complete a procedure with
• Has at least 10 and up to 50 procedures that are officially required minimum follow-up with government
employees 1 month after the for an entrepreneur to formally operate a agencies and no extra payments. It is as-
commencement of operations, all of business are recorded (table 14.2). sumed that the minimum time required
them nationals. Procedures required for official cor- for each procedure is 1 day. Although
• Has a turnover of at least 100 times respondence or transactions with public procedures may take place simultane-
income per capita. agencies are also included. For example, ously, they cannot start on the same day
• Has a company deed 10 pages long. if a company seal or stamp is required (that is, simultaneous procedures start
on official documents, such as tax dec- on consecutive days). A procedure is
Procedures larations, obtaining the seal or stamp is considered completed once the company
A procedure is defined as any interaction counted. Similarly, if a company must has received the final document, such as
of the company founders with external open a bank account before registering the company registration certificate or
parties (for example, government agen- for sales tax or value added tax, this tax number. If a procedure can be accel-
cies, lawyers, auditors or notaries). In- transaction is included as a procedure. erated for an additional cost, the fastest
teractions between company founders or Shortcuts are counted only if they fulfill 4 procedure is chosen. It is assumed that
company officers and employees are not criteria: they are legal, they are available the entrepreneur does not waste time
counted as procedures. Procedures that to the general public, they are used by and commits to completing each remain-
80 Doing Business 2010

ing procedure without delay. The time recorded for Mexico is therefore 10,000 • Is 100% domestically and privately
that the entrepreneur spends on gather- pesos, or 8.9% of income per capita. owned.
ing information is ignored. It is assumed • Has 5 owners, none of whom is a legal
that the entrepreneur is aware of all entry The data details on starting a business entity.
regulations and their sequence from the can be found for each economy at http:// • Is fully licensed and insured to carry
beginning but has had no prior contact www.doingbusiness.org by selecting the out construction projects, such as
with any of the officials. economy in the drop-down list. This meth- building warehouses.
odology was developed in Djankov and • Has 60 builders and other employees,
Cost others (2002) and is adopted here with all of them nationals with the
Cost is recorded as a percentage of the minor changes. technical expertise and professional
economy’s income per capita. It includes experience necessary to obtain
all official fees and fees for legal or pro- Dealing with construction construction permits and approvals.
fessional services if such services are PERMITS • Has at least 1 employee who is a
required by law. Fees for purchasing and licensed architect and registered with
legalizing company books are included Doing Business records all procedures the local association of architects.
if these transactions are required by law. required for a business in the construc- • Has paid all taxes and taken out all
The company law, the commercial code tion industry to build a standardized necessary insurance applicable to its
and specific regulations and fee sched- warehouse. These procedures include general business activity (for example,
ules are used as sources for calculating submitting all relevant project-specific accidental insurance for construction
costs. In the absence of fee schedules, a documents (for example, building plans workers and third-person liability).
government officer’s estimate is taken and site maps) to the authorities; obtain- • Owns the land on which the
as an official source. In the absence of a ing all necessary clearances, licenses, warehouse is built.
government officer’s estimate, estimates permits and certificates; completing all
of incorporation lawyers are used. If required notifications; and receiving all Assumptions about the warehouse
several incorporation lawyers provide necessary inspections. Doing Business The warehouse:
different estimates, the median reported also records procedures for obtaining • Will be used for general storage
value is applied. In all cases the cost ex- connections for electricity, water, sew- activities, such as storage of books or
cludes bribes. erage and a fixed land line. Procedures stationery. The warehouse will not be
necessary to register the property so that used for any goods requiring special
Paid-in minimum capital it can be used as collateral or transferred conditions, such as food, chemicals or
The paid-in minimum capital require- to another entity are also counted. The pharmaceuticals.
ment reflects the amount that the entre- survey divides the process of building a • Has 2 stories, both above ground,
preneur needs to deposit in a bank or warehouse into distinct procedures and with a total surface of approximately
with a notary before registration and up to calculates the time and cost of complet- 1,300.6 square meters (14,000 square
3 months following incorporation and is ing each procedure in practice under feet). Each floor is 3 meters (9 feet, 10
recorded as a percentage of the economy’s normal circumstances. inches) high.
income per capita. The amount is typi- Information is collected from experts • Has road access and is located in
cally specified in the commercial code or in construction licensing, including ar- the periurban area of the economy’s
the company law. Many economies have a chitects, construction lawyers, construc- largest business city (that is, on the
minimum capital requirement but allow tion firms, utility service providers and fringes of the city but still within its
businesses to pay only a part of it before public officials who deal with building official limits).
registration, with the rest to be paid after regulations, including approvals and in- • Is not located in a special economic
the first year of operation. In Italy in spections. To make the data comparable or industrial zone. The zoning
June 2009, the minimum capital require- across economies, several assumptions requirements for warehouses are met
ment for limited liability companies was about the business, the warehouse project by building in an area where similar
€10,000, of which at least €2,500 was and the utility connections are used. warehouses can be found.
payable before registration. The paid-in • Is located on a land plot of 929 square
minimum capital recorded for Italy is Assumptions about the meters (10,000 square feet) that
construction company
therefore €2,500, or 9.7% of income per is 100% owned by BuildCo and is
capita. In Mexico the minimum capital The business (BuildCo): accurately registered in the cadastre
requirement was 50,000 pesos, of which • Is a limited liability company. and land registry.
one-fifth needed to be paid before reg- • Operates in the economy’s largest • Is a new construction (there was no
istration. The paid-in minimum capital business city. previous construction on the land).
DATA NOTES 81
TABLE 14.3 as procedures. Procedures that the com-
What does dealing with construction permits measure? pany undergoes to connect to electricity,
Procedures to legally build a warehouse (number) water, sewerage and telephone services
• Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining all necessary clearances, licenses, permits and certificates are included. All procedures that are
• Completing all required notifications and receiving all necessary inspections legally or in practice required for build-
• Obtaining utility connections for electricity, water, sewerage and a land telephone line
ing a warehouse are counted, even if
• Registering the warehouse after its completion (if required for use as collateral or for transfer of warehouse)
they may be avoided in exceptional cases
Time required to complete each procedure (calendar days)
(table 14.3).
• Does not include time spent gathering information
• Each procedure starts on a separate day Time
• Procedure completed once final document is received
Time is recorded in calendar days. The
• No prior contact with officials
measure captures the median duration
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of income per capita)
that local experts indicate is necessary to
• Official costs only, no bribes
complete a procedure in practice. It is as-
Source: Doing Business database. sumed that the minimum time required
for each procedure is 1 day. Although
• Has complete architectural and • Does not require water for procedures may take place simultane-
technical plans prepared by a licensed fire protection reasons; a fire ously, they cannot start on the same day
architect. extinguishing system (dry system) (that is, simultaneous procedures start
• Will include all technical equipment will be used instead. If a wet fire on consecutive days). If a procedure can
required to make the warehouse fully protection system is required by law, be accelerated legally for an additional
operational. it is assumed that the water demand cost, the fastest procedure is chosen. It
• Will take 30 weeks to construct specified below also covers the water is assumed that BuildCo does not waste
(excluding all delays due to needed for fire protection. time and commits to completing each
administrative and regulatory • Has an average water use of 662 liters remaining procedure without delay. The
requirements). (175 gallons) a day and an average time that BuildCo spends on gathering
wastewater flow of 568 liters (150 information is ignored. It is assumed
Assumptions about the utility gallons) a day. that BuildCo is aware of all building
connections
• Has a peak water use of 1,325 liters requirements and their sequence from
The electricity connection: (350 gallons) a day and a peak the beginning.
• Is 10 meters (32 feet, 10 inches) from wastewater flow of 1,136 liters (300
the main electricity network. gallons) a day. Cost
• Is a medium-tension, 3-phase, 4-wire • Will have a constant level of water Cost is recorded as a percentage of the
Y, 140-kVA connection. Three-phase demand and wastewater flow economy’s income per capita. Only of-
service is available in the construction throughout the year. ficial costs are recorded. All the fees
area. associated with completing the proce-
• Will be delivered by an overhead The telephone connection: dures to legally build a warehouse are
service, unless overhead service is not • Is 10 meters (32 feet, 10 inches) from recorded, including those associated
available in the periurban area. the main telephone network. with obtaining land use approvals and
• Consists of a simple hookup unless • Is a fixed land line. preconstruction design clearances; re-
installation of a private substation ceiving inspections before, during and
(transformer) or extension of network Procedures after construction; getting utility con-
is required. A procedure is any interaction of the nections; and registering the warehouse
• Requires the installation of only one company’s employees or managers with property. Nonrecurring taxes required
electricity meter. external parties, including government for the completion of the warehouse
BuildCo is assumed to have a licensed agencies, notaries, the land registry, the project also are recorded. The building
electrician on its team to complete the cadastre, utility companies, public and code, information from local experts and
internal wiring for the warehouse. private inspectors and technical experts specific regulations and fee schedules are
The water and sewerage connection: apart from in-house architects and en- used as sources for costs. If several local
• Is 10 meters (32 feet, 10 inches) from gineers. Interactions between company partners provide different estimates, the
the existing water source and sewer employees, such as development of the median reported value is used.
tap. warehouse plans and inspections con-
ducted by employees, are not counted
82 Doing Business 2010

The data details on dealing with con- a better score by failing to comply with • Operates in the manufacturing sector.
struction permits can be found for each these conventions. • Has 60 employees.
economy at http://www.doingbusiness.org The ILO conventions covering areas • Is subject to collective bargaining
by selecting the economy in the drop- related to the employing workers indica- agreements in economies where such
down list. tors do not include the ILO core labor agreements cover more than half the
standards—8 conventions covering the manufacturing sector and apply even
Employing workers right to collective bargaining, the elimi- to firms not party to them.
nation of forced labor, the abolition of • Abides by every law and regulation
Doing Business measures the regulation child labor and equitable treatment in but does not grant workers more
of employment, specifically as it affects employment practices. benefits than mandated by law,
the hiring and redundancy of workers In the past year Doing Business con- regulation or (if applicable) collective
and the rigidity of working hours. In 2007 ducted research on implementation (by bargaining agreement.
improvements were made to align the adoption in national law) of 2 ILO con-
methodology for the employing workers ventions on child labor. This year’s report Rigidity of employment index
indicators with the International Labour includes preliminary findings for 102 The rigidity of employment index is the
Organization (ILO) conventions. countries (see annex on worker protec- average of 3 subindices: a difficulty of
This year further changes were tion). Doing Business does not measure hiring index, a rigidity of hours index
made to the methodology for the em- or rank ratification or compliance with and a difficulty of redundancy index
ploying workers indicators. First, the ILO conventions. (table 14.4). All the subindices have sev-
standardized case study was changed to The data on employing workers are eral components. And all take values
refer to a small to medium-size company based on a detailed survey of employ- between 0 and 100, with higher values
with 60 employees rather than 201. Sec- ment regulations that is completed by indicating more rigid regulation.
ond, restrictions on night and weekly local lawyers and public officials. Em- The difficulty of hiring index mea-
holiday work are taken into account if ployment laws and regulations as well as sures (i) whether fixed-term contracts are
they apply to manufacturing activities in secondary sources are reviewed to ensure prohibited for permanent tasks; (ii) the
which continuous operation is economi- accuracy. To make the data comparable maximum cumulative duration of fixed-
cally necessary. Third, legally mandated across economies, several assumptions term contracts; and (iii) the ratio of the
wage premiums for work performed on about the worker and the business are minimum wage for a trainee or first-time
the designated weekly holiday or for used. employee to the average value added per
night work are scored on the basis of a worker.4 An economy is assigned a score
4-tiered scale. Fourth, economies that Assumptions about the worker of 1 if fixed-term contracts are prohibited
mandate 8 or fewer weeks of severance The worker: for permanent tasks and a score of 0 if
pay and do not offer unemployment • Is a 42-year-old, nonexecutive, full- they can be used for any task. A score of
protection receive the best score. Finally, time, male employee. 1 is assigned if the maximum cumulative
the calculation of the minimum wage • Has worked at the same company for duration of fixed-term contracts is less
ratio was modified to ensure that an 20 years. than 3 years; 0.5 if it is 3 years or more
economy would not benefit in the scor- • Earns a salary plus benefits equal to but less than 5 years; and 0 if fixed-term
ing from lowering the minimum wage to the economy’s average wage during contracts can last 5 years or more. Finally,
below $1.25 a day, adjusted for purchas- the entire period of his employment. a score of 1 is assigned if the ratio of
ing power parity. This level is consistent • Is a lawful citizen who belongs to the the minimum wage to the average value
with recent adjustments to the absolute same race and religion as the majority added per worker is 0.75 or more; 0.67 for
poverty line. of the economy’s population. a ratio of 0.50 or more but less than 0.75;
Only 4 of the 188 ILO conventions • Resides in the economy’s largest 0.33 for a ratio of 0.25 or more but less
cover areas measured by Doing Business: business city. than 0.50; and 0 for a ratio of less than
employee termination, weekend work, • Is not a member of a labor union, 0.25. In Benin, for example, fixed-term
holiday with pay and night work. The unless membership is mandatory. contracts are not prohibited for perma-
Doing Business methodology is fully con- nent tasks (a score of 0), and they can be
sistent with these 4 conventions. It is pos- Assumptions about the business used for a maximum of 4 years (a score
sible for an economy to receive the best The business: of 0.5). The ratio of the mandated mini-
score on the ease of employing workers • Is a limited liability company. mum wage to the value added per worker
and comply with all relevant ILO conven- • Operates in the economy’s largest is 0.59 (a score of 0.67). Averaging the 3
tions (specifically, the 4 related to Doing business city. values and scaling the index to 100 gives
Business)—and no economy can achieve • Is 100% domestically owned. Benin a score of 39.
DATA NOTES 83
Table 14.4 tify a third party (a score of 1) and obtain
What does employing workers measure? its approval (a score of 2) to terminate a
Difficulty of hiring index (0–100) single redundant worker, and has to both
• Applicability and maximum duration of fixed-term contracts notify a third party (a score of 1) and
• Minimum wage for trainee or first-time employee obtain its approval (a score of 1) to termi-
Rigidity of hours index (0–100) nate a group of 9 redundant workers. The
• Restrictions on night work and weekend work law mandates retraining or alternative
• Allowed maximum length of the workweek in days and hours, including overtime placement before termination (a score of
• Paid annual vacation days 1). There are priority rules for termina-
Difficulty of redundancy index (0–100) tion (a score of 1) and reemployment (a
• Notification and approval requirements for termination of a redundant worker or group of redundant score of 1). Adding the scores and scaling
workers to 100 gives a final index of 80.
• Obligation to reassign or retrain and priority rules for redundancy and reemployment
Rigidity of employment index (0–100) Redundancy cost
• Simple average of the difficulty of hiring, rigidity of hours and difficulty of redundancy indices The redundancy cost indicator measures
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) the cost of advance notice requirements,
• Notice requirements, severance payments and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, ex- severance payments and penalties due
pressed in weeks of salary when terminating a redundant worker,
Source: Doing Business database. expressed in weeks of salary. If the re-
dundancy cost adds up to 8 or fewer
The rigidity of hours index has 5 The difficulty of redundancy index weeks of salary and the worker can ben-
components: (i) whether there are re- has 8 components: (i) whether redun- efit from unemployment protection, a
strictions on night work; (ii) whether dancy is disallowed as a basis for ter- score of 0 is assigned for the purposes of
there are restrictions on weekly holiday minating workers; (ii) whether the em- calculating the aggregate ease of doing
work; (iii) whether the workweek can ployer needs to notify a third party (such business ranking. If the redundancy cost
consist of 5.5 days; (iv) whether the as a government agency) to terminate adds up to 8 or fewer weeks of salary and
workweek can extend to 50 hours or 1 redundant worker; (iii) whether the the worker cannot benefit from any type
more (including overtime) for 2 months employer needs to notify a third party to of unemployment protection, a score of
a year to respond to a seasonal increase terminate a group of 9 redundant work- 8.1 weeks is assigned for the purpose of
in production; and (v) whether paid ers; (iv) whether the employer needs calculating the aggregate ease of doing
annual vacation is 21 working days or approval from a third party to terminate business. If the cost adds up to more than
fewer. For questions (i) and (ii), when 1 redundant worker; (v) whether the em- 8 weeks of salary, the score is the number
restrictions other than premiums apply, a ployer needs approval from a third party of weeks. One month is recorded as 4 and
score of 1 is given. If the only restriction to terminate a group of 9 redundant 1/3 weeks.
is a premium for night work and weekly workers; (vi) whether the law requires In Mauritania, for example, an em-
holiday work, a score of 0, 0.33, 0.66 or the employer to reassign or retrain a ployer is required to give 1 month’s no-
1 is given according to the quartile in worker before making the worker redun- tice before a redundancy termination,
which the economy’s premium falls. If dant; (vii) whether priority rules apply and the severance pay for a worker with
there are no restrictions, the economy for redundancies; and (viii) whether 20 years of service equals 6.25 months of
receives a score of 0. For questions (iii), priority rules apply for reemployment. wages. No penalty is levied. Altogether,
(iv) and (v), when the answer is no, a For the first question an answer of yes the employer pays the equivalent of 31.4
score of 1 is assigned; otherwise a score for workers of any income level gives a weeks of salary to dismiss the worker.
of 0 is assigned. score of 10 and means that the rest of
For example, Honduras imposes re- the questions do not apply. An answer of The data details on employing workers
strictions on night work (a score of 1) yes to question (iv) gives a score of 2. For can be found for each economy at http://
but not on weekly holiday work (a score every other question, if the answer is yes, www.doingbusiness.org by selecting the
of 0), allows 6-day workweeks (a score a score of 1 is assigned; otherwise a score economy in the drop-down list. The Doing
of 0), permits 50-hour workweeks for 2 of 0 is given. Questions (i) and (iv), as the Business website provides historical data
months (a score of 0) and requires paid most restrictive regulations, have greater sets adjusted for changes in methodology
annual vacation of 20 working days (a weight in the construction of the index. to allow comparison of data across years.
score of 0). Averaging the scores and In Tunisia, for example, redundancy This methodology was developed in Bot-
scaling the result to 100 gives a final is allowed as grounds for termination (a ero and others (2004) and is adopted here
index of 20 for Honduras. score of 0). An employer has to both no- with minor changes.
84 Doing Business 2010

Registering property TABLE 14.5


What does registering property measure?
Doing Business records the full sequence Procedures to legally transfer title on immovable property (number)
of procedures necessary for a business • Preregistration (for example, checking for liens, notarizing sales agreement, paying property transfer taxes)
(buyer) to purchase a property from • Registration in the economy’s largest business city
• Postregistration (for example, filing title with municipality)
another business (seller) and to transfer
the property title to the buyer’s name so Time required to complete each procedure (calendar days)
that the buyer can use the property for • Does not include time spent gathering information
expanding its business, use the property • Each procedure starts on a separate day
• Procedure completed once final document is received
as collateral in taking new loans or, if
• No prior contact with officials
necessary, sell the property to another
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of property value)
business. The process starts with obtain-
ing the necessary documents, such as a • Official costs only, no bribes
• No value added or capital gains taxes included
copy of the seller’s title if necessary, and
conducting due diligence if required. The Source: Doing Business database.

transaction is considered complete when


it is opposable to third parties and when • Is registered in the land registry or tors, notaries and lawyers. Interactions
the buyer can use the property, use it as cadastre, or both, and is free of title between company officers and employ-
collateral for a bank loan or resell it. disputes. ees are not considered. All procedures
Every procedure required by law • Is located in a periurban commercial that are legally or in practice required for
or necessary in practice is included, zone, and no rezoning is required. registering property are recorded, even if
whether it is the responsibility of the • Consists of land and a building. The they may be avoided in exceptional cases
seller or the buyer or must be completed land area is 557.4 square meters (table 14.5). It is assumed that the buyer
by a third party on their behalf. Local (6,000 square feet). A 2-story follows the fastest legal option available
property lawyers, notaries and property warehouse of 929 square meters and used by the majority of property
registries provide information on pro- (10,000 square feet) is located on the owners. Although the buyer may use
cedures as well as the time and cost to land. The warehouse is 10 years old, is lawyers or other professionals where
complete each of them. in good condition and complies with necessary in the registration process, it
To make the data comparable across all safety standards, building codes is assumed that it does not employ an
economies, several assumptions about and other legal requirements. The outside facilitator in the registration pro-
the parties to the transaction, the prop- property of land and building will be cess unless legally or in practice required
erty and the procedures are used. transferred in its entirety. to do so.
• Will not be subject to renovations
Assumptions about the parties or additional building following the Time
The parties (buyer and seller): purchase. Time is recorded in calendar days. The
• Are limited liability companies. • Has no trees, natural water sources, measure captures the median duration
• Are located in the periurban area of natural reserves or historical that property lawyers, notaries or reg-
the economy’s largest business city. monuments of any kind. istry officials indicate is necessary to
• Are 100% domestically and privately • Will not be used for special purposes, complete a procedure. It is assumed that
owned. and no special permits, such as for the minimum time required for each
• Have 50 employees each, all of whom residential use, industrial plants, procedure is 1 day. Although procedures
are nationals. waste storage or certain types of may take place simultaneously, they can-
• Perform general commercial agricultural activities, are required. not start on the same day. It is assumed
activities. • Has no occupants (legal or illegal), that the buyer does not waste time and
and no other party holds a legal commits to completing each remaining
Assumptions about the property interest in it. procedure without delay. If a procedure
The property: can be accelerated for an additional cost,
• Has a value of 50 times income per Procedures the fastest legal procedure available and
capita. The sale price equals the value. A procedure is defined as any interaction used by the majority of property owners
• Is fully owned by the seller. of the buyer or the seller, their agents (if is chosen. If procedures can be under-
• Has no mortgages attached and has an agent is legally or in practice required) taken simultaneously, it is assumed that
been under the same ownership for or the property with external parties, they are. It is assumed that the parties
the past 10 years. including government agencies, inspec- involved are aware of all regulations and
DATA NOTES 85

their sequence from the beginning. Time through analysis of laws and regulations • To fund its business expansion plans,
spent on gathering information is not as well as public sources of information ABC obtains a loan from BizBank for
considered. on collateral and bankruptcy laws. The an amount up to 10 times income per
data on credit information sharing are capita in local currency.
Cost built in 2 stages. First, banking super- • Both ABC and BizBank are 100%
Cost is recorded as a percentage of the vision authorities and public informa- domestically owned.
property value, assumed to be equiva- tion sources are surveyed to confirm the
lent to 50 times income per capita. Only presence of public credit registries and The case scenarios also involve as-
official costs required by law are re- private credit information bureaus. Sec- sumptions. In case A, as collateral for the
corded, including fees, transfer taxes, ond, when applicable, a detailed survey loan, ABC grants BizBank a nonposses-
stamp duties and any other payment to on the public or private credit registry’s sory security interest in one category of
the property registry, notaries, public structure, law and associated rules is revolving movable assets, for example,
agencies or lawyers. Other taxes, such as administered to the credit registry. Sur- its accounts receivable or its inventory.
capital gains tax or value added tax, are vey responses are verified through sev- ABC wants to keep both possession and
excluded from the cost measure. Both eral rounds of follow-up communication ownership of the collateral. In economies
costs borne by the buyer and those borne with respondents as well as by contact- in which the law does not allow non-
by the seller are included. If cost esti- ing third parties and consulting public possessory security interests in movable
mates differ among sources, the median sources. The survey data are confirmed property, ABC and BizBank use a fidu-
reported value is used. through teleconference calls or on-site ciary transfer-of-title arrangement (or
visits in all economies. a similar substitute for nonpossessory
The data details on registering property security interests).
can be found for each economy at http:// Strength of legal rights index In case B, ABC grants BizBank a
www.doingbusiness.org by selecting the The strength of legal rights index mea- business charge, enterprise charge, float-
economy in the drop-down list. sures the degree to which collateral and ing charge or any charge that gives Bi-
bankruptcy laws protect the rights of zBank a security interest over ABC’s
Getting credit borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate combined assets (or as much of ABC’s
lending (table 14.6). Two case scenarios assets as possible). ABC keeps ownership
Doing Business constructs measures of are used to determine the scope of the and possession of the assets.
the legal rights of borrowers and lenders secured transactions system, involving The strength of legal rights index
and the sharing of credit information. a secured borrower, the company ABC, includes 8 aspects related to legal rights
The first set of indicators describes how and a secured lender, BizBank. in collateral law and 2 aspects in bank-
well collateral and bankruptcy laws facili- ruptcy law. A score of 1 is assigned for
tate lending. The second set measures the Several assumptions about the secured each of the following features of the
coverage, scope, quality and accessibility borrower and lender are used: laws:
of credit information available through • ABC is a domestic, limited liability • Any business may use movable assets
public and private credit registries. company. as collateral while keeping possession
The data on the legal rights of bor- • ABC has its headquarters and only of the assets, and any financial
rowers and lenders are gathered through base of operations in the economy’s institution may accept such assets as
a survey of financial lawyers and verified largest business city. collateral.
TABLE 14.6
• The law allows a business to grant
What does getting credit measure? a nonpossessory security right in a
Strength of legal rights index (0–10) single category of revolving movable
assets (such as accounts receivable
• Protection of rights of borrowers and lenders through collateral and bankruptcy laws
• Security interest is a nonpossessory one in movable assets or inventory), without requiring a
specific description of the secured
Depth of credit information index (0–6)
assets.
• Scope and accessibility of credit information distributed by public and private credit registries
• The law allows a business to grant
• Quality of data distributed by public and private credit registries
a nonpossessory security right in
Public credit registry coverage (% of adults)
substantially all of its assets, without
• Number of individuals and firms listed in a public credit registry as percentage of adult population
requiring a specific description of the
Private credit bureau coverage (% of adults) secured assets.
• Number of individuals and firms listed in a private credit bureau as percentage of adult population
Source: Doing Business database.
86 Doing Business 2010

• A security right may extend to future pattern of on-time repayments) and Public credit registry coverage
or after-acquired assets and may negative information (for example, The public credit registry coverage indi-
extend automatically to the products, late payments, number and amount cator reports the number of individuals
proceeds or replacements of the of defaults and bankruptcies) are and firms listed in a public credit registry
original assets. distributed. with information on repayment history,
• General description of debts and • Data on both firms and individuals unpaid debts or credit outstanding from
obligations is permitted in collateral are distributed. the past 5 years. The number is expressed
agreements and in registration • Data from retailers, utility companies as a percentage of the adult popula-
documents, so that all types of as well as financial institutions are tion (the population aged 15 and above
obligations and debts can be secured distributed. in 2009 according to the World Bank’s
by stating a maximum rather than a • More than 2 years of historical data World Development Indicators). A public
specific amount between the parties. are distributed. Registries that erase credit registry is defined as a database
• A collateral registry is in operation data on defaults as soon as they are managed by the public sector, usually by
that is unified geographically and repaid obtain a score of 0 for this the central bank or the superintendent
by asset type and that is indexed by indicator. of banks that collects information on the
the name of the grantor of a security • Data on loans below 1% of income creditworthiness of borrowers (persons
right. per capita are distributed. A registry or businesses) in the financial system
• Secured creditors are paid first (for must have a minimum coverage of 1% and makes it available to financial insti-
example, before general tax claims of the adult population to score a 1 tutions. If no public registry operates, the
and employee claims) when a debtor for this indicator. coverage value is 0.
defaults outside an insolvency • By law, borrowers have the right to
procedure. access their data in the largest registry Private credit bureau coverage
• Secured creditors are paid first (for in the economy. The private credit bureau coverage in-
example, before general tax claims dicator reports the number of individu-
and employee claims) when a The index ranges from 0 to 6, with als and firms listed by a private credit
business is liquidated. higher values indicating the availability bureau with information on repayment
• Secured creditors are not subject to of more credit information, from either history, unpaid debts or credit outstand-
an automatic stay or moratorium a public registry or a private bureau, to ing from the past 5 years. The number
on enforcement procedures when facilitate lending decisions. If the registry is expressed as a percentage of the adult
a debtor enters a court-supervised is not operational or has coverage of less population (the population aged 15 and
reorganization procedure. than 0.1% of the adult population, the above in 2009 according to the World
• The law allows parties to agree in a score on the depth of credit information Bank’s World Development Indicators). A
collateral agreement that the lender index is 0. private credit bureau is defined as a pri-
may enforce its security right out of In Turkey, for example, both a public vate firm or nonprofit organization that
court. and a private registry operate. Both dis- maintains a database on the creditwor-
tribute positive and negative information thiness of borrowers (persons or busi-
The index ranges from 0 to 10, with (a score of 1). Both also distribute data nesses) in the financial system and facili-
higher scores indicating that collateral on firms as well as individuals (a score of tates the exchange of credit information
and bankruptcy laws are better designed 1). The public and private registries share among banks and financial institutions.
to expand access to credit. data among financial institutions only; Credit investigative bureaus and credit
no data are collected from retailers or reporting firms that do not directly facili-
Depth of credit information utilities (a score of 0). The private bureau tate information exchange among banks
index
distributes more than 2 years of histori- and other financial institutions are not
The depth of credit information index cal data (a score of 1). The public registry considered. If no private bureau operates,
measures rules affecting the scope, ac- collects data on loans of $3,493 (44% the coverage value is 0.
cessibility and quality of credit informa- of income per capita) or more, but the
tion available through either public or private bureau collects information on The data details on getting credit can be
private credit registries. A score of 1 is loans of any value (a score of 1). Borrow- found for each economy at http://www
assigned for each of the following 6 fea- ers have the right to access their data in .doingbusiness.org by selecting the econ-
tures of the public registry or the private both the private and the public registry omy in the drop-down list. This method-
credit bureau (or both): (a score of 1). Summing across the indi- ology was developed in Djankov, McLiesh
• Both positive credit information cators gives Turkey a total score of 5. and Shleifer (2007) and is adopted here
(for example, loan amounts and with minor changes.
DATA NOTES 87

Protecting investors may legally act on behalf of Buyer the other parties that approved the
where permitted, even if this is not transaction.
Doing Business measures the strength of specifically required by law.
minority shareholder protections against • Is a food manufacturer. Extent of disclosure index
directors’ misuse of corporate assets for • Has its own distribution network. The extent of disclosure index has 5 com-
personal gain. The indicators distinguish ponents (table 14.7):
3 dimensions of investor protection: Assumptions about the • What corporate body can provide
transaction
transparency of related-party transac- legally sufficient approval for the
tions (extent of disclosure index), liabil- • Mr. James is Buyer’s controlling transaction. A score of 0 is assigned if
ity for self-dealing (extent of director li- shareholder and a member of Buyer’s it is the CEO or the managing director
ability index) and shareholders’ ability to board of directors. He owns 60% alone; 1 if the board of directors
sue officers and directors for misconduct of Buyer and elected 2 directors to or shareholders must vote and Mr.
(ease of shareholder suits index). The Buyer’s 5-member board. James is permitted to vote; 2 if the
data come from a survey of corporate • Mr. James also owns 90% of Seller, board of directors must vote and Mr.
lawyers and are based on securities regu- a company that operates a chain of James is not permitted to vote; 3 if
lations, company laws and court rules of retail hardware stores. Seller recently shareholders must vote and Mr. James
evidence. closed a large number of its stores. is not permitted to vote.
To make the data comparable across • Mr. James proposes that Buyer • Whether immediate disclosure of
economies, several assumptions about purchase Seller’s unused fleet of the transaction to the public, the
the business and the transaction are trucks to expand Buyer’s distribution regulator or the shareholders is
used. of its food products, a proposal to required. A score of 0 is assigned if no
which Buyer agrees. The price is equal disclosure is required; 1 if disclosure
Assumptions about the business to 10% of Buyer’s assets and is higher on the terms of the transaction is
The business (Buyer): than the market value. required but not on Mr. James’s
• Is a publicly traded corporation listed • The proposed transaction is part conflict of interest; 2 if disclosure
on the economy’s most important of the company’s ordinary course on both the terms and Mr. James’s
stock exchange. If the number of of business and is not outside the conflict of interest is required.
publicly traded companies listed authority of the company. • Whether disclosure in the annual
on that exchange is less than 10, or • Buyer enters into the transaction. All report is required. A score of 0 is
if there is no stock exchange in the required approvals are obtained, and assigned if no disclosure on the
economy, it is assumed that Buyer is all required disclosures made (that is, transaction is required; 1 if disclosure
a large private company with multiple the transaction is not fraudulent). on the terms of the transaction is
shareholders. • The transaction is unfair to Buyer. required but not on Mr. James’s
• Has a board of directors and a Shareholders sue Mr. James and conflict of interest; 2 if disclosure
chief executive officer (CEO) who on both the terms and Mr. James’s
conflict of interest is required.
TABLE 14.7 • Whether disclosure by Mr. James to
What does protecting investors measure? the board of directors is required. A
Extent of disclosure index (0–10) score of 0 is assigned if no disclosure
• Who can approve related-party transactions is required; 1 if a general disclosure of
• Disclosure requirements in case of related-party transactions the existence of a conflict of interest
Extent of director liability index (0–10) is required without any specifics; 2
• Ability of the shareholders to hold the interested party and the approving body liable in case of related- if full disclosure of all material facts
party transactions relating to Mr. James’s interest in the
• Available legal remedies (damages, repayment of profits, fines and imprisonment) Buyer-Seller transaction is required.
• Ability of shareholders to sue directly or derivatively
• Whether it is required that an
Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) external body, for example, an
• Documents and information available during trial external auditor, review the
• Direct access to internal documents of the company and use of a government inspector without filing a transaction before it takes place. A
suit in court
score of 0 is assigned if no; 1 if yes.
Strength of investor protection index (0–10)
• Simple average of the extent of disclosure, extent of director liability and ease of shareholder suits indices The index ranges from 0 to 10, with
Source: Doing Business database. higher values indicating greater disclo-
88 Doing Business 2010

sure. In Poland, for example, the board is assigned if rescission is unavailable Ease of shareholder suits index
of directors must approve the transaction or it is available only in case of fraud The ease of shareholder suits index has 6
and Mr. James is not allowed to vote (a or bad faith; 1 if rescission is available components:
score of 2). Buyer is required to disclose when the transaction is oppressive or • What range of documents is available
immediately all information affecting the prejudicial to the other shareholders; to the shareholder plaintiff from the
stock price, including the conflict of in- 2 if rescission is available when the defendant and witnesses during trial.
terest (a score of 2). In its annual report transaction is unfair or entails a A score of 1 is assigned for each of
Buyer must also disclose the terms of the conflict of interest. the following types of documents
transaction and Mr. James’s ownership • Whether Mr. James pays damages available: information that the
in Buyer and Seller (a score of 2). Before for the harm caused to the company defendant has indicated he intends to
the transaction Mr. James must disclose upon a successful claim by the rely on for his defense; information
his conflict of interest to the other direc- shareholder plaintiff. A score of 0 is that directly proves specific facts in
tors, but he is not required to provide assigned if no; 1 if yes. the plaintiff ’s claim; any information
specific information about it (a score of • Whether Mr. James repays profits relevant to the subject matter of
1). Poland does not require an external made from the transaction upon a the claim; and any information that
body to review the transaction (a score of successful claim by the shareholder may lead to the discovery of relevant
0). Adding these numbers gives Poland plaintiff. A score of 0 is assigned if no; information.
a score of 7 on the extent of disclosure 1 if yes. • Whether the plaintiff can directly
index. • Whether fines and imprisonment can examine the defendant and witnesses
be applied against Mr. James. A score during trial. A score of 0 is assigned
Extent of director liability of 0 is assigned if no; 1 if yes. if no; 1 if yes, with prior approval of
index
• Whether shareholder plaintiffs are the questions by the judge; 2 if yes,
The extent of director liability index has able to sue directly or derivatively for without prior approval.
7 components: the damage the transaction causes to • Whether the plaintiff can obtain
• Whether a shareholder plaintiff is the company. A score of 0 is assigned categories of relevant documents from
able to hold Mr. James liable for if suits are unavailable or are available the defendant without identifying
damage the Buyer-Seller transaction only for shareholders holding more each document specifically. A score of
causes to the company. A score of 0 is than 10% of the company’s share 0 is assigned if no; 1 if yes.
assigned if Mr. James cannot be held capital; 1 if direct or derivative suits • Whether shareholders owning 10%
liable or he can be held liable only for are available for shareholders holding or less of the company’s share capital
fraud or bad faith; 1 if Mr. James can 10% or less of share capital. can request that a government
be held liable only if he influenced inspector investigate the Buyer-Seller
the approval of the transaction or The index ranges from 0 to 10, with transaction without filing suit in
was negligent; 2 if Mr. James can higher values indicating greater liability court. A score of 0 is assigned if no;
be held liable when the transaction of directors. To hold Mr. James liable in 1 if yes.
is unfair or prejudicial to the other Panama, for example, a plaintiff must • Whether shareholders owning
shareholders. prove that Mr. James influenced the ap- 10% or less of the company’s share
• Whether a shareholder plaintiff is proving body or acted negligently (a capital have the right to inspect the
able to hold the approving body (the score of 1). To hold the other directors transaction documents before filing
CEO or board of directors) liable for liable, a plaintiff must prove that they suit. A score of 0 is assigned if no; 1
the damage the transaction causes to acted negligently (a score of 1). The if yes.
the company. A score of 0 is assigned unfair transaction cannot be voided (a • Whether the standard of proof for
if the approving body cannot be held score of 0). If Mr. James is found liable, civil suits is lower than that for a
liable or it can be held liable only for he must pay damages (a score of 1) but criminal case. A score of 0 is assigned
fraud or bad faith; 1 if the approving he is not required to disgorge his profits if no; 1 if yes.
body can be held liable for negligence; (a score of 0). Mr. James cannot be fined
2 if the approving body can be or imprisoned (a score of 0). Direct suits The index ranges from 0 to 10, with
held liable when the transaction is are available for shareholders holding higher values indicating greater powers
unfair or prejudicial to the other 10% or less of share capital (a score of of shareholders to challenge the transac-
shareholders. 1). Adding these numbers gives Panama tion. In Greece, for example, the plaintiff
• Whether a court can void the a score of 4 on the extent of director li- can access documents that the defendant
transaction upon a successful claim ability index. intends to rely on for his defense and that
by a shareholder plaintiff. A score of 0 directly prove facts in the plaintiff ’s claim
DATA NOTES 89

(a score of 2). The plaintiff can examine Paying taxes tion is also compiled on the frequency of
the defendant and witnesses during trial, filing and payments as well as time taken
though only with prior approval of the Doing Business records the taxes and to comply with tax laws in an economy.
questions by the court (a score of 1). The mandatory contributions that a medium- The project was developed and imple-
plaintiff must specifically identify the size company must pay in a given year, as mented in cooperation with Pricewater-
documents being sought (for example, well as measures of the administrative houseCoopers.
the Buyer-Seller purchase agreement of burden of paying taxes and contribu- To make the data comparable across
July 15, 2006) and cannot just request tions. Taxes and contributions measured economies, several assumptions about
categories (for example, all documents include the profit or corporate income the business and the taxes and contribu-
related to the transaction) (a score of tax, social contributions and labor taxes tions are used.
0). A shareholder holding 5% of Buyer’s paid by the employer, property taxes,
shares can request that a government property transfer taxes, dividend tax, Assumptions about the business
inspector review suspected mismanage- capital gains tax, financial transactions The business:
ment by Mr. James and the CEO without tax, waste collection taxes and vehicle • Is a limited liability, taxable company.
filing suit in court (a score of 1). Any and road taxes. If there is more than one type of
shareholder can inspect the transaction Doing Business measures all taxes limited liability company in the
documents before deciding whether to and contributions that are government economy, the limited liability form
sue (a score of 1). The standard of proof mandated (at any level—federal, state most popular among domestic firms
for civil suits is the same as that for a or local), apply to the standardized busi- is chosen. The most popular form is
criminal case (a score of 0). Adding these ness and have an impact in its income reported by incorporation lawyers or
numbers gives Greece a score of 5 on the statements. In doing so, Doing Business the statistical office.
ease of shareholder suits index. goes beyond the traditional definition of • Started operations on January 1, 2007.
a tax: as defined for the purposes of gov- At that time the company purchased
Strength of investor ernment national accounts, taxes include all the assets shown in its balance
protection index
only compulsory, unrequited payments sheet and hired all its workers.
The strength of investor protection index to general government. Doing Business • Operates in the economy’s largest
is the average of the extent of disclosure departs from this definition because it business city.
index, the extent of director liability measures imposed charges that affect • Is 100% domestically owned and has
index and the ease of shareholder suits business accounts, not government ac- 5 owners, all of whom are natural
index. The index ranges from 0 to 10, counts. The main differences relate to persons.
with higher values indicating more in- labor contributions and value added tax. • Has a start-up capital of 102 times
vestor protection. The Doing Business measure includes income per capita at the end of 2007.
government-mandated contributions • Performs general industrial or
The data details on protecting investors paid by the employer to a requited pri- commercial activities. Specifically, it
can be found for each economy at http:// vate pension fund or workers’ insurance produces ceramic flowerpots and sells
www.doingbusiness.org by selecting the fund. The indicator includes, for example, them at retail. It does not participate
economy in the drop-down list. This Australia’s compulsory superannuation in foreign trade (no import or export)
methodology was developed in Djankov, guarantee and workers’ compensation and does not handle products subject
La Porta, López-de-Silanes and Shleifer insurance. It excludes value added taxes to a special tax regime, for example,
(2008). because they do not affect the accounting liquor or tobacco.
profits of the business—that is, they are • At the beginning of 2007, owns 2
not reflected in the income statement. plots of land, 1 building, machinery,
Doing Business uses a case scenario office equipment, computers and 1
to measure the taxes and contributions truck and leases 1 truck.
paid by a standardized business and the • Does not qualify for investment
complexity of an economy’s tax compli- incentives or any benefits apart from
ance system. This case scenario uses a set those related to the age or size of the
of financial statements and assumptions company.
about transactions made over the year. • Has 60 employees—4 managers, 8
Tax experts in each economy compute assistants and 48 workers. All are
the taxes and mandatory contributions nationals, and 1 manager is also an
due in their jurisdiction based on the owner.
standardized case study facts. Informa-
90 Doing Business 2010

• Has a turnover of 1,050 times income Tax payments Time


per capita. The tax payments indicator reflects the Time is recorded in hours per year. The
• Makes a loss in the first year of total number of taxes and contributions indicator measures the time taken to pre-
operation. paid, the method of payment, the fre- pare, file and pay 3 major types of taxes
• Has a gross margin (pretax) of 20% quency of payment, the frequency of fil- and contributions: the corporate income
(that is, sales are 120% of the cost of ing and the number of agencies involved tax, value added or sales tax and labor
goods sold). for this standardized case during the taxes, including payroll taxes and social
• Distributes 50% of its net profits as second year of operation (table 14.8). It contributions. Preparation time includes
dividends to the owners at the end of includes consumption taxes paid by the the time to collect all information neces-
the second year. company, such as sales tax or value added sary to compute the tax payable and to
• Sells one of its plots of land at a profit tax. These taxes are traditionally collected calculate the amount payable. If sepa-
at the beginning of the second year. from the consumer on behalf of the tax rate accounting books must be kept for
• Has annual fuel costs for its trucks agencies. Although they do not affect tax purposes—or separate calculations
equal to twice income per capita. the income statements of the company, made—the time associated with these
• Is subject to a series of detailed they add to the administrative burden of processes is included. This extra time is
assumptions on expenses and complying with the tax system and so are included only if the regular accounting
transactions to further standardize included in the tax payments measure. work is not enough to fulfill the tax ac-
the case. All financial statement The number of payments takes into counting requirements. Filing time in-
variables are proportional to 2006 account electronic filing. Where full elec- cludes the time to complete all necessary
income per capita. For example, the tronic filing and payment is allowed and tax return forms and file the relevant re-
owner who is also a manager spends it is used by the majority of medium-size turns at the tax authority. Payment time
10% of income per capita on traveling businesses, the tax is counted as paid considers the hours needed to make the
for the company (20% of this owner’s once a year even if filings and payments payment online or at the tax authorities.
expenses are purely private, 20% are are more frequent. Where taxes and contributions are paid
for entertaining customers and 60% Where 2 or more taxes or contribu- in person, the time includes delays while
for business travel). tions are filed for and paid jointly using waiting.
the same form, each of these joint pay-
Assumptions about the taxes ments is counted once. For example, if Total tax rate
and contributions
mandatory health insurance contribu- The total tax rate measures the amount
• All the taxes and contributions paid tions and mandatory pension contribu- of taxes and mandatory contributions
in the second year of operation tions are filed for and paid together, borne by the business in the second year
(fiscal 2008) are recorded. A tax or only one of these contributions would be of operation, expressed as a share of
contribution is considered distinct if included in the number of payments. commercial profit. Doing Business 2010
it has a different name or is collected
by a different agency. Taxes and
contributions with the same name TABLE 14.8
and agency, but charged at different What does paying taxes measure?
rates depending on the business, Tax payments for a manufacturing company in 2008 (number per year)
are counted as the same tax or
• Total number of taxes and contributions paid, including consumption taxes (value added tax, sales tax or
contribution. goods and service tax)
• The number of times the company • Method and frequency of filing and payment
pays taxes and contributions in Time required to comply with 3 major taxes (hours per year)
a year is the number of different
• Collecting information and computing the tax payable
taxes or contributions multiplied • Completing tax return forms, filing with proper agencies
by the frequency of payment (or • Arranging payment or withholding
withholding) for each one. The • Preparing separate tax accounting books, if required
frequency of payment includes Total tax rate (% of profit)
advance payments (or withholding) • Profit or corporate income tax
as well as regular payments (or • Social contributions and labor taxes paid by the employer
withholding). • Property and property transfer taxes
• Dividend, capital gains and financial transactions taxes
• Waste collection, vehicle, road and other taxes
Source: Doing Business database.
DATA NOTES 91
Table 14.9
Computing the total tax rate for Sweden
Statutory rate Statutory tax base Actual tax payable Commercial profit1 Total tax rate
(r) (b) (a) (c) (t)
a = r x b t = a/c
Type of tax (tax base) SKr SKr SKr
Corporate income tax (taxable income) 28% 10,330,966 2,892,670 17,619,223 16.4%
Real estate tax (land and buildings) 0.375% 26,103,545 97,888 17,619,223 0.6%
Payroll tax (taxable wages) 32.42% 19,880,222 6,445,168 17,619,223 36.6%
Fuel tax (fuel price) SKr 4.16 per liter 45,565 liters 189,550 17,619,223 1.1%
TOTAL 9,625,726 54.56%
1. Profit before all taxes borne.
Note: SKr is Swedish kronor. Commercial profit is assumed to be 59.4 times income per capita.
Source: Doing Business database.

reports the total tax rate for fiscal 2008. any of the taxes it bears in the course of Trading across borders
The total amount of taxes borne is the the fiscal year.
sum of all the different taxes and con- Commercial profit is computed as Doing Business compiles procedural re-
tributions payable after accounting for sales minus cost of goods sold, minus quirements for exporting and importing
allowable deductions and exemptions. gross salaries, minus administrative ex- a standardized cargo of goods by ocean
The taxes withheld (such as personal penses, minus other expenses, minus transport. Every official procedure for
income tax) or collected by the company provisions, plus capital gains (from the exporting and importing the goods is
and remitted to the tax authorities (such property sale) minus interest expense, recorded—from the contractual agree-
as value added tax, sales tax or goods plus interest income and minus com- ment between the 2 parties to the deliv-
and service tax) but not borne by the mercial depreciation. To compute the ery of goods—along with the time and
company are excluded. The taxes in- commercial depreciation, a straight-line cost necessary for completion. All docu-
cluded can be divided into 5 categories: depreciation method is applied, with the ments needed by the trader to export or
profit or corporate income tax, social following rates: 0% for the land, 5% for import the goods across the border are
contributions and labor taxes paid by the the building, 10% for the machinery, also recorded. For exporting goods, pro-
employer (in respect of which all manda- 33% for the computers, 20% for the of- cedures range from packing the goods at
tory contributions are included, even if fice equipment, 20% for the truck and the warehouse to their departure from
paid to a private entity such as a requited 10% for business development expenses. the port of exit. For importing goods,
pension fund), property taxes, turnover Commercial profit amounts to 59.4 times procedures range from the vessel’s ar-
taxes and other taxes (such as municipal income per capita. rival at the port of entry to the cargo’s
fees and vehicle and fuel taxes). This methodology is consistent with delivery at the warehouse. The time and
The total tax rate is designed to pro- the Total Tax Contribution framework cost for ocean transport are not included.
vide a comprehensive measure of the cost developed by PricewaterhouseCoopers. Payment is made by letter of credit, and
of all the taxes a business bears. It differs This framework measures taxes that are the time, cost and documents required
from the statutory tax rate, which merely borne by companies and affect their in- for the issuance or advising of a letter of
provides the factor to be applied to the come statements, as does Doing Business. credit are taken into account.
tax base. In computing the total tax rate, But while PricewaterhouseCoopers bases Local freight forwarders, shipping
the actual tax payable is divided by com- its calculation on data from the largest lines, customs brokers, port officials and
mercial profit. Data for Sweden illustrate companies in the economy, Doing Busi- banks provide information on required
(table 14.9). ness focuses on a standardized medium- documents and cost as well as the time
Commercial profit is essentially net size company. to complete each procedure. To make
profit before all taxes borne. It differs the data comparable across economies,
from the conventional profit before tax, The data details on paying taxes can be several assumptions about the business
reported in financial statements. In com- found for each economy at http://www and the traded goods are used.
puting profit before tax, many of the .doingbusiness.org by selecting the econ-
taxes borne by a firm are deductible. omy in the drop-down list. This methodol- Assumptions about the business
In computing commercial profit, these ogy was developed in Djankov and others The business:
taxes are not deductible. Commercial (forthcoming). • Has 60 employees.
profit therefore presents a clear picture • Is located in the economy’s largest
of the actual profit of a business before business city.
92 Doing Business 2010

• Is a private, limited liability company. ernment ministries, customs authorities, http://www.doingbusiness.org by selecting
It does not operate in an export port and container terminal authorities, the economy in the drop-down list. This
processing zone or an industrial health and technical control agencies and methodology was developed in Djankov,
estate with special export or import banks are taken into account. Since pay- Freund and Pham (forthcoming) and is
privileges. ment is by letter of credit, all documents adopted here with minor changes.
• Is domestically owned with no foreign required by banks for the issuance or se-
ownership. curing of a letter of credit are also taken Enforcing contracts
• Exports more than 10% of its sales. into account. Documents that are re-
newed annually and that do not require Indicators on enforcing contracts mea-
Assumptions about the traded renewal per shipment (for example, an sure the efficiency of the judicial system
goods
annual tax clearance certificate) are not in resolving a commercial dispute. The
The traded product travels in a dry- included. data are built by following the step-
cargo, 20-foot, full container load. It by-step evolution of a commercial sale
weighs 10 tons and is valued at $20,000. Time dispute before local courts. The data are
The product: The time for exporting and importing collected through study of the codes of
• Is not hazardous nor does it include is recorded in calendar days. The time civil procedure and other court regula-
military items. calculation for a procedure starts from tions as well as surveys completed by
• Does not require refrigeration or any the moment it is initiated and runs until local litigation lawyers (and, in a quarter
other special environment. it is completed. If a procedure can be of the economies, by judges as well).
• Does not require any special accelerated for an additional cost and The name of the relevant court in
phytosanitary or environmental is available to all trading companies, each economy—the court in the larg-
safety standards other than accepted the fastest legal procedure is chosen. est business city with jurisdiction over
international standards. Fast-track procedures applying to firms commercial cases worth 200% of income
located in an export processing zone are per capita—is published at http://www.
Documents not taken into account because they are doingbusiness.org/ExploreTopics/En-
All documents required per shipment not available to all trading companies. forcingContracts/.
to export and import the goods are re- Ocean transport time is not included. It
corded (table 14.10). It is assumed that is assumed that neither the exporter nor Assumptions about the case
the contract has already been agreed the importer wastes time and that each • The value of the claim equals 200% of
upon and signed by both parties. Docu- commits to completing each remaining the economy’s income per capita.
ments required for clearance by gov- procedure without delay. Procedures that • The dispute concerns a lawful
can be completed in parallel are mea- transaction between 2 businesses
TABLE 14.10
What does trading across borders
sured as simultaneous. The waiting time (Seller and Buyer), located in the
measure? between procedures—for example, dur- economy’s largest business city.
Documents required to export and import ing unloading of the cargo—is included Seller sells goods worth 200% of
(number) in the measure. the economy’s income per capita to
• Bank documents Buyer. After Seller delivers the goods
• Customs clearance documents Cost to Buyer, Buyer refuses to pay for
• Port and terminal handling documents Cost measures the fees levied on a 20- the goods on the grounds that the
• Transport documents foot container in U.S. dollars. All the fees delivered goods were not of adequate
Time required to export and import (days) associated with completing the proce- quality.
• Obtaining all the documents dures to export or import the goods are • Seller (the plaintiff) sues Buyer (the
• Inland transport and handling included. These include costs for docu- defendant) to recover the amount
• Customs clearance and inspections ments, administrative fees for customs under the sales agreement (that is,
• Port and terminal handling
clearance and technical control, customs 200% of the economy’s income per
• Does not include ocean transport time
broker fees, terminal handling charges capita). Buyer opposes Seller’s claim,
Cost required to export and import (US$ per
container) and inland transport. The cost does not saying that the quality of the goods is
include customs tariffs and duties or not adequate. The claim is disputed
• All documentation
• Inland transport and handling costs related to ocean transport. Only on the merits.
• Customs clearance and inspections official costs are recorded. • A court in the economy’s largest
• Port and terminal handling business city with jurisdiction over
• Official costs only, no bribes The data details on trading across bor- commercial cases worth 200% of
Source: Doing Business database. ders can be found for each economy at income per capita decides the dispute.
DATA NOTES 93

• Seller attaches Buyer’s movable assets court. A procedure is defined as any in- must advance to enforce the judgment
(for example, office equipment, teraction between the parties, or between through a public sale of Buyer’s mov-
vehicles) prior to obtaining a them and the judge or court officer. This able assets, regardless of the final cost
judgment because Seller fears that includes steps to file the case, steps for to Seller. Average attorneys fees are the
Buyer may become insolvent. trial and judgment and steps necessary fees Seller (plaintiff) must advance to a
• Expert opinions are given on the to enforce the judgment (table 14.11). local attorney to represent Seller in the
quality of the delivered goods. If it The survey allows respondents to standardized case.
is standard practice in the economy record procedures that exist in civil law
for each party to call its own expert but not common law jurisdictions, and The data details on enforcing contracts
witness, the parties each call one vice versa. For example, in civil law can be found for each economy at http://
expert witness. If it is standard countries the judge can appoint an in- www.doingbusiness.org by selecting the
practice for the judge to appoint an dependent expert, while in common law economy in the drop-down list. This meth-
independent expert, the judge does countries each party submits a list of odology was developed in Djankov and
so. In this case the judge does not expert witnesses to the court. To indicate others (2003) and is adopted here with
allow opposing expert testimony. overall efficiency, 1 procedure is sub- minor changes.
• The judgment is 100% in favor of tracted from the total number for econo-
Seller: the judge decides that the mies that have specialized commercial Closing a business
goods are of adequate quality and that courts, and 1 procedure for economies
Buyer must pay the agreed price. that allow electronic filing of court cases. Doing Business studies the time, cost and
• Buyer does not appeal the judgment. Some procedural steps that take place outcomes of bankruptcy proceedings in-
The judgment becomes final. simultaneously with or are included in volving domestic entities. The data are
• Seller takes all required steps for other procedural steps are not counted in derived from survey responses by local
prompt enforcement of the judgment. the total number of procedures. insolvency practitioners and verified
The money is successfully collected through a study of laws and regulations
through a public sale of Buyer’s Time as well as public information on bank-
movable assets (for example, office Time is recorded in calendar days, ruptcy systems.
equipment, vehicles). counted from the moment the plaintiff To make the data comparable across
files the lawsuit in court until payment. economies, several assumptions about
Procedures This includes both the days when ac- the business and the case are used.
The list of procedural steps compiled for tions take place and the waiting peri-
each economy traces the chronology of a ods between. The average duration of Assumptions about the business
commercial dispute before the relevant different stages of dispute resolution is The business:
TABLE 14.11 recorded: the completion of service of • Is a limited liability company.
What does enforcing contracts measure? process (time to file the case), the issu- • Operates in the economy’s largest
Procedures to enforce a contract (number) ance of judgment (time for the trial and business city.
• Any interaction between the parties in a
obtaining the judgment) and the mo- • Is 100% domestically owned, with the
commercial dispute, or between them and the ment of payment (time for enforcement founder, who is also the chairman of
judge or court officer of judgment). the supervisory board, owning 51%
• Steps to file the case (no other shareholder holds more
• Steps for trial and judgment Cost than 5% of shares).
• Steps to enforce the judgment Cost is recorded as a percentage of the • Has downtown real estate, where it
Time required to complete each procedure claim, assumed to be equivalent to 200% runs a hotel, as its major asset. The
(calendar days)
of income per capita. No bribes are re- hotel is valued at 100 times income
• Measured in calendar days corded. Three types of costs are recorded: per capita or $200,000, whichever is
• Time to file the case
court costs, enforcement costs and aver- larger.
• Time for trial and obtaining judgment
• Time to enforce the judgment
age attorney fees. • Has a professional general manager.
Court costs include all court costs • Has 201 employees and 50 suppliers,
Cost required to complete each procedure
(% of claim) and expert fees. Seller (plaintiff) must each of which is owed money for the
• No bribes advance to the court regardless of the last delivery.
• Average attorney fees final cost to Seller. Expert fees, if re- • Borrowed from a domestic bank
• Court costs, including expert fees quired by law or necessary in practice, 5 years ago (the loan has 10 years
• Enforcement costs are included in court costs. Enforce- to full repayment) and bought real
Source: Doing Business database. ment costs are all costs Seller (plaintiff)
94 Doing Business 2010

estate (the hotel building), using it as or winding-up of the company; or a debt is lost on the initial claim, set at 100 cents
security for the bank loan. enforcement or foreclosure procedure on the dollar. If it does not, the initial
• Has observed the payment schedule aimed at selling the hotel either piece- 100 cents on the dollar are reduced to 70
and all other conditions of the loan meal or as a going concern, enforced cents on the dollar. Then the official costs
up to now. either in court (or through a government of the insolvency procedure are deducted
• Has a mortgage, with the value of authority like a debt collection agency) (1 cent for each percentage of the initial
the mortgage principal being exactly or out of court (for example, by appoint- value). Finally, the value lost as a result
equal to the market value of the hotel. ing a receiver). of the time the money remains tied up
If an economy has had fewer than 5 in insolvency proceedings is taken into
Assumptions about the case cases a year over the past 5 years involv- account, including the loss of value due
The business is experiencing liquidity ing a judicial reorganization, judicial liq- to depreciation of the hotel furniture.
problems. The company’s loss in 2008 uidation or debt enforcement procedure, Consistent with international accounting
reduced its net worth to a negative figure. the economy receives a “no practice” practice, the depreciation rate for furni-
There is no cash to pay the bank interest mark. This means that creditors are un- ture is taken to be 20%. The furniture is
or principal in full, due tomorrow. The likely to recover their debt through the assumed to account for a quarter of the
business therefore defaults on its loan. legal process (in or out of court). total value of assets. The recovery rate is
Management believes that losses will be the present value of the remaining pro-
incurred in 2009 and 2010 as well. Time ceeds, based on end-2007 lending rates
The bank holds a floating charge Time for creditors to recover their debt is from the International Monetary Fund’s
against the hotel in economies where recorded in calendar years. Information International Financial Statistics, supple-
floating charges are possible. If the law is collected on the sequence of proce- mented with data from central banks.
does not permit a floating charge but dures and on whether any procedures The recovery rate for economies with
contracts commonly use some other pro- can be carried out simultaneously. Poten- “no practice” is zero. For Doing Business
vision to that effect, this provision is tial delay tactics by the parties, such as 2010, 2007 lending rates are used to
specified in the lending contract. the filing of dilatory appeals or requests avoid effects of the global financial and
The business has too many creditors for extension, are taken into consider- economic crisis on data comparability
to negotiate an informal out-of-court ation (table 14.12). over time.
workout. It has the following options: a
judicial procedure aimed at the rehabili- Cost This methodology was developed in
tation or reorganization of the business The cost of the proceedings is recorded Djankov, Hart, McLiesh and Shleifer
to permit its continued operation; a ju- as a percentage of the estate’s value. The (2008).
dicial procedure aimed at the liquidation cost is calculated on the basis of survey
responses by insolvency practitioners
TABLE 14.12 and includes court fees as well as fees
What does closing a business measure? 1. The data for paying taxes refer to
of insolvency practitioners, independent
Time required to recover debt (years) January–December 2008.
assessors, lawyers and accountants. Re-
• Measured in calendar years spondents provide cost estimates from 2. These are available at http://
• Appeals and requests for extension are included subnational.doingbusiness.org.
among the following options: less than
Cost required to recover debt (% of estate)
3. The Doing Business website (http://www
2%, 2–5%, 5–8%, 8–11%, 11–18%, .doingbusiness.org) provides a compa-
• Measured as percentage of estate value 18–25%, 25–33%, 33–50%, 50–75% and rable time series of historical data for
• Court fees more than 75% of the value of the busi- research, with a data set back-calculated
• Lawyers’ fees ness estate. to adjust for changes in methodology and
• Independent assessors’ fees data revisions due to corrections.
• Accountants’ fees 4. The average value added per worker is the
Recovery rate
Recovery rate for creditors (cents on the dollar) ratio of an economy’s GNI per capita to
The recovery rate is recorded as cents on the working-age population as a percent-
• Measures the cents on the dollar recovered by the dollar recouped by creditors through age of the total population.
creditors
the bankruptcy, insolvency or debt en-
• Present value of debt recovered
• Official costs of the insolvency proceedings are
forcement proceedings. The calculation
deducted takes into account whether the business
• Depreciation of assets is taken into account emerges from the proceedings as a going
• Outcome for the business affects the maximum concern as well as costs and the loss in
value that can be recovered value due to the time spent closing down.
Source: Doing Business database. If the business keeps operating, no value
DATA NOTES 95

PILOT indicators on getting • Is used for storage of refrigerated vate firm rather than the utility for the
electricity goods. external works), these procedures are
• Is a new construction (that is, there recorded if they are commonly done. For
Pilot indicators on getting electricity was no previous construction on the all procedures, only the most likely cases
are not included in the ease of doing land where it is located). It is being (for example, more than 50% of the time
business index. Doing Business records connected to electricity for the first the utility has the material) and those
all procedures required for a business time. often followed in practice for connecting
to obtain a permanent electricity con- a warehouse to electricity are counted.
nection and supply for a standardized Assumptions about the
electricity connection Time
warehouse. These procedures include ap-
plications and contracts with electricity The electricity connection: Time is recorded in calendar days. The
utilities, all necessary clearances from • Is a permanent one. measure captures the median duration
other agencies and the external and final • Is a 3-phase, 4-wire Y, 140-kilovolt- that the electricity utility and experts
connection works. ampere (kVA) connection. indicate is necessary in practice, rather
Data are collected from the electric- • Is the length considered to be the than required by law, to complete a pro-
ity distribution utility, then completed most likely. The connection is cedure with minimum follow-up and no
and verified by independent professionals overhead or underground, whichever extra payments. It is also assumed that
such as electricians, electrical engineers, is more common in the economy and the minimum time required for each
electrical contractors and construction in the area in which the warehouse is procedure is 1 day. Although procedures
companies. In some cases regulatory located. may take place simultaneously, they can-
agencies are also contacted. The elec- • Involves the installation of only not start on the same day (that is, simul-
tricity distribution utility surveyed is one electricity meter. The monthly taneous procedures start on consecutive
the one serving the area (or areas) in electricity consumption will be 0.07 days). It is assumed that the company
which warehouses are located. If there is gigawatt hour (GWh). does not waste time and commits to
a choice of distribution utilities, the one The internal electrical wiring has already completing each remaining procedure
serving the largest number of customers been completed. without delay. The time that the com-
is selected. The data in this year’s report pany spends on gathering information is
were contributed by 573 respondents in ignored. It is assumed that the company
140 economies. Procedures is aware of all electricity connection re-
To make the data comparable across A procedure is defined as any interac- quirements and their sequence from the
economies, several assumptions about tion of the company employees or the beginning.
the warehouse and the electricity con- company’s main electrician (that is, the
nection are used. one who did the internal wiring) with Cost
external parties, such as the electricity Cost is recorded as a percentage of the
Assumptions about the distribution utility, electricity supply util- economy’s income per capita. Costs are
warehouse
ities, government agencies, other electri- recorded exclusive of value added tax. All
The warehouse: cians and electrical firms. Interactions the fees associated with completing the
• Is located in the economy’s largest between company employees and steps procedures to connect a warehouse to
business city. related to the internal electrical wiring, electricity are recorded, including those
• Is located within the official limits such as the design and execution of the related to obtaining clearances from gov-
of the city and in an area in which internal electrical installation plans, are ernment agencies, applying for the con-
other warehouses are located (a not counted as procedures. Procedures nection, receiving inspections of both the
nonresidential area). that must be completed with the same site and the internal wiring, purchasing
• Is not located in a special economic utility but with different departments are material, getting the actual connection
or investment zone; that is, the counted as separate procedures. works and paying a security deposit. In-
electricity connection is not eligible The company employees are as- formation from local experts and specific
for subsidization or faster service sumed to complete all procedures them- regulations and fee schedules are used as
under a special investment promotion selves unless the use of a third party is sources for costs. If several local partners
regime. If several options for location mandated (for example, only an electri- provide different estimates, the median
are available, the warehouse is located cian registered with the utility is allowed reported value is used. In all cases the
where electricity is most easily to submit an application). If the company cost excludes bribes.
available. can, but is not required to, request the
services of professionals (such as a pri-
96 Doing Business 2010

Security deposit deposit of 22,662 Belize dollars in cash or


Utilities require security deposits as a check, and the deposit would be returned
guarantee against the possible failure only at the end of the contract. The cus-
of customers to pay their consumption tomer could instead have invested this
bills. For this reason security deposits money at the prevailing lending rate of
are most often calculated as a function 14.1%. Over the 5 years of the contract
of the estimated consumption of the new this would imply a present value of lost
customer. interest earnings of BZ$10,923. In con-
Doing Business does not record the trast, if the customer had been allowed to
full amount of the security deposit. In- settle the deposit with a bank guarantee
stead, it records the present value of the at an annual rate of 1.75%, the amount
losses in interest earnings experienced lost over the 5 years would have been
by the customer because the utility holds just BZ$1,983.
the security deposit over a prolonged
period, in most cases until the end of the Limits to what is measured
contract (assumed to be after 5 years). The methodology has limitations that
In cases in which the security deposit is should be considered when interpreting
used to cover the first monthly consump- the data. First, the collected data refer
tion bills, it is not recorded. To calculate to businesses in the economy’s largest
the present value of the lost interest earn- business city and may not be representa-
ings, the end-2008 lending rates from tive of regulation in other parts of the
the International Monetary Fund’s In- economy. Second, the measures of time
ternational Financial Statistics are used. involve an element of judgment by the
In cases in which the security deposit expert respondents. When sources in-
is returned with interest, the difference dicate different time estimates, the time
between the lending rate and the interest indicators reported represent the median
paid by the utility is used to calculate the values of several responses given under
present value. the assumptions of the standardized
In some economies the security de- case. Finally, the methodology assumes
posit can be put up in the form of a bond: that the business has full information on
the company can obtain from a bank or what is required and does not waste time
an insurance company a guarantee issued when completing procedures. In prac-
on the assets it holds with that financial tice, a procedure may take longer if the
institution. In contrast to the scenario business lacks information or is unable
in which the customer pays the deposit to follow up promptly. Alternatively, the
in cash to the utility, in this scenario the business may choose to disregard some
company does not lose ownership con- burdensome procedures. For both rea-
trol over the full amount and can con- sons the time delays reported could dif-
tinue using it. In return the company will fer from the responses of entrepreneurs
pay the bank a commission for obtaining reported in the World Bank Enterprise
the bond. The commission charged may Surveys.
vary depending on the credit standing Feedback from governments and
of the company. The best possible credit utilities on methodology is welcome and
standing and thus the lowest possible will be used as input in further refining
commission are assumed. Where a bond the methodology.
can be used, the value recorded for the
deposit is the annual commission times The data details on getting electricity can
the 5 years assumed to be the length of be found for each economy at http://www
the contract. If both options exist, the .doingbusiness.org.
cheaper alternative is recorded.
In Belize in June 2009, a customer
requesting a 140-kVA electricity connec-
tion would have had to put up a security
97

Ease of doing stronger protection of property rights.


The simple average of Iceland’s percentile
formed in 3 or more of the 10 Doing
Business topics. This year 38 economies
business rankings on all topics is 25%. When all
economies are ordered by their average
met this criterion: Afghanistan, Albania,
Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Bangladesh,
percentile rank, Iceland is in 14th place. Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Co-
More complex aggregation meth- lombia, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Ethi-
ods—such as principal components and opia, Guatemala, Honduras, Hong Kong
unobserved components—yield a nearly (China), Indonesia, the Islamic Republic
identical ranking.1 The choice of aggre- of Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz
gation method has little influence on the Republic, Liberia, FYR Macedonia, Mali,
rankings because the 10 sets of indicators Mauritius, Moldova, Montenegro, Peru,
in Doing Business provide sufficiently the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia,
broad coverage across topics. So Doing Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Tajiki-
Business uses the simplest method. stan, the United Arab Emirates and the
The ease of doing business index is Republic of Yemen (table 15.2). Second,
limited in scope. It does not account for Doing Business ranks these economies on
The ease of doing business index ranks a economy’s proximity to large markets, the increase in their ranking on the ease
economies from 1 to 183. For each econ- the quality of its infrastructure services of doing business from the previous year
omy the index is calculated as the rank- (other than services related to trading using comparable rankings.
ing on the simple average of its percentile across borders), the strength of the fi-
rankings on each of the 10 topics covered nancial system, the security of property
in Doing Business 2010, i.e. exclusive of from theft and looting, macroeconomic
the electricity pilot data. The ranking on conditions or the strength of underlying 1. See Djankov and others (2005).
each topic is the simple average of the institutions. There remains a large unfin-
percentile rankings on its component ished agenda for research into what regu-
indicators (table 15.1). lation constitutes binding constraints,
If an economy has no laws or reg- what package of reforms is most effective
ulations covering a specific area—for and how these issues are shaped by the
example, bankruptcy—it receives a “no context on an economy. The Doing Busi-
practice” mark. Similarly, an economy ness indicators provide a new empirical
receives a “no practice” or “not possible” data set that may improve understanding
mark if regulation exists but is never of these issues.
used in practice or if a competing regula- Doing Business also uses a simple
tion prohibits such practice. Either way, a method to calculate the top reformers.
“no practice” mark puts the economy at First, it selects the economies that re-
the bottom of the ranking on the relevant Table 15.1
indicator. Which indicators make up the ranking?
Here is one example of how the Starting a business Protecting investors
ranking is constructed. In Iceland it takes Procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum Strength of investor protection index: extent of
5 procedures, 5 days and 3% of annual capital to open a new business disclosure index, extent of director liability index
income per capita in fees to open a and ease of shareholder suits index
business. The minimum capital required Dealing with construction permits Paying taxes
amounts to 15.8% of income per capita. Procedures, time and cost to obtain construction Number of tax payments, time to prepare and file
permits, inspections and utility connections tax returns and to pay taxes, total taxes as a share
On these 4 indicators Iceland ranks in of profit before all taxes borne
the 14th, 4th, 19th and 67th percentiles.
Employing workers Trading across borders
So on average Iceland ranks in the 26th
Difficulty of hiring index, rigidity of hours index, Documents, time and cost to export and import
percentile on the ease of starting a busi- difficulty of redundancy index, redundancy cost
ness. It ranks in the 50th percentile on Registering property Enforcing contracts
protecting investors, 38th percentile on Procedures, time and cost to transfer commercial Procedures, time and cost to resolve a
trading across borders, 8th percentile real estate commercial dispute
on enforcing contracts, 8th percentile Getting credit Closing a business
on closing a business and so on. Higher Strength of legal rights index, depth of credit Recovery rate in bankruptcy
rankings indicate simpler regulation and information index
98 Doing Business 2010

Table 15.2
Reforms in 2008/09
Dealing with Trading
Starting a construction Employing Registering Getting Protecting Paying across Enforcing Closing a
Economy business permits workers property credit investors taxes borders contracts business
Afghanistan 4 4 4
Albania 4 4 4
Algeria 4 4 4 4
Angola 4 4 4
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina 4 7
Armenia 4 4 4
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan 4 4
Bahamas, The
Bahrain 4
Bangladesh 4 4 4
Belarus 4 4 4 4 4 4
Belgium 4 4
Belize
Benin 4 4
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina 4
Botswana 4 7 4
Brazil 4
Brunei Darussalam 4
Bulgaria 4 4
Burkina Faso 4 4 4 4 4
Burundi
Cambodia 7
Cameroon 4 4 4
Canada
Cape Verde 4 7 4
Central African Republic 4
Chad
Chile
China 4
Colombia 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Comoros
Congo, Dem. Rep. 7 4
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica 4
Côte d'Ivoire
Croatia 4
Cyprus
Czech Republic 4 4 4
Denmark
Djibouti 4
Dominica
Dominican Republic 4
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep. 4 4 4 4
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 7 Reforms making it more difficult to do business
ease of doing business 99

Reforms in 2008/09
Dealing with Trading
Starting a construction Employing Registering Getting Protecting Paying across Enforcing Closing a
Economy business permits workers property credit investors taxes borders contracts business
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia 4 4
Ethiopia 4 4 4
Fiji 4
Finland 4
France 4 4
Gabon
Gambia, The
Georgia 4 4
Germany 4 4
Ghana 4
Greece 4
Grenada 4 4
Guatemala 4 4 4 4
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau 4
Guyana 4 4
Haiti 4 4
Honduras 4 4 7 4
Hong Kong, China 4 4 4
Hungary 4
Iceland 4
India 4
Indonesia 4 4 4
Iran, Islamic Rep. 4 4 4 4
Iraq
Ireland 4
Israel 4
Italy
Jamaica 4
Japan
Jordan 4 4 4 4 4 4
Kazakhstan 4 4 4
Kenya 7 4
Kiribati
Korea, Rep. 4 4
Kosovo 4
Kuwait 4 4
Kyrgyz Republic 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Lao PDR 4
Latvia 4 4
Lebanon 4 4
Lesotho
Liberia 4 4 4
Lithuania 7 4
Luxembourg 4 7
Macedonia, FYR 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 7 Reforms making it more difficult to do business
100 Doing Business 2010

Reforms in 2008/09
Dealing with Trading
Starting a construction Employing Registering Getting Protecting Paying across Enforcing Closing a
Economy business permits workers property credit investors taxes borders contracts business
Madagascar 4 7
Malawi 4 4
Malaysia 4 4
Maldives 7
Mali 4 4 4 4 4
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius 4 4 4 4 4 4
Mexico 4 4
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.
Moldova 4 4 4
Mongolia
Montenegro 4 4 4 4
Morocco 4
Mozambique 4 4
Namibia
Nepal 4
Netherlands 4
New Zealand 7
Nicaragua
Niger 4
Nigeria 4
Norway 4
Oman 4 4
Pakistan 4
Palau
Panama 4 4
Papua New Guinea 4
Paraguay 4
Peru 4 4 4 4 4 4
Philippines 4 4 4
Poland 4 4 4 4
Portugal 4 7 4 4 4
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania 7 4 7 7
Russian Federation 4 4 4
Rwanda 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Samoa 4 4
São Tomé and Principe
Saudi Arabia 4 4
Senegal 4
Serbia 4 4
Seychelles
Sierra Leone 4 7 4 4 4 7 4
Singapore 4 4 4
Slovak Republic 4
Slovenia 4 4
Solomon Islands 7
South Africa 4
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 7 Reforms making it more difficult to do business
ease of doing business 101

Reforms in 2008/09
Dealing with Trading
Starting a construction Employing Registering Getting Protecting Paying across Enforcing Closing a
Economy business permits workers property credit investors taxes borders contracts business
Spain 4
Sri Lanka 7 4
St. Kitts and Nevis 4
St. Lucia 4
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 4 4
Sudan 4 4
Suriname 7
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic 4
Taiwan, China 4 4
Tajikistan 4 4 7 4 4 4
Tanzania 7
Thailand 4
Timor-Leste 4
Togo 4 4
Tonga 4
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia 4 7 4
Turkey 4
Uganda 4
Ukraine 4
United Arab Emirates 4 4 4
United Kingdom 4 4
United States
Uruguay 7 4
Uzbekistan 4 4
Vanuatu 4
Venezuela, R.B. 7
Vietnam 4 4
West Bank and Gaza 7 4 4
Yemen, Rep. 4 4 4
Zambia 4
Zimbabwe 4
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 7 Reforms making it more difficult to do business
Country
tables
country tables    103

AFGHANISTAN South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 429


Ease of doing business (rank) 160 Low income Population (m) 27.2
4 Starting a business (rank) 23 4 Registering property (rank) 164 Trading across borders (rank) 183
Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 12
Time (days) 7 Time (days) 250 Time to export (days) 74
Cost (% of income per capita) 30.2 Cost (% of property value) 4.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,350
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 11
4 Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 77
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 149 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,000
Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 340 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 164
Cost (% of income per capita) 12,877.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 47
Time (days) 1,642
Employing workers (rank) 69 Protecting investors (rank) 183 Cost (% of claim) 25.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 0 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 20 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 0.7 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 30 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 55
Payments (number per year) 8
Time (hours per year) 275
Total tax rate (% of profit) 36.4

ALBANIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,836
Ease of doing business (rank) 82 Lower middle income Population (m) 3.1
4 Starting a business (rank) 46 Registering property (rank) 70 4 Trading across borders (rank) 66
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 5 Time (days) 42 Time to export (days) 19
Cost (% of income per capita) 17.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 725
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 18
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 173 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 710
Procedures (number) 24 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 331 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 9.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 91
Cost (% of income per capita) 386.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39
Time (days) 390
Employing workers (rank) 105 Protecting investors (rank) 15 Cost (% of claim) 38.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 4 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 25 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.3 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 56 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 138
Payments (number per year) 44
Time (hours per year) 244
Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.9

ALGERIA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 4,260
Ease of doing business (rank) 136 Upper middle income Population (m) 34.4
Starting a business (rank) 148 4 Registering property (rank) 160 Trading across borders (rank) 122
Procedures (number) 14 Procedures (number) 11 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 24 Time (days) 47 Time to export (days) 17
Cost (% of income per capita) 12.1 Cost (% of property value) 7.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,248
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 31.0 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 23
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 110 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,428
Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 240 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.2 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 123
Cost (% of income per capita) 39.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 46
Time (days) 630
Employing workers (rank) 122 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 21.9
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 51
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 2.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 41 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 7.0
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.7
4 Paying taxes (rank) 168
Payments (number per year) 34
Time (hours per year) 451
Total tax rate (% of profit) 72.0
104   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

ANGOLA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,447


Ease of doing business (rank) 169 Lower middle income Population (m) 18.0
Starting a business (rank) 165 4 Registering property (rank) 173 4 Trading across borders (rank) 171
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 11
Time (days) 68 Time (days) 184 Time to export (days) 65
Cost (% of income per capita) 151.1 Cost (% of property value) 11.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,250
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 29.0 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 59
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 123 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,240
Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 328 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 181
Cost (% of income per capita) 597.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 46
Time (days) 1,011
Employing workers (rank) 178 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 44.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 144
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 6.2
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 66 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 22.0
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 58 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 10.0
4 Paying taxes (rank) 139
Payments (number per year) 31
Time (hours per year) 272
Total tax rate (% of profit) 53.2

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 13,617
Ease of doing business (rank) 50 High income Population (m) 0.1
Starting a business (rank) 59 Registering property (rank) 103 Trading across borders (rank) 53
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 21 Time (days) 26 Time to export (days) 15
Cost (% of income per capita) 9.6 Cost (% of property value) 10.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,133
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 15
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 21 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,633
Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 156 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 71
Cost (% of income per capita) 21.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 45
Time (days) 351
Employing workers (rank) 54 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 22.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 64
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 7.0
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 52 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 35.5
Paying taxes (rank) 127
Payments (number per year) 56
Time (hours per year) 207
Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.5

ARGENTINA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 7,201
Ease of doing business (rank) 118 Upper middle income Population (m) 39.9
4 Starting a business (rank) 138 8 Registering property (rank) 115 Trading across borders (rank) 110
Procedures (number) 15 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 9
Time (days) 27 Time (days) 52 Time to export (days) 13
Cost (% of income per capita) 11.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,480
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 2.9 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 16
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 169 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,810
Procedures (number) 28 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 338 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 34.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 46
Cost (% of income per capita) 145.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 36
Time (days) 590
Employing workers (rank) 101 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 16.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 86
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 12.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 2.8
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 95 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 29.8
Paying taxes (rank) 142
Payments (number per year) 9
Time (hours per year) 453
Total tax rate (% of profit) 108.1
country tables    105

ARMENIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,354
Ease of doing business (rank) 43 Lower middle income Population (m) 3.1
4 Starting a business (rank) 21 Registering property (rank) 5 4 Trading across borders (rank) 102
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 15 Time (days) 4 Time to export (days) 17
Cost (% of income per capita) 2.6 Cost (% of property value) 0.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,731
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7
4 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 20
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 72 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,096
Procedures (number) 20 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 137 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 4.4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 62
Cost (% of income per capita) 104.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 34.5 Procedures (number) 48
Time (days) 285
Employing workers (rank) 62 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 19.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 49
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 1.9
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.8
Paying taxes (rank) 153
Payments (number per year) 50
Time (hours per year) 958
Total tax rate (% of profit) 36.2

AUSTRALIA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 40,351


Ease of doing business (rank) 9 High income Population (m) 21.4
Starting a business (rank) 3 Registering property (rank) 34 Trading across borders (rank) 27
Procedures (number) 2 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 2 Time (days) 5 Time to export (days) 9
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.8 Cost (% of property value) 4.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,060
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 8
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 62 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,119
Procedures (number) 16 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 221 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 16
Cost (% of income per capita) 12.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 28
Time (days) 395
Employing workers (rank) 1 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 20.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 14
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 8
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 78.8
Paying taxes (rank) 47
Payments (number per year) 12
Time (hours per year) 107
Total tax rate (% of profit) 48.0

AUSTRIA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 46,264


Ease of doing business (rank) 28 High income Population (m) 8.3
Starting a business (rank) 122 Registering property (rank) 39 Trading across borders (rank) 24
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 28 Time (days) 32 Time to export (days) 7
Cost (% of income per capita) 5.1 Cost (% of property value) 4.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,180
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 52.0 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 8
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 54 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,195
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 194 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 1.4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 11
Cost (% of income per capita) 71.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 39.2 Procedures (number) 25
Time (days) 397
Employing workers (rank) 60 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 18.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 20
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 1.1
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 24 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 18
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 71.5
Paying taxes (rank) 102
Payments (number per year) 22
Time (hours per year) 170
Total tax rate (% of profit) 55.5
106   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

AZERBAIJAN Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,829
Ease of doing business (rank) 38 Lower middle income Population (m) 8.7
Starting a business (rank) 17 Registering property (rank) 9 4 Trading across borders (rank) 177
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 9
Time (days) 10 Time (days) 11 Time to export (days) 46
Cost (% of income per capita) 2.9 Cost (% of property value) 0.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,980
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 14
4 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 50
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 158 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,480
Procedures (number) 31 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 207 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 6.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 26
Cost (% of income per capita) 369.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39
Time (days) 237
Employing workers (rank) 33 Protecting investors (rank) 20 Cost (% of claim) 18.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 84
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.7
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.7 Cost (% of estate) 8
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 30.1
Paying taxes (rank) 108
Payments (number per year) 22
Time (hours per year) 376
Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.9

BAHAMAS, THE Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 22,907
Ease of doing business (rank) 68 High income Population (m) 0.3
Starting a business (rank) 61 Registering property (rank) 149 Trading across borders (rank) 37
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 31 Time (days) 48 Time to export (days) 16
Cost (% of income per capita) 8.5 Cost (% of property value) 12.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 930
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 13
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 100 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,380
Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 197 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 120
Cost (% of income per capita) 208.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 49
Time (days) 427
Employing workers (rank) 42 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 28.9
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 31
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 5.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 13 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 54.7
Paying taxes (rank) 43
Payments (number per year) 17
Time (hours per year) 58
Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.0

BAHRAIN Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 27,248
Ease of doing business (rank) 20 High income Population (m) 0.8
Starting a business (rank) 63 Registering property (rank) 22 Trading across borders (rank) 32
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 9 Time (days) 31 Time to export (days) 14
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.5 Cost (% of property value) 0.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 955
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 195.2 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 15
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 14 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 995
Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 43 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 117
Cost (% of income per capita) 54.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 34.9 Procedures (number) 48
Time (days) 635
Employing workers (rank) 13 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 14.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 26
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 2.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 10
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 63.2
Paying taxes (rank) 13
Payments (number per year) 25
Time (hours per year) 36
Total tax rate (% of profit) 15.0
country tables    107

BANGLADESH South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 516


Ease of doing business (rank) 119 Low income Population (m) 160.0
4 Starting a business (rank) 98 Registering property (rank) 176 4 Trading across borders (rank) 107
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 44 Time (days) 245 Time to export (days) 25
Cost (% of income per capita) 36.2 Cost (% of property value) 10.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 970
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 29
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 118 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,375
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 231 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 180
Cost (% of income per capita) 645.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 41
Time (days) 1,442
Employing workers (rank) 124 Protecting investors (rank) 20 Cost (% of claim) 63.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 108
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 4.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 28 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.7 Cost (% of estate) 8
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 104 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 23.2
4 Paying taxes (rank) 89
Payments (number per year) 21
Time (hours per year) 302
Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.0

BELARUS Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 5,384
Ease of doing business (rank) 58 Upper middle income Population (m) 9.7
4 Starting a business (rank) 7 4 Registering property (rank) 10 4 Trading across borders (rank) 129
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 6 Time (days) 18 Time to export (days) 16
Cost (% of income per capita) 1.7 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,772
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 21
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 44 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,770
Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 161 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 23.4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 12
Cost (% of income per capita) 35.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 28
Time (days) 225
4 Employing workers (rank) 32 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 23.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 74
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 5.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 11 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 22
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 33.4
4 Paying taxes (rank) 183
Payments (number per year) 107
Time (hours per year) 900
Total tax rate (% of profit) 99.7

BELGIUM OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 44,326


Ease of doing business (rank) 22 High income Population (m) 10.7
Starting a business (rank) 31 4 Registering property (rank) 167 Trading across borders (rank) 43
Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 4 Time (days) 79 Time to export (days) 8
Cost (% of income per capita) 5.3 Cost (% of property value) 12.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,619
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 19.4 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 9
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 46 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,600
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 169 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 56.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 21
Cost (% of income per capita) 63.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 25
Time (days) 505
Employing workers (rank) 48 Protecting investors (rank) 16 Cost (% of claim) 16.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 8
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 0.9
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 17 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.0 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 16 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 86.3
4 Paying taxes (rank) 73
Payments (number per year) 11
Time (hours per year) 156
Total tax rate (% of profit) 57.3
108   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

BELIZE Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,819
Ease of doing business (rank) 80 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.3
Starting a business (rank) 147 Registering property (rank) 128 Trading across borders (rank) 117
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 44 Time (days) 60 Time to export (days) 21
Cost (% of income per capita) 50.6 Cost (% of property value) 4.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,710
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 21
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,870
Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 66 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 168
Cost (% of income per capita) 17.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 51
Time (days) 892
Employing workers (rank) 23 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 27.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 25
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 23
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 24 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 63.4
Paying taxes (rank) 57
Payments (number per year) 40
Time (hours per year) 147
Total tax rate (% of profit) 28.9

BENIN Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 687


Ease of doing business (rank) 172 Low income Population (m) 8.7
Starting a business (rank) 155 Registering property (rank) 126 4 Trading across borders (rank) 128
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 31 Time (days) 120 Time to export (days) 30
Cost (% of income per capita) 155.5 Cost (% of property value) 11.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,251
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 290.8 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 32
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 134 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,400
Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1
Time (days) 410 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 10.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 177
Cost (% of income per capita) 254.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 42
Time (days) 825
Employing workers (rank) 139 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 64.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 39 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 133
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 4.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 40 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 22
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 36 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 16.7
4 Paying taxes (rank) 167
Payments (number per year) 55
Time (hours per year) 270
Total tax rate (% of profit) 73.3

BHUTAN South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,896


Ease of doing business (rank) 126 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.7
Starting a business (rank) 80 Registering property (rank) 41 Trading across borders (rank) 153
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 46 Time (days) 64 Time to export (days) 38
Cost (% of income per capita) 8.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,210
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 11
Getting credit (rank) 177 Time to import (days) 38
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 127 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,140
Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 183 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 33
Cost (% of income per capita) 149.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 47
Time (days) 225
Employing workers (rank) 12 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 0.1
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 10 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 90
Payments (number per year) 18
Time (hours per year) 274
Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.6
country tables    109

BOLIVIA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 1,457
Ease of doing business (rank) 161 Lower middle income Population (m) 9.7
Starting a business (rank) 167 Registering property (rank) 135 Trading across borders (rank) 121
Procedures (number) 15 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 50 Time (days) 92 Time to export (days) 19
Cost (% of income per capita) 99.2 Cost (% of property value) 4.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,425
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 2.5 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 23
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 101 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 1 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,747
Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 249 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 11.6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 136
Cost (% of income per capita) 107.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 33.9 Procedures (number) 40
Time (days) 591
Employing workers (rank) 183 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 33.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 1
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 53 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 62
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 100 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 77 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) not possible Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 37.3
Paying taxes (rank) 177
Payments (number per year) 42
Time (hours per year) 1,080
Total tax rate (% of profit) 80.0

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 4,506
Ease of doing business (rank) 116 Upper middle income Population (m) 3.8
Starting a business (rank) 160 Registering property (rank) 139 Trading across borders (rank) 63
Procedures (number) 12 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 60 Time (days) 84 Time to export (days) 16
Cost (% of income per capita) 15.8 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,125
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 29.8 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 16
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 136 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,090
Procedures (number) 16 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 255 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 23.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 124
Cost (% of income per capita) 564.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 64.3 Procedures (number) 38
Time (days) 595
Employing workers (rank) 111 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 38.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 56 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 63
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.3
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 33 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 31 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 35.9
Paying taxes (rank) 128
Payments (number per year) 51
Time (hours per year) 422
Total tax rate (% of profit) 27.1

BOTSWANA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 6,471


Ease of doing business (rank) 45 Upper middle income Population (m) 1.9
4 Starting a business (rank) 83 8 Registering property (rank) 44 Trading across borders (rank) 150
Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 61 Time (days) 16 Time to export (days) 30
Cost (% of income per capita) 2.1 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,810
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 41
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 122 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,264
Procedures (number) 24 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 167 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 79
Cost (% of income per capita) 246.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 51.9 Procedures (number) 29
Time (days) 687
Employing workers (rank) 71 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 28.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 27
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 1.7
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 13 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 90 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 60.3
Paying taxes (rank) 18
Payments (number per year) 19
Time (hours per year) 140
Total tax rate (% of profit) 17.1
110   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

BRAZIL Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 7,351
Ease of doing business (rank) 129 Upper middle income Population (m) 192.0
4 Starting a business (rank) 126 Registering property (rank) 120 Trading across borders (rank) 100
Procedures (number) 16 Procedures (number) 14 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 120 Time (days) 42 Time to export (days) 12
Cost (% of income per capita) 6.9 Cost (% of property value) 2.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,540
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 16
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 113 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,440
Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 411 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 23.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 100
Cost (% of income per capita) 50.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 59.2 Procedures (number) 45
Time (days) 616
Employing workers (rank) 138 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 16.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 131
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 4.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 46 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 12
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 46 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.1
Paying taxes (rank) 150
Payments (number per year) 10
Time (hours per year) 2,600
Total tax rate (% of profit) 69.2

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 37,053
Ease of doing business (rank) 96 High income Population (m) 0.4
Starting a business (rank) 153 Registering property (rank) 183 Trading across borders (rank) 48
Procedures (number) 18 Procedures (number) no practice Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 116 Time (days) no practice Time to export (days) 28
Cost (% of income per capita) 9.8 Cost (% of property value) no practice Cost to export (US$ per container) 630
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 19
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 75 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 708
Procedures (number) 32 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 163 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 160
Cost (% of income per capita) 4.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 58
Time (days) 540
Employing workers (rank) 4 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 36.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 37
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 47.2
4 Paying taxes (rank) 22
Payments (number per year) 15
Time (hours per year) 144
Total tax rate (% of profit) 30.3

BULGARIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 5,487
Ease of doing business (rank) 44 Upper middle income Population (m) 7.6
4 Starting a business (rank) 50 4 Registering property (rank) 56 Trading across borders (rank) 106
Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 18 Time (days) 15 Time to export (days) 23
Cost (% of income per capita) 1.7 Cost (% of property value) 2.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,551
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 20.7 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 21
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 119 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,666
Procedures (number) 24 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 139 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 34.8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 87
Cost (% of income per capita) 436.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 6.2 Procedures (number) 39
Time (days) 564
Employing workers (rank) 53 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 23.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 78
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 3.3
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 19 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 32.1
Paying taxes (rank) 95
Payments (number per year) 17
Time (hours per year) 616
Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.4
country tables    111

BURKINA FASO Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 479


Ease of doing business (rank) 147 Low income Population (m) 15.2
4 Starting a business (rank) 115 4 Registering property (rank) 114 4 Trading across borders (rank) 176
Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 11
Time (days) 14 Time (days) 59 Time to export (days) 41
Cost (% of income per capita) 50.3 Cost (% of property value) 13.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,262
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 428.2 Documents to import (number) 11
Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 49
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 80 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,830
Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1
Time (days) 132 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 1.9 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 110
Cost (% of income per capita) 721.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 37
Time (days) 446
Employing workers (rank) 82 Protecting investors (rank) 147 Cost (% of claim) 83.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 112
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 4.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.7 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 34 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 21.7
Paying taxes (rank) 144
Payments (number per year) 46
Time (hours per year) 270
Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.9

BURUNDI Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 135


Ease of doing business (rank) 176 Low income Population (m) 8.1
Starting a business (rank) 130 Registering property (rank) 118 Trading across borders (rank) 175
Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 9
Time (days) 32 Time (days) 94 Time to export (days) 47
Cost (% of income per capita) 151.6 Cost (% of property value) 6.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,747
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 71
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 172 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 4,285
Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1
Time (days) 212 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 172
Cost (% of income per capita) 7,968.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 44
Time (days) 832
Employing workers (rank) 88 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 38.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 53 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 28 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 116
Payments (number per year) 32
Time (hours per year) 140
Total tax rate (% of profit) 278.6

CAMBODIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 603
Ease of doing business (rank) 145 Low income Population (m) 14.7
Starting a business (rank) 173 Registering property (rank) 116 Trading across borders (rank) 127
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 11
Time (days) 85 Time (days) 56 Time to export (days) 22
Cost (% of income per capita) 138.4 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 732
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 36.6 Documents to import (number) 11
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 30
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 145 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 872
Procedures (number) 23 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 709 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 141
Cost (% of income per capita) 53.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 44
Time (days) 401
Employing workers (rank) 134 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 102.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 36 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 39 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
8 Paying taxes (rank) 58
Payments (number per year) 39
Time (hours per year) 173
Total tax rate (% of profit) 22.7
112   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

CAMEROON Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,153


Ease of doing business (rank) 171 Lower middle income Population (m) 18.9
4 Starting a business (rank) 174 Registering property (rank) 143 4 Trading across borders (rank) 149
Procedures (number) 12 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 10
Time (days) 34 Time (days) 93 Time to export (days) 23
Cost (% of income per capita) 121.1 Cost (% of property value) 17.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,250
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 182.9 Documents to import (number) 11
Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 26
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 164 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,002
Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 426 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 1.8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 174
Cost (% of income per capita) 1,242.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 43
Time (days) 800
Employing workers (rank) 126 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 46.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 28 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 98
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.2
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 39 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 33 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.5
4 Paying taxes (rank) 170
Payments (number per year) 41
Time (hours per year) 1,400
Total tax rate (% of profit) 50.5

CANADA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 41,729


Ease of doing business (rank) 8 High income Population (m) 33.3
Starting a business (rank) 2 Registering property (rank) 35 Trading across borders (rank) 38
Procedures (number) 1 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 3
Time (days) 5 Time (days) 17 Time to export (days) 7
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.4 Cost (% of property value) 1.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,610
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4
Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 11
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 29 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,660
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 75 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 58
Cost (% of income per capita) 100.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 36
Time (days) 570
Employing workers (rank) 17 Protecting investors (rank) 5 Cost (% of claim) 22.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 4
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 0.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 4 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.3 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 28 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 88.7
Paying taxes (rank) 28
Payments (number per year) 9
Time (hours per year) 119
Total tax rate (% of profit) 43.6

CAPE VERDE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,131


Ease of doing business (rank) 146 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.5
4 Starting a business (rank) 136 Registering property (rank) 126 Trading across borders (rank) 58
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 24 Time (days) 73 Time to export (days) 19
Cost (% of income per capita) 17.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,325
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 38.9 Documents to import (number) 5
8 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 18
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 83 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,129
Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 120 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 23.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 38
Cost (% of income per capita) 523.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 37
Time (days) 425
Employing workers (rank) 167 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 21.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 1
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 46 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 93 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
4 Paying taxes (rank) 112
Payments (number per year) 56
Time (hours per year) 100
Total tax rate (% of profit) 49.7
country tables    113

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 408
Ease of doing business (rank) 183 Low income Population (m) 4.4
4 Starting a business (rank) 159 Registering property (rank) 138 Trading across borders (rank) 181
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 9
Time (days) 22 Time (days) 75 Time to export (days) 54
Cost (% of income per capita) 244.9 Cost (% of property value) 18.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 5,491
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 507.1 Documents to import (number) 17
Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 62
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 147 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 5,554
Procedures (number) 21 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 239 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 171
Cost (% of income per capita) 275.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 43
Time (days) 660
Employing workers (rank) 144 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 82.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 61 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 4.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 50 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 76
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 179
Payments (number per year) 54
Time (hours per year) 504
Total tax rate (% of profit) 203.8

CHAD Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 535


Ease of doing business (rank) 178 Low income Population (m) 11.1
Starting a business (rank) 182 Registering property (rank) 136 Trading across borders (rank) 169
Procedures (number) 19 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 75 Time (days) 44 Time to export (days) 75
Cost (% of income per capita) 176.7 Cost (% of property value) 22.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 5,497
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 369.3 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 100
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 73 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 6,150
Procedures (number) 9 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1
Time (days) 181 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 170
Cost (% of income per capita) 985.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 41
Time (days) 743
Employing workers (rank) 118 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 77.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 39 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 33 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 36 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 133
Payments (number per year) 54
Time (hours per year) 122
Total tax rate (% of profit) 60.9

CHILE Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 9,396
Ease of doing business (rank) 49 Upper middle income Population (m) 16.8
Starting a business (rank) 69 Registering property (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 56
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 27 Time (days) 31 Time to export (days) 21
Cost (% of income per capita) 6.9 Cost (% of property value) 1.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 745
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 21
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 66 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 795
Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 155 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 32.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 69
Cost (% of income per capita) 97.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 33.9 Procedures (number) 36
Time (days) 480
Employing workers (rank) 72 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 28.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 114
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 4.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 18 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 52 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 21.3
Paying taxes (rank) 45
Payments (number per year) 10
Time (hours per year) 316
Total tax rate (% of profit) 25.3
114   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

CHINA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,775
Ease of doing business (rank) 89 Lower middle income Population (m) 1,325.6
Starting a business (rank) 151 Registering property (rank) 32 4 Trading across borders (rank) 44
Procedures (number) 14 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 37 Time (days) 29 Time to export (days) 21
Cost (% of income per capita) 4.9 Cost (% of property value) 3.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 500
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 130.9 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 24
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 180 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 545
Procedures (number) 37 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 336 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 62.1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 18
Cost (% of income per capita) 579.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 34
Time (days) 406
Employing workers (rank) 140 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 11.1
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 65
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 1.7
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 31 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 22
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 91 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 35.3
Paying taxes (rank) 130
Payments (number per year) 7
Time (hours per year) 504
Total tax rate (% of profit) 78.5

COLOMBIA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,658
Ease of doing business (rank) 37 Upper middle income Population (m) 44.5
4 Starting a business (rank) 74 4 Registering property (rank) 51 4 Trading across borders (rank) 97
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 20 Time (days) 20 Time to export (days) 14
Cost (% of income per capita) 12.8 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,770
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8
4 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 14
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 32 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,750
Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 51 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 152
Cost (% of income per capita) 402.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 60.5 Procedures (number) 34
Time (days) 1,346
Employing workers (rank) 63 4 Protecting investors (rank) 5 Cost (% of claim) 52.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 4 Closing a business (rank) 32
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.3 Cost (% of estate) 1
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 59 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 52.8
4 Paying taxes (rank) 115
Payments (number per year) 20
Time (hours per year) 208
Total tax rate (% of profit) 78.7

COMOROS Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 751


Ease of doing business (rank) 162 Low income Population (m) 0.6
Starting a business (rank) 168 Registering property (rank) 96 Trading across borders (rank) 133
Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 10
Time (days) 24 Time (days) 24 Time to export (days) 30
Cost (% of income per capita) 182.1 Cost (% of property value) 20.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,073
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 261.8 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 21
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 66 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,057
Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 164 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 153
Cost (% of income per capita) 72.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 43
Time (days) 506
Employing workers (rank) 164 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 89.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 39 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 40 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 100 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 41
Payments (number per year) 20
Time (hours per year) 100
Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.1
country tables    115

CONGO, DEM. REP. Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 153
Ease of doing business (rank) 182 Low income Population (m) 64.2
Starting a business (rank) 154 Registering property (rank) 157 4 Trading across borders (rank) 165
Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 149 Time (days) 57 Time to export (days) 44
Cost (% of income per capita) 391.0 Cost (% of property value) 9.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,607
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 63
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 146 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,483
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 322 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 172
Cost (% of income per capita) 1,485.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 43
Time (days) 625
Employing workers (rank) 174 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 151.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 72 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 47 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 152
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 5.2
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 63 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 29
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 31 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 5.4
8 Paying taxes (rank) 157
Payments (number per year) 32
Time (hours per year) 308
Total tax rate (% of profit) 322.0

CONGO, REP. Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,973


Ease of doing business (rank) 179 Lower middle income Population (m) 3.6
Starting a business (rank) 166 Registering property (rank) 169 Trading across borders (rank) 178
Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 11
Time (days) 37 Time (days) 116 Time to export (days) 50
Cost (% of income per capita) 86.5 Cost (% of property value) 10.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,490
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 96.5 Documents to import (number) 12
Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 62
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 69 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,959
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 169 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 3.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 159
Cost (% of income per capita) 265.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 44
Time (days) 560
Employing workers (rank) 169 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 53.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 120
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 63 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 24
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 33 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.4
Paying taxes (rank) 180
Payments (number per year) 61
Time (hours per year) 606
Total tax rate (% of profit) 65.5

COSTA RICA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 6,063
Ease of doing business (rank) 121 Upper middle income Population (m) 4.5
Starting a business (rank) 127 Registering property (rank) 49 Trading across borders (rank) 60
Procedures (number) 12 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 60 Time (days) 21 Time to export (days) 13
Cost (% of income per capita) 20.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,190
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 15
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 129 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,190
Procedures (number) 23 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 191 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 24.3 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 132
Cost (% of income per capita) 183.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 56.0 Procedures (number) 40
Time (days) 852
Employing workers (rank) 110 Protecting investors (rank) 165 Cost (% of claim) 24.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 101
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 3.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 39 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.0 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 29 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.4
Paying taxes (rank) 154
Payments (number per year) 42
Time (hours per year) 282
Total tax rate (% of profit) 54.8
116   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

CÔTE D’IVOIRE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 984


Ease of doing business (rank) 168 Lower middle income Population (m) 20.6
Starting a business (rank) 172 Registering property (rank) 145 Trading across borders (rank) 160
Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 10
Time (days) 40 Time (days) 62 Time to export (days) 25
Cost (% of income per capita) 133.3 Cost (% of property value) 13.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,969
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 204.9 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 36
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 167 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,577
Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1
Time (days) 629 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 127
Cost (% of income per capita) 230.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 33
Time (days) 770
Employing workers (rank) 129 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 41.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 47 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 71
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 2.2
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 33 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 18
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 49 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.0
Paying taxes (rank) 152
Payments (number per year) 66
Time (hours per year) 270
Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.7

CROATIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 13,574
Ease of doing business (rank) 103 High income Population (m) 4.4
Starting a business (rank) 101 Registering property (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 96
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 22 Time (days) 104 Time to export (days) 20
Cost (% of income per capita) 8.4 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,281
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 13.4 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 16
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 144 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,141
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 420 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 45
Cost (% of income per capita) 895.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 77.0 Procedures (number) 38
Time (days) 561
Employing workers (rank) 163 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 13.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 61 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 1
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 82
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.1
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 50 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 39 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 30.5
Paying taxes (rank) 39
Payments (number per year) 17
Time (hours per year) 196
Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.5

CYPRUS Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 24,940
Ease of doing business (rank) 40 High income Population (m) 0.9
Starting a business (rank) 25 Registering property (rank) 64 Trading across borders (rank) 15
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 8 Time (days) 34 Time to export (days) 7
Cost (% of income per capita) 13.3 Cost (% of property value) 10.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 820
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 5
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 77 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,030
Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 677 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 107
Cost (% of income per capita) 50.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 43
Time (days) 735
Employing workers (rank) 93 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 16.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 21
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 24 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 64 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 70.7
Paying taxes (rank) 37
Payments (number per year) 27
Time (hours per year) 149
Total tax rate (% of profit) 28.8
country tables    117

CZECH REPUBLIC OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 16,605
Ease of doing business (rank) 74 High income Population (m) 10.4
Starting a business (rank) 113 4 Registering property (rank) 62 Trading across borders (rank) 53
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 15 Time (days) 78 Time to export (days) 17
Cost (% of income per capita) 9.2 Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,060
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 30.5 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 20
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 76 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,165
Procedures (number) 36 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 150 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 4.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 82
Cost (% of income per capita) 16.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 73.1 Procedures (number) 27
Time (days) 611
Employing workers (rank) 25 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 33.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 116
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 6.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 11 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.9
4 Paying taxes (rank) 121
Payments (number per year) 12
Time (hours per year) 613
Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.2

DENMARK OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 59,128


Ease of doing business (rank) 6 High income Population (m) 5.5
Starting a business (rank) 28 Registering property (rank) 47 Trading across borders (rank) 6
Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 6 Time (days) 42 Time to export (days) 5
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 744
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 38.6 Documents to import (number) 3
Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 5
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 744
Procedures (number) 6 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 69 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 28
Cost (% of income per capita) 58.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 5.2 Procedures (number) 34
Time (days) 380
Employing workers (rank) 9 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 23.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 7
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.1
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 86.5
Paying taxes (rank) 13
Payments (number per year) 9
Time (hours per year) 135
Total tax rate (% of profit) 29.2

DJIBOUTI Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,130
Ease of doing business (rank) 163 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.8
Starting a business (rank) 177 Registering property (rank) 140 Trading across borders (rank) 34
Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 37 Time (days) 40 Time to export (days) 19
Cost (% of income per capita) 195.1 Cost (% of property value) 13.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 836
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 500.5 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 177 Time to import (days) 18
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 102 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 1 Cost to import (US$ per container) 911
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1
Time (days) 195 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 161
Cost (% of income per capita) 948.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 40
Time (days) 1,225
Employing workers (rank) 151 Protecting investors (rank) 178 Cost (% of claim) 34.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 135
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 0 Time (years) 5.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 46 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.3 Cost (% of estate) 18
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 56 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 15.9
4 Paying taxes (rank) 65
Payments (number per year) 35
Time (hours per year) 114
Total tax rate (% of profit) 38.7
118   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

DOMINICA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,767
Ease of doing business (rank) 83 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.1
Starting a business (rank) 38 Registering property (rank) 113 Trading across borders (rank) 86
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 14 Time (days) 42 Time to export (days) 13
Cost (% of income per capita) 22.6 Cost (% of property value) 13.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,297
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 15
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 25 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,310
Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 182 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 167
Cost (% of income per capita) 11.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 47
Time (days) 681
Employing workers (rank) 80 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 36.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 15 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 58 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 68
Payments (number per year) 38
Time (hours per year) 120
Total tax rate (% of profit) 37.0

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,392
Ease of doing business (rank) 86 Upper middle income Population (m) 9.8
Starting a business (rank) 107 Registering property (rank) 112 Trading across borders (rank) 36
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 19 Time (days) 60 Time to export (days) 9
Cost (% of income per capita) 17.3 Cost (% of property value) 3.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 916
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 10
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 92 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,150
Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 214 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 29.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 86
Cost (% of income per capita) 131.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 46.1 Procedures (number) 34
Time (days) 460
Employing workers (rank) 97 4 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 40.9
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 146
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 3.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 38
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 88 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 8.9
Paying taxes (rank) 70
Payments (number per year) 9
Time (hours per year) 324
Total tax rate (% of profit) 39.0

ECUADOR Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,643
Ease of doing business (rank) 138 Lower middle income Population (m) 13.5
Starting a business (rank) 163 Registering property (rank) 69 Trading across borders (rank) 125
Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 9
Time (days) 64 Time (days) 16 Time to export (days) 20
Cost (% of income per capita) 37.7 Cost (% of property value) 2.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,345
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 10.6 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 29
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 86 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,332
Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 155 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 37.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 101
Cost (% of income per capita) 230.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 46.0 Procedures (number) 39
Time (days) 588
Employing workers (rank) 160 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 27.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 1
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 134
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 5.3
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 38 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 18
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 135 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 16.1
Paying taxes (rank) 77
Payments (number per year) 8
Time (hours per year) 600
Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.9
country tables    119

EGYPT, ARAB REP. Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,801
Ease of doing business (rank) 106 Lower middle income Population (m) 81.5
4 Starting a business (rank) 24 Registering property (rank) 87 Trading across borders (rank) 29
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 7 Time (days) 72 Time to export (days) 14
Cost (% of income per capita) 16.1 Cost (% of property value) 0.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 737
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6
4 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 15
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 156 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 823
Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 218 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.5 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 148
Cost (% of income per capita) 331.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 8.2 Procedures (number) 41
Time (days) 1,010
Employing workers (rank) 120 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 26.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 132
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 4.2
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 27 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 22
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 132 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 16.8
Paying taxes (rank) 140
Payments (number per year) 29
Time (hours per year) 480
Total tax rate (% of profit) 43.0

EL SALVADOR Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,482
Ease of doing business (rank) 84 Lower middle income Population (m) 6.1
Starting a business (rank) 121 Registering property (rank) 46 Trading across borders (rank) 61
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 17 Time (days) 31 Time to export (days) 14
Cost (% of income per capita) 38.7 Cost (% of property value) 3.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 880
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 2.9 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 10
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 128 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 820
Procedures (number) 34 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 155 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 21.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 50
Cost (% of income per capita) 166.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 94.6 Procedures (number) 30
Time (days) 786
Employing workers (rank) 106 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 19.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 81
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 4.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 24 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 86 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 30.8
Paying taxes (rank) 134
Payments (number per year) 53
Time (hours per year) 320
Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.0

EQUATORIAL GUINEA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 14,980


Ease of doing business (rank) 170 High income Population (m) 0.7
Starting a business (rank) 178 Registering property (rank) 76 Trading across borders (rank) 138
Procedures (number) 20 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 136 Time (days) 23 Time to export (days) 30
Cost (% of income per capita) 100.4 Cost (% of property value) 6.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,411
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 12.4 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 49
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 90 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,411
Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 201 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 3.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 72
Cost (% of income per capita) 128.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 40
Time (days) 553
Employing workers (rank) 182 Protecting investors (rank) 147 Cost (% of claim) 18.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 66 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.7 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 133 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 163
Payments (number per year) 46
Time (hours per year) 296
Total tax rate (% of profit) 59.5
120   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

ERITREA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 299


Ease of doing business (rank) 175 Low income Population (m) 5.0
Starting a business (rank) 181 Registering property (rank) 171 Trading across borders (rank) 164
Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 12 Documents to export (number) 9
Time (days) 84 Time (days) 101 Time to export (days) 50
Cost (% of income per capita) 76.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,431
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 297.0 Documents to import (number) 13
Getting credit (rank) 177 Time to import (days) 60
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 183 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,581
Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 188 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 48
Cost (% of income per capita) 579.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39
Time (days) 405
Employing workers (rank) 86 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 22.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 20 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 69 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 110
Payments (number per year) 18
Time (hours per year) 216
Total tax rate (% of profit) 84.5

ESTONIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 14,270
Ease of doing business (rank) 24 High income Population (m) 1.3
Starting a business (rank) 37 4 Registering property (rank) 13 Trading across borders (rank) 3
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 3
Time (days) 7 Time (days) 18 Time to export (days) 5
Cost (% of income per capita) 1.7 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 730
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 23.2 Documents to import (number) 4
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 5
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 20 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 740
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 118 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 49
Cost (% of income per capita) 26.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 20.6 Procedures (number) 36
Time (days) 425
Employing workers (rank) 161 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 26.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 4 Closing a business (rank) 61
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 51 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 35 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 37.5
Paying taxes (rank) 38
Payments (number per year) 10
Time (hours per year) 81
Total tax rate (% of profit) 49.1

ETHIOPIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 282


Ease of doing business (rank) 107 Low income Population (m) 80.7
Starting a business (rank) 93 4 Registering property (rank) 110 Trading across borders (rank) 159
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 10 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 9 Time (days) 41 Time to export (days) 49
Cost (% of income per capita) 18.9 Cost (% of property value) 2.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,940
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 492.4 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 45
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 60 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,993
Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 128 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.1 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 57
Cost (% of income per capita) 561.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 37
Time (days) 620
Employing workers (rank) 98 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 15.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 77
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 28 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 40 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 32.2
Paying taxes (rank) 43
Payments (number per year) 19
Time (hours per year) 198
Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.1
country tables    121

FIJI East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 3,934
Ease of doing business (rank) 54 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.8
Starting a business (rank) 104 Registering property (rank) 43 Trading across borders (rank) 116
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 13
Time (days) 46 Time (days) 68 Time to export (days) 24
Cost (% of income per capita) 25.3 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 654
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 13
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 24
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 58 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 630
Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 135 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 65
Cost (% of income per capita) 50.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 48.6 Procedures (number) 34
Time (days) 397
Employing workers (rank) 31 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 38.9
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 122
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 38
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.1
4 Paying taxes (rank) 81
Payments (number per year) 33
Time (hours per year) 150
Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.2

FINLAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 48,125


Ease of doing business (rank) 16 High income Population (m) 5.3
Starting a business (rank) 30 Registering property (rank) 27 Trading across borders (rank) 4
Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 14 Time (days) 14 Time to export (days) 8
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.9 Cost (% of property value) 4.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 540
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 7.2 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 8
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 47 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 620
Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 38 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 8
Cost (% of income per capita) 119.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 14.7 Procedures (number) 32
Time (days) 375
Employing workers (rank) 132 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 10.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 5
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 0.9
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 41 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 87.3
4 Paying taxes (rank) 71
Payments (number per year) 8
Time (hours per year) 243
Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.7

FRANCE OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 43,550


Ease of doing business (rank) 31 High income Population (m) 62.0
Starting a business (rank) 22 4 Registering property (rank) 159 Trading across borders (rank) 25
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 2
Time (days) 7 Time (days) 98 Time to export (days) 9
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.9 Cost (% of property value) 6.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,078
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 2
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 11
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 17 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,248
Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 137 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 32.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 6
Cost (% of income per capita) 22.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 29
Time (days) 331
Employing workers (rank) 155 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 17.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 4 Closing a business (rank) 42
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 1.9
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 52 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 32 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 44.7
Paying taxes (rank) 59
Payments (number per year) 7
Time (hours per year) 132
Total tax rate (% of profit) 65.8
122   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

GABON Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 7,243


Ease of doing business (rank) 158 Upper middle income Population (m) 1.4
Starting a business (rank) 152 Registering property (rank) 130 Trading across borders (rank) 135
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 58 Time (days) 39 Time to export (days) 20
Cost (% of income per capita) 17.8 Cost (% of property value) 10.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,945
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 26.5 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 22
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 63 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,955
Procedures (number) 16 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 210 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 3.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 150
Cost (% of income per capita) 34.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38
Time (days) 1,070
Employing workers (rank) 165 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 34.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 137
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 80 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 5.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 52 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 43 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 15.2
Paying taxes (rank) 107
Payments (number per year) 26
Time (hours per year) 272
Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.7

GAMBIA, THE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 393


Ease of doing business (rank) 140 Low income Population (m) 1.7
Starting a business (rank) 114 Registering property (rank) 117 Trading across borders (rank) 81
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 27 Time (days) 371 Time to export (days) 24
Cost (% of income per capita) 215.1 Cost (% of property value) 4.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 831
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 23
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 79 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 922
Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 146 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 67
Cost (% of income per capita) 336.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 32
Time (days) 434
Employing workers (rank) 85 Protecting investors (rank) 172 Cost (% of claim) 37.9
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 123
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 27 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.7 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 19.5
Paying taxes (rank) 176
Payments (number per year) 50
Time (hours per year) 376
Total tax rate (% of profit) 292.4

GEORGIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 2,472
Ease of doing business (rank) 11 Lower middle income Population (m) 4.4
Starting a business (rank) 5 Registering property (rank) 2 4 Trading across borders (rank) 30
Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 3 Time (days) 3 Time to export (days) 10
Cost (% of income per capita) 3.7 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,270
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4
Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 13
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,250
Procedures (number) 10 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 98 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 41
Cost (% of income per capita) 21.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 12.2 Procedures (number) 36
Time (days) 285
Employing workers (rank) 9 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 29.9
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 95
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.3
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.9
Paying taxes (rank) 64
Payments (number per year) 18
Time (hours per year) 387
Total tax rate (% of profit) 15.3
country tables    123

GERMANY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 42,436


Ease of doing business (rank) 25 High income Population (m) 82.1
4 Starting a business (rank) 84 Registering property (rank) 57 Trading across borders (rank) 14
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 18 Time (days) 40 Time to export (days) 7
Cost (% of income per capita) 4.7 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 872
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 7
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 18 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 937
Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 100 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 7
Cost (% of income per capita) 60.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 98.3 Procedures (number) 30
Time (days) 394
Employing workers (rank) 158 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 14.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 53 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 4 Closing a business (rank) 35
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 1.2
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 42 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 8
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 69 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 52.2
Paying taxes (rank) 71
Payments (number per year) 16
Time (hours per year) 196
Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.9

GHANA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 674


Ease of doing business (rank) 92 Low income Population (m) 23.4
4 Starting a business (rank) 135 Registering property (rank) 33 Trading across borders (rank) 83
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 33 Time (days) 34 Time to export (days) 19
Cost (% of income per capita) 26.4 Cost (% of property value) 1.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,013
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 13.4 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 29
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 153 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,203
Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 220 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 47
Cost (% of income per capita) 1,099.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 36
Time (days) 487
Employing workers (rank) 133 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 23.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 106
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.9
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 27 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 22
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 178 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 24.0
Paying taxes (rank) 79
Payments (number per year) 33
Time (hours per year) 224
Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.7

GREECE OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 28,650


Ease of doing business (rank) 109 High income Population (m) 11.2
Starting a business (rank) 140 Registering property (rank) 107 Trading across borders (rank) 80
Procedures (number) 15 Procedures (number) 11 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 19 Time (days) 22 Time to export (days) 20
Cost (% of income per capita) 10.9 Cost (% of property value) 4.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,153
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 21.4 Documents to import (number) 6
4 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 25
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 50 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,265
Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 169 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 89
Cost (% of income per capita) 50.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 46.9 Procedures (number) 39
Time (days) 819
Employing workers (rank) 147 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 14.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 1
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 67 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 43
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 2.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 50 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 24 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 44.2
Paying taxes (rank) 76
Payments (number per year) 10
Time (hours per year) 224
Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.4
124   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

GRENADA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 5,709
Ease of doing business (rank) 91 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.1
Starting a business (rank) 52 Registering property (rank) 162 4 Trading across borders (rank) 79
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 20 Time (days) 77 Time to export (days) 14
Cost (% of income per capita) 24.6 Cost (% of property value) 7.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,226
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 19
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 15 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,479
Procedures (number) 10 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 149 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 162
Cost (% of income per capita) 25.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 47
Time (days) 688
Employing workers (rank) 49 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 32.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 15 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 29 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 82
Payments (number per year) 30
Time (hours per year) 140
Total tax rate (% of profit) 45.3

GUATEMALA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 2,679
Ease of doing business (rank) 110 Lower middle income Population (m) 13.7
Starting a business (rank) 156 4 Registering property (rank) 24 Trading across borders (rank) 119
Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 10
Time (days) 29 Time (days) 27 Time to export (days) 17
Cost (% of income per capita) 45.4 Cost (% of property value) 1.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,182
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 23.5 Documents to import (number) 10
4 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 17
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 150 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,302
Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 178 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 16.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 103
Cost (% of income per capita) 1,079.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 28.4 Procedures (number) 31
Time (days) 1,459
Employing workers (rank) 127 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 26.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 93
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 28 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 101 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.2
4 Paying taxes (rank) 109
Payments (number per year) 24
Time (hours per year) 344
Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.9

GUINEA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 442


Ease of doing business (rank) 173 Low income Population (m) 9.8
Starting a business (rank) 179 Registering property (rank) 163 Trading across borders (rank) 130
Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 41 Time (days) 104 Time to export (days) 33
Cost (% of income per capita) 139.2 Cost (% of property value) 13.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 855
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 489.7 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 32
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 170 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,391
Procedures (number) 32 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 255 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 131
Cost (% of income per capita) 249.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 50
Time (days) 276
Employing workers (rank) 79 Protecting investors (rank) 172 Cost (% of claim) 45.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 111
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 1 Time (years) 3.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 24 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.7 Cost (% of estate) 8
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 22.0
Paying taxes (rank) 171
Payments (number per year) 56
Time (hours per year) 416
Total tax rate (% of profit) 49.9
country tables    125

GUINEA-BISSAU Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 245


Ease of doing business (rank) 181 Low income Population (m) 1.6
4 Starting a business (rank) 183 Registering property (rank) 177 Trading across borders (rank) 115
Procedures (number) 16 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 213 Time (days) 211 Time to export (days) 23
Cost (% of income per capita) 323.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,545
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 779.9 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 22
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 114 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,349
Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1
Time (days) 167 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 1.1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 143
Cost (% of income per capita) 2,020.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 41
Time (days) 1,140
Employing workers (rank) 175 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 25.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 27 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 54 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 87 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 129
Payments (number per year) 46
Time (hours per year) 208
Total tax rate (% of profit) 45.9

GUYANA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 1,416
Ease of doing business (rank) 101 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.8
4 Starting a business (rank) 97 Registering property (rank) 72 4 Trading across borders (rank) 76
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 34 Time (days) 34 Time to export (days) 20
Cost (% of income per capita) 32.8 Cost (% of property value) 4.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 730
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 24
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 39 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 730
Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 133 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 75
Cost (% of income per capita) 229.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 36
Time (days) 581
Employing workers (rank) 87 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 25.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 129
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 19 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 29
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 56 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.6
Paying taxes (rank) 113
Payments (number per year) 34
Time (hours per year) 288
Total tax rate (% of profit) 38.9

HAITI Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 661
Ease of doing business (rank) 151 Low income Population (m) 9.8
Starting a business (rank) 180 Registering property (rank) 129 4 Trading across borders (rank) 144
Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 195 Time (days) 405 Time to export (days) 35
Cost (% of income per capita) 227.9 Cost (% of property value) 6.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,005
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 22.4 Documents to import (number) 10
4 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 33
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 126 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,545
Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 1,179 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 92
Cost (% of income per capita) 569.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 35
Time (days) 508
Employing workers (rank) 28 Protecting investors (rank) 165 Cost (% of claim) 42.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 155
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 5.7
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.0 Cost (% of estate) 30
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 2.7
Paying taxes (rank) 99
Payments (number per year) 42
Time (hours per year) 160
Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.1
126   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

HONDURAS Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 1,799
Ease of doing business (rank) 141 Lower middle income Population (m) 7.2
4 Starting a business (rank) 144 Registering property (rank) 91 Trading across borders (rank) 114
Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 14 Time (days) 23 Time to export (days) 20
Cost (% of income per capita) 47.3 Cost (% of property value) 5.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,163
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 17.3 Documents to import (number) 10
4 Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 23
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 74 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,190
Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 106 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 21.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 175
Cost (% of income per capita) 465.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 58.7 Procedures (number) 45
Time (days) 900
8 Employing workers (rank) 168 Protecting investors (rank) 165 Cost (% of claim) 35.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 100 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 118
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 57 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.0 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 95 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.8
Paying taxes (rank) 146
Payments (number per year) 47
Time (hours per year) 224
Total tax rate (% of profit) 48.3

HONG KONG, CHINA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 31,422
Ease of doing business (rank) 3 High income Population (m) 7.0
4 Starting a business (rank) 18 4 Registering property (rank) 75 Trading across borders (rank) 2
Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 6 Time (days) 45 Time to export (days) 6
Cost (% of income per capita) 1.8 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 625
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4
Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 5
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 1 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 10 Cost to import (US$ per container) 583
Procedures (number) 7 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 67 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 3
Cost (% of income per capita) 18.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 71.9 Procedures (number) 24
Time (days) 280
Employing workers (rank) 6 Protecting investors (rank) 3 Cost (% of claim) 19.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 13
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 1.1
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 9.0 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 10 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 79.8
Paying taxes (rank) 3
Payments (number per year) 4
Time (hours per year) 80
Total tax rate (% of profit) 24.2

HUNGARY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 12,810


Ease of doing business (rank) 47 High income Population (m) 10.0
4 Starting a business (rank) 39 Registering property (rank) 61 Trading across borders (rank) 70
Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 4 Time (days) 17 Time to export (days) 18
Cost (% of income per capita) 8.0 Cost (% of property value) 11.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,225
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 10.2 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 17
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 88 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,215
Procedures (number) 31 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 204 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 14
Cost (% of income per capita) 9.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 10.3 Procedures (number) 33
Time (days) 395
Employing workers (rank) 77 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 13.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 67 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 58
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 22 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 35 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 38.4
Paying taxes (rank) 122
Payments (number per year) 14
Time (hours per year) 330
Total tax rate (% of profit) 57.5
country tables    127

ICELAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 40,074


Ease of doing business (rank) 14 High income Population (m) 0.3
Starting a business (rank) 33 Registering property (rank) 13 Trading across borders (rank) 73
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 5 Time (days) 4 Time to export (days) 19
Cost (% of income per capita) 3.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,532
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 15.8 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 14
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 31 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,674
Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 75 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 2
Cost (% of income per capita) 22.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 26
Time (days) 417
Employing workers (rank) 56 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 6.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 16
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 76.6
4 Paying taxes (rank) 31
Payments (number per year) 31
Time (hours per year) 140
Total tax rate (% of profit) 25.0

INDIA South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,066


Ease of doing business (rank) 133 Lower middle income Population (m) 1,140.0
Starting a business (rank) 169 Registering property (rank) 93 Trading across borders (rank) 94
Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 30 Time (days) 44 Time to export (days) 17
Cost (% of income per capita) 66.1 Cost (% of property value) 7.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 945
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 210.9 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 20
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 175 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 960
Procedures (number) 37 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 195 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 182
Cost (% of income per capita) 2,394.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 10.2 Procedures (number) 46
Time (days) 1,420
Employing workers (rank) 104 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 39.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 4 Closing a business (rank) 138
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 7.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 30 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 56 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 15.1
Paying taxes (rank) 169
Payments (number per year) 59
Time (hours per year) 271
Total tax rate (% of profit) 64.7

INDONESIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,007
Ease of doing business (rank) 122 Lower middle income Population (m) 228.2
4 Starting a business (rank) 161 4 Registering property (rank) 95 Trading across borders (rank) 45
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 60 Time (days) 22 Time to export (days) 21
Cost (% of income per capita) 26.0 Cost (% of property value) 10.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 704
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 59.7 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 27
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 61 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 660
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 160 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 22.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 146
Cost (% of income per capita) 194.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39
Time (days) 570
Employing workers (rank) 149 4 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 122.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 61 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 142
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 5.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 40 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 18
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 108 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 13.7
Paying taxes (rank) 126
Payments (number per year) 51
Time (hours per year) 266
Total tax rate (% of profit) 37.6
128   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 4,732
Ease of doing business (rank) 137 Lower middle income Population (m) 72.0
4 Starting a business (rank) 48 Registering property (rank) 153 4 Trading across borders (rank) 134
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 9 Time (days) 36 Time to export (days) 25
Cost (% of income per capita) 3.9 Cost (% of property value) 10.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,061
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.8 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 38
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 141 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,706
Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3
Time (days) 322 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 31.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 53
Cost (% of income per capita) 365.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39
Time (days) 520
Employing workers (rank) 137 Protecting investors (rank) 165 Cost (% of claim) 17.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 27 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 109
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 0 Time (years) 4.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 29 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.0 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 87 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 23.1
4 Paying taxes (rank) 117
Payments (number per year) 22
Time (hours per year) 344
Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.2

IRAQ Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,815
Ease of doing business (rank) 153 Lower middle income Population (m) 30.1
Starting a business (rank) 175 Registering property (rank) 53 Trading across borders (rank) 180
Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 10
Time (days) 77 Time (days) 8 Time to export (days) 102
Cost (% of income per capita) 75.9 Cost (% of property value) 7.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,900
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 30.3 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 101
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 94 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,900
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 215 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 139
Cost (% of income per capita) 397.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 51
Time (days) 520
Employing workers (rank) 59 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 27.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 24 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 53
Payments (number per year) 13
Time (hours per year) 312
Total tax rate (% of profit) 28.4

IRELAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 49,592


Ease of doing business (rank) 7 High income Population (m) 4.5
Starting a business (rank) 9 4 Registering property (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 21
Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 13 Time (days) 38 Time to export (days) 7
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.3 Cost (% of property value) 6.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,109
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4
Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 12
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 30 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,121
Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 185 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 37
Cost (% of income per capita) 44.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 20
Time (days) 515
Employing workers (rank) 27 Protecting investors (rank) 5 Cost (% of claim) 26.9
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 6
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 0.4
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.3 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 18 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 86.6
Paying taxes (rank) 6
Payments (number per year) 9
Time (hours per year) 76
Total tax rate (% of profit) 26.5
country tables    129

ISRAEL Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 24,698
Ease of doing business (rank) 29 High income Population (m) 7.3
Starting a business (rank) 34 Registering property (rank) 147 Trading across borders (rank) 11
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 34 Time (days) 144 Time to export (days) 12
Cost (% of income per capita) 4.2 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 665
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4
Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 12
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 120 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 605
Procedures (number) 20 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 235 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 99
Cost (% of income per capita) 107.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 89.8 Procedures (number) 35
Time (days) 890
Employing workers (rank) 90 Protecting investors (rank) 5 Cost (% of claim) 25.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 41
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 4.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 17 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.3 Cost (% of estate) 23
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 91 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 44.9
4 Paying taxes (rank) 83
Payments (number per year) 33
Time (hours per year) 230
Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.6

ITALY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 35,236


Ease of doing business (rank) 78 High income Population (m) 59.9
Starting a business (rank) 75 Registering property (rank) 98 Trading across borders (rank) 50
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 10 Time (days) 27 Time to export (days) 20
Cost (% of income per capita) 17.9 Cost (% of property value) 4.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,231
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 9.7 Documents to import (number) 4
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 18
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 85 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,231
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 257 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 12.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 156
Cost (% of income per capita) 137.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 77.5 Procedures (number) 40
Time (days) 1,210
Employing workers (rank) 99 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 29.9
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 29
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 38 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 22
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 11 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 56.6
Paying taxes (rank) 135
Payments (number per year) 15
Time (hours per year) 334
Total tax rate (% of profit) 68.4

JAMAICA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,871
Ease of doing business (rank) 75 Upper middle income Population (m) 2.7
Starting a business (rank) 19 4 Registering property (rank) 122 Trading across borders (rank) 104
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 8 Time (days) 55 Time to export (days) 21
Cost (% of income per capita) 5.3 Cost (% of property value) 9.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,750
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 22
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 49 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,420
Procedures (number) 10 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 156 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 128
Cost (% of income per capita) 265.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 35
Time (days) 655
Employing workers (rank) 39 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 45.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 23
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 1.1
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 4 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 18
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 62 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 64.5
Paying taxes (rank) 174
Payments (number per year) 72
Time (hours per year) 414
Total tax rate (% of profit) 51.3
130   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

JAPAN OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 38,207


Ease of doing business (rank) 15 High income Population (m) 127.7
Starting a business (rank) 91 Registering property (rank) 54 Trading across borders (rank) 17
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 23 Time (days) 14 Time to export (days) 10
Cost (% of income per capita) 7.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 989
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 11
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 45 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,047
Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 187 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 20
Cost (% of income per capita) 19.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 76.2 Procedures (number) 30
Time (days) 360
Employing workers (rank) 40 Protecting investors (rank) 16 Cost (% of claim) 22.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 7 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 1
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 0.6
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 16 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.0 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 92.5
Paying taxes (rank) 123
Payments (number per year) 13
Time (hours per year) 355
Total tax rate (% of profit) 55.7

JORDAN Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,306
Ease of doing business (rank) 100 Lower middle income Population (m) 5.9
4 Starting a business (rank) 125 4 Registering property (rank) 106 4 Trading across borders (rank) 71
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 13 Time (days) 21 Time to export (days) 17
Cost (% of income per capita) 49.5 Cost (% of property value) 7.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 730
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 19.9 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 19
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 92 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,290
Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 87 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 1.0 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 124
Cost (% of income per capita) 697.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38
Time (days) 689
Employing workers (rank) 51 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 31.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 96
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 4.3
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 24 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.3
4 Paying taxes (rank) 26
Payments (number per year) 26
Time (hours per year) 101
Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.1

KAZAKHSTAN Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 6,140
Ease of doing business (rank) 63 Upper middle income Population (m) 15.7
4 Starting a business (rank) 82 Registering property (rank) 31 Trading across borders (rank) 182
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 11
Time (days) 20 Time (days) 40 Time to export (days) 89
Cost (% of income per capita) 4.8 Cost (% of property value) 0.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,005
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 13.4 Documents to import (number) 13
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 76
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 143 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,055
Procedures (number) 37 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 211 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 34
Cost (% of income per capita) 119.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 29.5 Procedures (number) 38
Time (days) 390
Employing workers (rank) 38 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 22.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 54
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 1.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 17 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 40.6
4 Paying taxes (rank) 52
Payments (number per year) 9
Time (hours per year) 271
Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.9
country tables    131

KENYA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 767


Ease of doing business (rank) 95 Low income Population (m) 38.5
Starting a business (rank) 124 Registering property (rank) 125 Trading across borders (rank) 147
Procedures (number) 12 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 9
Time (days) 34 Time (days) 64 Time to export (days) 27
Cost (% of income per capita) 36.5 Cost (% of property value) 4.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,055
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8
4 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 25
8 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 34 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 10 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,190
Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 120 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 126
Cost (% of income per capita) 161.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 2.3 Procedures (number) 40
Time (days) 465
Employing workers (rank) 78 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 47.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 79
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 10 Time (years) 4.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 17 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 22
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 47 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 31.6
Paying taxes (rank) 164
Payments (number per year) 41
Time (hours per year) 417
Total tax rate (% of profit) 49.7

KIRIBATI East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,995
Ease of doing business (rank) 79 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.1
Starting a business (rank) 119 Registering property (rank) 66 Trading across borders (rank) 77
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 21 Time (days) 513 Time to export (days) 21
Cost (% of income per capita) 38.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,070
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 20.5 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 21
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 71 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,070
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 160 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 80
Cost (% of income per capita) 422.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 32
Time (days) 660
Employing workers (rank) 29 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 25.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 17 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 10
Payments (number per year) 7
Time (hours per year) 120
Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.8

KOREA, REP. OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 21,525
Ease of doing business (rank) 19 High income Population (m) 48.6
4 Starting a business (rank) 53 Registering property (rank) 71 Trading across borders (rank) 8
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 3
Time (days) 14 Time (days) 11 Time to export (days) 8
Cost (% of income per capita) 14.7 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 742
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 3
Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 8
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 23 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 742
Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 34 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 5
Cost (% of income per capita) 135.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 93.8 Procedures (number) 35
Time (days) 230
Employing workers (rank) 150 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 10.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 12
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 38 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 91 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 80.5
4 Paying taxes (rank) 49
Payments (number per year) 14
Time (hours per year) 250
Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.9
132   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

KOSOVO Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,800
Ease of doing business (rank) 113 Lower middle income Population (m) 2.1
Starting a business (rank) 164 Registering property (rank) 68 Trading across borders (rank) 132
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 52 Time (days) 33 Time to export (days) 17
Cost (% of income per capita) 43.3 Cost (% of property value) 1.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,270
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 169.5 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 16
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 176 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,330
Procedures (number) 21 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3
Time (days) 320 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 18.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 157
Cost (% of income per capita) 1291.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 53
Time (days) 420
Employing workers (rank) 34 Protecting investors (rank) 172 Cost (% of claim) 61.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 28
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 2
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.7 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 30 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 56.8
4 Paying taxes (rank) 50
Payments (number per year) 33
Time (hours per year) 163
Total tax rate (% of profit) 28.3

KUWAIT Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 45,920
Ease of doing business (rank) 61 High income Population (m) 2.7
Starting a business (rank) 137 Registering property (rank) 89 4 Trading across borders (rank) 109
Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 35 Time (days) 55 Time to export (days) 17
Cost (% of income per capita) 1.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,060
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 59.2 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 19
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 81 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,217
Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 104 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 113
Cost (% of income per capita) 124.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 30.4 Procedures (number) 50
Time (days) 566
Employing workers (rank) 24 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 18.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 4 Closing a business (rank) 69
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 4.2
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 1
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 78 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.5
Paying taxes (rank) 11
Payments (number per year) 15
Time (hours per year) 118
Total tax rate (% of profit) 15.5

KYRGYZ REPUBLIC Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 741
Ease of doing business (rank) 41 Low income Population (m) 5.3
4 Starting a business (rank) 14 4 Registering property (rank) 19 4 Trading across borders (rank) 154
Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 11 Time (days) 5 Time to export (days) 63
Cost (% of income per capita) 5.2 Cost (% of property value) 2.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,000
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7
4 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 72
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 40 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 10 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,250
Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3
Time (days) 137 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 54
Cost (% of income per capita) 165.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 5.9 Procedures (number) 39
Time (days) 260
4 Employing workers (rank) 47 Protecting investors (rank) 12 Cost (% of claim) 29.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 140
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 4.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 18 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.7 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 14.2
4 Paying taxes (rank) 156
Payments (number per year) 75
Time (hours per year) 202
Total tax rate (% of profit) 59.4
country tables    133

LAO PDR East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 740
Ease of doing business (rank) 167 Low income Population (m) 6.2
Starting a business (rank) 89 Registering property (rank) 161 Trading across borders (rank) 168
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 9
Time (days) 100 Time (days) 135 Time to export (days) 50
Cost (% of income per capita) 12.3 Cost (% of property value) 4.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,860
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 50
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 115 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,040
Procedures (number) 24 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 172 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 111
Cost (% of income per capita) 144.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 42
Time (days) 443
Employing workers (rank) 107 Protecting investors (rank) 182 Cost (% of claim) 31.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 20 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 1.7 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 162 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
4 Paying taxes (rank) 113
Payments (number per year) 34
Time (hours per year) 362
Total tax rate (% of profit) 33.7

LATVIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 11,864
Ease of doing business (rank) 27 Upper middle income Population (m) 2.3
Starting a business (rank) 51 4 Registering property (rank) 58 Trading across borders (rank) 22
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 16 Time (days) 45 Time to export (days) 13
Cost (% of income per capita) 2.1 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 600
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 14.2 Documents to import (number) 6
4 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 12
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 78 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 801
Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 187 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 46.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 15
Cost (% of income per capita) 17.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 27
Time (days) 309
Employing workers (rank) 128 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 23.1
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 50 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 88
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 43 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 13
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 29.0
Paying taxes (rank) 45
Payments (number per year) 7
Time (hours per year) 279
Total tax rate (% of profit) 33.0

LEBANON Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 6,353
Ease of doing business (rank) 108 Upper middle income Population (m) 4.1
4 Starting a business (rank) 108 Registering property (rank) 111 Trading across borders (rank) 95
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 9 Time (days) 25 Time to export (days) 26
Cost (% of income per capita) 78.2 Cost (% of property value) 5.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,002
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 51.0 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 35
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 125 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,203
Procedures (number) 20 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 211 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 8.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 121
Cost (% of income per capita) 194.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 37
Time (days) 721
Employing workers (rank) 66 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 30.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 9
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 124
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 4.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 25 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 22
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 19.0
4 Paying taxes (rank) 34
Payments (number per year) 19
Time (hours per year) 180
Total tax rate (% of profit) 30.2
134   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

LESOTHO Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,080


Ease of doing business (rank) 130 Lower middle income Population (m) 2.0
Starting a business (rank) 131 Registering property (rank) 142 Trading across borders (rank) 143
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 40 Time (days) 101 Time to export (days) 44
Cost (% of income per capita) 27.0 Cost (% of property value) 8.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,549
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 11.9 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 49
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 155 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,715
Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 601 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 105
Cost (% of income per capita) 670.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 41
Time (days) 695
Employing workers (rank) 67 Protecting investors (rank) 147 Cost (% of claim) 19.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 72
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.6
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 14 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.7 Cost (% of estate) 8
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 44 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 33.9
Paying taxes (rank) 63
Payments (number per year) 21
Time (hours per year) 324
Total tax rate (% of profit) 18.5

LIBERIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 167


Ease of doing business (rank) 149 Low income Population (m) 3.8
4 Starting a business (rank) 57 Registering property (rank) 174 4 Trading across borders (rank) 112
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 10 Documents to export (number) 10
Time (days) 20 Time (days) 50 Time to export (days) 17
Cost (% of income per capita) 52.9 Cost (% of property value) 13.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,232
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 15
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 135 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,212
Procedures (number) 24 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1
Time (days) 77 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 166
Cost (% of income per capita) 28,295.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 41
Time (days) 1,280
Employing workers (rank) 121 Protecting investors (rank) 147 Cost (% of claim) 35.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 148
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 27 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.7 Cost (% of estate) 43
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 84 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 8.3
Paying taxes (rank) 85
Payments (number per year) 32
Time (hours per year) 158
Total tax rate (% of profit) 43.7

LITHUANIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 11,871
Ease of doing business (rank) 26 Upper middle income Population (m) 3.4
Starting a business (rank) 99 Registering property (rank) 4 Trading across borders (rank) 28
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 26 Time (days) 3 Time to export (days) 10
Cost (% of income per capita) 2.4 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 870
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 31.1 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 11
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 64 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 980
Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 162 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 12.1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 17
Cost (% of income per capita) 95.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 18.4 Procedures (number) 30
Time (days) 275
Employing workers (rank) 119 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 23.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 4 Closing a business (rank) 36
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 38 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 7
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 30 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 49.4
8 Paying taxes (rank) 51
Payments (number per year) 12
Time (hours per year) 166
Total tax rate (% of profit) 42.7
country tables    135

LUXEMBOURG OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 84,892


Ease of doing business (rank) 64 High income Population (m) 0.5
4 Starting a business (rank) 72 Registering property (rank) 131 Trading across borders (rank) 31
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 24 Time (days) 29 Time to export (days) 6
Cost (% of income per capita) 1.8 Cost (% of property value) 10.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,420
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 19.9 Documents to import (number) 4
Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 6
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 43 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,420
Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 217 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 1
Cost (% of income per capita) 19.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 26
Time (days) 321
8 Employing workers (rank) 170 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 9.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 50
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 2.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 56 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 52 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.7
Paying taxes (rank) 15
Payments (number per year) 22
Time (hours per year) 59
Total tax rate (% of profit) 20.9

MACEDONIA, FYR Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 4,138
Ease of doing business (rank) 32 Upper middle income Population (m) 2.0
4 Starting a business (rank) 6 4 Registering property (rank) 63 Trading across borders (rank) 62
Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 4 Time (days) 58 Time to export (days) 12
Cost (% of income per capita) 2.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,436
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6
4 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 11
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 137 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,420
Procedures (number) 21 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 146 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 28.1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 64
Cost (% of income per capita) 1,604.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 37
Time (days) 370
4 Employing workers (rank) 58 4 Protecting investors (rank) 20 Cost (% of claim) 33.1
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 9
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 115
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 2.9
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 14 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.7 Cost (% of estate) 28
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.9
4 Paying taxes (rank) 26
Payments (number per year) 40
Time (hours per year) 75
Total tax rate (% of profit) 16.4

MADAGASCAR Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 406


Ease of doing business (rank) 134 Low income Population (m) 19.1
4 Starting a business (rank) 12 8 Registering property (rank) 152 Trading across borders (rank) 111
Procedures (number) 2 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 7 Time (days) 74 Time to export (days) 21
Cost (% of income per capita) 7.1 Cost (% of property value) 9.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,279
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 26
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 108 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,660
Procedures (number) 16 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1
Time (days) 178 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 155
Cost (% of income per capita) 630.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38
Time (days) 871
Employing workers (rank) 152 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 42.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 89 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 4 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 56 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 30 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 74
Payments (number per year) 23
Time (hours per year) 201
Total tax rate (% of profit) 39.2
136   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

MALAWI Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 288


Ease of doing business (rank) 132 Low income Population (m) 14.3
Starting a business (rank) 128 Registering property (rank) 101 4 Trading across borders (rank) 172
Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 11
Time (days) 39 Time (days) 88 Time to export (days) 41
Cost (% of income per capita) 108.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,713
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 51
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 163 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,570
Procedures (number) 21 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 213 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 142
Cost (% of income per capita) 1,094.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 42
Time (days) 432
Employing workers (rank) 92 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 142.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 4 Closing a business (rank) 130
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 2.6
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 25
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 84 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.5
Paying taxes (rank) 24
Payments (number per year) 19
Time (hours per year) 157
Total tax rate (% of profit) 25.8

MALAYSIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 6,967
Ease of doing business (rank) 23 Upper middle income Population (m) 27.0
4 Starting a business (rank) 88 Registering property (rank) 86 Trading across borders (rank) 35
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 11 Time (days) 144 Time to export (days) 18
Cost (% of income per capita) 11.9 Cost (% of property value) 2.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 450
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 1 Time to import (days) 14
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 109 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 10 Cost to import (US$ per container) 450
Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 261 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 48.5 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 59
Cost (% of income per capita) 7.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 82.0 Procedures (number) 30
Time (days) 585
Employing workers (rank) 61 Protecting investors (rank) 4 Cost (% of claim) 27.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 57
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.3
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.7 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 75 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 38.6
Paying taxes (rank) 24
Payments (number per year) 12
Time (hours per year) 145
Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.2

MALDIVES South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,626


Ease of doing business (rank) 87 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.3
Starting a business (rank) 49 Registering property (rank) 183 Trading across borders (rank) 126
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) no practice Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 9 Time (days) no practice Time to export (days) 21
Cost (% of income per capita) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) no practice Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,348
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 4.0 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 20
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,348
Procedures (number) 9 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 118 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 92
Cost (% of income per capita) 21.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 41
Time (days) 665
8 Employing workers (rank) 41 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 16.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 126
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 6.7
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 18 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.2
Paying taxes (rank) 1
Payments (number per year) 1
Time (hours per year) -
Total tax rate (% of profit) 9.1
country tables    137

MALI Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 579


Ease of doing business (rank) 156 Low income Population (m) 12.7
4 Starting a business (rank) 139 Registering property (rank) 99 4 Trading across borders (rank) 156
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 15 Time (days) 29 Time to export (days) 32
Cost (% of income per capita) 89.2 Cost (% of property value) 20.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,075
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 334.6 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 37
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 94 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,955
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1
Time (days) 185 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 4.0 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 135
Cost (% of income per capita) 818.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 36
Time (days) 626
Employing workers (rank) 100 4 Protecting investors (rank) 147 Cost (% of claim) 52.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 117
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.6
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 31 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.7 Cost (% of estate) 18
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 31 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.9
Paying taxes (rank) 158
Payments (number per year) 58
Time (hours per year) 270
Total tax rate (% of profit) 52.1

MARSHALL ISLANDS East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 3,273
Ease of doing business (rank) 98 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.1
Starting a business (rank) 39 Registering property (rank) 183 Trading across borders (rank) 64
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) no practice Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 17 Time (days) no practice Time to export (days) 21
Cost (% of income per capita) 16.2 Cost (% of property value) no practice Cost to export (US$ per container) 945
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 33
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 945
Procedures (number) 10 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 55 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 63
Cost (% of income per capita) 33.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 36
Time (days) 476
Employing workers (rank) 4 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 27.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 0 Closing a business (rank) 128
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 38
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.9
Paying taxes (rank) 93
Payments (number per year) 21
Time (hours per year) 128
Total tax rate (% of profit) 64.9

MAURITANIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 906


Ease of doing business (rank) 166 Low income Population (m) 3.2
Starting a business (rank) 149 Registering property (rank) 74 Trading across borders (rank) 163
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 11
Time (days) 19 Time (days) 49 Time to export (days) 39
Cost (% of income per capita) 34.7 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,520
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 450.4 Documents to import (number) 11
Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 42
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 154 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,523
Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1
Time (days) 201 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 83
Cost (% of income per capita) 506.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 46
Time (days) 370
Employing workers (rank) 125 Protecting investors (rank) 147 Cost (% of claim) 23.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 56 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 150
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 8.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 39 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.7 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 31 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 6.7
Paying taxes (rank) 175
Payments (number per year) 38
Time (hours per year) 696
Total tax rate (% of profit) 86.1
138   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

MAURITIUS Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 6,401


Ease of doing business (rank) 17 Upper middle income Population (m) 1.3
Starting a business (rank) 10 4 Registering property (rank) 66 4 Trading across borders (rank) 19
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 6 Time (days) 26 Time to export (days) 14
Cost (% of income per capita) 4.1 Cost (% of property value) 10.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 737
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6
4 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 14
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 42 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 689
Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3
Time (days) 107 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 36.8 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 66
Cost (% of income per capita) 35.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 36
Time (days) 720
4 Employing workers (rank) 36 Protecting investors (rank) 12 Cost (% of claim) 17.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 4 Closing a business (rank) 73
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 1.7
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 18 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.7 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 33.6
Paying taxes (rank) 12
Payments (number per year) 7
Time (hours per year) 161
Total tax rate (% of profit) 22.9

MEXICO Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 9,981
Ease of doing business (rank) 51 Upper middle income Population (m) 106.4
4 Starting a business (rank) 90 Registering property (rank) 99 Trading across borders (rank) 74
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 13 Time (days) 74 Time to export (days) 14
Cost (% of income per capita) 11.7 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,472
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 8.9 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 17
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 37 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,050
Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 138 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 81
Cost (% of income per capita) 113.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 77.5 Procedures (number) 38
Time (days) 415
Employing workers (rank) 136 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 32.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 24
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 1.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 41 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 18
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 52 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 64.2
4 Paying taxes (rank) 106
Payments (number per year) 6
Time (hours per year) 517
Total tax rate (% of profit) 51.0

MICRONESIA, FED. STS. East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,338
Ease of doing business (rank) 128 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.1
Starting a business (rank) 79 Registering property (rank) 183 Trading across borders (rank) 98
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) no practice Documents to export (number) 3
Time (days) 16 Time (days) no practice Time to export (days) 30
Cost (% of income per capita) 136.9 Cost (% of property value) no practice Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,295
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 30
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 11 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,295
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 73 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 149
Cost (% of income per capita) 19.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 34
Time (days) 965
Employing workers (rank) 14 Protecting investors (rank) 172 Cost (% of claim) 66.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 0 Closing a business (rank) 154
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 5.3
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.7 Cost (% of estate) 38
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 3.5
Paying taxes (rank) 86
Payments (number per year) 21
Time (hours per year) 128
Total tax rate (% of profit) 58.7
country tables    139

MOLDOVA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,469
Ease of doing business (rank) 94 Lower middle income Population (m) 3.6
4 Starting a business (rank) 77 4 Registering property (rank) 17 Trading across borders (rank) 140
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 10 Time (days) 5 Time to export (days) 32
Cost (% of income per capita) 7.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,815
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 11.4 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 35
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 161 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,945
Procedures (number) 30 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 292 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 22
Cost (% of income per capita) 120.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 31
Time (days) 365
Employing workers (rank) 141 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 20.9
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 90
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 2.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 41 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 37 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.6
4 Paying taxes (rank) 101
Payments (number per year) 48
Time (hours per year) 228
Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.1

MONGOLIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,676
Ease of doing business (rank) 60 Lower middle income Population (m) 2.6
Starting a business (rank) 78 Registering property (rank) 25 Trading across borders (rank) 155
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 13 Time (days) 11 Time to export (days) 46
Cost (% of income per capita) 3.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,131
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 44.0 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 47
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 103 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,274
Procedures (number) 21 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3
Time (days) 215 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 22.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 36
Cost (% of income per capita) 61.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 32
Time (days) 314
Employing workers (rank) 44 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 30.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 110
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 4.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 17 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 8
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 22.0
Paying taxes (rank) 69
Payments (number per year) 43
Time (hours per year) 192
Total tax rate (% of profit) 22.8

MONTENEGRO Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 6,440
Ease of doing business (rank) 71 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.6
4 Starting a business (rank) 85 Registering property (rank) 131 Trading across borders (rank) 47
Procedures (number) 12 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 13 Time (days) 86 Time to export (days) 14
Cost (% of income per capita) 2.6 Cost (% of property value) 3.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 775
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 14
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 160 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 890
Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 230 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 27.6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 133
Cost (% of income per capita) 1,086.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 49
Time (days) 545
4 Employing workers (rank) 46 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 25.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 44
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 2.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 13 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 8
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 28 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 43.7
4 Paying taxes (rank) 145
Payments (number per year) 89
Time (hours per year) 372
Total tax rate (% of profit) 28.9
140   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

MOROCCO Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,579
Ease of doing business (rank) 127 Lower middle income Population (m) 31.2
Starting a business (rank) 76 Registering property (rank) 123 Trading across borders (rank) 72
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 12 Time (days) 47 Time to export (days) 14
Cost (% of income per capita) 16.1 Cost (% of property value) 4.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 700
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 11.8 Documents to import (number) 10
4 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 17
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 99 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,000
Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 163 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 108
Cost (% of income per capita) 263.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 14.0 Procedures (number) 40
Time (days) 615
Employing workers (rank) 176 Protecting investors (rank) 165 Cost (% of claim) 25.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 89 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 67
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 1 Time (years) 1.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 60 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.0 Cost (% of estate) 18
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 85 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 35.1
Paying taxes (rank) 125
Payments (number per year) 28
Time (hours per year) 358
Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.7

MOZAMBIQUE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 373


Ease of doing business (rank) 135 Low income Population (m) 21.8
4 Starting a business (rank) 96 Registering property (rank) 151 4 Trading across borders (rank) 136
Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 26 Time (days) 42 Time to export (days) 23
Cost (% of income per capita) 19.3 Cost (% of property value) 11.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,100
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 30
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 159 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,475
Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 381 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 129
Cost (% of income per capita) 632.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 30
Time (days) 730
Employing workers (rank) 156 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 142.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 136
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 5.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 40 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 134 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 15.2
Paying taxes (rank) 97
Payments (number per year) 37
Time (hours per year) 230
Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.3

NAMIBIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 4,200


Ease of doing business (rank) 66 Upper middle income Population (m) 2.1
Starting a business (rank) 123 Registering property (rank) 134 Trading across borders (rank) 151
Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 11
Time (days) 66 Time (days) 23 Time to export (days) 29
Cost (% of income per capita) 20.4 Cost (% of property value) 9.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,686
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 24
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 38 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,813
Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 139 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 41
Cost (% of income per capita) 124.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 57.7 Procedures (number) 33
Time (days) 270
Employing workers (rank) 43 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 35.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 55
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 13 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 24 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 39.5
Paying taxes (rank) 97
Payments (number per year) 37
Time (hours per year) 375
Total tax rate (% of profit) 9.6
country tables    141

NEPAL South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 404


Ease of doing business (rank) 123 Low income Population (m) 28.6
Starting a business (rank) 87 4 Registering property (rank) 26 Trading across borders (rank) 161
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 9
Time (days) 31 Time (days) 5 Time to export (days) 41
Cost (% of income per capita) 53.6 Cost (% of property value) 4.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,764
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 35
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 131 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,825
Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 424 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 122
Cost (% of income per capita) 221.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.3 Procedures (number) 39
Time (days) 735
Employing workers (rank) 148 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 26.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 105
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 5.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 46 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 90 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 24.5
Paying taxes (rank) 124
Payments (number per year) 34
Time (hours per year) 338
Total tax rate (% of profit) 38.8

NETHERLANDS OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 50,150


Ease of doing business (rank) 30 High income Population (m) 16.4
Starting a business (rank) 70 Registering property (rank) 29 Trading across borders (rank) 13
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 10 Time (days) 5 Time to export (days) 6
Cost (% of income per capita) 5.6 Cost (% of property value) 6.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 895
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 49.4 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 6
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 104 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 942
Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 230 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 30
Cost (% of income per capita) 107.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 83.5 Procedures (number) 25
Time (days) 514
Employing workers (rank) 123 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 24.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 10
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.1
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 42 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 82.7
Paying taxes (rank) 33
Payments (number per year) 9
Time (hours per year) 164
Total tax rate (% of profit) 39.3

NEW ZEALAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 27,936
Ease of doing business (rank) 2 High income Population (m) 4.3
Starting a business (rank) 1 Registering property (rank) 3 Trading across borders (rank) 26
Procedures (number) 1 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 1 Time (days) 2 Time to export (days) 10
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.4 Cost (% of property value) 0.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 868
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 9
8 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 850
Procedures (number) 7 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 65 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 10
Cost (% of income per capita) 37.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 30
Time (days) 216
Employing workers (rank) 15 Protecting investors (rank) 1 Cost (% of claim) 22.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 17
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 10 Time (years) 1.3
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 9.7 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 76.2
Paying taxes (rank) 9
Payments (number per year) 8
Time (hours per year) 70
Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.8
142   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

NICARAGUA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 1,079
Ease of doing business (rank) 117 Lower middle income Population (m) 5.7
Starting a business (rank) 95 Registering property (rank) 143 Trading across borders (rank) 99
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 39 Time (days) 124 Time to export (days) 29
Cost (% of income per capita) 111.7 Cost (% of property value) 3.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,340
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 29
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 138 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,420
Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 219 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 16.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 67
Cost (% of income per capita) 719.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 28.4 Procedures (number) 35
Time (days) 540
Employing workers (rank) 84 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 26.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 70
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 2.2
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 27 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.3
Paying taxes (rank) 165
Payments (number per year) 64
Time (hours per year) 240
Total tax rate (% of profit) 63.2

NIGER Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 329


Ease of doing business (rank) 174 Low income Population (m) 14.7
4 Starting a business (rank) 157 Registering property (rank) 85 Trading across borders (rank) 173
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 17 Time (days) 35 Time to export (days) 59
Cost (% of income per capita) 118.7 Cost (% of property value) 11.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,545
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 613.7 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 64
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 166 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,545
Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1
Time (days) 265 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 138
Cost (% of income per capita) 2,355.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39
Time (days) 545
Employing workers (rank) 173 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 59.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 100 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 53 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 141
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 5.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 68 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 18
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 35 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 14.0
Paying taxes (rank) 141
Payments (number per year) 41
Time (hours per year) 270
Total tax rate (% of profit) 46.5

NIGERIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,161


Ease of doing business (rank) 125 Lower middle income Population (m) 151.3
Starting a business (rank) 108 Registering property (rank) 178 Trading across borders (rank) 146
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 13 Documents to export (number) 10
Time (days) 31 Time (days) 82 Time to export (days) 25
Cost (% of income per capita) 76.7 Cost (% of property value) 20.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,263
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9
4 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 41
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 162 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,440
Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 350 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 94
Cost (% of income per capita) 573.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39
Time (days) 457
Employing workers (rank) 37 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 32.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 94
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 2.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 22
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 50 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.0
Paying taxes (rank) 132
Payments (number per year) 35
Time (hours per year) 938
Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.2
country tables    143

NORWAY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 87,067


Ease of doing business (rank) 10 High income Population (m) 4.8
Starting a business (rank) 35 Registering property (rank) 8 Trading across borders (rank) 9
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 1 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 7 Time (days) 3 Time to export (days) 7
Cost (% of income per capita) 1.9 Cost (% of property value) 2.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 830
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 18.7 Documents to import (number) 4
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 7
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 65 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 729
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 252 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 4
Cost (% of income per capita) 41.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 33
Time (days) 280
Employing workers (rank) 114 Protecting investors (rank) 20 Cost (% of claim) 9.9
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 61 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 3
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 0.9
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 44 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.7 Cost (% of estate) 1
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 89.0
Paying taxes (rank) 17
Payments (number per year) 4
Time (hours per year) 87
Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.6

OMAN Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 18,988
Ease of doing business (rank) 65 High income Population (m) 2.8
4 Starting a business (rank) 62 Registering property (rank) 20 Trading across borders (rank) 123
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 10
Time (days) 12 Time (days) 16 Time to export (days) 22
Cost (% of income per capita) 2.2 Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 821
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 273.6 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 26
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 130 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,037
Procedures (number) 16 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 242 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 17.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 106
Cost (% of income per capita) 427.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 51
Time (days) 598
Employing workers (rank) 21 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 13.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 66
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 4.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 13 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 35.1
4 Paying taxes (rank) 8
Payments (number per year) 14
Time (hours per year) 62
Total tax rate (% of profit) 21.6

PAKISTAN South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 981


Ease of doing business (rank) 85 Lower middle income Population (m) 166.0
4 Starting a business (rank) 63 Registering property (rank) 119 Trading across borders (rank) 78
Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 9
Time (days) 20 Time (days) 50 Time to export (days) 22
Cost (% of income per capita) 5.8 Cost (% of property value) 7.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 611
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 18
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 105 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 680
Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 223 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 5.6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 158
Cost (% of income per capita) 716.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 1.5 Procedures (number) 47
Time (days) 976
Employing workers (rank) 146 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 23.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 56
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 43 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 90 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 39.2
Paying taxes (rank) 143
Payments (number per year) 47
Time (hours per year) 560
Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.6
144   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

PALAU East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 8,646
Ease of doing business (rank) 97 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.02
Starting a business (rank) 103 Registering property (rank) 18 Trading across borders (rank) 124
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 28 Time (days) 14 Time to export (days) 29
Cost (% of income per capita) 4.3 Cost (% of property value) 0.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,190
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 11.6 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 183 Time to import (days) 33
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 54 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 0 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,132
Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 118 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 144
Cost (% of income per capita) 5.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38
Time (days) 885
Employing workers (rank) 8 Protecting investors (rank) 172 Cost (% of claim) 35.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 0 Closing a business (rank) 59
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 1.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 4 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.7 Cost (% of estate) 23
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 38.2
Paying taxes (rank) 91
Payments (number per year) 19
Time (hours per year) 128
Total tax rate (% of profit) 73.0

PANAMA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 6,178
Ease of doing business (rank) 77 Upper middle income Population (m) 3.4
Starting a business (rank) 27 4 Registering property (rank) 65 Trading across borders (rank) 10
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 3
Time (days) 12 Time (days) 32 Time to export (days) 9
Cost (% of income per capita) 10.3 Cost (% of property value) 2.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 729
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4
Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 9
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 68 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 879
Procedures (number) 20 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 116 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 119
Cost (% of income per capita) 107.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 45.9 Procedures (number) 31
Time (days) 686
Employing workers (rank) 177 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 50.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 1
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 75
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 2.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 66 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 18
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 44 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 32.4
Paying taxes (rank) 173
Payments (number per year) 59
Time (hours per year) 482
Total tax rate (% of profit) 50.1

PAPUA NEW GUINEA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,009
Ease of doing business (rank) 102 Lower middle income Population (m) 6.4
Starting a business (rank) 104 Registering property (rank) 83 Trading across borders (rank) 89
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 56 Time (days) 72 Time to export (days) 26
Cost (% of income per capita) 20.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 664
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 29
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 121 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 722
Procedures (number) 24 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 217 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 162
Cost (% of income per capita) 82.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 42
Time (days) 591
Employing workers (rank) 26 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 110.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 104
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 4 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 23
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 39 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 24.7
Paying taxes (rank) 96
Payments (number per year) 33
Time (hours per year) 194
Total tax rate (% of profit) 42.3
country tables    145

PARAGUAY Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 2,180
Ease of doing business (rank) 124 Lower middle income Population (m) 6.2
Starting a business (rank) 100 Registering property (rank) 79 4 Trading across borders (rank) 152
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 35 Time (days) 46 Time to export (days) 33
Cost (% of income per capita) 56.7 Cost (% of property value) 3.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,440
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 33
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 106 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,750
Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 291 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 10.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 104
Cost (% of income per capita) 298.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 47.4 Procedures (number) 38
Time (days) 591
Employing workers (rank) 179 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 30.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 56 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 53 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 119
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.9
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 56 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 99 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.7
Paying taxes (rank) 110
Payments (number per year) 35
Time (hours per year) 328
Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.0

PERU Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,987
Ease of doing business (rank) 56 Upper middle income Population (m) 28.8
4 Starting a business (rank) 112 4 Registering property (rank) 28 4 Trading across borders (rank) 91
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 41 Time (days) 14 Time to export (days) 23
Cost (% of income per capita) 24.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 875
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 24
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 116 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 895
Procedures (number) 21 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 205 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 23.0 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 114
Cost (% of income per capita) 130.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 31.8 Procedures (number) 41
Time (days) 428
4 Employing workers (rank) 112 Protecting investors (rank) 20 Cost (% of claim) 35.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 99
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 3.1
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 39 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.7 Cost (% of estate) 7
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.4
4 Paying taxes (rank) 87
Payments (number per year) 9
Time (hours per year) 380
Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.3

PHILIPPINES East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,886
Ease of doing business (rank) 144 Lower middle income Population (m) 90.3
Starting a business (rank) 162 Registering property (rank) 102 Trading across borders (rank) 68
Procedures (number) 15 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 52 Time (days) 33 Time to export (days) 16
Cost (% of income per capita) 28.2 Cost (% of property value) 4.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 816
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 5.5 Documents to import (number) 8
4 Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 16
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 111 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 819
Procedures (number) 24 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3
Time (days) 203 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 118
Cost (% of income per capita) 81.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 6.1 Procedures (number) 37
Time (days) 842
Employing workers (rank) 115 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 26.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 56 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 4 Closing a business (rank) 153
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 5.7
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 29 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 38
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 91 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 4.4
4 Paying taxes (rank) 135
Payments (number per year) 47
Time (hours per year) 195
Total tax rate (% of profit) 49.4
146   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

POLAND Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 11,883
Ease of doing business (rank) 72 Upper middle income Population (m) 38.1
4 Starting a business (rank) 117 Registering property (rank) 88 Trading across borders (rank) 42
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 32 Time (days) 197 Time to export (days) 17
Cost (% of income per capita) 17.9 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 884
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 15.3 Documents to import (number) 5
4 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 25
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 164 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 884
Procedures (number) 30 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 308 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 75
Cost (% of income per capita) 124.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 68.3 Procedures (number) 38
Time (days) 830
Employing workers (rank) 76 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 12.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 4 Closing a business (rank) 85
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 25 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 20
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 29.8
4 Paying taxes (rank) 151
Payments (number per year) 40
Time (hours per year) 395
Total tax rate (% of profit) 42.5

PORTUGAL OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 20,556


Ease of doing business (rank) 48 High income Population (m) 10.6
Starting a business (rank) 60 4 Registering property (rank) 52 4 Trading across borders (rank) 19
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 6 Time (days) 12 Time to export (days) 16
Cost (% of income per capita) 6.4 Cost (% of property value) 7.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 685
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 33.5 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 15
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 111 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 999
Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 287 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 81.3 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 25
Cost (% of income per capita) 52.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 16.4 Procedures (number) 31
Time (days) 547
8 Employing workers (rank) 171 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 13.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 47 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 22
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 43 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 97 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 69.4
Paying taxes (rank) 80
Payments (number per year) 8
Time (hours per year) 328
Total tax rate (% of profit) 42.9

PUERTO RICO Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 15,630
Ease of doing business (rank) 35 High income Population (m) 4.0
Starting a business (rank) 15 Registering property (rank) 124 Trading across borders (rank) 105
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 7 Time (days) 194 Time to export (days) 15
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Cost (% of property value) 1.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,250
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 16
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 148 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,250
Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 209 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 97
Cost (% of income per capita) 506.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 73.8 Procedures (number) 39
Time (days) 620
Employing workers (rank) 22 Protecting investors (rank) 16 Cost (% of claim) 24.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 30
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 3.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 14 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.0 Cost (% of estate) 8
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 55.2
Paying taxes (rank) 104
Payments (number per year) 16
Time (hours per year) 218
Total tax rate (% of profit) 64.7
country tables    147

QATAR Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 93,204
Ease of doing business (rank) 39 High income Population (m) 1.3
Starting a business (rank) 68 Registering property (rank) 55 Trading across borders (rank) 41
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 10 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 6 Time (days) 16 Time to export (days) 21
Cost (% of income per capita) 7.1 Cost (% of property value) 0.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 735
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 59.0 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 20
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 28 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 657
Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 76 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 95
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 43
Time (days) 570
Employing workers (rank) 68 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 21.6
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 33
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 2.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 13 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 22
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 69 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 52.7
Paying taxes (rank) 2
Payments (number per year) 1
Time (hours per year) 36
Total tax rate (% of profit) 11.3

ROMANIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 7,928
Ease of doing business (rank) 55 Upper middle income Population (m) 21.5
Starting a business (rank) 42 4 Registering property (rank) 92 Trading across borders (rank) 46
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 10 Time (days) 48 Time to export (days) 12
Cost (% of income per capita) 2.9 Cost (% of property value) 1.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,275
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.9 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 13
8 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 91 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,175
Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 243 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 5.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 55
Cost (% of income per capita) 87.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 30.2 Procedures (number) 31
Time (days) 512
Employing workers (rank) 113 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 28.9
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 9
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 8 Closing a business (rank) 91
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.3
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 46 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 11
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.5
8 Paying taxes (rank) 149
Payments (number per year) 113
Time (hours per year) 202
Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.6

RUSSIAN FEDERATION Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 9,623
Ease of doing business (rank) 120 Upper middle income Population (m) 141.8
Starting a business (rank) 106 4 Registering property (rank) 45 Trading across borders (rank) 162
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 30 Time (days) 43 Time to export (days) 36
Cost (% of income per capita) 2.7 Cost (% of property value) 0.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,850
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 1.8 Documents to import (number) 13
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 36
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 182 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,850
Procedures (number) 54 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 704 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 19
Cost (% of income per capita) 2,140.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 14.3 Procedures (number) 37
Time (days) 281
Employing workers (rank) 109 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 13.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 4 Closing a business (rank) 92
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 3.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 38 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.2
4 Paying taxes (rank) 103
Payments (number per year) 11
Time (hours per year) 320
Total tax rate (% of profit) 48.3
148   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

RWANDA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 407


Ease of doing business (rank) 67 Low income Population (m) 9.7
4 Starting a business (rank) 11 4 Registering property (rank) 38 4 Trading across borders (rank) 170
Procedures (number) 2 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 9
Time (days) 3 Time (days) 60 Time to export (days) 38
Cost (% of income per capita) 10.1 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,275
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9
4 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 35
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 89 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 5,070
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 210 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 40
Cost (% of income per capita) 456.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 24
Time (days) 260
4 Employing workers (rank) 30 4 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 78.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 4 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 60
Payments (number per year) 34
Time (hours per year) 160
Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.3

SAMOA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,778
Ease of doing business (rank) 57 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.2
4 Starting a business (rank) 20 Registering property (rank) 81 Trading across borders (rank) 88
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 9 Time (days) 147 Time to export (days) 27
Cost (% of income per capita) 9.9 Cost (% of property value) 1.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 820
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 31
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 48 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 848
Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 88 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 83
Cost (% of income per capita) 79.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 44
Time (days) 455
Employing workers (rank) 18 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 19.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 4 Closing a business (rank) 139
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 8 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 38
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 14.3
Paying taxes (rank) 67
Payments (number per year) 37
Time (hours per year) 224
Total tax rate (% of profit) 18.9

SÃO TOMÉ AND PRINCIPE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,020
Ease of doing business (rank) 180 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.2
Starting a business (rank) 140 Registering property (rank) 156 Trading across borders (rank) 90
Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 144 Time (days) 62 Time to export (days) 27
Cost (% of income per capita) 81.7 Cost (% of property value) 10.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 690
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 29
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 116 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 577
Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 255 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 179
Cost (% of income per capita) 631.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 43
Time (days) 1,185
Employing workers (rank) 180 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 50.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 50 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 67 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 59 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 91 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 160
Payments (number per year) 42
Time (hours per year) 424
Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.2
country tables    149

SAUDI ARABIA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 19,345
Ease of doing business (rank) 13 High income Population (m) 24.6
4 Starting a business (rank) 13 Registering property (rank) 1 Trading across borders (rank) 23
Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 5 Time (days) 2 Time to export (days) 17
Cost (% of income per capita) 7.7 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 681
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 18
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 33 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 678
Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 94 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 140
Cost (% of income per capita) 32.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 17.9 Procedures (number) 43
Time (days) 635
Employing workers (rank) 73 Protecting investors (rank) 16 Cost (% of claim) 27.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 9
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 60
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 1.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 13 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.0 Cost (% of estate) 22
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 80 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 37.5
Paying taxes (rank) 7
Payments (number per year) 14
Time (hours per year) 79
Total tax rate (% of profit) 14.5

SENEGAL Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 968


Ease of doing business (rank) 157 Low income Population (m) 12.2
Starting a business (rank) 102 Registering property (rank) 166 4 Trading across borders (rank) 57
Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 8 Time (days) 124 Time to export (days) 11
Cost (% of income per capita) 63.7 Cost (% of property value) 20.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,098
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 206.9 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 14
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 124 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,940
Procedures (number) 16 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1
Time (days) 220 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 4.4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 151
Cost (% of income per capita) 463.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 44
Time (days) 780
Employing workers (rank) 172 Protecting investors (rank) 165 Cost (% of claim) 26.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 72 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 53 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 80
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 59 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.0 Cost (% of estate) 7
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 38 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 31.6
Paying taxes (rank) 172
Payments (number per year) 59
Time (hours per year) 666
Total tax rate (% of profit) 46.0

SERBIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 5,705
Ease of doing business (rank) 88 Upper middle income Population (m) 7.3
4 Starting a business (rank) 73 Registering property (rank) 105 Trading across borders (rank) 69
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 13 Time (days) 111 Time to export (days) 12
Cost (% of income per capita) 7.1 Cost (% of property value) 2.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,398
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 6.1 Documents to import (number) 6
4 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 14
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 174 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,559
Procedures (number) 20 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 279 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 97
Cost (% of income per capita) 1,907.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 94.2 Procedures (number) 36
Time (days) 635
Employing workers (rank) 94 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 28.9
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 7 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 102
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 2.7
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 35 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 23
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 25 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.4
Paying taxes (rank) 137
Payments (number per year) 66
Time (hours per year) 279
Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.0
150   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

SEYCHELLES Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 10,292


Ease of doing business (rank) 111 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.1
Starting a business (rank) 81 Registering property (rank) 59 Trading across borders (rank) 93
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 38 Time (days) 33 Time to export (days) 17
Cost (% of income per capita) 7.3 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,839
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 19
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 56 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,839
Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 144 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 70
Cost (% of income per capita) 30.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38
Time (days) 720
Employing workers (rank) 130 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 14.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 36 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 39 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 34
Payments (number per year) 16
Time (hours per year) 76
Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.1

SIERRA LEONE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 321


Ease of doing business (rank) 148 Low income Population (m) 5.6
4 Starting a business (rank) 58 8 Registering property (rank) 175 8 Trading across borders (rank) 137
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 12 Time (days) 236 Time to export (days) 26
Cost (% of income per capita) 118.8 Cost (% of property value) 12.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,573
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7
4 Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 31
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 171 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,639
Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 283 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 144
Cost (% of income per capita) 368.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 40
Time (days) 515
Employing workers (rank) 166 4 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 149.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 4 Closing a business (rank) 147
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 2.6
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 41 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 42
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 189 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 8.5
4 Paying taxes (rank) 160
Payments (number per year) 29
Time (hours per year) 357
Total tax rate (% of profit) 235.6

SINGAPORE East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 34,762
Ease of doing business (rank) 1 High income Population (m) 4.8
4 Starting a business (rank) 4 4 Registering property (rank) 16 Trading across borders (rank) 1
Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 3 Time (days) 5 Time to export (days) 5
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Cost (% of property value) 2.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 456
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4
Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 3
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 2 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 10 Cost to import (US$ per container) 439
Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 25 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 13
Cost (% of income per capita) 19.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 40.3 Procedures (number) 21
Time (days) 150
Employing workers (rank) 1 Protecting investors (rank) 2 Cost (% of claim) 25.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 2
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 0.8
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 9.3 Cost (% of estate) 1
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 91.3
Paying taxes (rank) 5
Payments (number per year) 5
Time (hours per year) 84
Total tax rate (% of profit) 27.8
country tables    151

SLOVAK REPUBLIC OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 14,541
Ease of doing business (rank) 42 High income Population (m) 5.4
Starting a business (rank) 66 Registering property (rank) 11 4 Trading across borders (rank) 113
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 16 Time (days) 17 Time to export (days) 20
Cost (% of income per capita) 2.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,445
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 23.8 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 25
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 56 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,445
Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 287 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 1.4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 61
Cost (% of income per capita) 13.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 44.0 Procedures (number) 30
Time (days) 565
Employing workers (rank) 81 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 30.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 39
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 4.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 22 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 18
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 45.9
Paying taxes (rank) 120
Payments (number per year) 31
Time (hours per year) 257
Total tax rate (% of profit) 48.6

SLOVENIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 24,013
Ease of doing business (rank) 53 High income Population (m) 2.0
4 Starting a business (rank) 26 Registering property (rank) 108 Trading across borders (rank) 84
Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 6 Time (days) 391 Time to export (days) 20
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,075
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 43.3 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 21
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 59 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,130
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 197 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 60
Cost (% of income per capita) 79.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 32
Time (days) 1,290
Employing workers (rank) 162 Protecting investors (rank) 20 Cost (% of claim) 12.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 53 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 40
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 54 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.7 Cost (% of estate) 8
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 37 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 45.5
Paying taxes (rank) 84
Payments (number per year) 22
Time (hours per year) 260
Total tax rate (% of profit) 37.5

SOLOMON ISLANDS East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,180
Ease of doing business (rank) 104 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.5
Starting a business (rank) 111 Registering property (rank) 172 Trading across borders (rank) 82
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 10 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 57 Time (days) 297 Time to export (days) 24
Cost (% of income per capita) 52.7 Cost (% of property value) 4.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,023
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4
Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 21
8 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 40 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,237
Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 62 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 108
Cost (% of income per capita) 504.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 37
Time (days) 455
Employing workers (rank) 65 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 78.9
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 107
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 14 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 38
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 44 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 23.6
Paying taxes (rank) 48
Payments (number per year) 33
Time (hours per year) 80
Total tax rate (% of profit) 36.3
152   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

SOUTH AFRICA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 5,819


Ease of doing business (rank) 34 Upper middle income Population (m) 48.7
Starting a business (rank) 67 Registering property (rank) 90 Trading across borders (rank) 148
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 22 Time (days) 24 Time to export (days) 30
Cost (% of income per capita) 5.9 Cost (% of property value) 8.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,531
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 2 Time to import (days) 35
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 52 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,807
Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 174 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 85
Cost (% of income per capita) 24.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 54.7 Procedures (number) 30
Time (days) 600
Employing workers (rank) 102 Protecting investors (rank) 10 Cost (% of claim) 33.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 56 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 76
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 35 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.0 Cost (% of estate) 18
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 24 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 32.2
4 Paying taxes (rank) 23
Payments (number per year) 9
Time (hours per year) 200
Total tax rate (% of profit) 30.2

SPAIN OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 31,963


Ease of doing business (rank) 62 High income Population (m) 45.6
Starting a business (rank) 146 Registering property (rank) 48 Trading across borders (rank) 59
Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 47 Time (days) 18 Time to export (days) 9
Cost (% of income per capita) 15.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,221
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 12.8 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 10
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 53 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,221
Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 233 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 45.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 52
Cost (% of income per capita) 60.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 7.6 Procedures (number) 39
Time (days) 515
Employing workers (rank) 157 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 17.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 19
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 1.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 49 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 56 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 73.2
4 Paying taxes (rank) 78
Payments (number per year) 8
Time (hours per year) 213
Total tax rate (% of profit) 56.9

SRI LANKA South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,788


Ease of doing business (rank) 105 Lower middle income Population (m) 20.0
Starting a business (rank) 41 Registering property (rank) 148 Trading across borders (rank) 65
Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 38 Time (days) 83 Time to export (days) 21
Cost (% of income per capita) 5.9 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 715
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6
4 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 20
8 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 168 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 745
Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 214 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 137
Cost (% of income per capita) 1,458.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 14.3 Procedures (number) 40
Time (days) 1,318
Employing workers (rank) 96 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 22.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 45
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.7
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 20 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 5
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 217 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 43.4
Paying taxes (rank) 166
Payments (number per year) 62
Time (hours per year) 256
Total tax rate (% of profit) 63.7
country tables    153

ST. KITTS AND NEVIS Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 10,961
Ease of doing business (rank) 76 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.05
Starting a business (rank) 86 Registering property (rank) 153 4 Trading across borders (rank) 53
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 45 Time (days) 81 Time to export (days) 12
Cost (% of income per capita) 11.9 Cost (% of property value) 13.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 850
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 13
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,138
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 67 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 114
Cost (% of income per capita) 4.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 47
Time (days) 578
Employing workers (rank) 19 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 20.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 100
Payments (number per year) 24
Time (hours per year) 155
Total tax rate (% of profit) 52.7

ST. LUCIA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 5,530
Ease of doing business (rank) 36 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.2
4 Starting a business (rank) 36 Registering property (rank) 76 Trading across borders (rank) 103
Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 14 Time (days) 16 Time to export (days) 14
Cost (% of income per capita) 21.8 Cost (% of property value) 7.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,600
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 18
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,645
Procedures (number) 9 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 139 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 165
Cost (% of income per capita) 29.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 47
Time (days) 635
Employing workers (rank) 20 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 37.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 47
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 56 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 42.9
Paying taxes (rank) 40
Payments (number per year) 32
Time (hours per year) 92
Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.4

ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 5,141
Ease of doing business (rank) 70 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.1
4 Starting a business (rank) 45 Registering property (rank) 137 Trading across borders (rank) 52
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 11 Time (days) 38 Time to export (days) 12
Cost (% of income per capita) 21.0 Cost (% of property value) 11.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,290
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 11
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,290
Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 74 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 102
Cost (% of income per capita) 6.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 45
Time (days) 394
Employing workers (rank) 57 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 30.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 54 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
4 Paying taxes (rank) 62
Payments (number per year) 32
Time (hours per year) 117
Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.0
154   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

SUDAN Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,125


Ease of doing business (rank) 154 Lower middle income Population (m) 41.3
Starting a business (rank) 118 Registering property (rank) 37 4 Trading across borders (rank) 142
Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 36 Time (days) 9 Time to export (days) 32
Cost (% of income per capita) 36.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,050
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 46
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 139 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,900
Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 271 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 146
Cost (% of income per capita) 206.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 53
Time (days) 810
Employing workers (rank) 153 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 19.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 39 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 36 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 118 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
4 Paying taxes (rank) 94
Payments (number per year) 42
Time (hours per year) 180
Total tax rate (% of profit) 36.1

SURINAME Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,990
Ease of doing business (rank) 155 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.5
Starting a business (rank) 171 8 Registering property (rank) 168 Trading across borders (rank) 101
Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 694 Time (days) 197 Time to export (days) 25
Cost (% of income per capita) 112.8 Cost (% of property value) 13.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 975
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.7 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 25
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 97 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 885
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 431 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 178
Cost (% of income per capita) 95.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 44
Time (days) 1,715
Employing workers (rank) 70 Protecting investors (rank) 180 Cost (% of claim) 37.1
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 1
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 0 Closing a business (rank) 149
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 5.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.0 Cost (% of estate) 30
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 8.1
Paying taxes (rank) 32
Payments (number per year) 17
Time (hours per year) 199
Total tax rate (% of profit) 27.9

SWAZILAND Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,522


Ease of doing business (rank) 115 Lower middle income Population (m) 1.2
Starting a business (rank) 158 Registering property (rank) 158 Trading across borders (rank) 158
Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 11 Documents to export (number) 9
Time (days) 61 Time (days) 46 Time to export (days) 21
Cost (% of income per capita) 33.9 Cost (% of property value) 7.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,184
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.5 Documents to import (number) 11
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 33
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 24 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,249
Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 93 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 130
Cost (% of income per capita) 91.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 42.3 Procedures (number) 40
Time (days) 972
Employing workers (rank) 55 Protecting investors (rank) 180 Cost (% of claim) 23.1
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 68
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 2.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.0 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 53 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.9
Paying taxes (rank) 53
Payments (number per year) 33
Time (hours per year) 104
Total tax rate (% of profit) 36.6
country tables    155

SWEDEN OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 50,943


Ease of doing business (rank) 18 High income Population (m) 9.2
Starting a business (rank) 43 Registering property (rank) 20 Trading across borders (rank) 7
Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 15 Time (days) 15 Time to export (days) 8
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.6 Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 697
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 28.5 Documents to import (number) 3
Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 6
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 19 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 735
Procedures (number) 8 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 116 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 51
Cost (% of income per capita) 103.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 30
Time (days) 508
Employing workers (rank) 117 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 31.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 18
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 38 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 75.1
Paying taxes (rank) 42
Payments (number per year) 2
Time (hours per year) 122
Total tax rate (% of profit) 54.6

SWITZERLAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 65,334


Ease of doing business (rank) 21 High income Population (m) 7.6
Starting a business (rank) 71 Registering property (rank) 15 Trading across borders (rank) 39
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 20 Time (days) 16 Time to export (days) 8
Cost (% of income per capita) 2.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,537
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 26.4 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 9
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 35 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,540
Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 154 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 29
Cost (% of income per capita) 49.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 22.5 Procedures (number) 31
Time (days) 417
Employing workers (rank) 16 Protecting investors (rank) 165 Cost (% of claim) 24.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 38
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.0 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 46.8
Paying taxes (rank) 21
Payments (number per year) 24
Time (hours per year) 63
Total tax rate (% of profit) 29.7

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,094
Ease of doing business (rank) 143 Lower middle income Population (m) 21.2
4 Starting a business (rank) 133 Registering property (rank) 82 Trading across borders (rank) 118
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 17 Time (days) 19 Time to export (days) 15
Cost (% of income per capita) 27.8 Cost (% of property value) 28.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,190
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 1,012.5 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 181 Time to import (days) 21
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 132 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 1 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,625
Procedures (number) 26 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 128 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 176
Cost (% of income per capita) 540.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 55
Time (days) 872
Employing workers (rank) 91 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 29.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 87
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 4.1
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 20 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 80 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 29.5
Paying taxes (rank) 105
Payments (number per year) 20
Time (hours per year) 336
Total tax rate (% of profit) 42.9
156   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

TAIWAN, CHINA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 17,273
Ease of doing business (rank) 46 High income Population (m) 22.7
4 Starting a business (rank) 29 Registering property (rank) 30 Trading across borders (rank) 33
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 23 Time (days) 5 Time to export (days) 13
Cost (% of income per capita) 3.9 Cost (% of property value) 6.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 720
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 12
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 97 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 732
Procedures (number) 28 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 142 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 90
Cost (% of income per capita) 96.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 63.2 Procedures (number) 47
Time (days) 510
Employing workers (rank) 153 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 17.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 11
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 1.9
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 46 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 4
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 91 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 80.9
4 Paying taxes (rank) 92
Payments (number per year) 18
Time (hours per year) 281
Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.4

TAJIKISTAN Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 596
Ease of doing business (rank) 152 Low income Population (m) 6.8
4 Starting a business (rank) 143 8 Registering property (rank) 78 Trading across borders (rank) 179
Procedures (number) 12 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 10
Time (days) 25 Time (days) 37 Time to export (days) 82
Cost (% of income per capita) 24.3 Cost (% of property value) 4.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,150
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 9.9 Documents to import (number) 10
4 Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 83
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 177 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 4,550
Procedures (number) 32 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 250 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 39
Cost (% of income per capita) 1,022.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 34
Time (days) 430
Employing workers (rank) 143 4 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 25.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 73 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 4 Closing a business (rank) 100
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 49 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 30 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.4
Paying taxes (rank) 162
Payments (number per year) 54
Time (hours per year) 224
Total tax rate (% of profit) 85.9

TANZANIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 432


Ease of doing business (rank) 131 Low income Population (m) 42.5
Starting a business (rank) 120 Registering property (rank) 145 Trading across borders (rank) 108
Procedures (number) 12 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 29 Time (days) 73 Time to export (days) 24
Cost (% of income per capita) 36.8 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,262
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 31
8 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 178 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,475
Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 328 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 31
Cost (% of income per capita) 3,281.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38
Time (days) 462
Employing workers (rank) 131 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 14.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 100 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 113
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 54 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 22
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 18 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 21.3
Paying taxes (rank) 119
Payments (number per year) 48
Time (hours per year) 172
Total tax rate (% of profit) 45.2
country tables    157

THAILAND East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,844
Ease of doing business (rank) 12 Lower middle income Population (m) 67.4
4 Starting a business (rank) 55 Registering property (rank) 6 Trading across borders (rank) 12
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 32 Time (days) 2 Time to export (days) 14
Cost (% of income per capita) 6.3 Cost (% of property value) 1.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 625
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 3
Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 13
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 13 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 795
Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 156 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 24
Cost (% of income per capita) 12.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 32.9 Procedures (number) 35
Time (days) 479
Employing workers (rank) 52 Protecting investors (rank) 12 Cost (% of claim) 12.3
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 48
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 2.7
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 11 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.7 Cost (% of estate) 36
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 54 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 42.4
Paying taxes (rank) 88
Payments (number per year) 23
Time (hours per year) 264
Total tax rate (% of profit) 37.2

TIMOR-LESTE East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,464
Ease of doing business (rank) 164 Lower middle income Population (m) 1.1
Starting a business (rank) 150 Registering property (rank) 183 Trading across borders (rank) 85
Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) no practice Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 83 Time (days) no practice Time to export (days) 25
Cost (% of income per capita) 4.1 Cost (% of property value) no practice Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,010
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 202.9 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 181 Time to import (days) 26
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 87 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 1 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,015
Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 208 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 183
Cost (% of income per capita) 38.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 51
Time (days) 1,435
Employing workers (rank) 89 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 163.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 32 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
4 Paying taxes (rank) 19
Payments (number per year) 6
Time (hours per year) 276
Total tax rate (% of profit) 0.2

TOGO Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 404


Ease of doing business (rank) 165 Low income Population (m) 6.5
4 Starting a business (rank) 170 Registering property (rank) 155 Trading across borders (rank) 87
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 75 Time (days) 295 Time to export (days) 24
Cost (% of income per capita) 205.0 Cost (% of property value) 13.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 940
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 514.0 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 29
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 152 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 963
Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1
Time (days) 277 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 154
Cost (% of income per capita) 1,285.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 41
Time (days) 588
Employing workers (rank) 159 Protecting investors (rank) 147 Cost (% of claim) 47.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 83 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 97
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 54 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.7 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 36 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 26.6
4 Paying taxes (rank) 155
Payments (number per year) 53
Time (hours per year) 270
Total tax rate (% of profit) 52.7
158   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

TONGA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,561
Ease of doing business (rank) 52 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.1
Starting a business (rank) 32 Registering property (rank) 121 Trading across borders (rank) 51
Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 25 Time (days) 108 Time to export (days) 19
Cost (% of income per capita) 8.2 Cost (% of property value) 10.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 650
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 24
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 35 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 725
Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 76 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 55
Cost (% of income per capita) 317.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 37
Time (days) 350
Employing workers (rank) 11 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 30.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 103
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.7
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 22
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.2
4 Paying taxes (rank) 30
Payments (number per year) 20
Time (hours per year) 164
Total tax rate (% of profit) 27.5

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 16,538
Ease of doing business (rank) 81 High income Population (m) 1.3
Starting a business (rank) 65 Registering property (rank) 170 Trading across borders (rank) 49
Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 43 Time (days) 162 Time to export (days) 14
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 866
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 26
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 82 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,100
Procedures (number) 20 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 261 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 169
Cost (% of income per capita) 4.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 41.7 Procedures (number) 42
Time (days) 1,340
Employing workers (rank) 45 Protecting investors (rank) 20 Cost (% of claim) 33.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.7 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 67 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 56
Payments (number per year) 40
Time (hours per year) 114
Total tax rate (% of profit) 33.1

TUNISIA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,292
Ease of doing business (rank) 69 Lower middle income Population (m) 10.3
Starting a business (rank) 47 Registering property (rank) 59 4 Trading across borders (rank) 40
Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 5
Time (days) 11 Time (days) 39 Time to export (days) 15
Cost (% of income per capita) 5.7 Cost (% of property value) 6.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 783
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 21
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 107 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 858
Procedures (number) 20 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 84 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 19.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 77
Cost (% of income per capita) 998.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39
Time (days) 565
Employing workers (rank) 108 4 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 21.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 28 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 34
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 80 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.3
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 40 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 7
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 52.3
8 Paying taxes (rank) 118
Payments (number per year) 22
Time (hours per year) 228
Total tax rate (% of profit) 62.8
country tables    159

TURKEY Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 9,345
Ease of doing business (rank) 73 Upper middle income Population (m) 73.9
Starting a business (rank) 56 Registering property (rank) 36 Trading across borders (rank) 67
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 6 Time (days) 6 Time to export (days) 14
Cost (% of income per capita) 14.2 Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 990
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 9.5 Documents to import (number) 8
4 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 15
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 133 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,063
Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 188 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 15.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 27
Cost (% of income per capita) 218.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 42.9 Procedures (number) 35
Time (days) 420
Employing workers (rank) 145 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 18.8
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 9
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 121
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.3
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 35 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 95 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.2
Paying taxes (rank) 75
Payments (number per year) 15
Time (hours per year) 223
Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.5

UGANDA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 419


Ease of doing business (rank) 112 Low income Population (m) 31.7
Starting a business (rank) 129 Registering property (rank) 149 4 Trading across borders (rank) 145
Procedures (number) 18 Procedures (number) 13 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 25 Time (days) 77 Time to export (days) 37
Cost (% of income per capita) 84.4 Cost (% of property value) 3.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,190
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7
Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 34
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 84 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,390
Procedures (number) 16 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 143 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 116
Cost (% of income per capita) 584.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38
Time (days) 510
Employing workers (rank) 7 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 44.9
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 53
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 2.2
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 30
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.1
Paying taxes (rank) 66
Payments (number per year) 32
Time (hours per year) 161
Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.7

UKRAINE Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,213
Ease of doing business (rank) 142 Lower middle income Population (m) 46.3
Starting a business (rank) 134 Registering property (rank) 141 Trading across borders (rank) 139
Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 10 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 27 Time (days) 93 Time to export (days) 31
Cost (% of income per capita) 5.8 Cost (% of property value) 2.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,230
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 153.5 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 36
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 181 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,430
Procedures (number) 30 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3
Time (days) 476 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 43
Cost (% of income per capita) 1,449.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 3.0 Procedures (number) 30
Time (days) 345
Employing workers (rank) 83 4 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 41.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 145
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.9
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 31 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 42
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 9.1
Paying taxes (rank) 181
Payments (number per year) 147
Time (hours per year) 736
Total tax rate (% of profit) 57.2
160   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 54,607
Ease of doing business (rank) 33 High income Population (m) 4.5
4 Starting a business (rank) 44 Registering property (rank) 7 4 Trading across borders (rank) 5
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 1 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 15 Time (days) 2 Time to export (days) 8
Cost (% of income per capita) 6.2 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 593
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 9
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 27 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 579
Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5
Time (days) 64 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 7.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 134
Cost (% of income per capita) 30.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 12.6 Procedures (number) 49
Time (days) 537
Employing workers (rank) 50 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 26.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 143
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 5.1
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 30
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 84 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 10.2
Paying taxes (rank) 4
Payments (number per year) 14
Time (hours per year) 12
Total tax rate (% of profit) 14.1

UNITED KINGDOM OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 45,394
Ease of doing business (rank) 5 High income Population (m) 61.4
Starting a business (rank) 16 4 Registering property (rank) 23 Trading across borders (rank) 16
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 13 Time (days) 8 Time to export (days) 9
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Cost (% of property value) 4.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,030
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4
Getting credit (rank) 2 Time to import (days) 8
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 16 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,160
Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 95 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 23
Cost (% of income per capita) 69.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 30
Time (days) 399
Employing workers (rank) 35 Protecting investors (rank) 10 Cost (% of claim) 23.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 9
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.0 Cost (% of estate) 6
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 84.2
Paying taxes (rank) 16
Payments (number per year) 8
Time (hours per year) 110
Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.9

UNITED STATES OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 47,577
Ease of doing business (rank) 4 High income Population (m) 304.1
Starting a business (rank) 8 Registering property (rank) 12 Trading across borders (rank) 18
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 4
Time (days) 6 Time (days) 12 Time to export (days) 6
Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,050
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5
Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 5
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 25 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,315
Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 40 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 8
Cost (% of income per capita) 12.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 32
Time (days) 300
Employing workers (rank) 1 Protecting investors (rank) 5 Cost (% of claim) 14.4
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 15
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 1.5
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.3 Cost (% of estate) 7
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 76.7
Paying taxes (rank) 61
Payments (number per year) 10
Time (hours per year) 187
Total tax rate (% of profit) 46.3
country tables    161

URUGUAY Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 8,259
Ease of doing business (rank) 114 Upper middle income Population (m) 3.3
Starting a business (rank) 132 8 Registering property (rank) 165 Trading across borders (rank) 131
Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 10
Time (days) 65 Time (days) 66 Time to export (days) 19
Cost (% of income per capita) 40.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,100
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10
Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 22
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 140 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,330
Procedures (number) 30 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6
Time (days) 234 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 17.8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 96
Cost (% of income per capita) 87.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 97.2 Procedures (number) 40
Time (days) 720
Employing workers (rank) 64 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 19.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 4 Closing a business (rank) 46
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.1
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 18 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 7
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 31 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 43.0
Paying taxes (rank) 159
Payments (number per year) 53
Time (hours per year) 336
Total tax rate (% of profit) 46.7

UZBEKISTAN Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 906
Ease of doing business (rank) 150 Low income Population (m) 27.3
Starting a business (rank) 92 Registering property (rank) 133 Trading across borders (rank) 174
Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 12 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 15 Time (days) 78 Time to export (days) 71
Cost (% of income per capita) 11.2 Cost (% of property value) 1.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,100
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 13.8 Documents to import (number) 11
Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 92
4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 142 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 4,600
Procedures (number) 26 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3
Time (days) 260 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 44
Cost (% of income per capita) 74.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 2.1 Procedures (number) 42
Time (days) 195
Employing workers (rank) 95 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 22.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 125
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 4.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 32 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 10
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.7
4 Paying taxes (rank) 178
Payments (number per year) 106
Time (hours per year) 356
Total tax rate (% of profit) 94.9

VANUATU East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,332
Ease of doing business (rank) 59 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.2
Starting a business (rank) 110 Registering property (rank) 104 Trading across borders (rank) 141
Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 39 Time (days) 188 Time to export (days) 26
Cost (% of income per capita) 42.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,497
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9
4 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 30
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 22 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,392
Procedures (number) 7 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 51 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 73
Cost (% of income per capita) 273.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 30
Time (days) 430
Employing workers (rank) 75 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 74.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 52
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 2.6
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 14 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 38
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 56 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.2
Paying taxes (rank) 20
Payments (number per year) 31
Time (hours per year) 120
Total tax rate (% of profit) 8.4
162   Doing Business 2010
4 Reforms making it easier to do business 8 Reforms making it more difficult to do business

VENEZUELA, R.B. Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 9,226
Ease of doing business (rank) 177 Upper middle income Population (m) 27.9
Starting a business (rank) 142 Registering property (rank) 97 Trading across borders (rank) 166
Procedures (number) 16 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 8
Time (days) 141 Time (days) 47 Time to export (days) 49
Cost (% of income per capita) 24.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,590
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 177 Time to import (days) 71
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 94 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,868
Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 395 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 74
Cost (% of income per capita) 233.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 29
Time (days) 510
Employing workers (rank) 181 Protecting investors (rank) 178 Cost (% of claim) 43.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 151
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 100 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 4.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 69 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.3 Cost (% of estate) 38
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) not possible Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 6.0
8 Paying taxes (rank) 182
Payments (number per year) 71
Time (hours per year) 864
Total tax rate (% of profit) 61.1

VIETNAM East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 892
Ease of doing business (rank) 93 Low income Population (m) 86.3
Starting a business (rank) 116 Registering property (rank) 40 4 Trading across borders (rank) 74
Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 50 Time (days) 57 Time to export (days) 22
Cost (% of income per capita) 13.3 Cost (% of property value) 1.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 756
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8
Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 21
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 69 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 940
Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4
Time (days) 194 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 19.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 32
Cost (% of income per capita) 248.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 34
Time (days) 295
Employing workers (rank) 103 Protecting investors (rank) 172 Cost (% of claim) 28.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 0 Closing a business (rank) 127
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 5.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.7 Cost (% of estate) 15
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 87 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.0
4 Paying taxes (rank) 147
Payments (number per year) 32
Time (hours per year) 1,050
Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.1

WEST BANK AND GAZA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,564
Ease of doing business (rank) 139 Lower middle income Population (m) 3.8
8 Starting a business (rank) 176 4 Registering property (rank) 73 Trading across borders (rank) 92
Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 49 Time (days) 47 Time to export (days) 25
Cost (% of income per capita) 55.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 835
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 220.4 Documents to import (number) 6
Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 40
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 157 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 0 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,225
Procedures (number) 21 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3
Time (days) 199 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 6.5 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 111
Cost (% of income per capita) 1,110.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 44
Time (days) 600
Employing workers (rank) 135 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 21.2
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 183
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) No practice
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 31 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) No practice
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 91 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 28
Payments (number per year) 27
Time (hours per year) 154
Total tax rate (% of profit) 16.8
country tables    163

YEMEN, REP. Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 950
Ease of doing business (rank) 99 Low income Population (m) 23.1
4 Starting a business (rank) 53 Registering property (rank) 50 4 Trading across borders (rank) 120
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 12 Time (days) 19 Time to export (days) 27
Cost (% of income per capita) 83.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,129
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9
4 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 25
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 50 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,475
Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2
Time (days) 107 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 35
Cost (% of income per capita) 144.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 36
Time (days) 520
Employing workers (rank) 74 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 16.5
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 89
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 3.0
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 24 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 8
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.6
Paying taxes (rank) 148
Payments (number per year) 44
Time (hours per year) 248
Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.8

ZAMBIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 950


Ease of doing business (rank) 90 Low income Population (m) 12.6
Starting a business (rank) 94 Registering property (rank) 94 Trading across borders (rank) 157
Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6
Time (days) 18 Time (days) 39 Time to export (days) 53
Cost (% of income per capita) 28.4 Cost (% of property value) 6.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,664
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 1.3 Documents to import (number) 9
4 Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 64
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 151 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,335
Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3
Time (days) 254 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 87
Cost (% of income per capita) 912.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.4 Procedures (number) 35
Time (days) 471
Employing workers (rank) 116 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 38.7
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 83
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.7
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 9
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 178 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 30.2
Paying taxes (rank) 36
Payments (number per year) 37
Time (hours per year) 132
Total tax rate (% of profit) 16.1

ZIMBABWE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 237


Ease of doing business (rank) 159 Low income Population (m) 12.5
Starting a business (rank) 145 4 Registering property (rank) 84 Trading across borders (rank) 167
Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 7
Time (days) 96 Time (days) 31 Time to export (days) 53
Cost (% of income per capita) 499.5 Cost (% of property value) 10.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,280
Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9
Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 73
Dealing with construction permits (rank) 178 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 5,101
Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0
Time (days) 1,426 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 78
Cost (% of income per capita) 24,468.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38
Time (days) 410
Employing workers (rank) 142 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 32.0
Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8
Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 156
Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.3
Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 33 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 22
Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 446 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0
Paying taxes (rank) 130
Payments (number per year) 51
Time (hours per year) 270
Total tax rate (% of profit) 39.4
164 Doing Business 2009

Acknowledgments

Contact details for local partners Doing Business 2010 was prepared by a management and outreach activities are
are available on the Doing team led by Sylvia Solf, Penelope Brook under the direction and guidance of
(through May 2009) and Neil Gregory Suzanne Smith.
Business website at http://www.
(from June 2009) under the general di- We are grateful for valuable com-
doingbusiness.org rection of Michael Klein (through May ments provided by colleagues across the
2009) and Penelope Brook (from June World Bank Group and for the guidance
2009). The team comprised Svetlana of World Bank Group Executive Direc-
Bagaudinova, Karim O. Belayachi, Mema tors.
Beye, Frederic Bustelo, César Chaparro Oliver Hart and Andrei Shleifer pro-
Yedro, Maya Choueiri, Santiago Croci vided academic advice on the project.
Downes, Sarah Cuttaree, Marie Delion, The paying taxes project was conducted
Allen Dennis, Jacqueline den Otter, Ale- in collaboration with Pricewaterhouse
jandro Espinosa-Wang, Kjartan Fjeld- Coopers, led by Robert Morris. The de-
sted, Carolin Geginat, Cemile Hacibeyo- velopment of the getting electricity in-
glu, Sabine Hertveldt, Nan Jiang, Palarp dicators was financed by the Norwegian
Jumpasut, Dahlia Khalifa, Jean Michel Trust Fund.
Lobet, Oliver Lorenz, Valerie Marechal, Alison Strong copyedited the manu-
Andres Martinez, Alexandra Mincu, Jo- script. Gerry Quinn designed the report
anna Nasr, C. Njemanze, Dana Omran, and the graphs, and Alexandra Quinn
Caroline Otonglo, Camille Ramos, Yara provided desktopping services.
Salem, Pilar Salgado-Otónel, Umar The report was made possible by
Shavurov, Jayashree Srinivasan, Susanne the generous contributions of more than
Szymanski, Tea Trumbic, Marina Tur- 8,000 lawyers, accountants, judges, busi-
lakova, Caroline van Coppenolle and nesspeople and public officials in 183
Lior Ziv. Sebastian Fitzgerald and Bryan economies. Global and regional con-
Welsh assisted in the months prior to tributors are firms that have completed
publication. multiple surveys in their various offices
The online service of the Doing Busi- around the world.
ness database is managed by Ramin Ali- Quotations in this report are from
yev, Preeti Endlaw, Felipe Iturralde and Doing Business partners unless oth-
Graeme Littler. The Doing Business 2010 erwise indicated. The names of those
report media and marketing strategy wishing to be acknowledged individu-
is managed by Nadine Ghannam. The ally are listed below. Contact details are
events and road show strategy is man- posted on the Doing Business website at
aged by Jamile Ramadan. All knowledge http://www.doingbusiness.org.
Acknowledgments 165
G L OBA L C ON T R I BU TOR S Ledia Beçi Miranda Ramajj Mohamed El-Amine Haddad
Hoxha, Memi & Hoxha Bank of Albania Avocat
Allen & Overy LLP
Baker & McKenzie Ilir Bejleri Ermira Rapush Sakina Haddad
Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP Son Group, Engineering TBI Law Firm Crédit Populaire d’Algerie
and Construction
Hawkamah - The Institute for Corporate Governance Anisa Rrumbullaku Farid Hatou
Ius Laboris, Alliance of Labor, Employment, Benefits and Alban Bello Kalo & Associates Sar Dar Pneus
Pensions Law Firms IKRP Rokas & Partners
Ardjana Shehi Goussanem Khaled
KPMG Jona Bica Kalo & Associates Law Firm Goussanem &
Law Society of England and Wales Kalo & Associates Aloui
Ketrin Topciu
Lex Mundi, Association of Independent Law Firms Rene Bijvoet TBI Law Firm Ahmed Khedim
Mayer Brown LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers Inspection de
Gerhard Velaj l’enregistrement et du
Noronha Advogados Artan Bozo Boga & Associates Timbre
Panalpina TBI Law Firm
Silva Velaj Arezki Khelout
PricewaterhouseCoopers Dorian Collaku Boga & Associates Ministère des Finances,
PricewaterhouseCoopers Legal Services Bank of Albania
Agim Vërshevci Direction Generale du
Russell Bedford International Domaine National
Dael Dervishi Alimenti Naturali & PB
SDV International Logistics OPTIMA Legal and
BALFIN sh.p.k, Balkan Nadira Laissaoui
Toboc Inc. Financial Ghellal & Mekerba
Finance Investment Group
R e gional C ontributors Distribution System
Selena Ymeri Nawel Lammari
Operator Albanian Power Ministère de la Justice
APL Ltd Corporation Tonucci & Partners
A.P. Moller - Maersk Group Enida Zeneli Karine Lasne
Eniana Dupi
BNT TBI Law Firm Landwell & Associés -
AECO consulting PricewaterhouseCoopers
Consortium of European Building Control
Dyrrahsped SH P.K A lg e ria Legal Services
Federación Interamericana de la Industria de la
Construcción Eduart Gjokutaj Michel Lecerf
Branka Achari-Djokic Alleance advisory Maroc
García & Bodán Al-Tax Studio
Banque d’Algérie
Globalink Transportation & Logistics Worldwide LLP Valbona Gjonçari Abdelmadjid Mahreche
Mohamed Afir Direction Generale des
Grata Law Firm Boga & Associates
Lefèvre Pelletier & Douanes D’Algerie
IKRP Rokas & Partners Manetci, Trading, associés
Manica Africa Pty. Ltd. Construction, Investment Tahar Melakhessou
L. Aimene Cabinet Notarial
Talal Abu-Ghazaleh Legal (Tag-Legal) Emel Haxhillari Ministère de la Justice Melakhessou
The Adora Group Ltd (Freightnet) Kalo & Associates
Mohamed Atbi Adnane Merad
The International Union of Notaries (U.I.N.L) Shpati Hoxha Etude notariale Mohamed Etude de Me Kaddour
Transunion International Hoxha, Memi & Hoxha Atbi Merad
University of South Pacific
Oltjan Hoxholli Khodja Bachir Mohamed Mokrane
Kalo & Associates SNC Khodja & Co. Ministère des Finances,
A f g hanistan Zahoor Malla Erald Ibro Hassan Djamel Belloula Direction Generale du
Zig Consulting Firm Cabinet Belloula Domaine National
Globalink Logistics Group
Naseem Akbar Fares Ouzegdouh
AISA Tali Mohammed Olsi Ibro Tayeb Belloula
Zig Consulting Firm Cabinet Belloula Béjaia Mediterranean
Afghanistan Investment Terminal
Sayed Javed Andish Support Agency
Kabul Group Consulting Ilir Johollari Mohammed Tahar Benabid
Ahmed Rahou
Kevin O’Brien Hoxha, Memi & Hoxha Cabinet Mohammed Tahar
Joshua Atkinson Benabid Ministère des Finances,
Deloitte Consulting LLP Taulant Jorgji Direction Generale du
MBC Construction
Gul Pacha IKRP Rokas & Partners Samir Benslimane Domaine National
A. Farid Barakzai Afghanistan Investment Cabinet Benslimane
TNT International Express Përparim Kalo Dib Said
Support Agency Adnane Bouchaib Banque d’Algérie
Kalo & Associates
Abdul Karim Hamid Rahmatulla Qazizada Bouchaib Law Firm
Artur Kociaj Aloui Salima
Muslimul Haq Afghan Transit Company Fatima-Zohra Bouchemla Law Firm Goussanem &
Shega Group S.A.
Afghanistan Banks Najibullah Rahimi Lefèvre Pelletier & Aloui
Association Majlinda Kraja Associés
Export Promotion Agency SDV Logistics Ltd.
of Afghanistan EME Partners
Abdul Wassay Haqiqi Mohamed Bourouina
Haqiqi Legal Services Renata Leka Marc Veuillot
Rajab Ali Sanna Cabinet Bourouina Alleance advisory Maroc
AARAS Shipping & Logistics Boga & Associates
Saduddin Haziq Hamid Djamouh
Afghanistan International Riaz Ali Sanna Georgios K. Lemonis Cabinet Djamouh A ngola
Bank AARAS Shipping & Logistics IKRP Rokas & Partners
Souhila Djamouh Chaib José Rodrigues Alentejo
Rashid Ibrahim Said Mubin Shah Elton Lula Cabinet Djamouh Câmara de Comércio e
A.F. Ferguson & Co., AISA Kalo & Associates Indústria de Angola
a member firm of Asmaa El Ouazzani
PricewaterhouseCoopers Mirza Taqi Ud-Din Ahmad Nelea Moraru Landwell & Associés - Amorbelo Esanju Amos
PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Martins
M. Azam Kargar Legal Services
Loreno Nele EDEL-EP
Afghan Transit Company Abdul Rahman Watanwal
MBC Construction TBI Law Firm Malik Elkettas Fernando Barros
Rozbey Kargar Elkettas International
Kostanca Papa PricewaterhouseCoopers
Afghan Transit Company
A lbania TBI Law Firm Brahim Embouazza Alain Brachet
M. Wissal Khan MCDConsulting
American Bank of Albania Loreta Peci SDV AMI International
Mandviwalla & Zafar Logistics
PricewaterhouseCoopers Mohamed Lehbib Goubi
Waseem Ahmed Khan Erjola Aliaj
IKRP Rokas & Partners Kristaq Profkola Banque d’Algérie Pedro Calixto
AARAS Shipping & Logistics PricewaterhouseCoopers
Boga & Associates Salim Gourine
Gaurav Lekh Raj Kukreja Artur Asllani
Tonucci & Partners Laura Qorlaze Cabinet Djamouh Maurice Campbell
Afghan Container Crown Agents
Transport Company PricewaterhouseCoopers Nicolas Granier
Sabine Baboci
EME Partners Artila Rama Alleance Advisory Maroc
Boga & Associates
166 Doing Business 2010

Caetano Capitão A ntigua an d Carla Branca Fabián Hilal José Puccinelli


Centro de Apoio Barbu da PricewaterhouseCoopers Campos, Etcheverry & Estudio Beccar Varela
Empresarial- CAE Asociados
Neil Coates Fernando Campelo Julio Pueyrredón
Beatriz Soares Catumbela Álvarez Prado & Asociados Daniel Intile PricewaterhouseCoopers
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Ministério da Justiça Daniel Intile & Assoc.
Registro Predial de Luanda Brian D’Ornellas Javier Canosa Member of Russell Bedford Michael Rattagan
(1ª Secção) OBM International, Canosa Abogados International Rattagan, Macchiavello
Antigua Ltd. Arocena & Peña Robirosa
Anacleta Cipriano Agustina Caratti Martin Jebsen Abogados
Faria de Bastos, Sebastião Vernon Edwards Jr. PricewaterhouseCoopers Jebsen & Co.
e Lopes - Advogados Sebastián Rodrigo
Freight Forwarding & Mariano E. Carricart Walter Keiniger
Associados Deconsolidating Alfaro Abogados
Fornieles Law Firm Marval, O’Farrell &
Fátima Freitas Ann Henry Mairal, member of Lex Ignacio Rodriguez
Luis Casares PricewaterhouseCoopers
Fátima Freitas Advogados Henry & Burnette G. Breuer Mundi
Brian Glazier Hugh C. Marshall Santiago Laclau Galo Rodríguez Vázquez
Gustavo Casir Quattrini, Laprida &
EDI architecture Inc. Marshall & Co. Quattrini, Laprida & Marval, O’Farrell &
Mairal, member of Lex Asociados
Raul Gomes Septimus A. Rhudd Asociados
Mundi Florencia Romero
ATS Logistics Co. Rhudd & Associates Pablo L. Cavallaro
Francisco Lagger Quattrini, Laprida &
Helder da Conceição José Patsy Richards Estudio Cavallaro Asociados
Abogados Severgnini Robiola
Instituto de Planeamento Marshall & Co. Grinberg & Larrechea
e Gestão Urbana do Nicolás Rossi Bunge
Stacy A. Richards-Anjo Roberto H. Crouzel Marval, O’Farrell &
Governo Provincial de María Lattanzi
Richards & Co. Estudio Beccar Varela Mairal, member of Lex
Luanda Marval, O’Farrell &
Hernán Gonzalo Cuenca Mairal, member of Lex Mundi
Victor Leonel Cathrona Samuel
Martínez Mundi Mariana Sanchez
Ordem dos Arquiitectos Antigua Public Utilities
Authority PricewaterhouseCoopers María Manuela Lava Quattrini, Laprida &
Paulette Lopes Legal Services Asociados
Lester Samuel Marval, O’Farrell &
Faria de Bastos, Sebastião Carlos Marcelo D’Alessio Mairal, member of Lex
e Lopes - Advogados Investment Authority Liliana Cecilia Segade
Union Internacional del Mundi Quattrini, Laprida &
Associados Patricia Simon-Forde Notariado Dolores Madueño Asociados
Teresinha Lopes Chambers Patricia Simon- Oscar Alberto del Río Jebsen & Co.
Faria de Bastos, Sebastião Forde Adolfo Tombolini
Central Bank of Rodrigo Marchan Daniel Intile & Assoc.
e Lopes - Advogados Tish Smith Argentina
Associados GYPM Member of Russell Bedford
S & R Electrical Sales & Sabrina Diaz Ibarra International
Manuel Malufuene Services Pablo Mastromarino
Fortunati Pablo Trevisán
Ordem dos Arquiitectos Arthur Thomas Estudio Beccar Varela
Julio C. Durand Estudio Trevisán
Josephine Matambo Thomas, John & Co. Sean McCormick
Cassagne Abogados Hernan Verly
KPMG Charles Walwyn Severgnini Robiola
Andrés Edelstein Grinberg & Larrechea Alfaro Abogados
Rosa Gameiro Mcmahon PricewaterhouseCoopers
PricewaterhouseCoopers Julian Melis Abraham Viera
KPMG Hesketh Williams
Mercedes Escriña Candioti Gatto Bicain & Planosnet.com Consultoria
Julio Gabriel Nunes Monteiro Ministry of Labor Ocantos Municipal
Quattrini, Laprida &
EDEL-EP Asociados
A rg e ntina José Oscar Mira Federico Villarino
Janota Nzogi Juan M. Espeso Central Bank of Álvarez Prado & Asociados
EDEL-EP María Agustina Vítolo Jebsen & Co. Argentina Eduardo J. Viñales
Walter Paixão Vitolo Abogados Funes de Rioja & Asociados,
Diego Etchepare Jorge Miranda
PricewaterhouseCoopers Dolores Aispuru PricewaterhouseCoopers Clippers S.A. member of Ius Laboris
Alexandre Pegado PricewaterhouseCoopers Daniel Roque Vítolo
Federico Fernández Zavalía Santiago Montezanti
Alexandre Pegado - Carlos Alfaro Estudio Trevisán Fortunati Vitolo Abogados
Escritório de Advogados Alfaro Abogados
Diego M. Fissore Natalia Muller Agustin Waisman
Douglas Pillinger Lisandro A. Allende De Dios & Goyena Fortunati
G. Breuer
Panalpina World Brons & Salas Abogados Abogados Consultores
Transport Alejandro D. Fiuza Joaquín Emilio Zappa
María Florencia Angélico Marval, O’Farrell & Miguel P. Murray J.P. O’Farrell Abogados
Luis Filipe Pizarro Canosa Abogados Murray, Díaz Cordero &
Mairal, member of Lex Octavio Miguel Zenarruza
AG & LP Mundi Sirito de Zavalía
Ignacio E. Aramburu Álvarez Prado & Asociados
Laurinda Prazeres Rattagan, Macchiavello Ignacio Funes de Rioja Isabel Muscolo
Faria de Bastos, Sebastião Carlos Zima
Arocena & Peña Robirosa Funes de Rioja & Asociados, Quattrini, Laprida & PricewaterhouseCoopers
e Lopes - Advogados Abogados member of Ius Laboris Asociados
Associados Sofia Zuloaga
Vanesa Balda Claudia Gizzi Damián Mauricio Najenson
Pedro Manuel Sebastiao Rattagan, Macchiavello
Vitale, Manoff & GYPM Estudio Spota Arocena & Peña Robirosa
EDEL-EP Feilbogen
Pablo González del Solar Alfredo Miguel O’Farrell Abogados
N’Gunu Tiny Gonzalo Carlos Ballester Marval, O’Farrell &
PricewaterhouseCoopers
RCJE Advogados Asociados J.P. O’Farrell Abogados Mairal, member of Lex A r m e nia
Diego Brian Gosis Mundi
Isabel Tormenta Walter Beveraggi de la Serna Armen L. Alaverdyan
Remaggi, Pico, Jessen &
Guichet Unico da Empresa Quattrini, Laprida & Asoc Silvina Pandre State Revenue Committee
Maikel Steve Asociados Severgnini Robiola of the Government
Matías Grinberg Grinberg & Larrechea
Center for Javier M. Gatto Bicain Severgnini Robiola Sevak Alexanyan
Entrepreneurship in Candioti Gatto Bicain & Grinberg & Larrechea Mariano Payaslian Investment Law Group LLC
Cazenga Ocantos GYPM
Claudio Guarnieri Karen Andreasyan
Van Dunen Sebastian Bittner María Ximena Pérez Dirrocco
Registro de la propiedad Defense Ltd.
Augostino Neto law Jebsen & Co. inmueble de la Capital Marval, O’Farrell &
school Federal Mairal, member of Lex Artak Arzoyan
Matias Borderes Mundi ACRA Credit Bureau
António Vicente Marques Fortunati Sandra S. Guillan
AVM Advogados De Dios & Goyena Alejandro Poletto Sayad S. Badalyan
Mariano Bourdieu Fortunati Investment Law Group LLC
Abogados Consultores
Severgnini Robiola
Grinberg & Larrechea Luis Ponsati Vahe Balayan
J.P. O’Farrell Abogados Ameria cjsc
Acknowledgments 167
Vardan Bezhanyan Yervand Khoundkaryan Australia Mark Kingston Georg Brandstetter
Law Faculty, Yerevan State Civil Court of Appeal Tradesafe Australia Pty. Brandstetter Pritz &
University Paul Agnew Ltd. Partner
Nelly Kirakosyan McKay Solicitors
Vahe Chibukhchyan Central Bank of Armenia John Martin Silvia Breyer
Ministry of Economy Elizabeth Allen Thomson Playford PricewaterhouseCoopers
Vache Kirakosyan PricewaterhouseCoopers
Paul Cooper Ministry of Economy Louise Massey Kraus & Co
PricewaterhouseCoopers Matthew Allison PricewaterhouseCoopers Warenhandelsgesellschaft
Martin Stepanyan Veda Advantage Legal Services mbH
Andrew Coxshall Hayaudit LLC
KPMG Uma Awasthi Mitchell Mathas Carina Buerger
Gurgen Migranovich Amerinde Consolidated, Deacons PricewaterhouseCoopers
Samvel Danielyan Minasyan Inc.
Yerevan Municipality Union of Builders of Nathan Mattock Esther De Raymaeker
Amrenia Lynda Brumm Marque Lawyers Graf & Pitkowitz
Kristina Dudukchyan PricewaterhouseCoopers Rechtsanwälte GMBH
KPMG Armen Mkoyan Mark McGrath
”Elite Group” CSJC David Buda McKay Solicitors Martin Eckel
Electrical Networks of RBHM Commercial Lawyers e|n|w|c Natlacen
Armenia Tatevik Mkrtchyan Scott McSwan Walderdorff Cancola
Trans-Alliance Alicia Castillo McKay Solicitors Rechtsanwälte GmbH
Courtney Fowler
Alicia Castillo Wealthing
PricewaterhouseCoopers Tatul Movsisyan Group Louise Murphy Agnes Eigner
Samvel Gevorgyan TM Audit Marque Lawyers Brandstetter Pritz &
Gaibrielle Cleary Partner
BSC LLC Ashot Mysayan Gould Ralph Pty Ltd, a Enjel Phoon
Shoghik Gharibyan The State Committee member firm of Russell Marque Lawyers Tibor Fabian
of the Real Property Bedford International Binder Grösswang
KPMG Cadastre Mark Pistilli
Rechtsanwälte
Hayk Ghazazyan Andrew Coates Chang, Pistilli & Simmons
Rajiv Nagri McKay Solicitors Julian Feichtinger
KPMG Globalink Logistics Group Michael Quinlan
CHSH Cerha Hempel
Hakob Grigoryan Marcus Connor Allens Arthur Robinson Spiegelfeld Hlawati
Nerses Nersisyan Chang, Pistilli & Simmons
Hayaudit LLC PricewaterhouseCoopers John Reid Ferdinand Graf
Narek Grigoryan Tim Cox Office of State Revenue, Graf & Pitkowitz
Marianna Nikoghosyan PricewaterhouseCoopers NSW Treasury
The State Committee Rechtsanwälte GMBH
Global SPC
of the Real Property David Cross Bob Ronai Patric Grosse
Cadastre Artur Nikoyan Deacons Import-Export Services Wolf Theiss
Sargis Grigoryan Trans-Alliance Pty. Ltd.
Michael Daniel Friederike Hager
GPartners Karen Petrosyan PricewaterhouseCoopers Luke Sayers
e|n|w|c Natlacen
Tigran Grigoryan Investment Law Group LLC PricewaterhouseCoopers Walderdorff Cancola
Jenny Davis
Ameria cjsc Vahe Petrosyan Dean Schiller Rechtsanwälte GmbH
EnergyAustralia
Hrayr Gyonjyan Logicon Development LLC Claus Schmidt Birgit Harasser
Kathryn Dent
Centre for Socio Economic Aram Poghosyan Panalpina World DLA Piper Weiss-Tessbach
Gadens Lawyers Rechtsanwälte GmbH
Research and Analysis Grant Thornton Amyot Transport Pty Ltd
Anna Dileo Peter Hoffmann
Davit Iskandarian Gagik Sahakyan SDV Logistics Ltd.
PricewaterhouseCoopers CHSH Cerha Hempel
HSBC Bank Ameria cjsc Legal Services Nicholas Sedgwick Spiegelfeld Hlawati
Sargis H. Martirosyan David Sargsyan Megan Dyball Marque Lawyers
Trans-Alliance Ameria cjsc Rudolf Kaindl
PricewaterhouseCoopers Amber Sharp Koehler, Kaindl, Duerr
Armine Hakobyan Artak Shaboyan Joan Fitzhenry Marque Lawyers & Partner, Civil Law
Global SPC State Revenue Committee Baker & McKenzie Damian Sturzaker Notaries
Edvard Hambaryan of the Government Marque Lawyers
Mark Geniale Susanne Kappel
Hayaudit LLC Thomas Samuelian Office of State Revenue, Mark Swan Kunz Schima Wallentin
Davit Harutyunyan Arlex International CJSC NSW Treasury PricewaterhouseCoopers Rechtsanwälte KEG,
Legal Services member of Ius Laboris
PricewaterhouseCoopers Gayane Shimshiryan Mark Grdovich
Central Bank of Armenia Blake Dawson Theo Tavoularis Alexander Klauser
Karina Harutyunyan
McKay Solicitors Brauneis Klauser Prändl
3R Strategy LLC Tigran Sukiasyan Douglas Hall Rechtsanwälte GmbH
Lernik Harutyunyan OSCE Len Hewitt & Company Roland Taylor
Ulrike Langwallner
Paradigma Armenia’ CJSC Aleqsey Suqoyan Eric Herding McKay Solicitors
Schönherr Rechtsanwälte
Arayilc Hautunyan Court of First Instance Panalpina World Simon Truskett GmbH / Attorneys-at-Law
The State Committee Hakob Tadevosyan Transport Pty Ltd Clayton Utz, member of Peter Madl
of the Real Property Grant Thornton Amyot David Hing Lex Mundi
Schönherr Rechtsanwälte
Cadastre PricewaterhouseCoopers David Twigg GmbH / Attorneys-at-Law
Tigran Yedigaryan
Elena Kaeva Hayaudit LLC Michael Hope EnergyAustralia Irene Mandl
PricewaterhouseCoopers Baker & McKenzie Kathleen Ward Austrian Institute for SME
Artur Tunyan
Artashes F. Kakoyan Judicial Reform Project PricewaterhouseCoopers Research
Eva Hucker
Investment Law Group LLC Baker & McKenzie Andrew Wheeler Wolfgang Messeritsch
Aliya Utegaliyeva
Vahe G. Kakoyan PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers National Bank of Austria
Ian Humphreys
Investment Law Group LLC Blake Dawson Leon Zwier Nella Nella Hengstler
Araik Vardanyan
Arshak Kamalyan Chamber of Commerce and Arnold Bloch Leibler Austrian Embassy
Eric Ip
The State Committee Industry Onward Business Alfred Nepf
of the Real Property Consultants PTY LTD Austria Ministry of Finance
Cadastre
Doug Jones Franz Althuber Thomas Oberholzner
Ishkhan Karapetyan DLA Piper Weiss-Tessbach
Clayton Utz, member of Austrian Institute for SME
Small & Medium Lex Mundi Rechtsanwälte GmbH Research
Entrepreneurship
Development National Morgan Kelly Austrian Regulatory Ayten Pacariz
Center Ferrier Hodgson Limited Authority KSV 1870
Argam Khachatryan Sanjay Kinger Clemens Baerenthaler Barbara Pogacar
Hayaudit LLC Fortune Law Group DLA Piper Weiss-Tessbach Law Partners
Rechtsanwälte GmbH
168 Doing Business 2010

Friedrich Roedler Mehriban Efendiyeva Murad Yahyayev Haider Alnoaimi Ali Akbar
PricewaterhouseCoopers Michael Wilson & Partners Unibank Mohamed Salahuddin Ruma Leather Industries
Ltd. Consulting Engineering Ltd.
Heidi Scheichenbauer Mahmud Yusifli Bureau
Austrian Institute for SME Rovshan Farzaliyev Baker & McKenzie Tanjib-ul Alam
Research Trans Caspian Alliance Shaji Alukkal Dr. Kamal Hossain &
Ltd Ismail Zargarli Panalpina World Associates
Gottfried Schellmann OMNI Law Firm Transport
Brauneis Klauser Prändl Zaur Fati-zadeh Ashfaq Amin
Rechtsanwälte GmbH Ministry of Taxes Nazim Ziyadov Maaria Ashraf Integrated Transportation
OMNI Law Firm Hatim S. Zu’bi & Partners Services Ltd., Agent of
Georg Schima Courtney Fowler Panalpina
Kunz Schima Wallentin PricewaterhouseCoopers Ba ha m as , T h e Mohammed Mirza A. Hussain
Rechtsanwälte KEG, Bin Jaffer Akram Ansari
member of Ius Laboris Rashad Gafarov Michela Elaine Barnett Ministry of Municipalities SAS Corporation
Panalpina World Graham, Thompson & Co. & Agriculture Affairs.
Stephan Schmalzl Transport Municipal One Stop Shop Noorul Azhar
Graf & Pitkowitz Kevin Basden Azhar & Associates
Rechtsanwälte GMBH Abbas Guliyev Michael Durgavich
Bahamas Electricity Probir Barua
Baker & McKenzie Corporation Al Sarraf & Al Ruwayeh
Ernst Schmidt Knitwear Yarn Dyeing,
Halpern & Prinz Elchin Habibov Rodney W. Braynen Nicolas Galoppin Ltd.
National Bank of Design Häus Al Sarraf & Al Ruwayeh
Karin Schöpp Azerbaijan Md. Halim Bepari
Binder Grösswang Tara Cooper Akram Hage Halim Law Associate
Rechtsanwälte Faiq Haci-Ismaylov Abu-Ghazaleh Legal -
Higgs & Johnson Utpal Bhattacharjee
INCE MMC (TAG-Legal)
Franz Schwarzinger Surinder Deal Infrastructure Investment
Revisionstreuhand, a Adil Hajaliyev Abdulwahid A. Janahi Facilitation Center
Higgs & Johnson
member firm of Russell BM International LLC. The Benefit Company
Bedford International John Delaney Badrud Doulah
Arzu Hajiyeva Jawad Habib Jawad Doulah & Doulah
Higgs & Johnson
Benedikt Spiegelfeld Ernst & Young BDO Jawad Habib Advocates
CHSH Cerha Hempel Chaunece M. Ferguson
Nigar Hajiyeva Lim Ming Huey Nasirud Doulah
Spiegelfeld Hlawati Mackay & Moxey Chambers
Baker & McKenzie PricewaterhouseCoopers Doulah & Doulah
Eva-Maria Springauf Amos J. Ferguson jr. Advocates
Faig Huseynov Sara Jawahery
National Bank of Austria Ferguson Associates &
Unibank Planners Elham Ali Hassan & Moin Ghani
Thomas Trettnak Jeyhun Huseynzada Associates Dr. Kamal Hossain &
CHSH Cerha Hempel Anthony Forbes Associates
PricewaterhouseCoopers Bahamas Electricity Ebrahim Karolia
Spiegelfeld Hlawati
Zumrud Ibrahim Corporation PricewaterhouseCoopers Ummay Habiba Sharmin
Birgit Vogt-Majarek Lee, Khan & Partners
Baker & McKenzie Wendy Forsythe Elie Kassis
Kunz Schima Wallentin
Rechtsanwälte KEG, Afkan Isazade Import Export Brokers Agility Logistics K M A Halim
member of Ius Laboris Deposit Insurance Fund Ltd. Upright Textile Supports
Mubeen Khadir
Peter Voithofer Delara Israfilova Bethsheba G. Haven Ernst & Young Md. Nazmul Hasan
Austrian Institute for SME BM International LLC. Graham, Thompson & Co. Protex International
Abdul-Haq Mohammed
Research McKinney, Bancroft & Trowers & Hamlins Kazi Rashed Hassan Ferdous
Vagif Karimly
Gerhard Wagner Baker & McKenzie Hughes Proactive
Gautam R. Mundkur
KSV 1870 Portia Nicholson Mohamed Salahuddin Ajmal Hossain
Gunduz Karimov
Irene Welser Baker & McKenzie Higgs & Johnson Consulting Engineering Hoque Tannery
CHSH Cerha Hempel Bureau
Nuran Kerimov Michael L. Paton Kamal Hossain
Spiegelfeld Hlawati Lennox Paton Najma A. Redha Hasan
Deloitte Md. Sanwar Hossains
Gerhard Winkler Ministry of Municipalities
Abdulfat Maherramov Castino D. Sands & Agriculture Affairs. Sanwar Hossains Law Firm
National Bank of Austria Lennox Paton
Ministry of Labor and Municipal One Stop Shop Rafique-ul Huq
Rita Wittmann Social Protection Rochelle Sealy Huq and Co.
DLA Piper Weiss-Tessbach Mohamed Salahuddin
Nariman Mamedov PricewaterhouseCoopers Mohamed Salahuddin Abdul Hye
Rechtsanwälte GmbH
Blue Water Shipping Kevin Seymour Consulting Engineering Bank of Bangladesh
Gerold Zeiler Caspian Ltd Bureau
PricewaterhouseCoopers Amir-Ul Islam
Schönherr Rechtsanwälte
GmbH / Attorneys-at-Law Kamal Mamedzade Everette Sweeting Thamer Salahuddin Amir & Amir Law
Salans Bahamas Electricity Mohamed Salahuddin Associates, member of Lex
Marcus Zuccato Consulting Engineering Mundi
Asim Mammadov Corporation
Ministry of Finance Bureau
Deloitte Md Aminul Islam
Ba h rain Ali Sheikh
A z e rbai jan Kamil Mammadov Al Sarraf & Al Ruwayeh
City Apparel-Tex Co.
Mammadov & Partners Aysha Abdul Malik Shariful Islam
Elchin Akberov Esmond Hugh Stokes
Law Firm Elham Ali Hassan &
PricewaterhouseCoopers Associates (EAH Law) Hatim S. Zu’bi & Partners Rabeya Jamali
Zaur Mammadov Huq and Co.
Aliagha Akhundov Khaled Hassan Ajaji Robin Watson
Ernst & Young
Baker & McKenzie Ministry of Justice & The Benefit Company Bahzad Joarder
Rena Mammadova Islamic Affairs Huq and Co.
Roman Alloyarov Adrian Woodcock
Deloitte
OMNI Law Firm Nawaf Bin Ebrahim Al Khalifa Norton Rose Margub Kabir
Faiq S. Manafov Electricity & Water Huq and Co.
Aykhan Asadov Ivan Zoricic
Unibank Authority
Baker & McKenzie Ernst & Young Sohel Kasem
Daniel Matthews Seema Al- Thawadi A. Qasem & Co
Natavan Baghirova Hatim S. Zu’bi
Baker & McKenzie Ministry of Municipalities
BM International LLC. Hatim S. Zu’bi & Partners Ali Asif Khan
Farhad Mirzayev & Agriculture Affairs. Amir & Amir Law
Sabit A. Bagirov Municipal One Stop Shop
BM International LLC. Bangla de sh Associates, member of Lex
Entrepreneurship Mundi
Development Foundation Ruslan Mukhtarov Al-Twaijri & Partners Law
Firm Md. Abdul Maleque Mian Md. Mydul H. Khan
Bakielektrikshebeke BM International LLC. Abdullah
Samer Al-Ajjawi Lee, Khan & Partners
Samir Balayev Movlan Pashayev Credit Information
Ernst & Young Bureau, Bangladesh Bank Swapan Mistry
Unibank PricewaterhouseCoopers
Zainul Abedin Sukumar & Associates
Emma Silyayeva
Salans A. Qasem & Co
Acknowledgments 169
Md. Abu Nayeem Gomeltransneft Druzhba Alexander Shevko Stephan Legein Kareem D. Musa
Nayeem & Associates Olga Grechko National Bank Federal Public Service Musa & Balderamos
Finance
Eva Quasem Vlasova Mikhel & Partners Lubov Slobodchikova Patricia Rodriguez
Amir & Amir Law National Bank Luc Legon Belize Companies and
Oleg Grushevich
Associates, member of Lex PricewaterhouseCoopers Corporate Affairs Registry
Mundi Ernst & Young Paulina Smykovskaya
Stepanovski, Papakul and Axel Maeterlinck Dawn Sampson
Ahmedur Rahim Antonina Ivanova
Partners Ltd. Simont Braun Belize Electricity Ltd.
Registrar, Joint Stock DICSA Audit, Law &
Companies & Firms Consulting Natalia Talai Philippe Massart Janelle Tillett
Aleh Karalevich Vlasova Mikhel & Partners Sibelga Eurocaribe Belize Shipping
Al Amin Rahman Services
Al Amin Rahman & DICSA Audit, Law & Pavel Tzarou Dominique Mougenot
Associates Consulting RE VERA Group Commercial Court Mons Saidi Vaccaro
Uljana Karpekina Arguelles & Company LLC
Mizanur Rahman Svetlana Valueva Didier Muraille
A. Qasem & Co RE VERA Group Stepanovski, Papakul and National Bank Adelfino Vasquez
Alexander Khrapoutsky Partners Ltd. Ministry of Labour, Local
Shahriar Syeed Stephan Neetens Government and Rural
V-Teac Fashion Pvt Ltd. Vashkevich, Sapego & Alexander Vasilevsky Development
Khrapoutsky Sabrina Otten
Valex Consult
Abbas Uddin PricewaterhouseCoopers C. Phillip Waight
Sergei Klimenko Igor Verkhovodko
Huq and Co. Stéphane Robyns Waight & Associates
DSV Transport (BY) Ltd Businessconsult Law Firm
Abdul Wahab DLA Piper LLP Lionel L. R. Welch
Nina Knyazeva Wilo Bel
A. Wahab & Co. Frédéric Souchon Supreme Court
Businessconsult Law Firm
Nurul Wahab Maria Yurieva PricewaterhouseCoopers Carlton Young
Irina Koikova Vlasova Mikhel & Partners
A. Wahab & Co. Stibbe Young’s Engineering
DICSA Audit, Law & Consultancy Ltd.
Consulting Pavel S. Yurkevich
B e larus Jan van Celst
The Supreme Economic
Alexander Kononov Court DLA Piper LLP B e nin
Yevgeny Achinovich Ernst & Young Ilse van de Mierop
DICSA Audit, Law & Ekaterina Zabello Safia Abdoulaye
Oksana Kotel Vlasova Mikhel & Partners DLA Piper LLP
Consulting Cabinet d’Avocats
RE VERA Group MedicCleanAir
Olga G. Adameyko Andrey Zhuk Diaby Aboubakar
The Supreme Economic Mikhail Kozlov KPMG Sibylle Vandenberghe BCEAO
Court AsstrA Weissrussland Ltd PricewaterhouseCoopers
Darya Zhuk Irène Adjagba Ichola
Alexey Anischenko Anatol A. Kozlovsky Glimstedt Marie-Noëlle Vanderhoven Etude notariale Adjagba
Vlasova Mikhel & Partners Belstroycenter PricewaterhouseCoopers Ichola
Dmitri Antonevich Belcard OJSC B e lgium Tom Vantroyen Saïdou Agbantou
Municipality of Minsk Elena Kulchitskaya Allen & Overy LLP Altius Cabinet d’Avocats
Dmitry Arkhipenko AsstrA Weissrussland Ltd Hubert André-Dumont Reinout Vleugels Paul Agbonihoue
RE VERA Group Dmitry Labetsky McGuire Woods LLP Squire, Sanders & Dempsey Societe Beninoise D’Energie
Businessconsult Law Firm L.L.P. Electrique (SBEE)
Olga Baraulya Yves Brosens
National Bank Vitaly Lagatsky DLA Piper LLP Johan Vonckers Jean-Paul T. Hervé Ahoyo
INSTAR Logistics McGuire Woods LLP Societe Beninoise D’Energie
Ron J. Barden Gilles Carbonez Electrique (SBEE)
PricewaterhouseCoopers Sergey A. Lazovsky McGuire Woods LLP Bram Vuylsteke
Sybel Akuesson
Andrey Bartashevich Minsk Cable (Electrical) Pol Cools Christian Willems
Network FCA
INSTAR Logistics McGuire Woods LLP Loyens & Loeff
Oksana Loban Rafikou Alabi
Irina A. Belskaya Adriaan Dauwe Dirk Wouters
Ernst & Young Cabinet Me Alabi
The Supreme Economic Altius WVM-Bedrijfsrevisoren
Court Oksana Lyakhova BVBA, a member of Russell Moïse Atchade
Steven de Schrijver Bedford International Cabinet de Maitre Atchade
Vladimir G. Biruk Glimstedt Van Bael & Bellis
Capital Ltd. Dmitry Matveyev B e li z e Innocent Sourou Avognon
Kris de Schutter Tribunal de Premiere
Dmitry Bokhan Law Group Argument Loyens & Loeff Emil Arguelles Instance de Cotonou
Businessconsult Law Firm Konstantin Mikhel Olivier Debray Arguelles & Company LLC Continental Bank
Sergey Borisyuk Vlasova Mikhel & Partners Claeys & Engels, member Sherman Ferguson Alice Codjia-Sohouenou
State Customs Committee Tatiana I. Miller of Ius Laboris Belize Electricity Ltd. Cabinet Agbantou Saidou
Alexander Botian The Supreme Economic Amaury Della Faille
Court Gian C. Gandhi Johannès Dagnon
Borovtsov & Salei Law PricewaterhouseCoopers
Offices International Financial Groupe Helios Afrique
Valentina Nazaruk Jean-Michel Detry Services Commission
Aliaksandr Danilevich Ministry of Architecture DLA Piper LLP Dae Stores Limited
and Building Rodolfo Gutierrez
Danilevich Olivier Dansou
Frank Dierckx Belize Electricity Ltd.
Aleksey Daryin Anatoly Nichkasov Imoteph
PricewaterhouseCoopers Mirna Lara
RE VERA Group Ministry of Architecture
and Building David Du Pont Eurocaribe Belize Shipping Henri Fadonougbo
Madudin Nikolai Dmitrievich Ashurst Services Tribunal de Premiere
The Supreme Economic Magdalena Patrzyk Instance de Cotonou
PricewaterhouseCoopers Mario Flamee Russell Longsworth
Court Guy Médard Agbo Fayemi
Dexia Bank S.A. Caribbean Shipping
Dmitry Dorofeev Olga Pepenina Agencies Ltd. Ordre National des
National Bank Glimstedt Pierrette Fraisse Architectes et des
SPF Finances - AGDP Reynaldo F. Magana Urbanistes
Sergei Dubovik Tatiana Polonskaya Frontier International
National Bank The Supreme Economic Ghislaine Goes Business Services Ltd. Sèglan Raymond Cyr
Court DLA Piper LLP Gbessemehlan
Marina Dymovich Tania Moody Cabinet Agbantou Saidou
Borovtsov & Salei Law Vassili I. Salei Sandrine Hirsch Barrow & Williams
Offices Borovtsov & Salei Law Simont Braun Jean-Claude Gnamien
Offices Jose Moreno FIDAFRICA /
Andrej Ermolenko Thibaut Hollanders Belize Electricity Ltd. PricewaterhouseCoopers
Vlasova Mikhel & Partners Katerina Sereda DLA Piper LLP
Law Group Argument Gereld Morris Dominique Lales
Sergey Fedorov Thomas Hürner Frontier International Addax & Oryx Group
State Customs Committee National Bank Business Services Ltd.
170 Doing Business 2010

Evelyne M’Bassidgé Alexandra Blanco Mariela Rojas Saša Lemez Patience Mokgadi
FIDAFRICA / Guevara & Gutiérrez S.C. Entidad De Servicios De Central Bank Armstrongs Attorneys,
PricewaterhouseCoopers Información Enserbic S.A. member of Lex Mundi
Walter B. Calla Cardenas Anja Margetić
Aline Edwige Odje Colegio Departamental de Patricio Rojas Central Bank Mmatshipi Motsepe
Cabinet Agbantou Saidou Arquitectos de La Paz C.R. & F. Rojas, member of Manica Africa Pty. Ltd.
Lex Mundi Branko Marić
Balkissou Osseni Osho Mauricio Costa du Rels Branko Marić Law Office Jack Allan Mutua
Cabinet d’Avocats Würth Kim Costa du Rels Pilar Salasar Tectura International
Bufete Aguirre Soc. Civ. JP Elektroprivreda Botswana
Dakehoun Armand S. Raoul Carlos Ferreira BiH Podružnica
Ministere des Mines, de C.R. & F. Rojas, member of Sandra Salinas “Elektrodistribucija” Rajesh Narasimhan
l’Energie et de L’eau Lex Mundi C.R. & F. Rojas, member of Sarajevo Grant Thornton
Lex Mundi Emir Pasanović
Olagnika Salam Nicolas Franulic Casasnovas Kwadwo Osei-Ofei
Office Notarial Olagnika Infocred - Servicio de Rodolpho Raul Sanjines DLA Piper Osei-Ofei Swabi & Co.
Informacion Crediticia Elizagoyen
Adegbindin Saliou Edisa Peštek Butler Phirie
BIC s.a. Sanjinés & Asociados Soc.
Hauvy Seka Mathieu Civ. Abogados Đorđe Racković PricewaterhouseCoopers
Jose E. Gamboa T.
FIDAFRICA / Maria Kim Shin Central Bank Caroline Polder
Colegio Departamental de
PricewaterhouseCoopers Arquitectos de La Paz Würth Kim Costa du Rels Alma Ramezić Collins Newman & Co.
Didier Sterlingot Petronila Gismondi A. Mauricio Torrico Galindo PricewaterhouseCoopers Claudio Rossi
SDV - SAGA Consultora “Gismondi” - Quintanilla, Soria & Adina Salkanović Sharps Electrical (Pty)
Dominique Taty Contable Tributario Nishizawa Soc. Civ Ltd
Hasib Salkić
FIDAFRICA / Primitivo Gutiérrez Roberto Viscafé Ureña Interšped Sipho Ziga
PricewaterhouseCoopers Guevara & Gutiérrez S.C. PricewaterhouseCoopers Armstrongs Attorneys,
Nihad Sijerčić member of Lex Mundi
Konzo Traore Carlos Alberto Iacia Mauricio Zambrana Cuéllar Law Office Spaho
BCEAO PricewaterhouseCoopers Infocred - Servicio de
Mehmed Spaho B ra z il
Jean-Bosco Todjinou Informacion Crediticia
Jorge Luis Inchauste BIC s.a. Law Office Spaho Antonio Aires
Ordre National des Guevara & Gutiérrez S.C.
Architectes et des Anisa Strujić Demarest e Almeida
Urbanistes Paola Justiniano Arias B osnia an d Branko Marić Law Office Advogados
Konate Yacouba Sanjinés & Asociados Soc. H e r z e gov ina Diogo Sales Flores Alves
Civ. Abogados Bojana Tkalčić-Djulić
France Transfo Aida Ajanović Lawyers’ Office Bojana Themag Engenharia e
Mario Kempff IKRP Rokas & Partners Tkalcic-Djulic & Olodar Gerenciamento S/C Ltda.
Emmanuel Yehouessi
C.R. & F. Rojas, member of Prebanic Glauco Alves Martins
BCEAO Lex Mundi Dunja Arnaut
Law Office Spaho Belma Zorlak Fleury Malheiros,
B h utan César Lora Branko Marić Law Office Gasparini, De Cresci e
PricewaterhouseCoopers Feđa Bičakčić Nogueira de Lima
Kincho Dorjee Law Office Spaho B ots wana Lucia Aragao
Leko Packers Daniel Mariaca
Criales, Urcullo & Sead Bijedić Veirano Advogados
John Carr-Hartley
N.B. Gurung Antezana Central Bank Mariana Aranha
Armstrongs Attorneys
DHL Dario Biščević Machado, Meyer, Sendacz
Gonzalo Mendieta Romero Asamiah Chilume
Sonam Gyeltshen Estudio de Abogados DB Schenker e Opice
Chilume & Company
Bhutan Power Mendieta Romero & Mubera Brković Pedro Vitor Araujo da Costa
Corporation Ltd. Asociados Yvonne K. Chilume Escritorio de Advocacia
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Tshering Tobgey Jaime Merida Alvarez Chilume & Company Gouvêa Vieira
Sabina Čelik
Gyelsa -Tewa Real Estate Colegio Departamental de Rizwan Desai Flavia Bailone Marcilio
Developer (GRED) Arquitectos de La Paz PricewaterhouseCoopers
Collins Newman & Co. Barbosa
Karma Tshering Ariel Morales Vasquez Višnja Dizdarević Veirano Advogados
Diba M. Diba
Lhaki Group C.R. & F. Rojas, member of Branko Marić Law Office
Minchin & Kelly Flavia Bailoni Marcilio
Lex Mundi Emir Hadžić Barbosa
Tshering Wangchuk Guri Dobo
Royal Court of Justice Daniela Murialdo Lopez Branko Marić Law Office Veirano Advogados
Dobson and Company,
Estudio de Abogados Alma Hadžiosmanović Certified Public Priscyla Barbosa
Sonam P. Wangdi Mendieta Romero & Nedal d.o.o. Accountants Veirano Advogados
Ministry of Economic Asociados
Affairs Besim Hadžiosmanović Edward W. Fasholé-Luke II Juliana Bastianello Baldin
Pablo Ordonez Nedal d.o.o. Luke & Associates
Tashi Yezer Machado, Meyer, Sendacz
Ayoroa & Ordonez e Opice
Royal Securities Exchange Senada Havić Hrenovica Vincent Galeromeloe
of Bhutan Ltd. Alejandro Peláez Kay LRC Credit Bureau Transunion Guilherme Bertolini
Indacochea & Asociados Fernandes dos Santos
B oli v ia Ismeta Huremović M. Gilika
Mariana Pereira Nava Botswana Unified Revenue Fleury Malheiros,
Land Registry Office of Gasparini, De Cresci e
Fernando Aguirre Indacochea & Asociados the Sarajevo Municipal Service (BURS)
Nogueira de Lima
Bufete Aguirre Soc. Civ. Oscar Antonio Plaza Ponte Court Laknath Jayawickrama
Entidad De Servicios De Roberta Bessa
Carolina Aguirre Urioste Nusmir Huskić PricewaterhouseCoopers
Información Enserbic S.A. Machado, Meyer, Sendacz
Bufete Aguirre Soc. Civ. Branko Marić Law Office Akheel Jinabhai e Opice
Oswaldo Alvarez Wills Julio Quintanilla Quiroga Arela Jusufbasić Akheel Jinabhai &
Quintanilla, Soria & Camila Biral
S&V Asociados S.R.L. Lawyers’ Office Bojana Associates
Nishizawa Soc. Civ Demarest e Almeida
Tkalcic-Djulic & Olodar Laurence Khupe Advogados
Eduardo Aramayo Prebanic
Carlos Ramírez Collins Newman & Co.
PricewaterhouseCoopers Richard Blanchet
C.R. & F. Rojas, member of Kerim Karabdić
Raúl A. Baldivia Lex Mundi Dineo Makati-Mpho Loeser e Portela
Advokati Salih & Kerim Advogados
Baldivia Unzaga & Karabdić Collins Newman & Co.
Angélica Roca
Asociados Finola McMahon Adriano Boni
YPFB Andina S.A Almedina Karšić
Adrián Barrenechea Osei-Ofei Swabi & Co. Noronha Advogados
Diego Rojas Law Office of Emir
Criales, Urcullo & Kovačević Diniar Minwalla Adriano Borges
Antezana C.R. & F. Rojas, member of
Lex Mundi Muhidin Karšić PricewaterhouseCoopers De Vivo, Whitaker, Castro
Hugo Berthin e Gonçalves Advogados
Fernando Rojas Law Office of Emir Tsemetse Mmolai
BDO Berthin Amengual & Kovačević Botswana Stock Exchange Altimiro Boscoli
Asociados C.R. & F. Rojas, member of
Lex Mundi Demarest e Almeida
Advogados
Acknowledgments 171
Sergio Bronstein Maria Fernanda de Paulo Carlos Alberto Iacia Andrea Oricchio Kirsh Milena Tesser
Veirano Advogados Antoneli PricewaterhouseCoopers Viseu Cunha Oricchio Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira
Fleury Malheiros, Advogados Ramos
Clarissa Bruzzi Gasparini, De Cresci e Marcelo Inglez de Souza
Noronha Advogados Nogueira de Lima Demarest e Almeida Adriana Pallis Romano Marcos Tiraboschi
Advogados Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Veirano Advogados
Julio Bueno Nadia Demoliner Lacerda e Opice
Pinheiro Neto Advogados Mesquita Barros Eduardo Takemi Kataoka Carlos Tortelli
Advogados, member of Ius Castro, Barros, Sobral, Rafael Passaro Consult Group (Member
Júlio César Bueno Gomes Advogados Machado, Meyer, Sendacz of Russell Bedford
Pinheiro Neto Advogados Laboris
e Opice International)
Felipe Di Marzo Trezza Fernando Koury Lopes
Hugo Buser Maria Fernanada Pecora Paulo Trani
Elotrans Transportes Fleury Malheiros, José Paulo Lago Alves
Gasparini, De Cresci e Pequeno Veirano Advogados Noronha Advogados
Internacionais Ltda
Nogueira de Lima Noronha Advogados Fabio Luis Pereira Barboza Juliana Vasconcelos
Paulo Campana Viseu Cunha Oricchfio ApexBrasil
Mayna Dias Melo Fernando Loeser
Felsberg, Pedretti, Advogados
Mannrich e Aidar Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Loeser e Portela José Wahle
Advogados e Consultores e Opice Advogados Lilian Pimentel Veirano Advogados
Legais Renato Din Oikawa Ricardo Loureiro Fleury Malheiros,
Gasparini, De Cresci e Eduardo Guimarães
Gustavo Carmona Fleury Malheiros, Serasa S.A. Wanderley
Gasparini, De Cresci e Nogueira de Lima
PricewaterhouseCoopers Marina Maccabelli Veirano Advogados
Nogueira de Lima Erika Pizardo
Plinio Cesar Romanini Demarest e Almeida Noronha Advogados Gabriela Weirich Mottin
José Ricardo dos Santos Luz Advogados
Banco Central do Brasil Júnior Veirano Advogados
Durval Portela
Renato Chiodaro Duarte Garcia, Caselli Viviane Maria Barbosa da Marcos Yanaka
Silva Loeser e Portela
De Vivo, Whitaker, Castro Guimarães e Terra Advogados MBM Trading
e Gonçalves Advogados Advogados Machado, Meyer, Sendacz
e Opice Rodrigo Eduardo Pricoli B run e i
Fernanda Cirne Montorfano Joao Paulo F.A. Fagundes
Georges Louis Martens Filho Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira darussala m
Escritorio de Advocacia Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira Ramos
Gouvêa Vieira Ramos De Vivo, Whitaker, Castro
e Gonçalves Advogados Daniela Prieto Aaron Goh
Flávia Coelho Warde Vanessa Felício PricewaterhouseCoopers
Jose Augusto Martins Machado, Meyer, Sendacz
Demarest e Almeida Veirano Advogados e Opice
Baker & McKenzie Cyndhia Kong
Advogados Thomas Benes Felsberg Maria Fernanda Principe Widdows Kong &
Ana Amélia Corrêa Contro Felsberg, Pedretti, Thiago Martins Candotti Associates
Noronha Advogados Mannrich e Aidar Araújo e Policastro Fleury Malheiros,
Advogados e Consultores Advogados Felicia Kong
Gilberto Deon Corrêa Junior Gasparini, De Cresci e B.T. Forwarding Company
Legais Nogueira de Lima
Veirano Advogados Andrea Massei Rossi
Sabrina Fernandes Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Nancy Lai
Sidinei Corrêa Marques Ronaldo Rayes Lee Corporatehouse
Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira e Opice Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira
Banco Central do Brasil Ramos Associates
Laura Massetto Meyer Ramos
Mirella da Costa Andreola Mariana Fernandes Conrado Pinheiro Guimarães Kevin Lee
Domingos Fernando Refinetti Wisma Management
Noronha Advogados Noronha Advogados Advogados Machado, Meyer, Sendacz
Gisela da Silva Freire Alexsander Fernandes de Rodrigo Matos e Opice Kin Chee Lee
Fleury Malheiros, Andrade MBM Trading Lee Corporatehouse
Jose Ribeiro do Pardo Junior Associates
Gasparini, De Cresci e Duarte Garcia, Caselli
Nogueira de Lima Eduardo Augusto Mattar Machado, Meyer, Sendacz
Guimarães e Terra e Opice Lennon Lee
Advogados Pinheiro Guimarães
Adriana Daiuto Advogados PricewaterhouseCoopers
Eliane Ribeiro Gago
Demarest e Almeida Eliana Maria Filippozzi Yew Choh Lee
Advogados Marianne Mendes Webber Duarte Garcia, Caselli
Noronha Advogados Guimarães e Terra Y.C. Lee & Lee Advocates &
Noronha Advogados
Cleber Dal Rovere Peluzo Silvia Fiszman Advogados Solicitors
Viseu Cunha Oricchio Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Victor Menezes Lopes Gomes
Noronha Advogados Lia Roston Kelvin Lim
Advogados e Opice Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira K. Lim & Co.
Marina Dall´Aglio Pastore Florencia Ortiz Freuler Cássio Mesquita Barros Ramos
Sampaio Mesquita Barros Colin Ong
Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Marta Saft Dr. Colin Ong Legal
Noronha Advogados e Opice Advogados, member of Ius
Laboris Veirano Advogados Services
Bruno Henrique de Aguiar Rafael Frota Indio do Brasil
Ricardo Messias Sapag José Samurai Saiani David Price
Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira Ferraz
Ramos Itatrans ltda Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Arkitek Ibrahim
Escritorio de Advocacia e Opice
Sólon de Almeida Cunha Gouvêa Vieira Renata Morelli See Tiat Quek
Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira Bruno Sanchez Belo PricewaterhouseCoopers
Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Rafael Gagliardi
e Opice Ramos Noronha Advogados
Demarest e Almeida Shazali Sulaiman
Eduardo de Andrade Castro Advogados Anneliese Moritz Juliano Sarmento Barra KPMG
Banco Central do Brasil Pedro Paulo Gasparini Felsberg, Pedretti, Machado, Meyer, Sendacz
Mannrich e Aidar e Opice Bulgaria
Aldo de Cresci Neto Fleury Malheiros,
Gasparini, De Cresci e Advogados e Consultores Carolina Schreier
Fleury Malheiros, Legais Svetlin Adrianov
Nogueira de Lima KLA-Koury Lopes
Gasparini, De Cresci e Penkov, Markov & Partners
Nogueira de Lima Thiago Giantomassi Paulo Nasser Advogados
Demarest e Almeida Nikolay Bandakov
Andréia Laís de Melo Silva Demarest e Almeida Ingrid Schwarz R. de
Advogados Advogados Mendonça Kambourov & Partners
Vargas
Banco Central do Brasil Michelle Giraldi Lacerda Jorge Nemr Noronha Advogados Christo Batchvarov
PricewaterhouseCoopers Leite, Tosto e Barros Elaine Shimoda PricewaterhouseCoopers
Edilson De Morais
Serasa S.A. Lara Gomes Dias Walter Abrahão Nimir Junior Serasa S.A. Kalin Bonev
Machado, Meyer, Sendacz De Vivo, Whitaker, Castro Walter Stuber Tsvetkova Bebov &
Luiz Gustavo de Oliveira e Gonçalves Advogados Partners,(Landwell
Ramos e Opice Walter Stuber Consultoria Bulgaria)
Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira Adriana Grizante de Almeida João Paulo Nogueira Barros Juridica
Ramos Escritorio de Advocacia Nikolai Bozhilov
PricewaterhouseCoopers Enrique Tello Hadad
Gouvêa Vieira Unimasters Logistics Plc.
Enrique Hadad Loeser e Portela
Advogados Emil Cholakov
Loeser e Portela
Advogados LM Legal Services Ltd.
172 Doing Business 2010

Maria Danailova Polina Marinova Stefan Tzakov Gilbert Kibtonre Moussa Sogodogo
Wolf Theiss Landwell & Associés - Kambourov & Partners CEFAC Hyppolite Tapsoba
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Borislav Dimitrov Legal Services Maria Urmanova Clarisse Kienou Tribunal d’Instance de
Landwell & Associés - Landwell & Associés - Centre de Formalites des Ouagadougou
PricewaterhouseCoopers Slavi Mikinski PricewaterhouseCoopers Entreprises Dominique Taty
Legal Services Legalex Legal Services
Eddie Komboïgo FIDAFRICA /
George Dimitrov Vladimir Natchev Jasmina Uzova Komboïgo & Associes PricewaterhouseCoopers
Dimitrov, Petrov & Co. Arsov Natchev Ganeva Djingov, Gouginski, Telem
Kyutchukov & Velichkov Michel Konate
Kristina Dimitrova Yordan Naydenov Banque Commerciale du Guichet unique du
Landwell & Associés - Borislav Boyanov & Co. Miroslav Varnaliev Burkina Commerce
PricewaterhouseCoopers Unimasters Logistics Plc. Fousséni Traoré
Legal Services Nelii Nedkova Raphael Kouraogo
Wolf Theiss Venzi Vassilev SONABEL FIDAFRICA /
Vesselin Dinkov Rex Consulting Ltd, a PricewaterhouseCoopers
Landwell & Associés - Violeta Nikolova member firm of Russell Messan Lawson
Arsov Natchev Ganeva Societe Nationale de Kassoum Traore
PricewaterhouseCoopers Bedford International
Legal Services Transit du Burkina Direction Generale des
Darina Oresharova Impots
Lora Docheva Experian Bulgaria EAD Bur k ina Faso Colette Lefebvre
Inspection du Travail Konzo Traore
PricewaterhouseCoopers Yulia Peeva Diaby Aboubakar BCEAO
Silvia Dulevska Rex Consulting Ltd, a BCEAO Zinago Lingani
member firm of Russell Direction Generale des Moussa Traore
Bulgarian National Bank Seydou Balama
Bedford International Impots Maison de l’entreprise
Yanitsa Ganeva Etude Maître Balama
Vladimir Penkov Seydou Evelyne M’Bassidgé Yacouba Traoré
Djingov, Gouginski,
Kyutchukov & Velichkov Penkov, Markov & Partners FIDAFRICA / Commune de Ouagadougou
Siaka Barro PricewaterhouseCoopers
Georgy Georgiev Galina Petkova Agence Barro Laurent Traore Sy
Landwell & Associés - Arsov Natchev Ganeva Denise Ouedraogo ONEA
Josephine Bassolet Etude de Maître
PricewaterhouseCoopers Irena Petkova SONABEL Lorcendy L. Traore
Legal Services Ouedraogo
LConsult Banque Commerciale du
Babou Bayili Martin Ouedraogo Burkina
Plamen Georgiev Borislava Pokrass LNBTP Union Internationale de
Economou International Stoeva, Kuyumdjieva & Bouba Yaguibou
Shipping Agency Limited Issaka Belem Notariat Latin
Vitliemov SCPA Yaguibou & Yanogo
Velislava Georgieva SDV N. Henri Ouedraogo
Gergana Popova Seydou Roger Yamba
Economou International Dolphyne Benny Ministere des Finances et
Georgiev, Todorov & Co. du Budget Cabinet Maitre Sankara
Shipping Agency Limited Maersk
Nikolay Radev Oumarou Ouedraogo Emmanuel Yehouessi
Marieta Getcheva Fortune Bicaba BCEAO
Dobrev, Kinkin & Cabinet Ouedraogo &
PricewaterhouseCoopers Lyutskanov Cabinet d’Avocats Fortuné
Bicaba Bonkoungou Amado Yoni
Ralitsa Gougleva Alexander Rangelov Cabinet d’Avocats
Djingov, Gouginski, Dieudonne Bonkoungou Ousmane Honore Ouedraogo
PricewaterhouseCoopers Maison de l’entreprise Barthélemy Kere
Kyutchukov & Velichkov Cabinet Ouedraogo &
Registry Agency Bonkoungou Patrick Herve Ouedraogo Francis Zagre
Katerina Gramatikova SONABEL
Dobrev, Kinkin & Stela Slavcheva Rene Bonou Banque Commerciale du
Lyutskanov Aspolly Carrass SAFTRANS (Societe Burkina Abdel Mumin Zampalegre
International Ltd. d’Affretement et de Pascal Ouedraogo Bank of Africa
Stella Iossifova
Violeta Slavova Transit) Cabinet d’Avocats Bassinaly Zerbo
Stoeva, Kuyumdjieva &
Vitliemov Experian EAD A Theophile Campene Barthélemy Kere Societe Nationale
SDV Thierry Ismael Ouedraogo d’Electricite
Ginka Iskrova Yasser Spassov
PricewaterhouseCoopers Tsvetkova, Bebov and Co. B. Thierry Compaoré Direction Générale Rahmatou Zongo
Ingenierie-Design- du Tresor et de la Cabinet Yaguibou &
Stela Ivanova Martin Stanchev Comptabilité Publique Yanogo
Architecture
BNT Dobrev, Kinkin &
Lyutskanov Bobson Coulibaly Roger Omer Ouédraogo Rosine Zongo
Angel Kalaidjiev Association Chambre Nationale des
Roman Stoyanov Cabinet d’Avocats
Kalaidjiev, Georgiev & Barthélemy Kere professionnelle Huissiers de Justice
Minchev Penkov, Markov & Partners des Transitaires &
Charlotte Coulibaly Commissionnaires en Ousmane Prosper Zoungrana
Yavor Kambourov Margarita Stoyanova Douane Agrées Tribunal de Grande
Cabinet d’Avocats
Kambourov & Partners Kambourov & Partners Barthélemy Kere Instance de Ouagadougou
Koumbatouressour Palenfo
Hristina Kirilova Yordan Terziev Denis Dawende Cabinet Ouedraogo & Jean Celéstin Zoure
Kambourov & Partners Arsov Natchev Ganeva Office Notarial Me Jean Bonkoungou Office Notarial Me Jean
Lilia Kisseva Laura Thomas Celestin Zoure Celestin Zoure
Aminata Pare
Djingov, Gouginski, LM Legal Services Ltd. Daouda Diallo Cabinet Yaguibou & Théophane Noël Zoure
Kyutchukov & Velichkov Fisc Consulting Yanogo Office Notarial Me Jean
Anastassia Timanova
Donko Kolev Experian EAD International Celestin Zoure
Sawadogo W. Pulchérie
Bedor Excem Ambroise Farama Tribunal d’Instance de
Kaloyan Todorov
Ouagadougou
Burun di
Nikolay Kolev Wolf Theiss Sibi Desire Gouba
Borislav Boyanov & Co. Office Notarial Me Jean Marie Jeanne Saba Banque de Credit de
Nikolay Todorov Bujumbura
Ilya Komarevsky LConsult Celestin Zoure Direction Generale des
Tsvetkova, Bebov and Co. Impots Joseph Bahizi
Svilen Todorov Fulgence Habiyaremye
Cabinet d’Avocats Bénéwendé S. Sankara Banque de la République
Boika Komsulova Todorov & Doykova Law du Burundi
PricewaterhouseCoopers Firm Barthélemy Kere Cabinet Maitre Sankara
Oumarou Idani Hermann Sanon Soter Barahirage
Stephan Kyutchukov Matea Tsenkova Etude Notariale
Djingov, Gouginski, Djingov, Gouginski, Laangande Transports Office Notarial Me Jean
Celestin Zoure Barahiraje
Kyutchukov & Velichkov Kyutchukov & Velichkov Issaka Kargougou
Adama Saouadogo Olivier Binyingo
Dessislava Lukarova Georgi Tsvetkov Maison de l’entreprise du
Burkina Faso ONEA Mkono & Co. Advocates
Arsov Natchev Ganeva Djingov, Gouginski,
Kyutchukov & Velichkov Barthélémy Kere Boukary Savadogo Dismas Bucumi
Jordan Manahilov Direction de la Propriete
Bulgarian National Bank Irina Tsvetkova Cabinet d’Avocats Ministere des Finances et
Barthélemy Kere du Budget Fonciere
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Acknowledgments 173
Gervais Gatunange Song Khun C a m e roon Marie-Andrée Ngwe Susan Leslie
Faculte de Droit a RAF International Cabinet Maître Marie First Canadian Title
l’Universite de Burundi Forwarding Inc. Roland Abeng Andrée NGWE
Abeng Law Firm Charles Magerman
Eddy Karerwa Chhung Kong Pierre Njigui Baker & McKenzie
Deloitte DFDL Mekong Law Group Mobeh Andre ABB Cameroon
Maersk S.A. Terry McCann
Nestor Kayobera Jean Loi Patrice Guy Njoya MLG Enterprises Ltd.
PricewaterhouseCoopers Gilbert Awah Bongam Cabinet Maître Marie
Pascal Kirahagazwe William McCarthy
Achu and Fon-Ndikum Law Andrée NGWE
Mkono & Co. Advocates Alexander May Firm First Canadian Title
DFDL Mekong Law Group Marie Louise Nkoue
Dominik Kohlhagen Pierre Bertin Simbafo Artem Miakichev
Etude Me Nkoue
Chercheur au Laboratoire Long Mom BICEC Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt
d’Anthropologie Juridique RAF International Jules Blaise Nonga LLP
de Paris Forwarding Inc. Hiol Bonheur Nimba Conseil SARL
Cabinet SFR Michael Nowina
Herve LE Guen Kaing MoniKa Lucien Onanga Otando Baker & McKenzie
SDV Transami - Groupe The Garment Miafo Bonnybonn BEAC
Bolloré Manufacturers Bonnybonn Enterprises Thomas O’Brien
Association Guy Piam PricewaterhouseCoopers
Augustin Mabushi David Boyo Nimba Conseil SARL
A & JN Mabushi Cabinet Vichhra Mouyly Jing & Partners Eric Paton
d’Avocats Arbitration Council Julienne Piam PricewaterhouseCoopers
Foundation Anne Marie Diboundje Nimba Conseil SARL
Mathias Manirakiza Njocke John Pirie
Ecobank Chong Ngov Cabinet Ekobo Bolleri Pym Baker & McKenzie
PricewaterhouseCoopers Nimba Conseil SARL
Ildephonse Nahimana Paul Marie Djamen Jonathan Rabinovitch
Banque de la République Pin Pisetha BICEC Joseph Mbi Tanyi Heenan Blaikie LLP,
du Burundi Meng Hong Ing Builder Tanyi MBI & Partners member of Ius Laboris
Co., Ltd. Emmanuel Ekobo
Lambert Nigarura Cabinet Ekobo Dominique Taty Bruce Reynolds
Mkono & Co. Advocates Soleil Della Pong FIDAFRICA / Borden Ladner Gervais LLP
HR Inc. (Cambodia) Co., Marie Marceline Enganalim PricewaterhouseCoopers
Bernard Ntahiraja Etude Me Enganalim Damian Rigolo
Ltd. Paul Tchagna Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt
Cabinet Willy Rubeya Marceline
Allen Prak FIDAFRICA / LLP
Antoine Ntisigana Philippe Fouda Fouda PricewaterhouseCoopers
B.N.G. - Advocates & Paul Robinson
SODETRA Ltd. Solicitors BEAC
Nadine Tinen Tchangoum Corporations Canada
Happy Ntwari Red Furnesse Co Ltd Lucas Florent Essomba FIDAFRICA /
Mkono & Co. Advocates Cabinet Essomba & PricewaterhouseCoopers Kelly Russell
Kuntheapini Saing Associés PricewaterhouseCoopers
Déogratias Nzemba Arbitration Council Jude Yong Yeh
Badjeck Esther Cadire Paul Schabas
Prosper Ringuyeneza Foundation
Jing & Partners Blake, Cassels & Graydon,
Architecture et Muny Samreth member of Lex Mundi
Construction (A.C.) Atsishi Fon Ndikum C ana da
PricewaterhouseCoopers Irina Schnitzer
Willy Rubeya Achu and Fon-Ndikum Law David Bish
Marie Seng Firm Davis LLP
Cabinet Willy Rubeya Saggara Corporation Goodmans LLP
Caroline Idrissou-Belingar SDV Logistics Ltd.
Benjamin Rufagari Chanthy Sin Cassandra Brown
Deloitte BEAC Blake, Cassels & Graydon, Toronto Hydro
Linex
Angoh Angoh Jacob member of Lex Mundi Sharon Vogel
Fabien Segatwa Sorya Sin
Etude Me Segatwa Legal Power Law Firm Colin L. Campbell Borden Ladner Gervais LLP
SHA Transport Express
Co. Ltd. Paul Jing Superior Court of Justice
Gabriel Sinarinzi of Ontario C a p e V e r de
Cabinet Me Gabriel Jing & Partners
Billie Jean Slott
Sinarinzi Serge Jokung Jay A. Carfagnini Hermínio Afonso
Sciaroni & Associates
Cabinet Maître Marie Goodmans LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers
Audace Sunzu Lor Sok
REGIDESO-Burundi Andrée NGWE Allan Coleman Mary Braz de Andrade
Arbitration Council
Foundation Alain Serges Mbebi Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt Firma Braz de Andrade
Egide Uwimana LLP
Tribunal du Travail de Cadire Susana Caetano
Chamnan Som
Bujumbura Jean Michel Mbock Biumla Rod Davidge PricewaterhouseCoopers
Cambodian Federation of
Employers and Business M & N Law Firm, cabinet Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt
Alain George Wakama LLP Ilíldio Cruz
Faculte de Droit a Associations d’avocats
Gabinete de Advocacia
l’Universite de Burundi Sorphea Sou Augustin Yves Mbock Keked Jeremy Fraiberg Consultoria e
Arbitration Council Cadire Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt Procuradoria Juridica
C a m bodia Foundation LLP
João Dono
Rosine Mekeu
Sar Chesda Christine Soutif Nimba Conseil SARL Anne Glover João Dono Advogados
Arbitration Council SDV Ltd. Blake, Cassels & Graydon,
Valerie Moussombo member of Lex Mundi Florentino Jorge Fonseca Jesus
Foundation Municipality of Praia
David Symansky Cabinet Maître Marie
Rithy Chey Andrée NGWE Steven Golick
HR Co., Ltd. Joana Gomes Rosa
B.N.G. - Advocates & Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt
Michael Tan Henri Moutalen LLP Agnaldo Laice
Solicitors
RAF International FIDAFRICA / Maersk Line
Oknha Seng Chhay Our PricewaterhouseCoopers Pamela S. Hughes
Forwarding Inc.
Seng Enterprises Co., Ltd Blake, Cassels & Graydon, Jose Manuel Fausto Lima
Janvibol Tip Aimé Ndock Len member of Lex Mundi Electra Praia
Sokcheng Chou Tip & Partners M & N Law Firm, cabinet
d’avocats Christopher Jovellanos Maria de Fatima Lopes Varela
Arbitration Council
Foundation Sinath Un Borden Ladner Gervais LLP Banco Central de Cabo
DFDL Mekong Law Group Marcelin Ndoum
Matthew Kindree Verde
Rob Force Etude de notaire Wo’o
DFDL Mekong Law Group Seng Vantha Baker & McKenzie Francisco Melo
Seng Enterprises Co., Ltd Simon Pierre Nemba
Joshua Kochath PricewaterhouseCoopers
Svay Hay Cabinet Maître Marie
Acleda Bank Plc. Potim Yun Andrée NGWE Forwarding Unlimited Inc. João M.A. Mendes
DFDL Mekong Law Group Michelle Lee AUDITEC - Auditores &
Tim Holzer Julius Ngu Tabe Achu
PricewaterhouseCoopers Consultores
DFDL Mekong Law Group Achu and Fon-Ndikum Law
Firm Ana Morais
Visal Iv PricewaterhouseCoopers
Electricite du Cambodge
174 Doing Business 2010

Milton Paiva Bako Sah Sandra Benedetto Rodrigo Muñoz Elizabeth Soto Provoste
D. Hopffer Almada E Nicolas Tiangaye PricewaterhouseCoopers Núñez Muñoz y Cia Ltda Bofill Mir & Alvarez
Associados Abogados Hinzpeter Jana
Nicolas Tiangaye Law Firm José Benitez
José Manuel Pinto Monteiro PricewaterhouseCoopers Cristian Olavarria Alan Spencer
Bienvenue Clarisse Yackota
Advogados & Legal Services Philippi, Yrarrazaval, Alessandri & Compañía
Jurisconsultos Guichet Unique de Pulido & Brunner,
Formalités des Entreprises Enrique Benitez Urrutia Abogados Ltda Sebastián Valdivieso
Eldetrudes Pires Neves (GUFE) Urrutia & Cía Yrarrázaval, Ruiz - Tagle
Araújo, Neves, Santos Karem Fabiola Opazo Lobos Goldenburg, Lagos & Silva
& Miranda, Advogados C ha d Jorge Benitez Urrutia Universidad de Santiago
Associados Urrutia & Cía Osvaldo Villagra
Mahamat Hassan Abakar Gerardo Ovalle Mahns PricewaterhouseCoopers
Armando J.F. Rodrigues Mario Bezanilla Yrarrázaval, Ruiz - Tagle
Cabinet Me Mahamat Alcaíno, Rodríguez & Sahli Arturo Yrarrázaval
PricewaterhouseCoopers Hassan Abakar Goldenburg, Lagos & Silva
Limitada Covarrubias
Tito Lívio Santos Oliveira Abdelkerim Ahmat Juan Eduardo Palma Jr. Yrarrázaval, Ruiz - Tagle
Ramos Miguel Capo Valdes Vial y Palma Abogados Goldenburg, Lagos & Silva
SDV Logistics Ltd. Besalco S.A.
Engic
Gabriel Nathé Amady Luis Parada Hoyl Sebastián Yunge
Henrique Semedo Borges Héctor Carrasco Bahamondez, Alvarez & Guerrero, Olivos, Novoa y
Oscar D’Estaing Deffosso Superintendencia de Zegers Errázuriz
Arnaldo Silva FIDAFRICA / Bancos e Instituciones
Arnaldo Silva & PricewaterhouseCoopers Financieras Pablo Paredes Jean Paul Zalaquett
Associados Albagli Zaliasnik Chilectra
Baba Dina Paola Casorzo Abogados
João Carlos Tavares Fidalgo SAGA/STAT Philippi, Yrarrazaval, Matías Zegers
Banco Central de Cabo Pulido & Brunner, Daniela Peña Fergadiott Bahamondez, Alvarez &
Verde Thomas Dingamgoto Abogados Ltda Barros & Errázuriz Zegers
Cabinet Thomas
Jorge Lima Teixeira Dingamgoto Andrés Chirgwin Fernando Penailillo Rony Zimerman M.
Lisa Helena Vaz Bofill Mir & Alvarez Databusiness Bofill Mir & Alvarez
N’Doningar Djimasna Hinzpeter Jana Hinzpeter Jana
PricewaterhouseCoopers Faculté de Droit, Alberto Pulido A.
Université de N’Djamena Camilo Cortés Philippi, Yrarrazaval,
Leendert Verschoor
Guerrero, Olivos, Novoa y Pulido & Brunner,
C h ina
PricewaterhouseCoopers Philippe Fouda Fouda Errázuriz Abogados Ltda Allen & Overy LLP
BEAC
C e ntral A f rican María Alejandra Corvalán Beatriz Recart Daniel Chan
R e p ublic Caroline Idrissou-Belingar Yrarrázaval, Ruiz - Tagle Baker & McKenzie DLA Piper
BEAC Goldenburg, Lagos & Silva
Jean Christophe Bakossa Ricardo Riesco Rex Chan
Gérard Leclaire Camila Costagliola Philippi, Yrarrazaval,
L’ordre Centraficain des PricewaterhouseCoopers
Architectes Béchir Madet Guerrero, Olivos, Novoa y Pulido & Brunner,
Errázuriz Abogados Ltda Elliott Youchun Chen
Michel Desprez Office Notarial
Jun Ze Jun Law Offices
SDV Narcisse Madjiyore Dongar Cristián S. Eyzaguirre Sebastián Riesco
Eyzaguirre & Cía. Eyzaguirre & Cía. Jie Chen
Marie-Edith Douzima-Lawson Commission Nationale
Justice et Paix Jun He Law Offices, member
Cabinet Douzima & Rodrigo Galleguillos Edmundo Rojas García of Lex Mundi
Ministère de la fonction Issa Ngarmbassa Núñez Muñoz y Cia Ltda Conservador de Bienes
publique Abogados Raíces de Santiago Rong Chen
Etude Me Issa Ngar mbassa
Davis Polk & Wardwell
Energie Centrafricaine Lucien Onanga Otando Cristian Garcia-Huidobro Alvaro Rosenblut
(ENERCA) Boletin Comercial Albagli Zaliasnik Xiaojie Chen
BEAC
Abogados Broad & Bright Law Firm
Philippe Fouda Fouda Nissaouabé Passang Marcelo Giovanazzi
BEAC Alcaíno, Rodríguez & Sahli Pamela Rubio Hugh Dong
Etude Me Passang
Limitada Núñez Muñoz y Cia Ltda Mayer Brown LLP
Dolly Gotilogue Gilles Schwarz Abogados
Christian Hermansen Grace Fang
Isidore Grothe SDV Logistics Ltd. Rebolledo Carlos Saavedra Pinsent Masons
Ministère des Finances et Nisrine Senoussi ACTIC Consultores Cruz & Cia. Abogados
du Budget Wei Gao
FIDAFRICA / Javier Hurtado Marco Salgado
PricewaterhouseCoopers ZY & Partners
Groupe Kamach Cámara Chilena de la Alcaíno, Rodríguez & Sahli
Kene Soba Construcción Limitada Leo Ge
Gabriel Houndoni
Tribunal de Commerce Global Star Logistics Co.
Club OHADA Fernando Jamarne Andrés Sanfuentes Ltd.
Caroline Idrissou-Belingar Dominique Taty Alessandri & Compañía Philippi, Yrarrazaval,
Pulido & Brunner, Alexander Gong
BEAC FIDAFRICA / Daniela Lanel
PricewaterhouseCoopers Abogados Ltda Baker & McKenzie
Noel Kelembho Bofill Mir & Alvarez
Nadine Tinen Tchangoum Hinzpeter Jana Erich Schnake Kejun Guo
SDV DeHeng Law Offices
FIDAFRICA / Núñez Muñoz y Cia Ltda
Serge Médard Missamou Didier Lara Abogados
PricewaterhouseCoopers Lawrence Guo
Club OHADA PricewaterhouseCoopers
Sobdibé Zoua SDV S.A Broad & Bright Law Firm
Yves Namkomokoina León Larrain
Cabinet Sobdibe Zoua Francisco Selamé Hebei Rising Chemical Co.,
Magistrat, Commerce Baker & McKenzie
PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltd.
Tribunal C h il e Cristóbal Leighton
Cristián Sepúlveda Helen Han
Jacob Ngaya Vial y Palma Abogados
Daniela Arrese Barros & Errázuriz K&L Gates LLP
Direction Generale des George Lever
Impots Bofill Mir & Alvarez Kian Heong Hew
Hinzpeter Jana Boletin Comercial Marcela Silva
Philippi, Yrarrazaval, Pinsent Masons
Lucien Onanga Otando Carolina Masihy
Carlos Astudillo Pulido & Brunner, Jinquan Hu
BEAC Carey y Cía Ltda.
Boletin Comercial Abogados Ltda King & Wood PRC Lawyers
Gina Roosalem Juan Pablo Matus
Luis Avello Luis Fernando Silva Ibañez Hebei Xingshuo Saw Co.,
Chambre des Notaires de Cariola Diez Perez-
Centrafrique PricewaterhouseCoopers Yrarrázaval, Ruiz - Tagle Ltd.
Legal Services Copatos & Cia Goldenburg, Lagos & Silva
François Sabegala Mingyan Jiang
Angeles Barría Enrique Munita Cristobal Smythe
Guichet Unique de Broad & Bright Law Firm
Philippi, Yrarrazaval, Philippi, Yrarrazaval, Bahamondez, Alvarez &
Formalités des Entreprises Pulido & Brunner, Yu Jiang
(GUFE) Pulido & Brunner, Zegers
Abogados Ltda Abogados Ltda Broad & Bright Law Firm
Kerry EAS Logistics Ltd
Acknowledgments 175
John T. Kuzmik Yang Wang Marco Bernal José Antonio Lloreda José Luis Suárez
Baker Botts LLP Broad & Bright Law Firm Posse Herrera & Ruiz José Lloreda Camacho Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta
& Co. Abogados S.A.
Meng Lai Cassie Wong Gloria María Borrero Restrepo
Davis Polk & Wardwell PricewaterhouseCoopers Corporación Excelencia en Ernesto López Raúl Alberto Suárez Arcila
la Justicia Cárdenas & Cárdenas Jose Alejandro Torres
Ian Lewis Kent Woo
Mayer Brown LLP Guangda Law Firm Leonardo Calderón Perdomo Natalia López Posse Herrera & Ruiz
Colegio de Registradores Posse Herrera & Ruiz Lina Beatriz Torres
Clare Li Shanshan Wu de Instrumentos Públicos
Noronha Advogados Broad & Bright Law Firm de Colombia Adriana Lopez Moncayo Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta
Curaduria Urbana 3 Abogados S.A.
Sherry Li Tina Xin Maria Paula Camacho
Lovells Mayer Brown LLP Daniel Lucio Ricardo Trejos
CAMACOL
Rodriguez & Cavelier Baker & McKenzie
Deng Liang Frank Yang Mario Camargo
Jun He Law Office, member Mayer Brown LLP Gabriela Mancero Beatriz Uribe Botero
HM & Company LTDA
of Lex Mundi Cavelier Abogados CAMACOL
Sha Yang Darío Cárdenas
Berry Lin Jun He Law Offices, member Carlos Marchena Verónica Velásquez
Cárdenas & Cárdenas
SDV Logistics Ltd. of Lex Mundi Rodriguez & Cavelier Posse Herrera & Ruiz
María Catalina Carmona
Derek Liu Natalie Yu Valentina Marin Carolina Villadiego Burbano
Cavelier Abogados
Lovells Shu Jin Law Firm Rodriguez & Cavelier Corporación Excelencia en
Ernesto Cavelier la Justicia
Linfei Liu Laura Yuan Rodriguez & Cavelier Maria Marquez
Jun He Law Office, member King & Wood PRC Lawyers Cavelier Abogados Maria Carolina Villegas
of Lex Mundi Nohora Cortes Cuellar Rodriguez & Cavelier
Xing Yuan Curaduria Urbana 4 María Nella Marquez
Sherry Liu Broad & Bright Law Firm Cavelier Abogados Alberto Zuleta
Noronha Advogados Felipe Cuberos Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta
Shuo Zhan Prieto & Carrizosa S.A. Ana Maria Navarrete Abogados S.A.
Yucui Liu People’s Bank of China Posse Herrera & Ruiz
Broad & Bright Law Firm Pablo de la Torre C om oros
Sarah Zhang Rodriguez & Cavelier Luis Carlos Neira Mejía
Zhiqiang Liu Lovells Holguín, Neira & Pombo
María Helena Díaz Méndez Mohamed Abdallah Halifa
King & Wood PRC Lawyers Abogados
Yi Zhang PricewaterhouseCoopers Groupe Hassanati Soilihi -
Lucy Lu King & Wood PRC Lawyers María Neira Tobón Groupe Hasoil
King & Wood PRC Lawyers José Antonio Duran Holguín, Neira & Pombo
Johnson Zheng Aboubakar Abdou
Excellentia Strategic Abogados
Wei Lu Xiamen All Carbon Conseiller Juridique de
Broad & Bright Law Firm Corporation EINCE Ltda. Mónica Pedroza Garcés líIle Autonome de la
Corporación Excelencia en Grande Comore
Ling Pan Hao Zhu Emilio Ferrero
la Justicia Harimia Ahmed Ali
Broad & Bright Law Firm Fortune Law Group Cavelier Abogados
Esteban Pizarro Cabinet Me Harimia
Gustavo Rabello Judy Zhu Carlos Fradique-Méndez
Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta Hassani Assoumani
Noronha Advogados Mayer Brown LLP Brigard & Urrutia, member Abogados S.A.
of Lex Mundi C.V.P.-Biocom
Stephen Rynhart Carlo Polo
Jones Lang LaSalle
C olom bia Luis Hernando Gallo Medina Said Ali Said Athouman
Computec ñ DataCrédito
Access Global Logistics Gallo Medina Abogados Union of the Chamber of
Sichuan Metals & Minerals Asociados Carolina Posada Commerce
Import & Export Corp. Ltd
Isabella Gandini Posse Herrera & Ruiz Remy Grondin
Han Shen Carlos Alcala
José Lloreda Camacho Rodriguez & Cavelier Raul Quevedo Vitogaz Comores
Davis Polk & Wardwell José Lloreda Camacho
& Co. Nathalia García Ahamada Mahamoudou
Cathy Shi & Co.
Enrique Alvarez Posse Herrera & Ruiz Mohamed Maoulida
Orrick, Herrington & Ana María Ramos Serrano
Sutcliffe LLP José Lloreda Camacho Juan Antonio Gaviria Audit et Conseil
& Co. Corporación Excelencia en International
Rodriguez & Cavelier la Justicia
Tina Shi
Mayer Brown LLP Asociación Colombiana de GENELEC Ltda. Said Ibrahim Mourad
Ingenieros Electricistas, Daniel Reyes
Ming Sun Mecánicos, Electrónicos y Ana Giraldo Curaduria Urbana 3 Ibrahim A. Mzimba
Broad & Bright Law Firm Afines (ACIEM) Prieto & Carrizosa S.A. Cabinet Mzimba Avocats
Irma Rivera
Emily Tang Mauricio Angulo Clara Inés Gómez Brigard & Urrutia, member Daoud Saidali Toihiri
Orrick, Herrington & Computec - DataCrédito José Lloreda Camacho of Lex Mundi Ministry of Promotion and
Sutcliffe LLP & Co. Employment
Laurena Arambula Carlos Rodriguez
Jessie Tang Cárdenas & Cárdenas Santiago Gutiérrez PricewaterhouseCoopers Youssouf Yahaya
Global Star Logistics Co. José Lloreda Camacho Jaime Rodriguez C ongo, De m . R e p.
Eliana Bernal Castro & Co.
Ltd. Notaria 13 de bogotá
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Xin Tong Catherine Hernández Mukoko Aloni
Patricia Arrazola Bustillo Sonia Elizabeth Rojas Izaquita Université de Kinshasa
Samsung Mobile PricewaterhouseCoopers
Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta Gallo Medina Abogados
Terence Tung Abogados S.A. Viviana Hernández Grajales Asociados Jholy Batupe
Mayer Brown LLP CAMACOL Cabinet Jean Bosco Muaka
Bernardo Avila Cristina Rueda Londoño & Associates
Venus Holdings HK Co., Rodriguez & Cavelier John Herreno Baker & McKenzie
Ltd. HM & Company LTDA Philippe Bihan
María Camila Bagés Paula Samper Salazar Saga Congo - Groupe
Celia Wang Brigard & Urrutia, member Santiago Higuera Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta Bolloré
PricewaterhouseCoopers of Lex Mundi CAMACOL Abogados S.A.
Jean Adolphe Bitenu
Hongyu Wang Luis Alfredo Barragán Andres Isaza SGS Colombia S.A. ANAPI
DeHeng Law Offices Brigard & Urrutia, member Rodriguez & Cavelier Pablo Sierra
of Lex Mundi Etienne Blocaille
Jin Wang Jorge Lara-Urbaneja Posse Herrera & Ruiz FIDAFRICA /
Lovells Aurora Barroso Baker & McKenzie Paola Spada PricewaterhouseCoopers
Rodriguez & Cavelier Corporación Excelencia en
Liang Wang Alejandro Linares-Cantillo Jean-Paul Bokoo
Lovells Juan Guillermo Becerra Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta la Justicia Cabinet d’avocat JCC & A
PricewaterhouseCoopers Abogados S.A. Juan Reinaldo Suarez
William Wang Patrick Bondonga Lesambo
PricewaterhouseCoopers Claudia Benavides Cristina Lloreda Curaduria Urbana 1 Cabinet Emery Mukendi
Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta Brigard & Urrutia, member Wafwana & Associés
Abogados S.A. of Lex Mundi
176 Doing Business 2010

Mathias Buabua wa Kayembe Marius Muzembe Mpungu Chimène Prisca Nina Pongui V. Andrés Gómez Jean-François Chauveau
ANAPI Cabinet Kabasele - Mfumu Etude de Me Chimène PricewaterhouseCoopers Cabinet Jean-François
& Associés Prisca Nina Pongui Chauveau
Armand Ciamala Andrea González
Ciamala & Partners Joseph Ngalamulume Lukalu Roberto Prota BLP Abogados Bnetd
Cabinet Yoko et Associés SDV COTAM
Edmond Cibamba Diata Paola Gutiérrez Mora
Cabinet Emery Mukendi Victorine Bibiche Nsimba Francis Sassa LEX Counsel Dorothée K. Dreesen
Wafwana & Associés Kilembe Cabinet d’Avocats Jean
Mario Gutiérrez Quintero Etude Maitre Dreesen
Barreau de Kinshasa/ Petro
Victor Créspel Musafiri Matete LEX Counsel Bertrand Fleury
Cabinet d’avocat JCC & A Yves Simon Tchicamboud
Société Minière de María del Mar Herrera SDV - SAGA CI
Cabinet d’Avocats Gomes
Regis de Oliveira Développement/RJ Traders BLP Abogados Seyanne Groga
Agetraf s.a.r.l. - SDV C osta R ica Cabinet Jean-François
Société Nationale Randall Zamora Hidalgo
Yves Debiesme d’Electricité (SNEL) Costa Rica ABC Chauveau
Agetraf s.a.r.l. - SDV Aisha Acuña
Christie Madudu Sulubika André Tinoco Abogados Yin Ho Guillaume Koffi
Prosper Djuma Bilali Cabinet Madudu Sulubika Teletec S.A. Conseil National De
Cabinet Masamba John Aguilar L’Ordre des Architectes
Dominique Taty Aguilar Castillo Love Vicente Lines
Eugénie Elanga Monkango FIDAFRICA / Arias & Muñoz Kiyobien Kone
Cabinet Emery Mukendi PricewaterhouseCoopers Arnoldo André Société civile
Wafwana & Associés André Tinoco Abogados Ivannia Méndez Rodríguez professionnelle d’Avocats (
Bénoit Tshibangu Ilunga Oller Abogados SCPA) Le Paraclet
David Guarnieri Cabinet Emery Mukendi Luis Fdo. Andrés Jácome
PricewaterhouseCoopers Wafwana & Associés Compañía Nacional de Andres Mercado Mahoua Kone
Legal Services Fuerza y Luz Oller Abogados Etude de Maître Kone
Sylvie Tshilanda Kabongo Mahoua
Amisi Herady Cabinet Madudu Sulubika Carlos Araya Gabriela Miranda
ANAPI Quirós & Asociados Oller Abogados Anne Marie Kouassi
Toto Wa Kinkela Central Law SCPA Dogué-Abbé Yao &
José Ilunga Kapanda Toto & Associés Cabinet Eduardo Montoya Solano Associés
Cabinet Emery Mukendi d’Avocats Luis Diego Barahona Superintendencia General
Wafwana & Associés PricewaterhouseCoopers de Entidades Financieras Charlotte-Yolande Mangoua
C ongo, R e p. Legal Services Etude de Maître Mangoua
Sandra Kabuya Cecilia Naranjo
Cabinet Jean Bosco Muaka Carlos Barrantes LEX Counsel Evelyne M’Bassidgé
Roland Bembelly PricewaterhouseCoopers FIDAFRICA /
& Associates Cabinet d’Avocats Gomes Pedro Oller PricewaterhouseCoopers
Ngalamulume Kalala Alejandro Bettoni Traube Oller Abogados
Prosper Bizitou Doninelli & Doninelli Georges N’Goan
emmanuel Ramón Ortega
FIDAFRICA / - Asesores Jurídicos Cabinet N’Goan, Asman &
Barreau de Kinshasa/ PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers
Matete Asociados Associés
David Bourion Mauricio Bonilla Laura Perez Patricia N’guessan
Kafua Katako
FIDAFRICA / Oller Abogados CINDE Cabinet Jean-François
Robert Katambu PricewaterhouseCoopers Chauveau
Eduardo Calderón-Odio Sergio Perez
Cabinet Jean Bosco Muaka Claude Coelho
& Associates BLP Abogados André Tinoco Abogados Karim Ouattara
Cabinet d’Avocats Claude SCPA Dogué-Abbé Yao &
Pierre Kazadi Tshibanda Coelho Adriana Calero Mainor Quesada
TELETEC S.A. Associés
Cabinet Masamba PricewaterhouseCoopers
Mathias Essereke Legal Services SABKA
Phistian Kubangusu Makiese Cabinet d’Avocats Claude Manrique Rojas
Cabinet Masamba Coelho Bernardo Calvo M. André Tinoco Abogados SIMAT
Grupo Mega de Costa Rica Miguel Ruiz Herrera Athanase Raux
Pierre-Pépin Kwampuku Latur Philippe Fouda Fouda BR, S.A
Cabinet Pepin Kwampuku BEAC LEX Counsel Cabinet Raux, Amien &
Gastón Certad Associés
G. Le Dourain Henriette Lucie Arlette Galiba Andrea Saenz
Batalla & Asociados Aguilar Castillo Love Dominique Taty
Agetraf s.a.r.l. - SDV Office Notarial Me Galiba
Silvia Chacon FIDAFRICA /
Jean-Délphin Lokonde Alexis Vincent Gomes Sergio Salas PricewaterhouseCoopers
Alfredo Fournier & SEYSA Consultoría y
Mvulukunda Cabinet d’Avocats Gomes Asociados Construcción Fatoumata Konaté Touré Bebo
Cabinet Masamba Caroline Idrissou-Belingar Daniel Chaves Cabinet de notaire Konaté
Léon Lubamba BEAC Fernando Sánchez Touré Bebo
CINDE Russell Bedford Costa
Conservation des Titres Sylvert Bérenger Kymbassa Fousséni Traoré
Immobiliers de la Lukunga Marybeth Chinchilla Rica, member of Russell
Boussi André Tinoco Abogados Bedford International FIDAFRICA /
Vital Lwanga Bizanbila Etude Maitre Béatrice PricewaterhouseCoopers
Dianzolo, Huissier de Compañía Nacional de Luis Sibaja
Cabinet d’avocat JCC & A Konzo Traore
Justice Fuerza y Luz LEX Counsel
Eugénie Makangha Dunn BCEAO
François Lavanant Colegio de Ingenieros Marianela Vargas
Jean Paul Matanga SDV Electricistas, Mecánicos e PricewaterhouseCoopers Jean Christian Turkson
Cabinet Jean Bosco Muaka Industriales CIE
& Associates Emmanuel Le Bras Rocio Vega
FIDAFRICA / Melania Dittel Grupo Mega de Costa Rica Nadia Vanie
Jean Claude Mbaki Siluzaku PricewaterhouseCoopers Arias & Muñoz BR, S.A Cabinet N’Goan, Asman &
Cabinet Mbaki et Associés Associés
Parfait Euloge Linvani Luis Escalante Rodrigo Zapata
Didier Mopiti Cabinet d’Avocats Gomes Grupo Mega S.A LEX Counsel Abbé Yao
MBM Conseil SCPA Dogué-Abbé Yao &
Salomon Louboula Roberto Esquivel Jafet Zúñiga Salas Associés
Louman Mpoy Etude Notariale Senghor Oller Abogados Superintendencia General
Cabinet Mpoy - Louman & de Entidades Financieras Emmanuel Yehouessi
Associés Thierry Mamimoue Leticia Garcia BCEAO
Cabinet d’Avocats Gomes Quirós & Asociados C ôt e d’ I voir e
Jean Bosco Muaka Central Law
Cabinet Jean Bosco Muaka Norbert Diétrich M’Foutou C roatia
Ingrid Jiménez Godoy Any Ray & Partners
& Associates Etude de Maitres Séraphin Andrea August
Mcakosso-Douta et PricewaterhouseCoopers Diaby Aboubakar
Emery Mukendi Wafwana Legal Services HITRO.HR
Norbert M’Foutou BCEAO
Cabinet Emery Mukendi Zoran Avramović
Wafwana & Associés Lucien Onanga Otando Miguel Golcher Valverde César Asman
Colegio de Ingenieros Ministry of Justice
BEAC Cabinet N’Goan, Asman &
Jacques Munday Electricistas, Mecánicos e Associés Ivana Bandov
Cabinet Ntoto et Nswal Industriales CMS Zagreb
Acknowledgments 177
Zoran Bohaček Branko Kirin Eugen Zadravec John G. Lefas Kristýna Fišerová
Croatian Banking Čačić & Partners Eugen Zadravec Law Firm Electricity Authority of Peterka & Partners
Association Cyprus
Margita Kiš-Kapetanović Michal Forytek
Andrej Bolfek Porobija & Porobija Law
C y p rus George M. Leptos Linklaters
Leko & Partners Firm Alexandros Alexandrou Leptos Group
Jakub Hajek
Marko Borsky Kopgrad Projekt d.o.o. Tornaritis Law LLC George V. Markides Ambruz & Dark Law Firm
Divjak, Topić & Marija Krizanec Xeni Anastasiou KPMG
Bahtijarević Michal Hanko
Jurić Law Offices Info Credit Group Pieris M. Markou Bubnik, Myslil & Partners
Marijana Božić Andreas Andreou Deloitte
Anita Krizmanić Jarmila Hanzalova
Divjak, Topić & Cyprus Global Logistics
Bahtijarević Mačešić & Partners, Christos Mavrellis PRK Partners s.r.o.
Odvjetnicko drustvo Harry S. Charalambous Chrysses Demetriades & Co advokátní kancelář
Irena Brezovecki
Dubravka Lacković KPMG Neophytos Neophytou Radek Horký
Vidan Law Office
CMS Zagreb Antonis Christodoulides Ernst & Young Notary Chamber
Lana Brlek
Miroslav Leko PricewaterhouseCoopers Christina Papakyriakou Michal Hrncir
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Leko & Partners Christophoros Christophi Antis Triantafyllides & Ambruz & Dark Law Firm
Belinda Čačić Sons LLC
Krešimir Ljubić Christophi & Associates Katarina Hybenová
Čačić & Partners
Leko & Partners Kypros Chrysostomides Leandros Papaphilippou Squire, Sanders & Dempsey,
Jasmina Crnalić Papaphilippou & Co., v.o.s. advokát kancelář
Marko Lovirić DRK. Chrysostomides & Co.
CMS Zagreb Advocates and Legal
Divjak, Topić & Alexis Danos Consultants Jaroslava Ignacikova
Tamara Crnkić Bahtijarević Ambruz & Dark Law Firm
Danos & Associates Marios Pelekanos
Mamić Reberski & Partners Mate Lovrić
Chrysostomos Danos Mesaritis Pelekanos Pavel Jakab
Ivan Ćuk Laktić & Partners Architects - Engineers Peterka & Partners
Danos & Associates
Vukmir Law Office Ana Lubura
Achilleas Demetriades Lambros Soteriou Ludvik Juřička
Stefanija Čukman Gark Konzalting d.o.o. Michael Kyprianou & Co. Ambruz & Dark Law Firm
Lellos P Demetriades Law
Jurić Law Offices Miroljub Mačešić Office LLC Andreas D. Symeon Alena Klierová
Saša Divjak Mačešić & Partners, Haris Fereos Government of Cyprus Eurotrend s.r.o, a member
Divjak, Topić & Odvjetnicko drustvo firm of Russell Bedford
Fereos & Associates Citron Tornaritis
Bahtijarević Vladimir Mamić International
Angela T. Frangou Tornaritis Law LLC
Anela Dizdarević Mamić Reberski & Partners Veronika Kocova
Cyprus Stock Exchange Stelios Triantafyllides
Ana Sihtar Attorneys- Josip Marohnić Peterka & Partners
at-Law Stefani Gabriel Antis Triantafyllides &
Divjak, Topić & Sons LLC Sofia Komrsková
Elektro Kros d.o.o. and Bahtijarević PricewaterhouseCoopers
Eurotrend s.r.o, a member
Elektro Juric d.o.o. Christina Hadjidemetriou Panikos Tsiailis firm of Russell Bedford
Andrej Matijevich
Ivana Dominković Christodoulos G. PricewaterhouseCoopers International
Matijevich Law Office
CMS Zagreb Vassiliades & Co LLC Christodoulos Vassiliades Adela Krbcová
Daša Musulin
Daria Dubajić Marios N. Hadjigavriel Christodoulos G. Peterka & Partners
Marović & Partners Vassiliades & Co LLC
Porobija & Porobija Law Antis Triantafyllides & Aleš Kubáč
Firm Hrvoje Petrić Sons LLC
C z e c h R e p ublic Ambruz & Dark Law Firm
Petrić Law Firm Spyros Hadjinicolaou
Gregor Famira Petr Kucera
CMS Zagreb Marija Petrović Antis Triantafyllides & Allen & Overy LLP
Sons LLC CCB - Czech Banking
Divjak, Topić & Credit Bureau
Tamiko Rochelle Franklin Bahtijarević Viet Anh Nguyen
Iacovos Hadjivarnavas Peterka & Partners
Matijevich Law Office Dina Lasova
Sanja Porobija Cyprus General Bonded
Lino Fučić and Transit Stores Tomas Babacek PRK Partners s.r.o.
Porobija & Porobija Law advokátní kancelář
Ministry of Env. Prot., Firm Association Ambruz & Dark Law Firm
Phisical Planning and Samantha G. Hellicar Libor Basl Zuzana Luklova
Construction, Tihana Posavec
Antis Triantafyllides & Baker & McKenzie Ambruz & Dark Law Firm
Divjak, Topić &
Ivan Gjurgjan Bahtijarević Sons LLC Tomáö Běhounek Ondrej Machala
Law firm Gjurgjan & Šribar Anthony Indianos bnt - pravda & partner, Notary Chamber
Radić Ana Sihtar
Ana Sihtar Attorneys- Costas Indianos & Co v.o.s. Jiří Markvart
Kresimir Golubić at-Law Martin Bohuslav Ambruz & Dark Law Firm
Christina Ioannidou
Tom Hadzija Dragutin Sikirić Ioannides Demetriou Ambruz & Dark Law Firm Peter Maysenhölder
Sikiric Hadzija Attorney Sikiric Hadzija Attorney Stephen B. Booth BNT - pravda & partner,
Partnership Panicos Kaouris
Partnership PricewaterhouseCoopers v.o.s.
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Lidija Hanžek Irena Šribar Radić Petr Mestanek
George Karakannas Alena Brichackova
HROK Law firm Gjurgjan & Šribar Linklaters
CH.P. Karakannas Peterka & Partners
HEP Distribution System Radić
Electrical Ltd Michal Buchta Veronika Mistova
Operator Ltd. Mario Štefanić PRK Partners s.r.o.
Andreas Karmios Ambruz & Dark Law Firm
Jana Hitrec Transadria advokátní kancelář
First Cyprus Credit Bureau Jiří Černý
Čačić & Partners Goranka Šumonja Laktić Lenka Mrazova
Thomas Keane Peterka & Partners
Branimir Iveković Laktić & Partners PricewaterhouseCoopers
Chrysses Demetriades & Co Marian Cuprik
Vidan Law Office Ivana Sverak David Musil
Spyros G. Kokkinos DLA Piper LLP
Irina Jelčić Porobija & Porobija PricewaterhouseCoopers
Ministry of Commerce, Matěj Daněk
Hanžeković, Radaković & Trast Industry and Tourism Jarmila Musilova
Partners, member of Lex PRK Partners s.r.o.
Vesna Veselin Christina Kotsapa advokátní kancelář Czech National Bank
Mundi
Ministry of Env. Prot., Antis Triantafyllides & Ondřej Dušek Robert Nemec
Marijana Jelić Physical Planning and Sons LLC
Peterka & Partners PRK Partners s.r.o.
Law Office Jelic Construction advokátní kancelář
Nicholas Ktenas
Janos Kelemen Hrvoje Vidan Tereza Erényi
Andreas Neocleous & Co. Petr Novotny
PricewaterhouseCoopers Vidan Law Office Legal Consultants PRK Partners s.r.o.
advokátní kancelář Ambruz & Dark Law Firm
Mirna Kette Arn Willems Menelaos Kyprianou Jörg Nürnberger
PricewaterhouseCoopers Pavel Ficek
CB Richard Ellis d.o.o. Michael Kyprianou & Co. DLA Piper LLP
Panalpina s.r.o.
178 Doing Business 2010

Athanassios Pantazopoulos Cargo World A/S Luc Deruyer Dom inican Xavier Marra Martínez
IKRP Rokas & Partners and Frants Dalgaard-Knudsen Société Maritime L. Savon R e p ublic Dhimes & Marra
Dr. A. Pantazopoulos & Ries
Plesner Carla Alsina Fernando Marranzini
Martina Pavelkova Ali Dini Headrick Rizik Alvarez &
Mogens Ebeling Biaggi & Messina
Panalpina s.r.o. Electricité de Djibouti Fernández
Jonas Bruun Lissette Balbuena
Markéta Protivankova Félix Emok N’Dolo Carlos Marte
Eivind Einersen Stewart Title Dominicana,
Vejmelka & Wünsch, s.r.o. CHD Group S.A. Agencia de Comercio
Philip & Partnere Exterior CM
Nataša Randlová Mourad Farah Caroline Bono
Lars Fogh Melina Martinez
PRK Partners s.r.o. PricewaterhouseCoopers
advokátní kancelář Accura Ibrahim Hamadou Hassan González & Coiscou
Advokataktieselskab Banque Pour le Commerce Ana Isabel Caceres
Tomas Richter et LíIndustrie Fabiola Medina
Lita Misozi Hansen Troncoso y Caceres
Clifford Chance LLP/ Medina & Rizek, Abogados
Institute of Economic PricewaterhouseCoopers Fatouma Mahamoud Hassan Juan Manuel Caceres
Studies, Faculty of Cabinet Mahamoud Elizabeth Mena
Jens Hjortskov Troncoso y Caceres
Social Sciences, Charles Pellerano & Herrera,
Philip & Partnere Mayank Metha Giselle Castillo member of Lex Mundi
University
Heidi Hoelgaard Maersk Sealand Line Superintendencia de
Zdenek Rosicky Natia Núñez
Experian Northern Europe Ibrahim Mohamed Omar Bancos
Squire, Sanders & Dempsey, Headrick Rizik Alvarez &
v.o.s. advokát kancelář Peter Honoré Cabinet CECA Rodolfo Colon Fernández
Kromann Reumert, member Oubah Mohamed Omar Estrella & Tupete Ana Ortega Terrero
Leona Ševčíková of Lex Mundi
Panalpina s.r.o. Société Maritime L. Savon Laureana Corral Agencia de Comercio
Jens Steen Jensen & Ries Estrella & Tupete Exterior CM
Robert Sgariboldi Kromann Reumert, member
Panalpina s.r.o. Jerome Passicos Leandro Corral Ramón Ortega
of Lex Mundi Société Maritime L. Savon PricewaterhouseCoopers
Estrella & Tupete
Dana Sládečková Camilla Jørgensen & Ries
Czech National Bank Mariano Corral Luis R. Pellerano
Philip & Partnere Lantosoa Hurfin Ralaiarinosy Pellerano & Herrera,
Estrella & Tupete
Marika Slamova Jeppe Jørgensen Groupement Cosmezz member of Lex Mundi
DLA Piper LLP Djibouti S.A. José Cruz Campillo
Bech-Bruun Law Firm Edward Piña Fernandez
Jiménez Cruz Peña
Steven Snaith William Kanta Aicha Youssouf Abdi Biaggi & Messina
PricewaterhouseCoopers Cabinet CECA Marcos de Leon
Kromann Reumert, member Julio Pinedo
of Lex Mundi Superintendencia de
Petra Sochorova Bancos PricewaterhouseCoopers
Havel & Holásek s.r.o.,
Dom inica
Dorte Kjærgaard Maria Portes
advokátní kancelář Sarah de León
Accura Kirtiste Augustus Castillo y Castillo
Advokataktieselskab Headrick Rizik Alvarez &
Ondřej Špetla Waterfront and Alied Fernández
Eurotrend s.r.o, a member Workers Union Alejandro Miguel Ramirez
Aage Krogh Suzaña
firm of Russell Bedford Juan Carlos De Moya
Magnusson Joffrey C.G. Harris Rizik y Asoc
International González & Coiscou
Christine Larsen Harris & Harris
Anna Stankova Romeo Del Valle TransUnion
Plesner Svane Grønborg Marvlyn Estrado
Havel & Holásek s.r.o., Advokatfirma González & Coiscou Carolina Silié
KPB Chartered
advokátní kancelář Accountants Rosa Díaz Headrick Rizik Alvarez &
Jakob Hüttel Larsen Fernández
Marie Strachotová Philip & Partnere F. Adler Hamlet Jiménez Cruz Peña
Peterka & Partners Realco Company Limited Rafael Dickson Morales Maricell Silvestre Rodriguez
Susanne Schjølin Larsen Jiménez Cruz Peña
Růžena Trojánková Kromann Reumert, member Stephen K.M. Isidore MG&A Medina Garnes &
Linklaters of Lex Mundi Asociados Abogados Juan Tejeda
Emanuel & Isidore
Klara Valentova Chambers Joaquín Guillermo Estrella PricewaterhouseCoopers
Lars Lindencrone
Ambruz & Dark Law Firm Ramia Urbano Tupete
Bech-Bruun Law Firm Foued Issa
Estrella & Tupete Estrella & Tupete
Jana Večerníková Alexander M. P. Johannessen Issa Trading Ltd.
Notary Chamber Alejandro Fernández de Guiraldis Velásquez Ramos
Kromann Reumert, member Alick C. Lawrence Castro
of Lex Mundi Lawrence Alick C. Dhimes & Marra
De n m ar k PricewaterhouseCoopers
Helle Næsager Chambers Vilma Verras Terrero
Mary Fernández Rodríguez
Elsebeth Aaes-Jørgensen Lett Law Firm Severin McKenzie Jiménez Cruz Peña
Headrick Rizik Alvarez &
Norrbom Vinding, member Andreas Nielsen McKenzie Architectural & Fernández Chery Zacarias
of Ius Laboris Construction Services Inc.
Jonas Bruun Jose Ernesto Garcia A. Medina & Rizek, Abogados
Peter Bang Richard Peterkin
Susanne Nørgaard Transglobal Logistic
Plesner Svane Grønborg
PricewaterhouseCoopers
PricewaterhouseCoopers Ecua d or
Advokatfirma Gloria Gasso
Joan K.R. Prevost Gerardo Aguirre
Thomas Bang Jim Øksnebjerg Headrick Rizik Alvarez &
Prevost & Roberts Fernández Vivanco & Vivanco
Lett Law Firm Advokataktieselskabet
Horten J. Gildon Richards Jetti Gomez Pablo Aguirre
Mads Bierfreund J. Gildon Richards PricewaterhouseCoopers
Niels Bang Sørensen Biaggi & Messina
Kromann Reumert, member Chambers
of Lex Mundi Gorrissen Federspiel Pablo Gonzalez Tapia Diego Cabezas-Klaere
Kierkegaard Mark Riddle Cabezas & Cabezas-Klaere
Thomas Booker González & Coiscou
Kim Trenskow DOMLEC
Accura Ralvin Gross Xavier Andrade Cadena
Advokataktieselskab Kromann Reumert, member Eugene G. Royer Andrade Veloz &
of Lex Mundi Headrick Rizik Alvarez &
Eugene G. Royer Chartered Fernández Asociados
Ole Borch Architect
Bech-Bruun Law Firm Dj ibouti Jason Timothy
Fabio Guzmán-Ariza Lucía Cordero Ledergerber
Guzmán-Ariza Falconi Puig Abogados
Christian Bredtoft Guldmann Rahma Abdi Abdillahi DOMLEC
Kromann Reumert, member Banque Centrale de José Antonio Logroño Morales Renato Coronel
of Lex Mundi Laurina Vidal Pinto & Garces Asoc. Cia
Djibouti Adams Guzman & Logroño
Lawrence Alick C. Ltda, member of Russell
Peter Burhøj Abdillahi Aidid Farah Chambers José Ramón Logroño Morales Bedford International
Kromann Reumert, member Adams Guzman & Logroño
of Lex Mundi Wabat Daoud Fernando Del Pozo Contreras
Annie Luna Gallegos, Valarezo &
Jeppe Buskov Jean Phillipe Delarue
Pellerano & Herrera, Neira
Kromann Reumert, member Société Maritime L. Savon member of Lex Mundi
of Lex Mundi & Ries
Acknowledgments 179
Juan Carlos Gallegos Happle Nermin Abulata Hasan El Shafiey Tarek Fouad Riad America Hernandez
Gallegos, Valarezo & Ministry of Trade & Nadoury & Nahas Law Kosheri, Rashed & Riad Ale Cargo S.A. de C.V.
Niera Industry Offices
Mohamed Serry Gloria Lizama de Funes
Leopoldo González R. Ghada Adel Karim Elhelaly Serry Law Office Organo Judicial de El
Paz Horowitz PricewaterhouseCoopers Al-Ahl Firm Salvador
Safwat Sobhy
Vanessa Izquierdo D. Ahmed Adel Kamel Ashraf Elibrachy PricewaterhouseCoopers Thelma Dinora Lizama de
Izquierdo Abogados/API Karim Adel Law Office Ibrachy Law Firm Osorio
Ecuador South Cairo Electricity Superintendencia del
Hazem Ahmed Fathi Mohamed El-Labboudy Distribution Company Sistema Financiero
Rodrigo Jijón Hassouna & Abou Ali Nadoury & Nahas Law Randa Tharwat Jerson Lopez
Pérez, Bustamante y Ponce, Offices
member of Lex Mundi Rana Al Nahal Nacita Corporation Gold Service / MSI
Sarwat A. Shahid Law Firm Rana El-Nahal
Francisco Javier Naranjo Greiss Youssef Fidel Márquez
Sarwat A. Shahid Law Firm
Grijalva Yousef AlAmly Afifi World Transport Arias & Muñoz
Paz Horowitz Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Mustafa Elshafei
Eman Zakaria Daniel Martinez
(TAG-Legal) Ibrachy Law Firm
MZ Sistemas Electricos y Ministry of Manpower & García & Bodán
Electronicos Yasmin Al-Gharbawie Sherihan Elshal Migration
Shalakany Law Office, Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Diego Martin-Menjivar
María Dolores Orbe Mona Zobaa
member of Lex Mundi (TAG-Legal) Consortium Centro
Vivanco & Vivanco Ministry of Investment América Abogados
Abd El Wahab Aly Ibrahim Hassan Fahmy
Esteban Ortiz Mona Zulficar Luis Alonso Medina Lopez
Abd El Wahab Sons Ministry of Investment
Pérez, Bustamante y Ponce, Shalakany Law Office, Rusconi, Valdez, Medina &
member of Lex Mundi Tim Armsby Tarek Gadallah member of Lex Mundi Asociados
Trowers & Hamlins Ibrachy Law Firm
Pablo Padilla Muirragui El S alva d or Astrud María Meléndez
Ecuador Cargo System Amr Mohamed Mahmoud Tareq Gadallah Asociación Protectora de
Atta Ibrachy Law Firm Carlos Roberto Alfaro Créditos de El Salvador
Daniel Pino Arroba Karim Adel Law Office
Ashraf Gamal El-Din PricewaterhouseCoopers (PROCREDITO)
Coronel y Pérez
Abdelhamid Attalla Egyptian Institute of Miguel Angel José Walter Meléndez
Ramiro Pinto KPMG Directors Ale Cargo S.A. de C.V. Customs
Pinto & Garces Asoc. Cia
Ltda, member of Russell Khaled Balbaa Ahmed Gawish Ana Margoth Arévalo Jorge Mendez
Bedford International KPMG Ministry of Transport Superintendencia del Romero Pineda &
Patricia Ponce Arteta Louis Bishara Karim Adel Kamel Ghobrial Sistema Financiero Asociados, member of Lex
Bishara Textile & Garment Karim Adel Law Office Mundi
Bustamante y Bustamante Ernesto Argueta
Manufacturing Co BDO Figueroa Jiménez Antonio R. Mendez Llort
Martin Portilla Zeinab Saieed Gohar
Karim Dabbous Central Bank of Egypt & Co. Romero Pineda &
Vivanco & Vivanco Asociados, member of Lex
Sherif Dabbous, Auditors Francisco Armando Arias
Diego Ramírez Meseo & Financial Consultancies, Maha Hassan Mundi
Rivera
Fabara & Compañia a member firm of Russell Afifi World Transport Edgar Mendoza
Arias & Muñoz
Abogados Bedford International Omneia Helmy PricewaterhouseCoopers
Irene Arrieta de Díaz Nuila
Sandra Reed Sherif Dabbous Egyptian Center for Pedro Alejandro Mendoza
Economic Studies Arrieta Bustamante
Pérez, Bustamante y Ponce, Sherif Dabbous, Auditors Espino Nieto & Asociados,
member of Lex Mundi & Financial Consultancies, Lobna Mohamed Hilal Francisco José Barrientos member of Ius Laboris
Veronica Sofia Ruales Díaz a member firm of Russell Central Bank of Egypt Aguilar Castillo Love
Bedford International Miriam Eleana Mixco Reyna
Bustamante & Bustamante Mohamed Hussein Andrew Bennett Gold Service / MSI
Sameh Dahroug BDO Figueroa Jiménez
German Saona Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Jocelyn Mónico
Ibrachy & Dermarkar Law (TAG-Legal) & Co.
PricewaterhouseCoopers Firm Aguilar Castillo Love
Ashraf Ihab Carlos Castillo
César Vélez Calderón Ibrahim Hassan Daker Ramón Ortega
Shalakany Law Office, Romero Pineda &
Covelcal Karim Adel Law Office Asociados, member of Lex PricewaterhouseCoopers
member of Lex Mundi
Mundi
Eg y p t, A rab R e p. Said Diab Mohamed Kamel Susana Palacios
Sherif Dabbous, Auditors Diana Castro Arias & Muñoz
Abdel Aal Aly Al Kamel Law Office
& Financial Consultancies, Lexincorp
Afifi World Transport a member firm of Russell Ghada Kaptan Carlos Pastrana
Bedford International Ricardo Cevallos Colegio de Arquitectos de
Naguib Abadir Shalakany Law Office,
member of Lex Mundi Consortium Centro El Salvador
Nacita Corporation Abdallah El Adly América Abogados
PricewaterhouseCoopers Mohanna Khaled Jessica Pineda Machuca
Mohamed Abd El-Sadek Walter Chávez Velasco ACZALAW
Mahmoud El Gharabawy BDO, Khaled & Co
Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Gold Service / MSI
(TAG-Legal) Nadoury & Nahas Law Taha Khaled Mónica Guadalupe Pineda
Offices Geraldo Cruz Machuca
Girgis Abd El-Shahid BDO, Khaled & Co
García & Bodán ACZALAW
Sarwat A. Shahid Law Firm Mohamed El Gharably Sally Kotb
Nadoury & Nahas Law Laura de Jimenez Francisco Eduardo Portillo
Sara Abdel Gabbar Nadoury & Nahas Law
Offices Offices Asociación Protectora de CEPA
Trowers & Hamlins Créditos de El Salvador
Mohamed EL Gindy Mustafa Makram (PROCREDITO) Ana Patricia Portillo Reyes
Ibrahim Mustafa Ibrahim Waad Trade & Guandique Segovia
Abdel Khalek BDO, Khaled & Co Mayra de Morán
Development Co. Quintanilla
General Authority for Sherif Mansour Presidential Program El
Investment GAFI Mohamed Refaat El Houshy Salvador Eficiente Hector Rios
PricewaterhouseCoopers
The Egyptian Credit Consortium Centro
Ahmed Abdel Warith Bureau I-Score Diaa Mohamed Maria Marta Delgado América Abogados
AAW Consulting Engineers Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Arias & Muñoz
Hassan El Maraashly Roxana Romero
Mohamed Abdelaal (TAG-Legal) Roberta Gallardo de
AAW Consulting Engineers Romero Pineda &
Ibrachy & Dermarkar Law Mostafa Mostafa Cromeyer Asociados, member of Lex
Firm Amr El Monayer Al Kamel Law Office Arias & Muñoz Mundi
Ministry of Finance
Ramez Mounir Abdel-Nour Ashraf Nadoury Erwin Alexander Haas Adonay Rosales
Karim Adel Law Office Mohamed El Sayed Nadoury & Nahas Law Quinteros PricewaterhouseCoopers
Nadoury & Nahas Law Offices Rusconi, Valdez, Medina &
Ahmed Abou Ali Offices Asociados Manuel Telles Suvillaga
Hassouna & Abou Ali Ragia Omran Lexincorp
Shalakany Law Office, Carlos Henriquez
Sameh Abu Zeid Gold Service / MSI Carlos Torres
member of Lex Mundi
Capital Market Authority ACZALAW
180 Doing Business 2010

María Alejandra Tulipano Daniel Haab Tarmo Peterson Wossen Teshome Bokan Eddielin Almonte
Consortium Centro Paul Varul Attorneys- Paul Varul Attorneys- Teshome Gabre-Mariam PricewaterhouseCoopers
América Abogados at-Law at-Law Law Firm
John Apted
Mauricio Antonio Urrutia Pirkko-Liis Harkmaa Leho Pihkva Teferra Demiss Munro Leys Notaries
Superintendencia del Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN Sorainen Legal and Insurance Public
Sistema Financiero Consultant and Attorney
Marget Henriksen Kristiina Puuste Nehla Basawaiya
Julio Valdés MAQS Law Firm KPMG Shimelise Eshete Munro Leys Notaries
Arias & Muñoz MIDROC Construction PLC Public
Triinu Hiob Ants Ratas
Luis Mario Villalta Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN CF&S AS Nega Getahun Mahendra Chand
Consortium Centro City Administration of Munro Leys Notaries
América Abogados Risto Hübner Dmitri Rosenblat Addis Ababa Public
Law Office Tark & Co. Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN
Jennifer Gohlke Jamnadas Dilip
E quatorial Andres Juss Piret Saartee GE Foundation Jamnadas and Associates
G uin e a Estonian Land Board Ministry of Justice
Yosef Kebede Aca Domolailai
Gabriel Amugu Peep Kalamae Martin Simovart Dashen Bank S.C. Colonial Bank
Interactivos GE PricewaterhouseCoopers Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN
Berhe Kinfe Delores Elliott
Leoncio-Mitogo Edjang Avoro Aidi Kallavus Monika Tamm EEPCo
KPMG Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN Florence Fenton
Philippe Fouda Fouda Getachew Kitaw Yitateku Munro Leys Notaries
BEAC Ants Karu Marjaa Teder Ethiopian Bar Association Public
Lextal Law Office Luiga Mody Hääl Borenius
Caroline Idrissou-Belingar Taddesse Lencho Anita Jowitt
BEAC Gerli Kilusk Villi Tõntson Addis Ababa University University of the South
Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN PricewaterhouseCoopers Pacific
Mariam Laine Yared Lencho
Airfreight Ermo Kosk Veikko Toomere SUR Construction PLC Paul McDonnell
Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN MAQS Law Firm Cromptons Solicitors
Sébastien Lechêne Yirga Tadesse Matewos
PricewaterhouseCoopers / Igor Kostjuk Maris Tudre The Federal Ministry Litiana Morris
Fidafrica Hough, Hübner, Hütt & Centre of Registers & of Justice, Documents Howards Lawyers
Partners Information Systems Authentication and
Paulino Mbo Obama Richard Naidu
Oficina de estudieos - Villu Kõve Kristi Uibo Registration Office
Munro Leys Notaries
ATEG Estonian Supreme Court Ministry of Justice Molla Mengistu Public
François Münzer Tanja Kriisa Urmas Ustav Addis Ababa University Vandnha Narayan
PricewaterhouseCoopers / PricewaterhouseCoopers Lextal Law Office Belachew Moges Colonial Bank
Fidafrica EEPCo
Kaia Läänemets Neve Uudelt Nalin Patel
Honorio Ndong Obama Law Office Tark & Co. Raidla Lejins & Norcous Getahun Nana PKF Fiji
Jenaro Obuno Ela Priit Lepasepp Paul Varul National Bank of Ethiopia Pradeep Patel
Ministerio de Hacienda y Sorainen Paul Varul Attorneys- Hailye Sahle Seifu PKF Fiji
Presupuesto at-Law
Indrek Link Sintayehu Tefera Mekonnen Ana Rasovo
Lucien Onanga Otando Hough, Hübner, Hütt & Urmas Veinberg The Federal Ministry Howards Lawyers
BEAC Partners MAQS Law Firm of Justice, Documents
Authentication and Varun Shandil
Dominique Taty Liina Linsi Vahur Verte Munro Leys Notaries
FIDAFRICA / Registration Office
Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN Luiga Mody Hääl Borenius Public
PricewaterhouseCoopers Eyasu Tequame
Karin Madisson Peeter Viirsalu Om Dutt Sharma
Jehoiachin Techno Pvt.
Eritr e a Sorainen Paul Varul Attorneys- Ltd. Co. Fiji Electricity Authority
at-Law
Siiri Malmberg Tibebu Tesfaye Haile Dudley Simpson
Biniam Fesehatzion Mirjam Vili
Hansa Law Offices Tibebu Tesfaye Haile Legal Cromptons Solicitors
Berhane Gila-Michael BNT Legal & Tax
Law Firm Olger Marjak Consultant Shelvin Singh
Law Office Tark & Co. Andres Vinkel Seyoum Yonhannes Tesfy Parshotam & Co.
Berhane Gila-Michael
Hansa Law Offices Addis Ababa University
Berhane Gila-Michael Johan Maunsbach Narotam Solanki
Law Firm MAQS Law Firm Joel Zernask Mesfin Tilahun PricewaterhouseCoopers
Kebreab Habte Michael KPMG Main City Administration
Marko Mehilane Moto Solvalu
Kebreab Habte Michael Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN of Addis Ababa Williams & Gosling Ltd.
Legal Consulting Et h iop ia
Veiko Meos Wolde Tsadik Someno Chirk Yam
Tekeste Mesghenna Krediidiinfo A.S. Teodros Abraham Ministry of Trade & PricewaterhouseCoopers
MTD Enterprises PLC SDV Transami Ltd. Industry
Jaanus Mody Eddie Yuen
Luiga Mody Hääl Borenius Adem Ahmed Amsale Tsehaye
Estonia Express Transit Service Amsale Tsehaye &
Williams & Gosling Ltd.
Margus Mugu Enterprise PLC. Associates Law Office
Angela Agur
Luiga Mody Hääl Borenius Finlan d
MAQS Law Firm Yoseph Alemu Aklilu Woldemariam
Kaspar Noor Ministry of Trade & Ethiopian Investment Sakari Aalto
Katrin Altmets Roschier Attorneys Ltd.,
MAQS Law Firm Industry Agency
Sorainen member of Ius Laboris &
Arne Ots Befukado Assefa Marcos Wolde-Sanbet Lobicka Lex Mundi
Aet Bergmann
Raidla Lejins & Norcous Lewa PLC Law Firm Marcos Wolde-
Law Office Luiga Mody Sanbet Lobicka Miia Aho
Hääl Borenius Karl J. Paadam Bekure Assefa Roschier Attorneys Ltd.,
Sorainen Bekure Assefa Law Office Tameru Wondmagegnehu member of Ius Laboris &
Mark Butzmann
Tameru Wondmagegnehu Lex Mundi
BNT Legal & Tax Raino Paron Yonas Ayalew Law Offices
Jane Eespõld Raidla Lejins & Norcous SUR Construction PLC Manne Airaksinen
Sorainen Kirsti Pent Berhanu Yegezu Beyene Fi j i Roschier Attorneys Ltd.,
member of Ius Laboris &
Indrek Ergma Law Office Tark & Co. GAD construction PLC Lex Mundi
David Aidney
Sorainen Kaitti Persidski Teshome Gabre-Mariam Williams & Gosling Ltd. Kasper Björkstén
Estonian Chamber of Bokan
Valters Gencs Caroll Sela Ali Helen Sähköverkko Oy
Notaries Teshome Gabre-Mariam
Gencs Valters Law Firm Law Firm Cromptons Solicitors Claudio Busi
Castrén & Snellman
Attorneys Ltd.
Acknowledgments 181
Cargoworld Ab/Oy Jyrki Prusila Philipe Guibert François Coron Alhaji Jallow
Mikko Eerola Roschier Attorneys Ltd., FIEEC Panalpina S.A. National Water &
member of Ius Laboris & Electricity Company Ltd.
Waselius & Wist Lex Mundi Sabrina Henocq Jean Delahaye
Delsol & Associés Bolloré Cherno Alieu Jallow
Marja Eskola Marja Ramm-Schmidt Deloitte
PricewaterhouseCoopers Krogerus Attorneys Ltd Marc Jobert Léopold Effah
Jobert & Associés Etude Mekam’Ne & Effah Lamin S. Jatta
Tuukka Fabritius Mikko Reinikainen Avocats Associés Deloitte
Roschier Attorneys Ltd., PricewaterhouseCoopers Daniel Arthur Laprès
member of Ius Laboris & Cabinet d’Avocats Augustin Fang Zainab Jawara-Alami
Lex Mundi Petri Seppälä Gambia Revenue Authority
Nicolas Mordaunt-Crook Philippe Fouda Fouda
Esa Halmari PricewaterhouseCoopers
Landwell & Associés - BEAC Sulayman M. Joof
Hedman Partners Tatu Simula PricewaterhouseCoopers S.M. Joof Agency
Anne Gey Bekale
Johanna Haltia-Tapio Roschier Attorneys Ltd., Legal Services
member of Ius Laboris & Caroline Idrissou-Belingar Nani Juwara
Hannes Snellman Lex Mundi Nathalie Morel National Water and
Attorneys at Law Ltd. BEAC
Mayer Brown Electricity Company Ltd.
Sini Soini Jacques Lebama
Tuija Hartikainen Anne-Marie Moulin Abdou Rahman Mboob
Roschier Attorneys Ltd., Ministere de la Justice,
PricewaterhouseCoopers member of Ius Laboris & Banque de France Garde des Sceaux Thomas Nielsen
Risto Hietanen Lex Mundi Agathe Penning-Reef Gambia Shipping Agencies
Pélagie Massamba Mouckocko
National Board of Patents Suomen Asiakastieto Oy - Confédération
& Registration FIDAFRICA / Omar Njie
Finska Française du Commerce PricewaterhouseCoopers
Interentreprises Law Firm Omar Njie
Jani Hovila Helena Viita Jean Mbagou Mary Abdoulie Samba-
Hannes Snellman Roschier Attorneys Ltd., Jacques Pourciel
Attorneys at Law Ltd. Banque Internationale Christensen
member of Ius Laboris & Paris Notaire pour le Commerce et Legal Practitioner
Mia Hukkinen Lex Mundi Arnaud Raynouard l’Industrie du Gabon
Roschier Attorneys Ltd., Mama Fatima Singhateh
Anna Vuori University Paris IX Abel Mouloungui
member of Ius Laboris & Dauphine GT Bank
Hedman Partners
Lex Mundi Celestin Ndelia Hawa Sisay-Sabally
Gunnar Westerlund Bernard Reynis Etude Maitre Ndelia
Lauri Jääskeläinen Roschier Attorneys Ltd., Etude Notariale Darcy White
Célestin
Building Control member of Ius Laboris & PricewaterhouseCoopers
Department of the City of Frédéric Roussel Ruben Mindonga Ndongo
Lex Mundi
Helsinki Fontaine, Roussel & Cabinet Me Anguiler
Kai Wist Associés G e orgia
Juuso Jokela PricewaterhouseCoopers Thierry Ngomo
Suomen Asiakastieto Oy - Hugues Roux Natalia Babakishvili
ArchiPro International
Finska Banque de France Mgaloblishvili, Kipiani,
Franc e Lubin Ntoutoume Dzidziguri (MKD) Law Firm
Sakari Kauppinen Isabelle Smith Monnerville
National Board of Patents Allen & Overy LLP Vaughan Avocats Josette Cadie Olendo Merab Barbakadze
& Registration Kempton Bedell-Harper Cabinet Olendo Giorgi Begiashvili
Caroline Stéphane
Gisela Knuts Russell Bedford Delsol & Associés Lucien Onanga Otando Begiashvili & Co. Limited
Roschier Attorneys Ltd., International BEAC Law Offices
Salli A. Swartz
member of Ius Laboris & Franck Buffaud Marie-Jose Ongo Mendou Ketevan Beradze
Lex Mundi Phillips Giraud Naud et
Delsol & Associés Swartz FFA Juridique & Fiscal BGI Legal
Olli Koikkalainen Arnaud Chastel Carine Peron Sandro Bibilashvili
Samia Tighilt
National Board of Patents Landwell & Associés - Union Gabonaise de banque BGI Legal
& Registration Landwell & Associés -
PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers
Legal Services Laurent Pommera Zaza Bibilashvili
Elina Kumpulainen BGI Legal
Sandra Tripathi FIDAFRICA /
PricewaterhouseCoopers Frédérique Chifflot Bourgeois PricewaterhouseCoopers
Legal Services Gide Loyrette Nouel. Vladimer Chkhaidze
Christian Courivaud Philippe Xavier-Bender Christophe A. Relongoué National Agency of Public
Kirsi Lahtinen SCP Courivaud - Morange Registry
Gide Loyrette Nouel FIDAFRICA /
National Board of Patents - Volniac PricewaterhouseCoopers
& Registration Claire Zuliani Paul Cooper
Ann Creelman Dominique Taty PricewaterhouseCoopers
Mina Lang Transparence, a member
Vatier & Associés of Russel Bedford FIDAFRICA /
Castrén & Snellman Aaron Crouch
Raphaëlle de Ruffi de Pontevès International PricewaterhouseCoopers
Attorneys Ltd. Deloitte
Landwell & Associés -
Patrik Lindfors PricewaterhouseCoopers G abon G a m bia , T h e Tsotne Ebralidze
P. Lindfors & Co, Legal Services ARCI Architecture &
Attorneys-at-Law Ltd. Charles Adenet Victoria Andrews Development
Isabelle Didier FIDAFRICA / Amie Bensouda & Co.
Tomas Lindholm Cabinet Isabelle Didier & PricewaterhouseCoopers ENERGO PRO Georgia
Roschier Attorneys Ltd., Associés Alpha Amadou Barry
Y.A. Adetona Deloitte Courtney Fowler
member of Ius Laboris &
Lex Mundi Jean-Philippe Dom Cabinet Fidexce PricewaterhouseCoopers
Landwell & Associés - Abdul Aziz Bensouda
Risto Löf Marcellin Massila Amie Bensouda & Co. Unana Gogokhia
PricewaterhouseCoopers BGI Legal
PricewaterhouseCoopers Legal Services Akendengue
Amie N.D. Bensouda
SEEG, Societe d’Energie et Mamuka Gordeziani
Tuomas Lukkarinen Electricité de France d’Eau du Gabon Amie Bensouda & Co.
National Land Survey GTS Trans Logistics
Benoit Fauvelet Gianni Ardizzone Lamin B.S. Camara
Vuori Marko Dandimayo Cambers Levan Gotua
Banque de France Panalpina World
Krogerus Attorneys Ltd Georgian Financial
Sylvie Ghesquiere Transport Sulayman B. Chune Supervisory Agency
Ilona Paakkala Banque de France Marie Carmel Ketty Taf Construction
Batu Gvasalia
PricewaterhouseCoopers Ayimambenwe A.N.M Ousainu Darboe
Guillaume Glon National Agency of Public
Mikko Peltoniemi Landwell & Associés - Banque Internationale Basangsang Chambers Registry
Waselius & Wist PricewaterhouseCoopers pour le Commerce et
l’Industrie du Gabon Abeku Gyan-Quansah Irakli Gvilia
Ilkka Pesonen Florence Grillier PricewaterhouseCoopers Credit Info Georgia
Claude Barone
Wabuco Oy Cabinet TAJ Birgitta Hardmark David Kakabadze
GETMA
Kevin Grossmann Maersk Line Georgian Legal
Henri Bernhardt Partnership
Mayer Brown
GETMA
182 Doing Business 2010

Maka Khutsishvili Andrea Gruss Christopher Schauenburg Adwoa S. Asamoah Addo Margarita Flerianou
CaucastransExpress Ashurst Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Fugar & Co. Economou International
Hamilton LLP Shipping Agencies
Anastasia Kipiani Klaus Günther Adam Imoru Ayarna
PricewaterhouseCoopers Linklaters Oppenhoff & Ralf M. Schnaittacher Maersk Logistics Ltd. Leonidas Georgopoulos
Rädler Mayer Brown LLP Kyriakides Georgopoulos &
Sergi Kobakhidze Ellen Bannerman Daniolos Issaias
PricewaterhouseCoopers Robert Gutte Friedrich Tobias Schoene Bruce-Lyle Bannerman &
Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hogan & Hartson LLP Thompson Sotiris Gioussios
Aieti Kukava Hamilton LLP Grant Thornton
Alliance Group Holding Marc Schuett Kojo Bentsi-Enchill
Rüdiger Harms Latham & Watkins LLP Bentsi-Enchill & Letsa, Periklis Kakkavas
Kakhaber Nariashvil Cleary Gottlieb Steen & member of Lex Mundi John M. Tripidakis and
Georgian Legal Hamilton LLP Thomas Schulz Associates
Partnership Nörr Stiefenhofer Lutz, Stella Bentsi-Enchill
Ilka Heinemeyer member of Lex Mundi Lexconsult and Company Elina Kanataki
Vakhtang Paresishvili SJ Berwin LLP Drakopoulos Law Firm
DLA Piper Gvinadze & Ingrid Seitz Sarah Adei Brown
Partners LP Manfred Heinrich Deutsche Bundesbank DS Global Logistics Constantinos Kapitsinos
Deutsche Bundesbank Spyridakis Tsoukala Law
Irakli Pipia Bernd Siebers Jeremiah Coleman Firm (ST LAW FIRM)
DLA Piper Gvinadze & Stefan Heinrich DLA Piper LLP Clearfreight Shipping
Partners LP Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Agencies Ltd. Evangelos Karaindros
Hamilton LLP Hanno Sperlich Evangelos Karaindros Law
Joseph Salukvadze Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Kwasi Darkwah Firm
Tbilisi State University Silvanne Helle Hamilton LLP Ghana Investment
Linklaters Oppenhoff & Promotion Centre Fotini D. Katrakaza
Manzoor Shah Rädler Dirk Stiller Law Office T. J. Koutalidis
Globalink Logistics Group PricewaterhouseCoopers William Edem Fugar
Götz-Sebastian Hök Legal AG Fugar & Co. Anna Kazantzidou
Rusa Sreseli Dr. Hök Stieglmeier & Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft Panagopoulos, Vainanidis,
PricewaterhouseCoopers Partner John Robert Jenkins Schina, Economou
Tobias Taetzner Golden Jubilee Terminal
Avto Svadnize Markus Jakoby PricewaterhouseCoopers Yannis Kelemenis
DLA Piper Gvinadze & Jakoby Rechtsanwälte George Kwatia Kelemenis & Co.
Partners LP Holger Thomas PricewaterhouseCoopers
Christof Kautzsch SJ Berwin LLP Evita Kirykopoulou
Anna Tabidze Salans Kenneth D. Laryea Kremalis Law Firm, member
Mgaloblishvili, Kipiani, Valentin Todorow Laryea, Laryea & Co. P.C. of Ius Laboris
Dzidziguri (MKD) Law Firm Henrik Kirchhoff Hogan & Hartson LLP
Latham & Watkins LLP Lackson Agbeko Legah Constantinos Klissouras
Giorgi Tavartkiladze Christoph Torwegge Logistics @ Legacy Ltd. Anagnostopoulos Bazinas
Deloitte Jörg Kraffel PricewaterhouseCoopers
White & Case Legal AG Sam Okudzeto Paul Knoll
G e r m an y Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft Sam Okudzeto & Associates George A. Callitsis Succsrs
Peter Limmer S.A.
Notare Dr. Limmer & Dr. Heiko Vogt Kingsford Otoo
Allen & Overy LLP Golden Jubilee Terminal
Friederich Panalpina Welttransport Alexandra Kondyli
Gabriele Apfelbacher GmbH Kingsley Owusu-Ewli Karatzas & Partners
Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Christoph Lindenau
PricewaterhouseCoopers Katharina von Rosenstiel PricewaterhouseCoopers Nicholas Kontizas
Hamilton LLP
Legal AG Orrick Hölters & Elsing Jacob Saah Zepos & Yannopoulos,
Sven Bäumler Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft member of Lex Mundi
Raimund E. Walch Saah & Co.
Vattenfall Europe
Distribution Hamburg Frank Lohrmann Wendler Tremml Lois Tankam Panos Koromantzos
GmbH Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Rechtsanwälte Bahas, Gramatidis &
Hamilton LLP Darcy White Partners
Henning Berger Lena Wallenhorst PricewaterhouseCoopers
White & Case Cornelia Marquardt Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Dimitrios Kremalis
Norton Rose Hamilton LLP Adwoa Yarney Professor K. Kremalis &
Astrid Berle Saah & Co. Partners, member of Ius
SCHUFA Holding AG Susanne Mattern Torsten Wehrhahn Laboris
PricewaterhouseCoopers Latham & Watkins LLP Smart Yeboah
Jennifer Bierly Electricity Company of Tom Kyriakopoulos
Avocado rechtsanwälte Jan Geert Meents Annekatren Werthmann- Ghana Kelemenis & Co.
DLA Piper LLP Feldhues
Michael Brems PricewaterhouseCoopers Vassiliki G. Lazarakou
Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Werner Meier Legal AG
Greece Zepos & Yannopoulos,
Hamilton LLP Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft member of Lex Mundi
Hamilton LLP Ioanna Argyraki
Manon Brindöpke Senatsverwaltung für Kyriakides Georgopoulos & Konstantinos Logaras
Linklaters Oppenhoff & Thomas Miller Stadtentwicklung Berlin Daniolos Issaias Zepos & Yannopoulos,
Rädler Krohn Rechtsanwälte member of Lex Mundi
Stefan Wirsch Nektaria Berikou
Thomas Büssow Eike Najork Latham & Watkins LLP Ministry of Development Charis Loizou
PricewaterhouseCoopers C·B·H Rechtsanwälte Elias Paraskevas Attorneys
Gerlind Wisskirchen Alkistis - Marina Christofilou
Wolfgang Nardi IKRP Rokas & Partners 1933
Thomas Buhl CMS Hasche Sigle
Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Kirkland & Ellis LLP Viktoria - Maria Louri
Germany Munich Vassilis Chryssomalis
Hamilton LLP G hana Sarantitis Law Firm Spyridakis Tsoukala Law
Isaschar Nicolaysen Firm (ST LAW FIRM)
Curtis Mallet - Prevost, Seth Adom-Asomaning Sotiris Constantinou
Colt & Mosle LLP DLA Piper LLP Evangelia Martinovits
Peasah-Boadu & Co. Grant Thornton
Helge Dammann Dirk Otto IKRP Rokas & Partners
Kwame Agati Theodora D. Karagiorgou
PricewaterhouseCoopers Norton Rose John Mazarakos
Law Offices of Kwame Law Office T. J. Koutalidis
Legal AG Daniel Panajotow Agati Elias Paraskevas Attorneys
Andreas Eckhardt Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Eleni Dikonimaki 1933
Benjamin Agbotse Teiresias S.A. Interbanking
PricewaterhouseCoopers Hamilton LLP Effie G. Mitsopoulou
H & G Architects and Information Systems
Legal Services Jan Christoph Pfeffer Consultants Kyriakides Georgopoulos &
Dieter Endres Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Anastasia Dritsa Daniolos Issaias
Nene Amegatcher Kyriakides Georgopoulos &
PricewaterhouseCoopers Hamilton LLP Athanassia Papantoniou
Sam Okudzeto & Associates Daniolos Issaias
Markus J. Goetzmann Peter Polke Kelemenis & Co.
Wilfred Kwabena Anim- Alexandra Economou
C·B·H Rechtsanwälte Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Odame Dimitris E. Paraskevas
Hamilton LLP Drakopoulos Law Firm
Bjoern Grund Land Valuation Board Elias Paraskevas Attorneys
Sebastian Prügel 1933
Cleary Gottlieb Steen &
Hamilton LLP White & Case
Acknowledgments 183
Konstantinos Pistiolis G uat e m ala Oscar Ernesto Garcia Sierra G uin e a Rui Paulo Coutinho de
Elias Paraskevas Attorneys Russell Bedford Mascarenhas Ataíde
1933 Gabriella Aguirre Guatemala García Sierra Aminatou Bah
Adelaida Mesa D’Almeida
Rodriguez, Castellanos, Y Asociados, S.C., member Nimba Conseil SARL
Katerina Politi Solares & Aguilar, S.C. of Russell Bedford Agostinho Joaquim Gomes
Kyriakides Georgopoulos & -Consortium legal International Aminata Bah Tall
Municipality of Bissau
Daniolos Issaias Nimba Conseil SARL
Rodolfo Alegria Toruno Veronika Sofia Gonzalez Bran Djamila Mary Pereira Gomes
Mary Psylla Carrillo & Asociados Díaz-Durán & Asociados Alpha Bakar Barry
PricewaterhouseCoopers Central Law Cabinet Alpha Bakar Barry Josue Gomes de Almeida
Ana Rosa Alfaro Projecto de Reabilitacao
Alexandros Sakipis Mayora & Mayora, S.C. Juan Jegerlehner Boubacar Barry e Desenvolvimento do
PricewaterhouseCoopers Saravia & Muñoz SCP d’Avocats Jurifis Sector Privado
Joaquin Alvarado Consult Guinee
Vasiliki Salaka Carrillo & Asociados Rossana Lopez José Henriques Duarte
Karatzas & Partners Palacios & Asociados Cabinet Ousmane Camara Portline
Norka Aragón
Constantine Sarantis Guillermo Lopez-Davis Mohamed Camara Mamadú Saliu Jaló Pires
Mayora & Mayora, S.C.
Zepos & Yannopoulos, Bufete Lopez Cordero SOCOPAO - SDV Conselho judicial da
member of Lex Mundi Pedro Aragón magistradura, República
María Isabel Luján Pierre-Stéphane Chabert
Aragón & Aragón da Guiné - Bissau
Katerina Sefteli Zilbermann SOCOPAO- SDV
Vivartia S.A Elias Arriaza Quiñones, Ibargüen & Luján Octávio Lopes
Oumar Dabo
Rodriguez, Castellanos, Octávio Lopes Advogados -
Harris Skordakis Solares & Aguilar, S.C. Estuardo Mata Palmieri ARCHI
PricewaterhouseCoopers Miranda Alliance
-Consortium legal Quiñones, Ibargüen & Luján Aïssata Diakite
Legal Services Suzette Maria Lopes da Costa
Ruby María Asturias Castillo Eduardo Mayora Alvarado Nimba Conseil SARL
Eleftherios Stavropoulos Graça
ACZALAW Mayora & Mayora, S.C. Ahmadou Diallo Ministério da Justiça
Ministry of Development
Amaury Barrera Edgar Mendoza Chambres des notaries
Alexia Stratou Emilfreda M. de Oliveira
DHV Consultants PricewaterhouseCoopers Abdel Aziz Kaba Ecobank
Kremalis Law Firm, member
of Ius Laboris Cecilia Bonilla Hugo Menes Nimba Conseil SARL
Armando Mango
Aguilar Castillo Love Mayora & Mayora, S.C. Lansana Kaba Ordem dos Advogados da
John Tripidakis
John M. Tripidakis and Maria del Pilar Bonilla Jorge Meoño CARIG Guiné-Bissau
Associates Bonilla, Montano, Díaz-Durán & Asociados Lahlou Mohamed Miguel Mango
Toriello & Barrios Central Law FIDAFRICA / Audi - Conta Lda
Antonios Tsavdaridis
IKRP Rokas & Partners Eva Cacacho González Pablo Mogollon PricewaterhouseCoopers
Ismael Mendes de Medina
Quiñones, Ibargüen & Luján TransUnion Guatemala Guy Piam Octávio Lopes Advogados -
Eleni Tsoukala
Spyridakis Tsoukala Law Rodrigo Callejas Aquino Amarilis Ondina Navas Nimba Conseil SARL Miranda Alliance
Firm (ST LAW FIRM) Carrillo & Asociados Portillo Raffi Raja Julio Albino Nhaga
Beltranena, de la Cerda y Cabinet Koûmy Tribunal de Sector Bissau
Mania Tsoumita Jose Alfredo Candido Chavez
Kelemenis & Co. Superintendencia de Kalissa Safiatou Osiris Francisco Pina Ferreira
Bancos Jose Orive FIDAFRICA / Conselho judicial da
Vicky Xourafa Arias & Muñoz
Kyriakides Georgopoulos & Juan Pablo Carrasco de PricewaterhouseCoopers magistradura, República
Daniolos Issaias Groote Roberto Ozaeta da Guiné - Bissau
Yansane Soumah
Díaz-Durán & Asociados PricewaterhouseCoopers Manquepas Augusto Regala
Fredy Yatracou Central Law Legal Services
PricewaterhouseCoopers Ibrahima Sory Sow Rogério Reis
Alfonso Carrillo Marco Antonio Palacios Banque Centrale de Guinee Rogério Reis Despachante
G r e na da Carrillo & Asociados Palacios & Asociados
Dominique Taty Alpha Ousman Camara
Raymond Anthony Juan Carlos Castillo Chacón Luis Rene Pellecer Lopez FIDAFRICA / Ribeiro
Raymond Anthony & Co. Aguilar Castillo Love Carrillo & Asociados PricewaterhouseCoopers A. Carlos Ricardo
Evelyn Cenac José Cerezo Jose Enrique Pensabene Aboubacar Salimatou Toure Portline
Customs PricewaterhouseCoopers Palacios & Asociados Nimba Conseil SARL
Legal Services Carlitos Rutt
Grenada Electricity Melida Pineda Serviço - BAO
Luis Manuel Contreras Carrillo & Asociados G uin e a- B issau
Services Ltd. Amine M. Saad
Ramírez
Leroy Flavigny Díaz-Durán & Asociados Evelyn Rebuli Diaby Aboubakar Amine Saad & Advogados
Customs Central Law Quiñones, Ibargüen & Luján BCEAO
Alex Bassucko Santos Lopes
Cyrus Griffith Paola van der Beek de Marco Tulio Reyna Duarte Adolfo
A. Ussumane So
Labour Department Andrino Cámara Guatemalteca de Banco da África
la Construcción Ocidental, S.A. Losser Lda Business
Cámara Guatemalteca de Development consultants
Claudette Joseph la Construcción
Amicus Attorneys Alfredo Rodríguez Mahuad José Alves Té
Konzo Traore
Karla de Mata Rodriguez, Castellanos, Ministério da Justiça
Henry Joseph Solares & Aguilar, S.C. BCEAO
CPS Logistics Emílio Ano Mendes
Pannell Kerr Forster -Consortium legal Djunco Suleiman Ture
Rolando De Paz Barrientos Octávio Lopes Advogados -
Niel Noel Rodrigo Salguero Miranda Alliance Municipality of Bissau
TransUnion Guatemala
Henry Hudson - Phillips PricewaterhouseCoopers Carlos Vamain
& Co. Samuel Elías Marceano Barbosa
Salvador A. Saravia Castillo Registrar Gomes & Vamain
PricewaterhouseCoopers Associados
David Sinclair Saravia & Muñoz
Sinclair Enterprises Lopez Enio Felicidade Brito Abelha
José Augusto Toledo Cruz Jan van Maanen
Limited TransUnion Guatemala BCEAO
Arias & Muñoz Mavegro
Trevor St. Bernard Rodolfo Fuentes Jose Carlos Casimiro
Arelis Torres de Alfaro João Daniel Vaz Jr.
Lewis & Renwick Protectora de Crèdito PRDSP
Superintendencia de TransVaz, Lda
Comercial Jaimentino Có
Phinsley St. Louis Bancos Emmanuel Yehouessi
St. Louis Service Jorge Gálvez Ministério do Comércio
Elmer Vargas BCEAO
BAC / CREDOMATIC Francisco Correa Jr.
Supreme Court Registry ACZALAW
Rafael Garavito Portline G u yana
Roselyn Wilkinson Raquel Villeda
Bufete Garavito
Wilkinson, Wilkinson & Mayora & Mayora, S.C. Geoffrey Da Silva
Wilkinson GAUSS, Nacional de Guyana Office for
Instaladores, S.A. Ernesto Viteri Arriola Investment
Viteri & Viteri
Demerara Bank
184 Doing Business 2010

Lucia Loretta Desir Tatiana Zelaya Bustamante Hong Kong , James Ngai Zsuzsanna Károlyi
D & J Shipping Services TransUnion C h ina Russell Bedford Hong PRK Bellák & Partners
Kong Limited, a member Law Office, member of Ius
C. A. Nigel Hughes César Cabrera Allen & Overy LLP firm of Russell Bedford Laboris
Hughes, Fields & Stoby TransUnion International
Christine Au Daniel Kelemen
Rakesh Latchana Jorge Omar Casco Economic & Trade Office Andrea Pellicani Réti, Antall & Madl
Ram & McRae Bufete Casco & Asociados Overseas Asia Landwell Law Firm
Brian Barron
R.N. Poonai Tania Vanessa Casco Baker & McKenzie Martinal Quan Gyula Kőrösy
Poonai & Poonai Bufete Casco & Asociados Metopro Associates bpv | Legal Jádi Németh
Albert P.C. Chan Limited
Christopher Ram Janeth Castañeda de Aquino The Hong Kong Zoltan Krausz
Ram & McRae Grupo Cropa Panalpina Polytechnic University Jude Ryan Build-Econ Ltd.
Vishwamint Ramnarine Carmen Chevez Orrick, Herrington &
Allan Chan Sutcliffe LLP László Mohai
PFK Barcellos, Narine CNBS - Comision Nacional The Land Registry
& Co de Bancos y Seguros Sara Tong Morley Allen & Overy
Nicholas Chan Iroda
Republic Bank Jaime Colindres Rosales Temple Chambers
Squire, Sanders & Dempsey Judit Nagy
William Sampson DYCELES S de R.L. Anita Tsang
Vashi Chandi PRK Bellák & Partners
Lincoln Chambers & Ramón Discua PricewaterhouseCoopers Law Office, member of Ius
Excellence International
Associates Batres, Discua, Martinez Laurence Tsong Laboris
Abogados Deborah Y. Cheng TransUnion
Gidel Thomside Robert Nagy
Squire, Sanders & Dempsey
National Shipping Lillizeth Garay L.L.P. Tak Kei Wan BISZ
Corporation Ltd. CNBS - Comision Nacional CLP Power Limited
de Bancos y Seguros William Chong Sándor Németh
Josephine Whitehead Billy Wong Szecskay Attorneys-at-Law
SDV Logistics Ltd.
Cameron & Shepherd Jennifer Gonzalez Garcia Coudert Brothers in
García & Bodán Andrew Dale Tamás Pásztor
association with Orrick, Nagy és Trócsányi Law
Haiti Jessica Handal
Coudert Brothers in Herrington & Sutcliffe
association with Orrick, Office, member of Lex
Lionel Allen Arias & Muñoz Herrington & Sutcliffe Fergus Wong Mundi
Marc Kinson Antoine Camilo Janania PricewaterhouseCoopers Tamás Saád
Thomas Duplan
A.I. Shipping International Aguilar Castillo Love SDV Logistics Ltd. Jackson Wong Build-Econ Ltd.
Jean Baptiste Brown Juan Diego Lacayo Hong Kong Economic & István Sándor
Patrick Fontaine Trade Office
Brown Legal Group Aguilar Castillo Love Linklaters Kelemen, Meszaros, Sandor
Ricky Yiu & Partners
Martin Camille Cangé Marcela López Carrillo Bertrand Gruez
PricewaterhouseCoopers Baker & McKenzie Andrea Soós
Electricité d’Haïti SDV Logistics Ltd.
PRK Bellák & Partners
Djacaman Charles Heidi Luna Andrew Halkyard Hungary Law Office, member of Ius
Cabinet Gassant García & Bodán University of Hong Kong Laboris
Mark Balastyai
Philippe-Victor Chatelain Doris A. Madrid-Lezama Keith Man Kei Ho Futureal Group Boglárka Szánthó
Chatelain Cargo Services Cámara de Comercio e Wilkinson & Grist Nagy és Trócsányi Law
Industria de Tegucigalpa Béla Balogh Office, member of Lex
Jean Gerard Eveillard Rod Houng-Lee Balogh és Tarsai Ltd.,
Dennis Matamoros Batson Mundi
Cabinet Eveillard PricewaterhouseCoopers member of Russell Bedford
Arias & Muñoz International András Szecskay
Lucien Fresnel Tam Yuen Hung
Iván Alfredo Vigíl Molina Szecskay Attorneys-at-Law
Cabinet Gassant Guangdong and Hong Kong Péter Bárdos
Ramón Ortega Feeder Association Ltd Dr. Bárdos Attorney-at- Ágnes Szent-Ivány
Enerlio Gassant
PricewaterhouseCoopers Law Sándor Szegedi Szent-Ivány
Cabinet Gassant Simon Kai Komáromi Eversheds
Vanessa Oquelí SDV Logistics Ltd. Sándor Békési
Gilbert Giordani Viktória Szilágyi
García & Bodán Partos & Noblet Lovells
Etude Brisson Cassagnol Howard Lam Nagy és Trócsányi Law
Dino Rietti Linklaters Judit Bókai Office, member of Lex
Marc Hebert Ignace
Arquitecnic Dr Bókai Notary Office Mundi
Banque de la République Kwok Ho Lam
d’Haiti José Rafael Rivera Ferrari CLP Power Limited Hedi Bozsonyik Adrienn Tar
Wilhelm E. Lemke, Jr Consortium - J.R. Paz & Szecskay Attorneys-at-Law Szecskay Attorneys-at-Law
Damon Law
Enmarcolda (D’adesky) Asociados DLA Piper Jan Burmeister Ádám Tóth
Kathia Magloire Enrique Rodriguez Burchard Law Firm “bnt Szabó Tom Dr. Tóth & Dr. Gáspár
Phila Law Burmeister Ügyvédi Iroda”
Cabinet Gassant Aguilar Castillo Love Economic Analysis and Közjegyzői Iroda
Fanny Rodríguez del Cid Business Facilitation Unit, Hellmann Worldwide Gábor Varga
Alexandrine Nelson Logistics Kft
Chatelain Cargo Services Arias & Muñoz Ian Lee BISZ
Martha R Saenz Russell Bedford Hong Gabriella Erdos Virág Vass
Leon Saint -Louis PricewaterhouseCoopers
Zacarías & Asociados Kong Limited, a member PricewaterhouseCoopers
Jean Frederic Sales firm of Russell Bedford György Fehér
Cabinet Sales Armando Sarmiento International
Revenue Executive PRK Bellák & Partners I c e lan d
Paul Emile Simon Directorate Honduras Cecil Leung Law Office, member of Ius
Linklaters Laboris Halla Ýr Albertsdóttir
Salim Succar René Serrano PricewaterhouseCoopers
Cabinet Lissade Angie Lim Anna Gáspár
Arias & Muñoz Kristján Ásgeirsson
Hong Kong Association Build-Econ Ltd.
Antoine Turnier Godofredo Siercke of Freight Forwarding & Arkitektastofan OG
Firme Turnier - Comptable Csaba Attila Hajdu
García & Bodán Logistics Guðrún Bergsteinsdóttir
Professionnels Agréés Law Firm “bnt Szabó Tom
Conseils de Direction Edgardo H. Sosa Justin Ma Burmeister Ügyvédi Iroda” BBA Legal
Empresa Nacional de Linklaters Dóra Horváth Eymundur Einarsson
Hon duras Energía Eléctrica
MAERSK Ltd. Réti, Antall & Madl Endurskoðun og ráðgjöf
Marco Valladares Landwell Law Firm ehf, member of Russell
José Antonio Abate Cliff Mok Bedford International
Consultores Ascodidos Roberto Manuel Zacarías Coudert Brothers in Norbert Izer
Urrutia association with Orrick, PricewaterhouseCoopers Ólafur Eiríksson
Juan José Alcerro Milla LOGOS, member of Lex
Zacarías & Asociados Herrington & Sutcliffe
Aguilar Castillo Love IFS Ltd. Mundi
Mario Rubén Zelaya Matthew Mui
José Simón Azcona
Energía Integral S. de R.L. Financial Secretaryís
IABSA de C.V. Office
Acknowledgments 185
Erlendur Gíslason Pranav Bhaskar Rajat Joneja Manoj Kumar Singh Ashish Patole
LOGOS, member of Lex Fox Mandal KNM & Partners, Law Singh & Associates Accent Trendz
Mundi Offices Advocates and Solicitors
Varghese Binu Niti Paul
Guðrún Guðmundsdóttir Binlees Sumeet Kachwaha Vijay Kumar Singh Amarchand & Mangaldas
Jónar Transport Kachwaha & Partners Singh & Associates & Suresh A. Shroff & Co.
Ugen Bhutia Advocates and Solicitors
Hjördís Gulla Gylfadóttir Fox Mandal Swaminathan Kalyanaraman Portoworld
BBA Legal Dakshin Kreations Private Dinesh Kunal
Canar Exports Anand Prasad
Limited INFOSOL Information
Bryndís Gunnlaugsdóttir Solution Word Trilegal
Rajarshi Chakrabarti Dinesh Kanabar
PricewaterhouseCoopers Prakashdeep Enterprises
Kochhar & Co. PricewaterhouseCoopers Shreedhar Kunte
Reynir Haraldsson Sharp and Tannan - member Anil Raj
Aman Chanda Kandallan
Jónar Transport of Russell Bedford Phoenix Legal
PricewaterhouseCoopers Municipal Corporation of
Jón Ingi Ingibergsson Greater Mumbai Leo Circuit Boards Pvt. Raj
Harshala Chandorkar
PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltd. Brahma Shipping &
Credit Information Bureau A.V. Kane
Hrafnhildur Kristinsdóttir Ltd. Manish Madhukar Logistics
The Brihan Mumbai
LOGOS, member of Lex Jyoti Chaudhari Electric Supply & Infini Juridique Vasanth Rajasekaran
Mundi Transport Undertaking Kachwaha & Partners
Legasis Services Pvt. Ltd. Som Mandal
Ásta Kristjánsdóttir Vaishal Kapadia Fox Mandal Mohan Rajasekharan
Prashant Chauhan
PricewaterhouseCoopers Shidimo Interaux Pvt. Ltd. Phoenix Legal
Legal Services Daizy Chawla Vipender Mann
Singh & Associates Rajas Kasbekar KNM & Partners, Law Mohan Ramakrishnan
Jóhann Magnús Jóhannsson Little & Co. Offices
Advocates and Solicitors Sathya Auto Private
LOGOS, member of Lex Limited
Mundi Harminder Chawla Anuj Kaul Vaishali Manubarwala
Chawla & Co. Legasis Services Pvt. Ltd. Desai & Diwanji Ashok Ramgir
Benedetto Nardini
Jagdeep Kaur Tushar A. Mavani Harsh Impex
BBA Legal Manjula Chawla
Phoenix Legal International law Mulla & Mulla & Craigie Ami Ranjan
Kristján Pálsson Affiliates Blunt & Caroe Singhania & Partners,
Jónar Transport Amanpreet Singh Chhina Solicitors & Advocates
Ramandeep Kaur Dara Mehta
Gunnar Sturluson Sachin Chugh Little & Co. Dipak Rao
LOGOS, member of Lex Singhi Chugh & Kumar, Rajesh Khandelwal
Suman Enterprises Jitesh Mehta Singhania & Partners,
Mundi Chartered Accountants Solicitors & Advocates
Source India
Rúnar Svavar Svavarsson Mridul Das Ajay Khatlawala
Preeti G. Mehta Rahul Renavikar
Orkuveita Reykjavíkur, Fox Mandal
Vishwang Desai Kanga & Co. PricewaterhouseCoopers
Distribution-Electrical Rajnish Khattar
System Desai & Diwanji Roopa Textiles and
Amerindé Consolidated Sharad Mishra
Prashant Dharia Trimmings
Bergþór Þormóðsson Neo Multimedian
Anant Industries Vinod Khotari Kehsav Saini
ISTAK Saurabh Misra
Vinod Kothari & Co., KNM & Partners, Law
Omar Torfason Rahul Dhawan Company Secretaries Paras Kuhad & Associates,
Fox Mandal Offices
Creditinfo Iceland Advocates (PKA)
Jawahar Kothari Abhishek Saket
Darshana Dubhashi USIndiaTax LLP Sourish Mitra
I n dia G.D. Smabhare and Co. Infini Juridique
Fox Mandal
Vilas R. Koyanne Sudhir Saksena
Dulal Acharyya Thambi Durai Municipal Corporation of Vishwajeet Mohite
Parasnath Tech Garments T. Durai & Co. ICFAI School of Financial
Greater Mumbai Singhania & Partners, Studies
Pvt., Ltd. Emerald International Solicitors & Advocates
Abhishek Kumar Aditi Sambhar
Amit Agarwal Shrikant Gajjar Singhania & Partners, M/s Globe Exports
PricewaterhouseCoopers KNM & Partners, Law
Gajjar & Associates Solicitors & Advocates R. Muralidharan Offices
Bhavuk Agarwal Rahul Garg Avinash Kumar PricewaterhouseCoopers Richie Sancheti
Singhania & Co. LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers Avinash Kumar Satish Murti Nishith Desai Associates
Vinod Agarwal Vijay Goel Dalip Kumar Murti & Murti Radhika Sankaran
Universal Advisory Singhania & Co. LLP Singhania & Co. LLP International Law
Services Practice Fox Mandal
Chandrika Gogia Harsh Kumar V. Siva Sankaran
Ajit Bhuta and Associates Singhi Chugh & Kumar, Excel Enterprises
PricewaterhouseCoopers T.S. Classique
Tushar Ajinkya Chartered Accountants Vijay Nair
Neha Goyal Ramani Seshadri
DSK Legal Mukesh Kumar KNM & Partners, Law
Trilegal Offices DPAS Groups
Palanikumar Arumugam KNM & Partners, Law
Anil Gupta Offices Nine International Mrugank Shah
Variety Fashions
Hitech Group Desai & Diwanji
Aum Architects Parveen Kumar Anand Nivas
Chander Gupta Harnandi Shipping & Dragon Express Freight Parag Shah
Ameet Awasthi MR Tobacco Pvt., Ltd. Logistics Pvt. Ltd. Parag G Shah and
Fortune Law Group Associates
Nikhil Gupta Ravindra Kumar Gunita Pahwa
Gauri Bajaj PricewaterhouseCoopers Singhania & Co. LLP Singh & Associates Parag Shah
KNM & Partners, Law Advocates and Solicitors Fox Mandal
Offices Radhika Iyer Sailesh Kumar
Nishith Desai Associates Dragon Express Maritime G. Pal Anand Sharma
Manik Bakshi Pvt Ltd. Little & Co. R.K. Industries
KNM & Partners, Law Ashok Jain
Offices Suraj Overseas Saji Kumar Tejas R. Parekh Anuradha Sharma
Dragon Express Freight Nishith Desai Associates Kachwaha & Partners
P. V. Balasubramaniam Sarul Jain Pvt. Ltd.
BFS Legal Avinash Kumar Amir Z. Singh Pasrich Aparna Sharma
Suraj Kumar International law Infini Juridique
Vikas Bansal Sarul Jain Amarchand & Mangaldas
Amarchand & Mangaldas Affiliates Manoranjan Sharma
PricewaterhouseCoopers & Suresh A. Shroff & Co.
& Suresh A. Shroff & Co. Shreyas Patel KNM & Partners, Law
M.L Bhakta Dilip kumar Niranjan Fox Mandal Offices
Kanga & Co. Dharmendra Johari Singh & Associates
Stonex Inc. Advocates and Solicitors Sanjay Patil Vina Sharma
Bhasin International BDH Industries Ltd. Infini Juridique
186 Doing Business 2010

Vikram Shroff Tony Budidjaja Serafina Muryanti Robertus Winarto Shahrzad Majdameli
Nishith Desai Associates Budidjaja & Associates Law Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho, PT Prima Wahana Caraka / International Law Office
Offices Reksodiputro, member of PricewaterhouseCoopers of Dr. Behrooz Akhlaghi &
Dilip Sidhpura Lex Mundi Associates
D.L.Sidhpura Associates S.H Juni Dani
Budidjaja & Associates Law Norma Mutalib Iran, Islamic Rep. Malakootian
Harsimran Singh Offices Makarim & Taira S. Bank Tejarat of Iran
Singh & Associates Mostafa Agah
Advocates and Solicitors Mariam Darus Feria Ningsih Agah Law Firm M. R. Matine
Mariam Darus & Partners Makarim & Taira S. Najad Akbari Pars Associates
Praveen Singh
Fox Mandal Kemala Dewi Yusuf Pramono Mohsen Bahrami Arz Aghdas Mansour Missaghian
Mariam Darus & Partners Mariam Darus & Partners Chashm Andaze Jahan Ghods Niroo Engineers
Ravinder Singh
International Tools Co. Utari Dyah Kusuma Ilman Rakhmat Trading Co. Ali Baheshi Moqadam
Brigitta I. Rahayoe & KarimSyah Law Firm Behrooz Akhlaghi Mozaffar Mohammadian
Ravinder Singhania Partners
Singhania & Partners, Muhammad Razikun International Law Office Teema Bar International
Solicitors & Advocates Ira A. Eddymurthy MUC Consulting Group, of Dr. Behrooz Akhlaghi & Transport
Soewito Suhardiman a member firm of Russell Associates
Arvind Sinha Mehrdad Mostaghimi
Eddymurthy Kardono Bedford International Hossein Ali Amiri
Business Advisors Group Ghods Niroo Engineers
Sani Eka Duta Diah Retnosari Mostafa Arafati
Lalan Sinha Homayoon Naddaf Shargh
Bank Indonesia Mariam Darus & Partners Ghods Niroo Engineers
KNM & Partners, Law Port and Maritime
Offices Dedet Hardiansyah Arno F. Rizaldi Ebrahim Asadi Organization Expert
Budiman and Partners Kusnandar & Co. Electrical Industry Sedigheh Naimian
Sumit Sinha
Ray Headifen Choriana Saragih Development (EID
Trilegal Consultant Co.) Babak Namazi
PT Prima Wahana Caraka / Central Jakarta District Atieh Associates
Shipra Sukhija PricewaterhouseCoopers Court Reza Askari
Fortune Law Group Foreign Legal Affairs Nazari
Erwandi Hendarta Mahardikha K. Sardjana
Prajakta Telang Group Bank Tejarat of Iran
Hadiputranto, Hadinoto & Hadiputranto, Hadinoto &
Legasis Services Pvt. Ltd. Partners Partners Saeideh Atefvahid Farmand Pourkarim
Thacker Rahayu N. Hoed Nur Asyura Anggini Sari Central Bank of Iran Tehran Municipality
Municipal Corporation of Makarim & Taira S. Bank Indonesia Maryam Babayee Saeid Rasaei
Greater Mumbai Farjam Law Office Bank Tejarat of Iran
Sri Nurhayati Ibrahim Marinza Savanthy
Chetan Thakkar Mariam Darus & Partners Widyawan & Partners Malihe Dafnouk Yehya Rayegani
Kanga & Co. Bank Tejarat of Iran Farjam Law Office
Brigitta Imam Rahayoe Yanty Selviany Damanik
Smita Thakur Brigitta I. Rahayoe & Mariam Darus & Partners Gholamhossein Davani Behrooz Rezazadeh
Desai & Diwanji Partners Dayarayan Auditing & PSDC Group
Indra Setiawan
Praveen Tiwary Mohammad Kamal Financial Services
Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho, Ghalamreza Saffarpour
Fox Mandal Furniture Fikamar Reksodiputro, member of Hamid Derakhshani Ghods Niroo Engineers
Kannan Venkatasamy Lex Mundi Chashm Andaze Jahan
Iswahjudi A. Karim Jamal Seifi
Peripheralconnexions Kevin Omar Sidharta Trading Co.
KarimSyah Law Firm Dr. Jamal Seifi &
Saji Vijayadas Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho, Morteza Dezfoulian Associates
Mirza Karim Reksodiputro, member of
Dragon Express Freight KarimSyah Law Firm Mahmoud Ebadi Tabrizi Encyeh Seyed Sadr
Pvt. Ltd. Lex Mundi
M. Ebadi Tabrizi & International Law Office
S.H. Diasha Kashatri Ronny Silitonga Associates
Saral Kumar Yadav of Dr. Behrooz Akhlaghi &
Budidjaja & Associates Law PT Sucofindo - Denpasar Associates
INFOSOL Information Offices Pejman Eshtehardi
Solution Word Ricardo Simanjuntak Iran Counselors Mariam Sahrabin
H. Kirno Ricardo Simanjuntak &
Zedd Trade Shirzad Eslami Khadem Group
Municipal Office of Partners
Building Licensing Service Mostafa Farmahini Farahani Mir Shahbiz Shafe’e
I n d on e sia Manhore Singh Dr. Jamal Seifi &
Herry N. Kurniawan M & N Management Ghods Niroo Engineers
Nafis Adwani Associates
Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho, Consultants Ali Ghaemi
Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho, Reksodiputro, member of Cyrus Shafizadeh
Reksodiputro, member of Lex Mundi Sukhbir Singh Tehran Municipality
Tavakoli & Shahabi
Lex Mundi M & N Management Mohammad Reza Hajian
Rudy Kusmanto Consultants Javad Bahar Shanjani
Bambang Agus Setiadi Makarim & Taira S. Central Bank of Iran
Farjam Law Office
Local Office of Bambang Soelaksono Rouzbeh Hazrati
Building Supervision and Winita E. Kusnandar The SMERU Research Farzan Shirranbeigi
Kusnandar & Co. Iran Counselors
Administration for the Institute Tehran Municipality
Province of DKI Jakarta Erma Kusumawati Mehdi Heidarzadeh
Galinar R. Kartakusuma Ebrahim Tavakoli
Bank Indonesia Alvand Sayan
Almer Apon Summitmas International Trading Tavakoli & Shahabi
PT Buana Mas Citra Luh Lely Ariestianti Makarim & Taira S. Co, Ltd. Vrej Torossian
Lestari Local Office of Darwin Syam Siregar Maryam Hosseini Torossian, Avanessian &
Adi Ariantara Buildiing Supervision and City Zoning Office for Associate
Administration for the Atieh Associates
Jakarta Investment and North Jakarta Nasrin Zandi
Promotion Board Province of DKI Jakarta Asadollah Jalalabadi
Ernst G. Tehuteru Bank Tejarat of Iran Mahmoud Zirak
Feri Astuti Ferry P. Madian Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho,
Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho, Abdolhossein Jalili Namini Bank Tejarat of Iran
Mariam Darus & Partners Reksodiputro, member of
Reksodiputro, member of Lex Mundi
Hamud M. Balfas Lex Mundi Kiumars Kermanshahi I raq
Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho, Rudy Tjandra Iran Trade Promotion
Reksodiputro, member of Eric Mancini PT Prima Wahana Caraka / Organization Hadeel Salih Abboud
Lex Mundi PT SDV Logistics PricewaterhouseCoopers Al-Janabi
Hossein Lotfi Mena Associates,
Rukman Basit Ella Melany Gatot Triprasetio H. Lotfi & Associates member of Amereller
Ministry of Trade Hanafiah Ponggawa & Widyawan & Partners Rechtsanwälte
Partners Majid Mahallati
Fabian Buddy Pascoal Adhie Wicaksono Mahallati & Co. Nisreen Abdul Hadi Al
Hanafiah Ponggawa & Karen Mills Bank Indonesia Chartered Accountants Hamirie
Partners KarimSyah Law Firm New Iraq for Legal
Aditya Kesha Wijayanto
Practice and Consultancy
Widyawan & Partners
Acknowledgments 187
Salman Al Doushan Niamh Murray Nicole Levin Guido Boni Christian Iannacccone
Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - LK Shields Solicitors, Nicole Levin Law Offices European University Studio Legale Tributario
(TAG-Legal) member of Ius Laboris Institute Associato
Michelle Liberman
Mohammad Al Jabouri Gavan Neary S. Horowitz & Co., member Gianluca Borghetto Francesco Iodice
Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - PricewaterhouseCoopers of Lex Mundi Nunziante Magrone Cleary Gottlieb Steen &
(TAG-Legal) Hamilton LLP
Regan O’ Driscoll Chaim Nortman Carlo Bruno
Aziz Al Jaff Matheson Ormsby Prentice Gideon Fisher & Co. Ashurst Giovanni Izzo
New Iraq for Legal Abbatescianni Studio
Practice and Consultancy Richard O’Sullivan Hanit Nov Sergio Calderara Legale e Tributario
P.J. O’Driscolls Shavit Bar-On Gal-On Tzin Almaviva S.p.A. / G.Matica
Hadeel Al Janabi Nov Yagur, Law Offices S.r.l. Maurizio Lauri
Mena Associates, Judith Riordan MUC Consulting Group,
member of Amereller Mason Hayes & Curran David Rosen Alessandro Cardia a member firm of Russell
Rechtsanwälte Idility Consulting Grieco e Associati Bedford International
Brendan Sharkey
Ahmad Al Jannabi Reddy Charlton McKnight Matt Rosenbaum Cecilia Carrara Paolo Lucarini
Mena Associates, Hacohen & Wolf Law Legance PricewaterhouseCoopers
Gavin Simons Offices
member of Amereller BCM Hanby Wallace Stefano Cesati
Rechtsanwälte Stefano Macchi di Cellere
Gerry Seligman Pirola Pennuto Zei Jones Day
Michael Treacy PricewaterhouseCoopers Associati
Farquad Al-Salman
Property Registration Barbara Magni
F.H. Al-Salman & Co. Authority Yifat Shkedi-Shatz Giorgio Cherubini CBA Studio Legale e
Mustafa Alshawi S. Horowitz & Co., member Pirola Pennuto Zei Tributario
Colm Walsh of Lex Mundi Associati
Iraq Center for Economic Irish International
Reform Cristiano Martinez
Freight Association Daniel Singerman Domenico Colella Orrick, Herrington &
Florian Amereller Business Data Israel + Portolano Colella Sutcliffe LLP
Maeve Walsh Personal Check Cavallo Studio Legale
Amereller Rechtsanwälte Reddy Charlton McKnight Patrizia Masselli
Husam Addin Hatim The Israel Electric Fabrizio Colonna Cleary Gottlieb Steen &
I sra e l Corporation Ltd.- Dan CBA Studio Legale e Hamilton LLP
Gezairi Transport Iraqi district Tributario
Company Ltd. Paul Baris Gennaro Mazzuoccolo
Daphna Tsarfaty Mattia Colonnelli de Gasperis
Stephan Jäger Yigal Arnon & Co. Norton Rose
Goldfarb Levy Eran Meiri Lombardi Molinari e
Amereller Rechtsanwälte Ofer Bar-On Tzafrir & Co. Associati Studio Legale Riccardo Micheli
Imad Makki Shavit Bar-On Gal-On Tzin Eylam Weiss Ristuccia & Tufarelli
Barbara Corsetti
Al Qarya Group Co. Nov Yagur, Law Offices Weiss- Porat & Co. Elena Morini
Portolano Colella
Raed Raghib Jeremy Benjamin Dave Wolf Cavallo TLS /
New Iraq for Legal Goldfarb Levy Eran Meiri PricewaterhouseCoopers
Hacohen & Wolf Law Filippo Corsini Legal Services
Practice and Consultancy Tzafrir & Co. Offices Chiomenti Studio Legale
Ahmed Salih Al-Janabi Dina Brown Francesco Nuzzolo
I taly CRIF S. P. A. PricewaterhouseCoopers
Mena Associates, Elchanan Landau Law
member of Amereller Offices Salvatore Cuzzocrea Anna Oneto
Allen & Overy LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers
Rechtsanwälte Yitzchak Chikorel Norton Rose
Deloitte Marianna Abbaticchio Elena Davanzo
I r e lan d Ristuccia & Tufarelli Luciano Panzani
Koby Cohen Studio Legale Tributario Supreme Court
Margaret Austin Fabrizio Acerbis Associato
PricewaterhouseCoopers Paolo Pasqualis
Eugene F. Collins PricewaterhouseCoopers Antonio de Martinis
Solicitors Lior Crystal Giovanni Patti
Alberto Angeloni Spasaro De Martinis Law
PricewaterhouseCoopers Firm Abbatescianni Studio
Alan Browning Studio Legale Tributario
Danny Dilbary Associato Legale e Tributario
LK Shields Solicitors, Claudio Di Falco
member of Ius Laboris Goldfarb Levy Eran Meiri Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Cristina Pellegrino
Tzafrir & Co. APL
Susan Connolly Hamilton LLP Studio Legale Macchi di
Ido Gonen Roberto Argeri Cellere Gangemi
LK Shields Solicitors, Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Massimo Diterlizzi
member of Ius Laboris Goldfarb Levy Eran Meiri Pirola Pennuto Zei Federica Peres
Tzafrir & Co. Hamilton LLP
Eoin Cunneen Associati Portolano Colella
Roee Hecht Gaetano Arnò Cavallo
LK Shields Solicitors, TLS / Carlo Falcetto
member of Ius Laboris Shavit Bar-On Gal-On Tzin Nunziante Magrone Michael Poole
Nov Yagur, Law Offices PricewaterhouseCoopers
Richard Curran Legal Services Norton Rose Studio Legale
Pier Andrea Fré Torelli
LK Shields Solicitors, Aaron Jaffe Massini Laura Prosperetti
Maria Pia Ascenzo
member of Ius Laboris Yigal Arnon & Co. Carabba & Partners Cleary Gottlieb Steen &
Bank of Italy
Gavin Doherty Zeev Katz Hamilton LLP
Romina Ballanca Leonardo Giani
Eugene F. Collins PricewaterhouseCoopers Norton Rose Studio Legale Giuseppe Antonio Recchia
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Solicitors Vered Kirshner University of Bari
Paola Barazzetta Vincenzo Giannantonio
ESB Networks PricewaterhouseCoopers Ashurst Marianna Ristuccia
TLS /
Paul Glenfield Adam Klein PricewaterhouseCoopers Ristuccia & Tufarelli
Vincenzo Fabrizio Giglio
Matheson Ormsby Prentice Goldfarb Levy Eran Meiri Legal Services Tommaso Edoardo Romolotti
Studio Legale Giglio
Tzafrir & Co. Gianluigi Baroni CBA Studio Legale e
Micheál Grace Antonio Grieco
Mason Hayes & Curran Gideon Koren TLS / Tributario
PricewaterhouseCoopers Grieco e Associati
Gideon Koren & Co. Law Carlo Umberto Rossi
Thomas Jhonson Offices Legal Services Paolo Grondona
Irish Building Control Rossi Budelli Law Firm
Orna Kornreich-Cohen Matteo Bascelli Norton Rose
Institute Giovanni B. Sandicchi
Shavit Bar-On Gal-On Tzin Orrick, Herrington & Valentino Guarini
William Johnston Sutcliffe LLP Cleary Gottlieb Steen &
Nov Yagur, Law Offices TLS / Hamilton LLP
Arthur Cox, member of Lex PricewaterhouseCoopers
Mundi Gil Lazar Susanna Beltramo
Legal Services Lamberto Schiona
Strauss Lazer & Co, CPA’s Studio Legale Beltramo
Bruneau Joseph Studio Legale Schiona
Stefano Biagioli Federico Guasti
LK Shields Solicitors, Shlomit Lev- Ran SDV Logistics Ltd.
TLS / Studio Legale Guasti
member of Ius Laboris Gideon Fisher & Co.
PricewaterhouseCoopers Goffredo Guerra Massimiliano Silvetti
Margaret Masterson Benjamin Leventhal Legal Services Nunziante Magrone
Studio Legale Tributario
PricewaterhouseCoopers Gideon Fisher & Co. Associato
188 Doing Business 2010

Jessica Smith Grace Lindo Yuko Inui Akio Yamamoto Mazen Shotar
Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, Orrick, Herrington & Kajima Corporation Department of Lands and
Hamilton LLP member of Lex Mundi Sutcliffe LLP Survey
Kazuhiro Yanagida
Piervincenzo Spasaro Noelle Llewellyn Heron Michiya Iwasaki Nishimura & Asahi Stephan Stephan
Spasaro De Martinis Law Tax Administration Atsumi & Partners PricewaterhouseCoopers
Firm Services Department Ishizuka Yoichi
Hideki Thurgood Kano Grant Thornton LLP Abu Mariam Tarek
Maria Antonietta Tanico Andrine McLaren Anderson Mori & Abu-Ghazaleh Legal -
Studio Legale Tanico Kingston and St. Andrew Tomotsune Jor dan (TAG-Legal)
Corporation
Tedioli Law Firm Susumi Kawaguchi Anas Abunameh Azzam Zalloum
Natalie Messado Obayashi Corporation Zalloum & Laswi Law Firm
Francesca Tironi Law & Arbitration Centre
Clayton Morgan and
TLS / Company Kotaku Kimu Maha Al Abdallat Kareem Zureikat
PricewaterhouseCoopers Zeirishi-Hojin Ali Sharif Zu’bi, Advocates
Legal Services Sandra Minott-Phillips Central Bank of Jordan
PricewaterhouseCoopers & Legal Consultants,
Franco Toffoletto Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, Eman M. Al-Dabbas member of Lex Mundi
member of Lex Mundi Yukie Kurosawa
Toffoletto e Soci Law International Business
O’Melveny & Myers LLP Legal Associates Ka z a k h stan
Firm, member of Ius Laboris Janet Morgan
DunnCox Yoji Maeda Arafat Alfayoumi
Luca Trovato O’Melveny & Myers LLP Timur Abdreimov
Curtis Mallet - Prevost, Gina Phillipps-Black Central Bank of Jordan FedEx
Colt & Mosle LLP Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, Nobuaki Matsuoka Omar Aljazy
Osaka International Law Askar Abubakirov
Luca Tufarelli member of Lex Mundi Aljazy & Co.Advocates & Aequitas Law Firm
Offices Legal Consultants
Ristuccia & Tufarelli Hilary Reid Kirill Afanasyev
Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, Toshio Miyatake Sabri S. Al-Khassib
Luca Valdameri Adachi, Henderson, Kazakhstan Consulting
member of Lex Mundi Amman Chamer of
Pirola Pennuto Zei Miyatake & Fujita Zulfiya Akchurina
Associati Anneke Rousseau Commerce
Michihiro Mori Grata Law Firm
Mario Valentini Jamaica Customs Micheal T. Dabit
Department Nishimura & Asahi Michael T. Dabit & Anvar Akhmedov
Pirola Pennuto Zei
Associati Heather Rowe Takafumi Nihei Associates First Credit Bureau
Jamaica Public Service Nishimura & Asahi Anwar Elliyan Sabina Barayeva
Matilde Vergallo
Company Limited Kazutoshi Nishijima The Jordanian Electric JS Venture investment
Orrick, Herrington &
Sutcliffe LLP Lisa N. Russell Adachi, Henderson, Power Co. Ltd. (JEPCO) fund JSC
Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, Miyatake & Fujita Greater Amman Ildus Bariev
Vito Vittore
member of Lex Mundi Takuji Nozaka Municipality Globalink Logistics Group
Nunziante Magrone
Arturo Stewart Atsumi & Partners Tariq Hammouri Jypar Beishenalieva
Angelo Zambelli
Grant, Stewart, Phillips Naoko Sato Hammouri & Partners Michael Wilson & Partners
Dewey & LeBeouf & Co. Anderson Mori & George Hazboun Ltd.
Filippo Zucchinelli Paul Tai Tomotsune
Ra’ied Hiassat Assel Bekturganova
TLS / Nunes, Scholefield DeLeon
PricewaterhouseCoopers Takefumi Sato Land and Survey Grata Law Firm
& Co. Anderson Mori &
Legal Services Directorate Irina Chen
Humprey Taylor Tomotsune M&M Logistics
Tayseer Ismail
Ja m aica Taylor Construction Ltd. Tetsuro Sato East Echo Co. Almaz Dosserbekov
Christopher Bovell Sophia Williams Baker & McKenzie
Zeina Jaradat Ardak Dyussembayeva
DunnCox National Land Agency Yoshihito Shibata PricewaterhouseCoopers Aequitas Law Firm
Theresa Bowen Maliaca Wong Bingham McCutchen
Murase, Sakai & Mimura Basel Karwa Kim Tatyana Feliksovna
LEX Caribbean Myers, Fletcher & Gordon,
member of Lex Mundi Foreign Law Joint Kawar Transport and Marka Audit ACF LLP
Robert Colliy Enterprise Transit- KARGO
Courtney Fowler
Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, Ja pan Sachiko Sugawara Enad Khirfan PricewaterhouseCoopers
member of Lex Mundi Atsumi & Partners Ali Sharif Zu’bi, Advocates
Allen & Overy Gaikokuho & Legal Consultants, Vladimir P. Furman
Natalie Farrell-Ross Kyodo Eri Sugihara member of Lex Mundi McGuire Woods LLP
Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, Nishimura & Asahi
member of Lex Mundi APL Rasha Laswi Assel Gilmanova
Miho Arimura Hidetaka Sumomogi Zalloum & Laswi Law Firm Grata Law Firm
Nicole Foga
Hatasawa & Wakai Law Nishimura & Asahi
Foga Daley Husam Jamil Madanat Oleg Gnoevykh
Firm Hiroyuki Suzuki Land and Survey M&M Logistics
Dave García
Credit Information Center Zeirishi-Hojin Directorate
Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, PricewaterhouseCoopers Natalya Grinkevich
member of Lex Mundi Corp. Firas Malhas RBS
Toyoki Emoto Yuri Suzuki International Business
Stephanie Gordon Semion Issyk
Atsumi & Partners Atsumi & Partners Legal Associates
LEX Caribbean Aequitas Law Firm
Mijo Fujita Hiroaki Takahashi Amer Mofleh
Herbert Winston Grant Dinara M. Jarmukhanova
Adachi, Henderson, Atsumi & Partners International Business
Grant, Stewart, Phillips McGuire Woods LLP
& Co. Miyatake & Fujita Chikako Tamakoshi Legal Associates
Atsumi & Partners Amer Nabulsi Thomas Johnson
Errol Greene Tastuya Fukui
DLA Piper Denton Wilde Sapte
Kingston and St. Andrew Atsumi & Partners Junichi Tobimatsu
Corporation Mori Hamada & Mustfa Nasserddin Mariyash Kabikenova
Shigeru Hasegawa
Matsumoto Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Rehabilitation Manager
Corrine N. Henry Zeirishi-Hojin
Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, PricewaterhouseCoopers Yoshiki Tsurumaki (TAG-Legal) Pasha Karim
member of Lex Mundi Tamotsu Hatasawa Atsumi & Partners Mutasem Nsair Globalink Logistics Group
S. Hudson Hatasawa & Wakai Law Masatoshi Ujimori Khalifeh & Partners Assel Kazbekova
Jamaica Trade and Invest Firm Atsumi & Partners Osama Y. Sabbagh Michael Wilson & Partners
Akiko Hiraoka The Jordanian Electric Ltd.
Alicia P. Hussey Jun Yamada
Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, Atsumi & Partners Power Co. Ltd. (JEPCO) Alexander Kurganov
Anderson Mori &
member of Lex Mundi Taro Honda Tomotsune Mohammad Sawafeen M&M Logistics
Anthony Jenkinson Atsumi & Partners Michi Yamagami Land and Survey Vsevolod Markov
Nunes, Scholefield DeLeon Directorate McGuire Woods LLP
Rie Imai Anderson Mori &
& Co. O’Melveny & Myers LLP Tomotsune
Acknowledgments 189
Bolat Miyatov William Ikutha Maema Christina Ndiho Min-Sook Chae Sang Il Park
Grata Law Firm Iseme, Kamau & Maema Kaplan & Stratton Korea Credit Bureau Hwang Mok Park P.C.,
Advocates member of Lex Mundi
Assel Musina James Ngomeli Hyeong-Tae Cho
Denton Wilde Sapte Shellomith Irungu The Kenya Power and Samil Soo-Hwan Park
Anjarwalla & Khanna Lighting Company Ltd. PricewaterhouseCoopers Samil
Esenbaer Karabi Nuriuly Advocates PricewaterhouseCoopers
Urban Planning and Beatrice Nyabira Sun Joo Cho
Architecture Department Nigel Jeremy Iseme, Kamau & Maema YEJIN Ae-Ryun Rho
of City of Almaty Daly & Figgis Advocates Advocates Kim & Chang
Han-Jun Chon
Yuliya Penzova James Kamau Julia Nyaga Samil Jeong Seo
Aequitas Law Firm Iseme, Kamau & Maema Kaplan & Stratton PricewaterhouseCoopers Kim & Chang
Advocates
Saniya Perzadayeva Bosire Nyamori Eui Jong Chung Yoo Soon Shim
Macleod Dixon Patrick Karara Iseme, Kamau & Maema Bae, Kim & Lee LLC Cheon Ji Accounting
PricewaterhouseCoopers Advocates Corporation, a member
Yuliya V. Petrenko Sean C. Hayes firm of Russell Bedford
McGuire Woods LLP Judith Kavuki Stephen Okello Ahnse Law Offices International
SCI Koimburi Tucker & Co. PricewaterhouseCoopers
Aliya Prenova Joong Hoon Kwak Yong-Sock
Michael Wilson & Partners Hamish Keith Metropol East Africa Ltd. Lee & Ko PANKO Corporation
Ltd. Daly & Figgis Advocates Moses Osano Osoro Ju Myung Hwang Won-Il Sohn
Elvis Robert Luke Kenei Muriu Mungai & Co Hwang Mok Park P.C., Yulchon
M&M Logistics Siginon Freight Ltd Advocates member of Lex Mundi
Jin-Ho Song
Asem Shaidildinova Peter Kiara Cephas Osoro C.W. Hyun Kim & Chang
PricewaterhouseCoopers Peter Kiara- Individual Osoro and Co, Certified Kim & Chang
Tax and Advisory LLP Architect Public Accountants Ki Won Suh
James I.S. Jeon Cheon Ji Accounting
Timur M. Suleimenov Morris Kimuli Don Priestman Sojong Partners Corporation, a member
Ministry of Economy and B.M. Musau & Co. The Kenya Power and firm of Russell Bedford
Budget Planning Advocates Lighting Company Ltd. Bo-Sup Kim
Korea Credit Bureau International
Tatyana Suleyeva Francis Kinyua Dominic Rebelo Dong-Suk Wang
Aequitas Law Firm Muriu Mungai & Co Daly & Figgis Advocates Gee-Hong Kim
Jisung Horizon Korea Credit Bureau
Advocates Ruman shipcontractors
Zhaniya Ussen Dong Soo Yang
Assistance, LLC Law Firm Felix Kioko Limited Hye-Jin Kim
Korea Credit Bureau Hwang Mok Park P.C.,
B.M. Musau & Co. Sonal Sejpal member of Lex Mundi
Yekaterina V. Kim Advocates
Michael Wilson & Partners Anjarwalla & Khanna Jung-In Kim
Jee Yeon Yu
Ltd. Meshack T. Kipturgo Advocates Korea Credit Bureau
Kim & Chang
Siginon Freight Ltd Rodgers Abwire Sekwe Keunyeop Kim
Michael Wilson
Michael Wilson & Partners Owen Koimburi Muriu Mungai & Co Panalpina IAF Ltd. Kosovo
Ltd. SCI Koimburi Tucker & Co. Advocates
Kum-Sun Kim Adem Ajvazi
Mario Wolosz Alexandra Kontos Deepen Shah Sojong Partners Commercial Court
Kazakhstan Consulting Walker Kontos Advocates Walker Kontos Advocates
Kyu-Dong Kim Allied Pickfords
Dubek Zhabykenov Georgina Kurutu John Syekei Nyandieka Samil
Muriu Mungai & Co PricewaterhouseCoopers Erion Bejko
BA Services International SCI Koimburi Tucker & Co.
LLC Advocates KPMG
Gilbert Langat S.E. Stephan Kim
Danat Zhakenov David Tanki Sojong Partners Agron E. Beka
Kenya Shippers Council
Zhakenov & Partners Lan-X Africa Ltd. Immobilia
Anthony Maina Wonhyung Kim
in association with Joseph Taracha Yoon Yang Kim Shin & Yu Xhevdet Beqiri
Grundberg Mocatta Ameritrans Freight
International Central Bank of Kenya KPMG
Rakison Ki Hyun Kwon
Georges Maina Adrian Topoti Cheon Ji Accounting Imer Berisha
Valerie A. Zhakenov Koslex
Ameritrans Freight B.M. Musau & Co. Corporation, a member
Zhakenov & Partners Advocates firm of Russell Bedford
in association with International Shyqiri Bttyqi
International
Grundberg Mocatta Victor Majani Samuel Wainaina Boga & Associates
Rakison Osoro and Co, Certified Kaplan & Stratton Hye Jeong Lee
John Burns
Public Accountants Ahnse Law Offices
K e n ya KPMG
Kiribati Jin-Young Lee
Nicholas Malonza Customs Administration
Abdulwahid Aboo B.M. Musau & Co. Kenneth Barden Samil
Abdulwahid Aboo & Advocates PricewaterhouseCoopers Sokol Elmazaj
Company, a member firm Rawbeta Beniata Boga & Associates
Rosemary Mburu Office of the People’s Jung Myung Lee
of Russell Bedford Hwang Mok Park P.C., Maliq Gjyshinca
International Institute of Trade Lawyer
Development member of Lex Mundi Intereuropa
George Arego William Wylie Clarke
Evelyn Mukhebi Kyu Wha Lee Musa Gashi
Siginon Freight Ltd Anita Jowitt Lee & Ko
PricewaterhouseCoopers Customs
Anil Madhavan Changwony University of the South
Peter Mungai Pacific Sung Whan Lee Mustafa Hasani
Siginon Freight Ltd Ahnse Law Offices
Siginon Freight Ltd Kosovo Investment
Oliver Fowler Lawrence Muller Promotion Agency
Murigu Murithi Betio City Council Sun-Kyoo Lee
Kaplan & Stratton Samil Ahmet Hasolli
ARCS AFRICA Ports Authority
Peter Gachuhi PricewaterhouseCoopers Kalo & Associates
Kaplan & Stratton Benjamin Musyimi Matereta Raiman
Alexandria Freight Ji Woong Lim Menagjer Rarhim Hoxha
Wahu Gathuita Ministry of Finance & Yulchon ISARS
Forwarders Ltd. Economic Development
Muriu Mungai & Co Byung-Hun Nam Virtyt Ibrahimaga
Advocates Washington Muthamia Batira Tekanito
Alexandria Freight NamSun Industries Co. Dr. Krieg & Kollegen
Francis Gichuhi Development Bank of
Forwarders Ltd. Kiribati Yon-Kyun Oh Albert Islami
Prism Designs Africa Kim & Chang
Anthony Mwangi Albert Islami & Partners
Edmond Gichuru Ameritrans Freight Kor e a , R e p. Jung-Taek Park Ali Ismajli
Post Bank International Kim & Chang
Dong-Ook Byun Customs
Wachira Ndege Korea Customs Service
Credit Reference Bureau
Africa Ltd.
190 Doing Business 2010

Bejtush Isufi K y rg y z R e p ublic Barno Marazykova Chris Manley Aigars Gozitis


Leka Company J.S.C Law Firm ìPartnerî DFDL Mekong Law Group Raidla Lejins & Norcous
Kunduz Abdaldieva
Besarta Kllokoqi JDN CO Tatyana Marchenko Ketsana Phommachanh Andris Ignatenko
Boga & Associates Lorenz Law Firm Ministry of Justice, Estma Ltd
Kadyr Kubanovich Abykeev Law Research and
Arben Mustafa Construction Company Anara Mukasheva International Cooperation Janis Irbe
Intereuropa ‘Avangard Style’ Ltd Swedesurvey Institute Latvenergo AS
Gazmend Pallaska Gulnara Ahmatova Almas Nakipov Thavorn Rujivanarom Aija Klavinska
Pallaska & Associates International Business PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers
Naim Sahiti Council Karlygash Ospankulova Dainis Leons
Vichit Sadettan
Kosovo Energy Jannat Aidazalieva Kalikova & Associates Law Lao Freight Forwarder Sadales tīkls AS
Corporation J.S.C. Globalink Logistics Group Firm Co. Ltd. Indrikis Liepa
Agron Selimaj Niyazbek Aldashev Ekaterina Rumyantseva Siri Sayavong Liepa, Skopiņa/ Borenius
Selimaj Law Office Lorenz Law Firm Consultant Holding Lao Law & Consultancy Zane Paeglite
Iliriana Osmani Serreqi Natalia Alenkina Nurbek Sabirov Sivath Sengdouangchanh Sorainen
Avokatura Osmani Consultant Holding Kalikova & Associates Law
Firm Senesakoune Sihanouvong Ivars Pommers
Jeton Vokshi Bakyt Asanov DFDL Mekong Law Group Law firm of Glimstedt and
Intereuropa Textonic CJSC Aida Satylganova partners
Kalikova & Associates Law Khamphone Sipaseuth
Shaha Zylfiu Zharkymbai Muktarovich Firm Ministry of Justice Sergejs Rudans
Central Bank of the Baiganchuk Liepa, Skopiņa/ Borenius
Republic of Kosovo Anastasia Shloeva Khamphui Sisomphone
Construction Company Dace Silava-Tomsone
‘KEP-Stroi” Ltd Globalink Logistics Group Legal Aid Clinic, Lao Bar
Ku wait Association Raidla Lejins & Norcous
Turar Bekbolotov Maksim Smirnov
Kalikova & Associates Law Vilasay Songvilay Marcis Skadmanis
Labeed Abdal Law Firm ìPartnerî Law Office “Blueger and
Firm Legal Aid Clinic, Lao Bar
The Law Firm of Labeed Bekbolot Bekiev Association Plaude”
Abdal Alina Stamova
Andrei Georgievich Dogadin Kyrgyz Investment Credit Danyel Thomson Sarmis Spilbergs
Amal Abdallah Klavins & Slaidins LAWIN
Entrepreneurs’ Union of Bank DFDL Mekong Law Group
Al-Saleh & Partners Kyrgyzstan
Aibek Tolubaev Kerrod Thomas Zane Štālberga – Markvarte
Mahmoud Abdulfattah Natalia Dolinskaya Markvarte Lexchange Law
Kyrgyz Stock Exchange ANZ Vientiane Commercial
The Law Offices of Mishari International Business Bank Ltd Office
Al-Ghazali Council Ermek Umankulov
Asia Universal Bank Sengdara Tiamtisack Marite Straume-Cerbule
Waleed Abdulrahim Akjoltoi Elebesova RE & RE Ltd.
Lao Freight Forwarder
Abdullah Kh. Al-Ayoub & Credit Information Bureau Gulnara Uskenbaeva Co. Ltd.
Associates, member of Lex Alpha Sheersfield Brigita Terauda
Ishenim
Mundi Andrea Wilson Sorainen
Courtney Fowler Azim Usmanov DFDL Mekong Law Group
Lina A.K. Adlouni Grata Law Firm Ziedonis Udris
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Skudra & Udris Law
Abdullah Al-Ayoub
Valeria Getman Raisa Usupova L at v ia Offices
Abdullah Kh. Al-Ayoub & Chamber of Tax
Associates, member of Lex Union of Accountants and Ilze Abika Maris Vainovskis
Auditors Consultants
Mundi Skudra & Udris Law Eversheds Bitāns -
Dmitriy Gorachek Alexander Alexandrovich Offices Attorneys-at-Law
Mishari M. Al-Ghazali Vachtel
The Law Offices of Mishari Business Klerk Martins Aljens Vilmars Vanags
Sentyabr Stroi Ltd
Al-Ghazali Anatoliy Inishenko Raidla Lejins & Norcous RE & RE Ltd.
Nogaro LTD., Cargo Bakai Zhunushov
Al-Twaijri & Partners Law Laura Ausekle Maija Volkova
Firm (TLF) Expedition iCAP Investment
Latvijas Banka Raidla Lejins & Norcous
Firas Al-Saifi Jarkynai Isaeva L ao PDR Elina Bedanova Daiga Zivtina
Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Law Firm Partner Raidla Lejins & Norcous Klavins & Slaidins LAWIN
(TAG-Legal) Nurilya Isaeva Chan Chan
DextraTransport Iveta Berzina
Abdullah Bin Ali Lorenz Law Firm Skudra & Udris Law L e banon
Packaging and Plastic Saltanat Ismailova Lasonexay Chanthavong Offices
Industries Co. (KSC) DFDL Mekong Law Group Wadih Abou Nasr
PricewaterhouseCoopers Zana Bule PricewaterhouseCoopers
Paul Day Nurbek Ismankulov Sounthorn Chanthavong Klavins & Slaidins LAWIN
Al Sarraf & Al Ruwayeh DFDL Mekong Law Group Soha Al Masri
M&M Transport Logistic Andis Burkevics Abu-Ghazaleh Legal -
Nazih Abdul Hameed Services Erin Dann Sorainen (TAG-Legal)
Al-Saleh & Partners Ruslan Kagirov Lao Bar Association
Andis Čonka Manal Assir
Sunil Jose Asia Universal Bank Aristotle David Latvijas Banka UNDP
Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Gulnara Kalikova DFDL Mekong Law Group
(TAG-Legal) Ainis Dabols Maya Atieh
Kalikova & Associates Law Daodeuane Duangdara Latvian Association of Tax Adib & Houalla Law Office
Mazen A. Khoursheed Firm PricewaterhouseCoopers Advisers
Packaging and Plastic Antoine Baaklini
Liudmila Kasyanova Grant Follett Artis Dobrovolskis BAB International
Industries Co. (KSC)
Bella Kazakbaeva DFDL Mekong Law Group Klavins & Slaidins LAWIN
Chirine Krayem Moujaes Tarek Baz
Law Firm Lex Walter Heiser Dace Drice Hyam G. Mallat Law Firm
The Law Offices of Mishari
Al-Ghazali Vitaliy Khabarov DFDL Mekong Law Group Klavins & Slaidins LAWIN Katia Bou Assi
Law Firm Partner Trasane Inpeng Zane Džule Moghaizel Law Firm,
Dany Labaky
The Law Offices of Mishari Diana Kim KPMG Lao Co. Ltd Liepa, Skopiņa/ Borenius member of Lex Mundi
Al-Ghazali ”Partner” Real Estate Firm Richard Irwin Elina Eihentale Rita Bou Habib
Medhat M. Mubarak Tatyana Kim PricewaterhouseCoopers Latvian Association of Tax Audit Department - VAT
Al-Saleh & Partners Chamber of Tax Advisers Directorate
Ganesan Kolandevelu
Consultants KPMG Lao Co. Ltd Zlata Elksnina-Zascirinska Najib Choucair
Anupama Nair
Abdullah Kh. Al-Ayoub & Galina Kucheryavaya PricewaterhouseCoopers Central Bank of Lebanon
Darika Kriengsuntikul
Associates, member of Lex Demir Kyrgyz PricewaterhouseCoopers Valters Gencs Sanaa Daakour
Mundi International Bank The Levant Lawyers
Somphone Lakenchanh Gencs Valters Law Firm
Anna Litvinova
Lao Bar Association
Bureau of Tax Consultants
Acknowledgments 191
Bassam Darwich Jihane Rizk Khattar Josephys Burgess, Sr. Henry Lewis Sr. Egidijus Bernotas
P & G Levant Khattar Associates Ministry of Lands, Mines Liberia Electricity Bernotas & Dominas
& Energy Corporation Glimstedt
Michel Doueihy Jihad Rizkallah
Badri and Salim El Badri and Salim El F. Augustus Caesar, Jr. Jonathan Massaquoi Sr. Arturas Blotnys
Meouchi Law Firm, member Meouchi Law Firm, member Caesar Architects, Inc. National Port Authority Vilnius City Municipality
of Interleges of Interleges
Nelson Chineh Marie Norman Andrius Bogdanovicius
Electricité du Liban Rached Sarkis Magisterial Court of City Corporation of JSC “Creditinfo Lietuva”
Eddy El-Maghariki Rached Sarkis Office Monrovia Monrovia
Sergej Butov
Attayyar Law Firm in Camille C. Sifri Henry Reed Cooper Jerome G.N. Nyenka Law Firm Lideika,
association with Alem & PricewaterhouseCoopers Cooper & Togbah Law Firm Environmental Protection Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir
Associates Agency partneriai LAWIN, member
Nady Tyan Sandei Cooper Jr. of Lex Mundi
Chadia El Meouchi Tyan & Zgheib Law Firm Ecobank Chan-Chan A. Paegar
Badri and Salim El Sherman & Sherman Robertas Ciocys
Meouchi Law Firm, member Patricia Yammine Roland Dakagboi Law Firm Lideika,
of Interleges PricewaterhouseCoopers Safeway Cargo Handling G. Moses Paegar Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir
SVG Sherman & Sherman partneriai LAWIN, member
Tarek Farran Rania Yazbeck
Tyan & Zgheib Law Firm Frank Musah Dean Patrick W. Paye of Lex Mundi
Farran Law Firm
Dean & Associates City Corporation of Radville Ciricaite
Dania George L e sot ho Monrovia
Daniel D. Doe Foigt & Partners / Regija
PricewaterhouseCoopers Borenius
Harley & Morris Liberia Water and Sewage Vincent Sackeyfio
Samer Ghalayini Corporation Voscon, Certified Public Giedre Dailidenaite
The Levant Lawyers Lebereko Lethobane Accountants BNT Attorneys APB
Labour Court S. Peter Doe-Kpar
Abdallah Hayek Monthly and Probate Bloh Sayeh Vita Dauksaite
Hayek Group Qhalehang Letsika Court Center for National Law Firm Lideika,
Walid Honein Mei & Mei Attorneys Inc. Documents & Records / Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir
Peter Doe-Sumah National Archives
Badri and Salim El Bokang Makhaketso Gbehzon Holdings (Liberia) partneriai LAWIN, member
Meouchi Law Firm, member Mofolo, Tau - Thabane Inc. Eugene Shannon of Lex Mundi
of Interleges and Co. Ministry of Lands, Mines Giedre Domkute
Francis S. Dopoh, II & Energy
Maher Hoteit Tseliso Daniel Makhaphela Ministry of Finance, AAA Baltic Service
The Levant Lawyers Ministry of Local E. Murana Sheriff Company -Law firm
Government Patrick S. Fallah Ministry of Lands, Mines
Chawkat Houalla Ieva Dosinaite
EcoBank & Energy
Adib & Houalla Law Office Thakane Makume Raidla Lejins & Norcous
Lesotho Electricity James T. Folleh Joseph N. Siaway
Dany Issa Vilma Dovidauskiene
Company (Pty) Ltd Ministry of Finance, Maersk Ltd.
Moghaizel Law Firm, Competent Amerinde
member of Lex Mundi Maseru Electro Services Christine Sonpon Freeman Amos Siebo Consolidated
Pty Ltd Cooper & Togbah Law Firm Liberia Reconstruction Kornelija Francuzeviciute
Marie-Anne Jabbour
Mathias Matshe Deweh Gray and Development Bank of Lithuania
Badri and Salim El Committee
Meouchi Law Firm, member Sheeran & Associates Female Lawyers Dalia Geciene
of Interleges Association of Liberia Abraham T. Swen
Denis Molyneaux Amerinde Consolidated,
Fady Jamaleddine Paul Greene Ministry of Foreign Inc
Webber Newdigate Affairs
The Levant Lawyers Ministry of Finance Valters Gencs
Kuena Mophethe Wilson Tarpeh
Elie Kachouh K. Mophethe Law Chambers John C. Harris Gencs Valters Law
City Corporation of University of Liberia
ELC Transport Services FirmNeringa Grazinyte
SAL Theodore Ntlatlapa Monrovia Sampson Toe
DNT Architects Sutkiene, Pilkauskas &
Georges Kadige Winleta Henries Reeves City Corporation of Partners
Jerry Padi Dean & Associates Monrovia
Kadige & Kadige Law Firm Simas Gudynas
A.R.Thabiso Ramokoena Anthony Henry Nyenati Tuan Law Firm Lideika,
Michel Kadige
NedBank Lesotho Ltd. Cuttington University Tuan Wreh Law Firm Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir
Kadige & Kadige Law Firm
Graduate School G. Lahaison Waritay partneriai LAWIN, member
Najib Khattar Duduzile Seamatha of Lex Mundi
Sheeran & Associates Emmanuel M. Horton Ministry of Public Works
Khattar Associates Frank Heemann
Lindiwe Sephomolo National Port Authority Francis Weah
Georges Mallat BNT Attorneys APB
Association of Lesotho David A.B. Jallah Magisterial Court of
Hyam G. Mallat Law Firm Monrovia Egle Ivanauskaite
Employers and Business David A.B. Jallah Law Firm
Nabil Mallat Darcy White Law Firm Lideika,
Phoka Thene Cyril Jones Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir
Hyam G. Mallat Law Firm PricewaterhouseCoopers
Sello-Mafatle Attorneys Jones & Jones partneriai LAWIN, member
Rachad Medawar Ben Wolo of Lex Mundi
Obeid & Medawar Law Firm L ib e ria Ernest B. Jones
Ministry of Lands, Mines Liberia Eglė Jankauskaitė
Joseph Merhy Kelvin Abdallah & Energy Telecommunications Bernotas & Dominas
Central Bank of Lebanon Corporation Glimstedt
PricewaterhouseCoopers Abu Kamara
Fadi Moghaizel Melvin Yates Agne Jonaitytė
Christian Allison Ministry of Commerce &
Moghaizel Law Firm, Industry Compass Inc., Clearing and Sorainen
Central Bank of Liberia Forwarding
member of Lex Mundi
Amos P. Andrews Mussah Kamara Julija Julija
Mario Mohanna Harvy T. Yuan, Sr.
EcoBank Central Bank of Liberia Fortune Law Group
Patrimoine Conseil SARL Liberia Electricity
Landry Bedell Elijah Karnley Corporation Povilas Junevicius
Mirvat Mostafa Safeway Cargo Handling Ministry of Public Works Law Firm Lideika,
The Levant Lawyers SVG Krubo B. Kollie
L it h uania Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir
Rania Mrad partneriai LAWIN, member
Amos Z. Benjamin Ministry of Foreign Petras Baltusevicius of Lex Mundi
Khattar Associates Investors Choice Affairs DSV Transport UAB
International Viktorija Kapustinskaja
Toufic Nehme Anthony Kumeh Kim Bartholdy Sorainen
Law Office of Albert Betty Lamin Blamol Verdier and Associates DSV Transport UAB
Laham Sherman & Sherman Agne Kazlauskiene
Martha Lackay Kristina Bartuseviciene Businesslt
Mireille Richa Joseph N. Blidi Liberia Electricity PricewaterhouseCoopers
Tyan & Zgheib Law Firm J. Nagbe Blidi Law firm & Corporation Jonas Kiauleikis
Consultancy, Inc. Foigt & Partners / Regija
Borenius
192 Doing Business 2010

Jurate Kraujalyte Lu x e m bourg Mac e d onia , FY R Verica Hadzi-Vasileva Nesa Petrusevska


Amerinde Consolidated, Markovska Katastar
Inc Allen & Overy LLP Artan Abazi AGG
National Bank of the Kristijan Polenak
Reda Kruope Jalila Bakkali Slobodan Hristovski Polenak Law Firm
Republic of Macedonia
Law Firm Lideika, PricewaterhouseCoopers Polenak Law Firm
Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir Natasa Andreeva Tatjana Popovski Buloski
Karine Bellony Natasha Hroneska Polenak Law Firm
partneriai LAWIN, member National Bank of the
of Lex Mundi PricewaterhouseCoopers Republic of Macedonia Biljana Ickovska Gligor Ralev
Egidijus Kundelis Eleonora Broman Svetlana Andreovska Law office Nikolovski Katastar
PricewaterhouseCoopers Loyens & Loeff Monevski Law Firm Aleksandar Ickovski Spiro Ristovski
Egle Kundrotaite Guy Castegnaro Zlatko Antevski PricewaterhouseCoopers Ministry for Labor and
Amerinde Consolidated, Castegnaro Cabinet Lawyers Antevski Social Policy
d’avocats, member of Ius Dragan Ivanovski
Inc Customs Administration Ljubica Ruben
Laboris Aleksandra Arsoska
Žilvinas Kvietkus IKRP Rokas & Partners Ilija Janoski Mens Legis Law Firm
Paula Crymble
Raidla Lejins & Norcous Customs Administration Lidija Sarafimova Danevska
Oostvogels Pfister Feyten Rubin Atanasoski
Gytis Malinauskas Timelproject Engineering Branuo Jilgougui National Bank of the
Christophe Domingos Republic of Macedonia
Sorainen Ministry of Transport and
Castegnaro Cabinet Dragan Blažev
Linas Margevicius d’avocats, member of Ius Timelproject Engineering Communications Valentina Saurek
Legal Bureau of Linas Laboris Katerina Jordanova Ministry of Justice
Margevicius Vladimir Bocevski
Christel Dumont Mens Legis Cakmakova Lawyers Antevski Bob Savic
Sergej Markevic Oostvogels Pfister Feyten Advocates Aneta Jovanoska - Trajanovska PricewaterhouseCoopers
DSV Transport UAB Thomas Ecker Lawyers Antevski Charapich Sinisha
Slavica Bogoeva
Tomas Mieliauskas Ville de Luxembourg - National Bank of the Komercijalna Banka AD TIR - International
Law Firm Foresta Service de l’électricité Republic of Macedonia Skopje Freight Forwarders
Ieva Navickaitė Gérard Eischen Violeta Bogojeska Katerina Jovanovska Tatjana Siskovska
Law Firm Zabiela, Chamber of Commerce Central Register Stopanska Banka Ad Polenak Law Firm
Zabielaite & Partners Martine Gerber Lemaire Jasna Smileva
Goran Bonevski Lence Karpuzovska
Simona Oliškevičiūtė- Oostvogels Pfister Feyten Public Revenue Office EVN Securities and Exchange
Cicėnienė Commission
Anabela Fernandes Gonçalves Jela Boskovic Dejan Knezović
Law Firm Lideika, Ivica Smilevski
Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir PricewaterhouseCoopers IKRP Rokas & Partners Law Office Knezovic &
Associates Strumica
partneriai LAWIN, member Groupe AOH S.A. Biljana Briskoska-Boskovski
of Lex Mundi Ministry of Justice Zlatko T. Kolevski Aljosa Sopar
Anthony Husianycia
Žygimantas Pacevičius PricewaterhouseCoopers Biljana Čakmakova Kolevski Law Office Pavlovic Srdjan
Foigt & Partners / Regija Mens Legis Cakmakova Antonio Kostanov Lumen Company
Borenius Audrey Jarreton
Loyens & Loeff Advocates Enforcement Agent Dejan Stojanoski
Rytis Paukste Katerina Carceva-Todorova Republic of Macedonia Law Office Pepeljugoski
Law Firm Lideika, François Kremer
Arendt & Medernach PricewaterhouseCoopers Lidija Krstevska Aleksandar Stojanov
Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir
partneriai LAWIN, member Tanja Cenova-Mitrovska EU Harmonization Unit Katastar
Roxanne Le Ligeour
of Lex Mundi Katastar Marija Leova-Dimeska Lujza Tomovska
Loyens & Loeff
Algirdas Pekšys Aco Damcevski Ministry of Finance Public Securities and Exchange
Michael Lockman Revenue Office Commission
Sorainen Strumica
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Laura Remeikaite Irena Mitkovska Magdalena Tondeva Pavlovska
Nuria Martin Aspasija Desovska
Fortune Law Group Lawyers Antevski PricewaterhouseCoopers
Loyens & Loeff EMO
Gediminas Sagatys Biljana Mladenovska Stojam Trajanov
Séverine Moca Aleksandar Dimić
Raidla Lejins & Norcous Lawyers Antevski Ministry for Labor and
PricewaterhouseCoopers Polenak Law Firm
Valerjan Monevski Social Policy
Jolita Salciunaite Aleksandar Dimitrievski
Peter Moons Monevski Law Firm Slavica Trckova
Amerinde Consolidated, Law office Nikolovski
Inc Loyens & Loeff Law Office Trckova
Gorgi Naumovski
Anne Murrath Dimitar Dimovski
Rimantas Simaitis Customs Administration Tina Tutevska
PricewaterhouseCoopers Ministry of Transport and
Raidla Lejins & Norcous Communications Vladimir Naumovski Law office Nikolovski
Julija Solovjova Elisabeth Omes Central Register Vladimir Vasilevski
Dragi Dimovski
PricewaterhouseCoopers Bonn Schmitt Steichen, Betasped International
Member of Lex Mundi Strumica Goran Nikolovski
Freight Forwarding
Darius Ulvydas Aleksandra Donevska Law office Nikolovski
Simon Paul Sanja Veljanovska
Bernotas & Dominas Lawyers Antevski Kirl Papazoski
Glimstedt Loyens & Loeff Mens Legis Law Firm
Jakup Fetai Monevski Law Firm
Jurgita Valinciute Wim Piot Metodija Velkov
PricewaterhouseCoopers Katastar Vesna Paunkoska
Fortune Law Group Polenak Law Firm
Daniel Georgievski Directorate for Personal
Rolandas Valiunas Judith Raijmakers Data Protection Goce Videvski
Loyens & Loeff National Bank of the
Law Firm Lideika, Republic of Macedonia Teodor Pecov EMO
Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir Jean-Luc Schaus TIR - International Depru Vostovski
partneriai LAWIN, member Ljupco Georgievski
Loyens & Loeff Freight Forwarders
of Lex Mundi Katastar Ma dagascar
Paul Wurth S.A. Vasko Pejkov
Agne Vilutiene Engineering & Project Angelina Gogusevska Tsiry Andriamisamanana
Securities and Exchange
Law Firm Foresta Management Strumica Commission Madagascar Conseil
Darius Zabiela Alex Schmitt Pavlinka Golejski International
Valentin Pepeljugoski
Law Firm Zabiela, Bonn Schmitt Steichen, Mens Legis Cakmakova Law Office Pepeljugoski Harimahefa Andriamitantsoa
Zabielaite & Partners Member of Lex Mundi Advocates Tribunal de Première
Sonja Peshevska Instance
Giedre Zalpyte Dara Sychareun Goce Gruevski
Law Office Pepeljugoski
BNT Attorneys APB Loyens & Loeff Katastar Josoa Lucien Andrianelinjaka
Aco Petrov Banque Centrale de
Audrius Žvybas Ana Hadzieva
Strumica Madagascar
Bernotas & Dominas Polenak Law Firm
Glimstedt Ilija Petrovski
Ministry of Justice,
Acknowledgments 193
Andriamanalina Andrianjaka Malaw i Yuan Yuan Cheng Peter Wee Mahamane I. Cisse
Office Notarial de Skrine & Co., member of PricewaterhouseCoopers Cabinet Lexis Conseils
Tamatave Sylvia Ali Lex Mundi
Knight Frank Keat Ching Wong Boubacar Coulibaly
Pascal Bezençon Tze Keong Chung Zul Rafique & Partners, Matrans Mali sarl
GasyNet S.A Johann Boshoff CTOS Sdn Bhd Advocate & Solicitors
PricewaterhouseCoopers Mamadou Dante
Yves Duchateau Elaine Ho Chong Wah Wong Cabinet Dante
SDV Kevin M. Carpenter Skrine & Co., member of Skrine & Co., member of
PricewaterhouseCoopers Lex Mundi Lex Mundi Famakan Dembele
Guy Escarfail Ministere de la Justice,
Bureau de Liaison SGS Richard Chakana Ghazali Ismail Ahmad Syahir Yahya Garde des Sceaux
2PS Cargo Co. Companies Commission of Azmi & Associates
Raphaël Jakoba Malaysia Sekou Dembele
Madagascar Conseil Marshal Chilenga Felicia Yap Peck Yee Etude de Maître Sekou
International TF & Partners Mohammed Zanyuin Ismail Russell Bedford LC Dembele
Companies Commission of & Company - member
Hanna Keyserlingk Alan Chinula Malaysia of Russell Bedford Mady Diakite
Cabinet HK Jurifisc. Aamir Rashid Jakhura International Direction Nationale
Ismail Kamat du Commerce et de la
Pascaline R. Rasamoeliarisoa Fargo Group of Companies Azmi & Associates Kim Hoe Yeo Concurrence
Deloitte Kalekeni Kaphale North Port
Kumar Kanagasabai Diakite
Sahondra Rabenarivo Kalekeni Kaphale Skrine & Co., member of Melina Yong Direction Nationale de
Madagascar Law Offices Enoch Kasumbara Lex Mundi Raslan - Loong l’Urbanisme et de l’Habitat
Anthony Rabibisoa Kas Freight Geeta Kaur Abou Diallo
Maersk Logistics S.A. SDV Sdn Bhd
Mal di v e s API Mali
Alfred Majamanda
Pierrette Rajaonarisoa Mbendera & Nkhono Chuan Keat Khoo Jatindra Bhattray Ahmadou Diallo
SDV Associates PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Office Notarial Ahmadou
Heritianna Rakotosalama Alison Matthews Asma Chan-Rahim Toure, Notaire a Bamako
Christopher Lee
Madagascar Law Offices Watt Consultancies Wong & Partners Shah, Hussain & Co. Yacouba Diarra
Modecai Msisha Barristers & Attorneys Matrans Mali sarl
Lanto Tiana Ralison Koon Huan Lim
FIDAFRICA / Nyirenda & Msisha Law Skrine & Co., member of Carlos Frias Boubacar S. Diarrah
PricewaterhouseCoopers Offices Lex Mundi PricewaterhouseCoopers Ministere de la Justice,
Laingoniaina Misheck Msiska Mohamed Hameed Garde des Sceaux
Theresa Lim
Ramarimbahoaka PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Antrac Pvt. Ltd. Mohamed Abdoulaye Diop
Madagascar Conseil Godwin Mwale SDV
International Kok Leong Loh Nadiya Hassan
2PS Cargo Co. Russell Bedford LC Bank of Maldives Plc. Mahamane Djiteye
Michel Ramboa & Company - member Jurifis Consult
Bernard Ndau Dheena Hussain
Madagascar Law Offices of Russell Bedford
Grant C. Nyirongo Shah, Hussain & Co. Diafara Doucouré
Giannie Ranaivo International Barristers & Attorneys
Elemech Designs Ministere des Finances
Madagascar Law Offices Caesar Loong
Davis Njobvu Rashfa Jaufa Ecobank
Seheno Ranaivoson Raslan - Loong Bank of Maldives Plc.
Savjani & Co. Kouma Fatoumata Fofana
Banque Centrale de Joanne Low
Madagascar Dinker A. Raval Laila Manik Etude Kouma Fofana
Zain & Co. Shah, Hussain & Co.
André Randranto Wilson & Morgan Mansour Haidara
Len Toong Low Barristers & Attorneys
Randranto Duncan Singano North Port API Mali
Fathimath Manike
Iloniaina Randranto Savjani & Co. Gaoussou Haîdara
Suhara Mohamad Sidik Bank of Maldives Plc.
Randranto Samuel Tembenu Azmi & Associates Etude Gaoussou Haidara
Aishath Samah
William Randrianarivelo Tembenu, Masumbu & Co. Seydou Ibrahim Maiga
Azmi Mohd Ali Bank of Maldives Plc.
FIDAFRICA / Don Whayo Azmi & Associates Cabinet d’Avocats Seydou
PricewaterhouseCoopers Shuaib M. Shah Ibrahim Maiga
Knight Frank
Zuhaidi Mohd Shahari Shah, Hussain & Co.
Sahondra Rasoarisoa Angela Deborah Zakeyu Barristers & Attorneys Modibo Keita
Azmi & Associates
Deloitte PricewaterhouseCoopers Direction générale des
Rajendra Navaratnam Ahmed Shibau Impôts
Andrianirina R. Rasolonjatovo Azman, Davidson & Co.
SDV Malaysia Mariyam Sunaina Yacouba Massama Keïta
Hjh Rokiah Mhd Noor Bank of Maldives Plc.
Michael Ratrimo Nor Azimah Abdul Aziz Mamadou Ismaïla Konate
Companies Commission of Abdul Mallik Thoufeeg Jurifis Consult
Madagascar International Companies Commission of Malaysia
Container Terminal Malaysia STELCO
Mathias Konate
Services Ltd Shahri Omar
Sonia Abraham Mali Direction générale des
North Port Impôts
Théodore Raveloarison Azman, Davidson & Co.
JARY - Bureau d’Etudes Gayathiry Ramalingam Imirane Abdoulaye Gaoussou A. G. Konaté
Siti Haswanida Ahmad Jais
Architecture Ingenierie Zain & Co. Direction Nationale de Cabinet d’Architecture -
Azmi & Associates l’Urbanisme et de l’Habitat
Andriamisa Ravelomanana S Parameswaran Etudes Techniques
Maseru Electro Services Shanmughanathan Diaby Aboubakar
FIDAFRICA / Pty Ltd Amadou Maiga
PricewaterhouseCoopers Tenaga Nasional Berhad BCEAO Direction Nationale de
Michel Barbesier l’Urbanisme et de l’Habitat
Jean Marcel Razafimahenina Lay Sim Traore Baba
SDV Sdn Bhd
Deloitte Russell Bedford LC TMS - Transit Maiga Mamadou
Tan Kee Beng & Company - member Manutention Services Kafo Jiginew
Njiva Razanatsoa of Russell Bedford SARL
SDV Sdn Bhd
Banque Centrale de International Adeline Messou
Madagascar Azryain Borhan Oumar Bane
Hsian Siong FIDAFRICA /
Companies Commission of Jurifis Consult PricewaterhouseCoopers
Louis Sagot Wong & Partners
Malaysia Bouare
Cabinet d’Avocat Louis Bérenger Y. Meuke
Sagot Hong Yun Chang Ahmed Soffian Labogec Jurifis Consult
Tay & Partners Ministry of International
Ida Soamiliarimana Trade and Industry Amadou Camara Ministère de l’economie de
Madagascar Conseil Boon Hong Chen SCP Camara Traoré l’industrie et du commerce
International Skrine & Co., member of Francis Tan
Azman, Davidson & Co. Céline Camara Sib Keita Zeïnabou Sacko
Dominique Taty Lex Mundi
Etude Me Celine Camara API
FIDAFRICA / Heng Choon Wan Sib
PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers
194 Doing Business 2010

Sanogo Mine Ould Abdoullah firm of Russell Bedford Oscar de La Vega Rocío Montes
Direction de l’Inspection International Basham, Ringe y Correa, PricewaterhouseCoopers
Brahim Ould Daddah
du Travail Marie Louis Jérome Koenig member of Ius Laboris
Cabinet Daddah Conseils Humberto Morales- Barron
Nohoum Sidibe Cabinet Notarial Koenig Olea De Noriega Sanchez DeVanny Eseverri,
Brahim Ould Ebetty
Direction Nationale de Thierry Koenig Barrera, Siqueiros y Torres S.C.
l’Urbanisme et de l’Habitat Aliou Sall Landa
De Comarmond & Koenig Michelle Muciño
Moussa Saïba Sissoko Assurim Consulting Guillermo Escamilla
Anthony Leung Shing PMC Asociados
Direction nationale des Ndeye Khar Sarr Mexico City Notaries
Domaines et du Cadastre PricewaterhouseCoopers College Julio Nunez
BSD & Associés
Loganayagan Munian Vanguardia
Baboucar Sow Dominique Taty Luis Esparza
Cabinet Sow & Artisco International PricewaterhouseCoopers Arturo Perdomo
FIDAFRICA /
Collaborateurs PricewaterhouseCoopers Cristelle Parsooramen Galicia y Robles, S.C.
César Fernández Gómez
Malick Badara Sow Banymandhub Boolell Barrera, Siqueiros y Torres Juan Manuel Perez
Atelier d’Architecture et Mauritius Chambers Landa PricewaterhouseCoopers
d’Urbanisme André Robert Legal Services
Bruno Beche Julio Flores Luna
Perignama Sylla Kross Border Trust Anjali Roy Goodrich, Riquelme y Erika Pérez
Architect DE/AU Services Ltd, a member Etude Guy Rivalland Asociados Skynet
firm of Russell Bedford Gabriela Pérez Castro Ponce
Dominique Taty International Wenda Sawmynaden Manuel Galicia
FIDAFRICA / Galicia y Robles, S.C. de León
Cabinet de notaire
PricewaterhouseCoopers André Bonieux Sawmynaden Miranda & Estavillo, S.C.
PricewaterhouseCoopers Celina Cossette Garcia
Fatoma Théra Deviantee Sobarun PricewaterhouseCoopers Fernando Perez-Correa
Ministere de la Justice, Urmila Boolell Ministry of Finance & Legal Services Solorzano, Carvajal,
Garde des Sceaux Banymandhub Boolell Economic Development Gonzalez y Perez-Correa,
Chambers Alexander Christian Gardea S.C.
Boubacar Thiam Reza Subratty PricewaterhouseCoopers
Nicolas Carcasse Guillermo Piecarchic
Ahmadou Toure Maersk Ltd. Gerardo Garreto-Chavez
Dagon Ingenieur Conseil PMC Asociados
Office Notarial Ahmadou Ltée Vikash Takoor Barrera, Siqueiros y Torres
Toure, Notaire a Bamako Landa José Piecarchic
Bank of Mauritius
Jean Phillipe Chan See PMC Asociados
Konzo Traore Maersk Ltd. Parikshat Teeluck Hans Goebel
BCEAO Jáuregui, Navarrete y Gerardo Prado-Hernandez
Maersk Ltd.
D.P. Chinien Nader, S.C. Sanchez DeVanny Eseverri,
Mahamadou Traore Registrar of Companies Primecom Ltd. S.C.
Emmanuel Yehouessi and Businesses, Office Daniel Gómez Alba
Dhanun Ujoodha CAAAREM David Puente-Tostado
BCEAO of the Registrar of
Companies Kross Border Trust Sanchez DeVanny Eseverri,
Services Ltd, a member Teresa de Lourdes Gómez S.C.
Marshall Sootam Chutoori firm of Russell Bedford Neri
I slan d s International Goodrich, Riquelme y Cecilia Rojas
Dagon Ingenieur Conseil
Ltée Asociados Galicia y Robles, S.C.
Kenneth Barden Muhammad R.C. Uteem
Roland Constantin Uteem Chambers Alvaro Gonzalez-Schiaffino Carlos Sánchez-Mejorada y
Ave R. Gimao Jr. PricewaterhouseCoopers Velasco
Chambers of Notaries Rosemary Yeung Sin Hing
Marshall Islands Social Sánchez-Mejorada y
Security Administration Bert C. Cunningham Carlos Grimm Asociados
Customs and Excise
M e x ico Baker & McKenzie
Anita Jowitt Cristina Sánchez-Urtiz
Department Gabriel I. Aguilar Bustamente Benito Guerrero
University of the South Miranda & Estavillo, S.C.
Pacific Rajendra Dassyne PricewaterhouseCoopers CAAAREM
Fernando Santamaria-Linares
Chambers of Notaries Isis Anaya Yves Hayaux-du-Tilly
Jerry Kramer PricewaterhouseCoopers
Pacific International, Inc. Kalyanee Dayal SEDECO Jáuregui, Navarrete y Legal Services
Banymandhub Boolell Francisco Samuel Arias Nader, S.C.
Philip A. Okney Monica Schiaffino Pérez
Chambers González Jorge Jiménez
Land Registration Basham, Ringe y Correa,
Administration Authority Martine de Fleuriot de la Notary Public 28 Russell Bedford Mexico, member of Ius Laboris
Colinière Alberto Balderas member of Russell Bedford
Dennis Reeder International Secretaría de Hacienda y
De Comarmond & Koenig Jáuregui, Navarrete y Crédito Público
RMI Receiverships
Robert Ferrat Nader, S.C. Jorge León-Orantes
Scott H. Stege Daniel Sosa
Legis & Partners Rafael Barragan Mendoza Goodrich, Riquelme y
Law Offices of Scott Stege Asociados Skynet
Yannick Fok COMAD, S. C.
David M. Strauss Ricardo León-Santacruz Mario Tellez
Glover & Glover Chambers Emmanuel Cardenas Rojas Skynet
Majuro Chamber of Sanchez DeVanny Eseverri,
Commerce Gavin Glover Barrera, Siqueiros y Torres S.C.
Landa Juan Francisco Torres Landa
Glover & Glover Chambers Ruffo
Philip Welch Adriana Lopez
Micronesian Shipping Yandraduth Googoolye María Casas López Barrera, Siqueiros y Torres
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Agencies Inc. Bank of Mauritius Baker & McKenzie Legal Services Landa
Darmalingum Goorriah Rodrigo Conesa Gerardo Lozano Alarcón Maribel Trigo Aja
Mauritania Chambers of Notaries Ritch Mueller, S. C. Goodrich, Riquelme y
Holland & Knight-
Gallástegui y Lozano, S.C. Asociados
Ishagh Ahmed Miske Arvin Halkhoree Santiago Corcuera
Cabinet Ishagh Miske CITILAW Curtis Mallet - Prevost, Lucia Manzo Layla Vargas Muga
Colt & Mosle LLP Galicia y Robles, S.C. Goodrich, Riquelme y
Tidiane Bal Edouard Gregory Hart de Asociados
BSD & Associés Keating Eduardo Corzo Ramos José Antonio Marquez
Chambers of Notaries Holland & Knight- González Carlos Vela
Youssoupha Diallo Gallástegui y Lozano, S.C. PricewaterhouseCoopers
BSD & Associés Mikash Hassamal NOTARY PUBLIC 28
Glover & Glover Chambers Jose Covarrubias-Azuela A. Martinez Rafael Villamar-Ramos
Fatoumata Diarra Solorzano, Carvajal, Sanchez DeVanny Eseverri,
BSD & Associés Nitish Hurnaum Skynet
Gonzalez y Perez-Correa, S.C.
Mohamed Lemine Bouchraya Glover & Glover Chambers S.C. Carla Mendoza
Lam Nirmala Jeetah Raul de la Sierra Scauley Baker & McKenzie
BSD & Associés Board of Investment Barrera, Siqueiros y Torres Alonso Martin Montes
Wedou Mohamed Landa PricewaterhouseCoopers
Jaye C Jingree
Maurihandling Legal Services
Kross Border Trust
Services Ltd, a member
Acknowledgments 195
Micron e sia , F e d. Alexandr Muravschi Baatarsuren Sukhbaatar Momir Miličković Predrag Vujović
Sts . Dartax Consulting SRL The Bank of Mongolia Tax Authority Zetatrans
Kenneth Barden National Energy Tsogt Tsend Aleksandar Miljković Veselin Vuković
Regulatory Agency of the Administrative Court of PricewaterhouseCoopers Central Bank
Wayne Bricknell Republic of Moldova Capital City
E - CAD Project Montenegro Business
Igor Odobescu Arslaa Urjin Alliance Morocco
Management
ACI Partners Ulaanbaatar Electricity Benali Abdelmajid
Sarah Dorsett Montenegrin Commercial
Aelita Orhei Distribution Network Bank AD Podgorica Exp Services
Pohnpei State Government Company
Gladei & Partners Stojanka Milošević Aziz Abouelouafa
Stephen V. Finnen
Stephen Finnen’s Law
Ilona Panurco Mont e n e gro Customs Administration Globex Maritime Co.
Corporation PricewaterhouseCoopers Mirjana Mladenović Najat Aboulfadl
Bojana Andrić
Anita Jowitt Ruslan Pirnevu Čelebić Bojovic Dasic Kojovic Cabinet Notarial Houcine
Quehenberger-Hellmann Attorneys at Law Sefrioui
University of the South Veselin Anđušić
Pacific SRL Dragoslav Nikolić Agence Med s.a.r.l.
Čelebić
Patrick Mackenzie Maria Popescu Customs Administration Samir Agoumi
PricewaterhouseCoopers Bojana Bošković
Bank of FSM Ministry of Finance Goran Nikolić Dar Alkhibra
Silberio S. Mathias Mariana Stratan Ministry for Economic My Hicham Alaoui
Turcan & Turcan Vasilije Bošković Development
FSM Social Security Law Firm Bošković Globex Maritime Co.
Administration Serghei Toncu Veljko Pavičević
Peter Burnie Meredith Allen-Belghiti
Kevin Pelep PricewaterhouseCoopers Opportunity Bank
PricewaterhouseCoopers Kettani Law Firm
Office of the Registrar of Irina Verhovetchi Aleksander Perović
Corporations Vladimir Dasić Younes Anibar
ACI Partners Tax Authority
PricewaterhouseCoopers Cabinet Younes Anibar
Mol d ova Carolina Vieru Bojović & Dašić Nikola Perović
Bank Al-Maghrib
IM PAA SRL Plantaže
Eduard Boian Milena Drakić Khaled Battash
Crnogorska Komercijalna Zorica Peshic-Bajceta
PricewaterhouseCoopers Mongolia Law Office Vujačić
Abu-Ghazaleh Legal -
Banka AD Podgorica (TAG-Legal)
Victor Burac Tomas Balco Novica Pešić
Victor Burac Law Firm Vuk Drašković Maria Belafia
PricewaterhouseCoopers Bojovic Dasic Kojovic Law Office Vujačić Cabinet Notarial Belafia
Andrei Caciurenco Badarch Bayarmaa Attorneys at Law Snežana Pešić
ACI Partners Linda Oumama Benali
Lynch & Mahoney Darko Globarević PricewaterhouseCoopers
Georghu Calugharu Zetatrans Aicha Benghanem
Batzaya Bodikhuu Tijana Prelević
Union of Employers in Cabinet Notarial Houcine
Anand & Batzaya Rina Ivančević Ministry of Labor and Sefrioui
Building and Construction Advocates Law Firm Social Welfare
Materials Industry Municipality of Podgorica
Myriam Emmanuelle Bennani
Volodya Bolormaa Ana Ivanović Dragana Radević
Andrian Candu Amin Hajji & Associés
Anand & Batzaya Ministry of Finance Center for Association d’Avocats
PricewaterhouseCoopers Advocates Law Firm Enterpreneurship and
Legal Services Marko Ivković Economic Development Richard Cantin
Richard Bregonje
Octavian Cazac KN Karanović & Nikolić Juristructures - Project
PricewaterhouseCoopers Ana Radivojević Management & Legal
Turcan & Turcan Maja Jokanović PricewaterhouseCoopers
David Buxbaum Advisory Services LLP
Svetlana Ceban Ministry for Economic
Anderson & Anderson Development Vladimir Radovanić Zineb Chigar
PricewaterhouseCoopers Ministry of Labor and
Batbayar Byambaa Cabinet Notarial Houcine
Marin Chicu Nada Jovanović Social Welfare Sefrioui
GTs Advocates LLC Central Bank of
Turcan & Turcan Novo Radović
Ralph Cerveny Montenegro Fatima Zohra Gouttaya
Vitalie Ciofu Tax Authority Cabinet Notarial Houcine
Anderson & Anderson Rade Jovanović
Gladei & Partners Radmila Radunović Sefrioui
Khatanbat Dashdarjaa Jovanović Law Firm
Bogdan Ciubotaru Government of the Amin Hajji
Arlex Consulting Services Lidija Klikovac Republic of Montenegro
Turcan & Turcan Amin Hajji & Associés
Byambatseren Dorjpurev Deputy Registrar Association d’Avocats
Alla Cotos Dragan Rakočević
Arlex Consulting Services Drenka Knežević Commercial Court
PricewaterhouseCoopers Zohra Hasnaoui
Courtney Fowler Ministry of Labor and Hasnaoui Law Firm
Sergiu Dumitrasco Social Welfare Slobodan Raščanin
PricewaterhouseCoopers
PricewaterhouseCoopers Danijela Saban Bahya Ibn Khaldoun
Tuvshin Javkhlant Jovan Kostić Université Mohamed V
Roger Gladei Employment Registrar Čelebić
GTs Advocates LLC
Gladei & Partners Biljana Šćekić Naoual Jellouli
Jeroen Kerbusch Ðorđe Krivokapić Ministère de l’économie et
Roman Gutu KN Karanović & Nikolić PC Krusevac
PricewaterhouseCoopers des finances
Activ Broker Slaven Šćepanović
Odmaa Khurelbold Ana Krsmanović Mehdi Kettani
Oxana Guţu Anderson & Anderson Lidija Šećković Kettani Law Office
Sefko Kurpejović
Mobiasbanca Groupe Tax Authority
Societe Generale Daniel Mahoney Ministry of Finance Nadia Kettani
Lynch & Mahoney Amela Lekić Slavko Simović Kettani Law Firm
Catalina Levcenco Real Estate
PricewaterhouseCoopers Sebastian Merriman Crnogorska Komercijalna Bouchaib Labkiri
Banka AD Podgorica Administration
PricewaterhouseCoopers Globex Maritime Co.
Union Fenosa Velimir Strugar
International Leylim Mizamkhan Mirjana Ljumović Karine Lasne
Real Estate EPCG AD Nikšić
Cristina Martin PricewaterhouseCoopers Landwell & Associés -
Administration Sasha Vujačić PricewaterhouseCoopers
ACI Partners Odonhuu Muuzee Law Office Vujačić Legal Services
Milan Martinović
Georgeta Mincu Tsets Law Firm
Customs Administration Mileva Vujadinović Wilfried Le Bihan
IOM Enkhriimaa N. Crnogorska Komercijalna CMS Bureau Francis
Borislav Mijović
Marin Moraru Tuushin Company Ltd. Banka AD Podgorica Lefebvre
Mercedes-Benz - Ljetopis
PricewaterhouseCoopers Zorigt N. Automotive d.o.o. Jelena Vujisić Lapirama Group
Alexandru Munteanu Tuushin Company Ltd. Željko Mijović Law Office Vujačić International
PricewaterhouseCoopers Sarantsatsral Ochirpurev Zetatrans Irena Vujović Lydec
Urkh Company Deputy Registrar
196 Doing Business 2010

Anis Mahfoud Jose Forjaz Na m ibia Janak Bhandari Richard Bakker


Abouakil & Benjelloun Jose Forjaz Arquitectos Global Law Associates Ocean - Trans
Avocats - AB Avocats Joos Agenbach International B.V.
Rita Furtado Koep & Partners Tulasi Bhatta
Mohamed Maliki H. Gamito, Couto, Unity Law Firm & Dirk-Jan Berkenbosch
Etude Maitre Maliki Gonçalves Pereira Benita Blume Consultancy PricewaterhouseCoopers
e Castelo Branco & H.D. Bossau & Co.
Del Monsieur Marc Associados Narayan Chaulagain Berkman Forwarding B.V.
Landwell & Associés - Jaco Boltman Pioneer Law Associates
Martins Garrine Jan Bezem
PricewaterhouseCoopers G.F. Köpplinger Legal
Legal Services Manica Freight Services Practitioners Ajay Ghimire PricewaterhouseCoopers
S.A.R.L Apex Law Chamber Karin W.M. Bodewes
Azdine Nekmouche Hanno D. Bossau
Ordre des architectes de Jennifer Garvey H.D. Bossau & Co. Komal Prakash Ghimire Baker & McKenzie
Casablanca Jorge Graça Jagat B. Khadka Mark Bodt
Albe Botha
Hicham Oughza MGA Advogados & PricewaterhouseCoopers Shangri-La Freight Pvt. PricewaterhouseCoopers
Dar Alkhibra Consultores Ltd.
Lorna Celliers Roland Brandsma
Réda Oulamine Ássma Omar Nordine Jeque Gourish K. Kharel PricewaterhouseCoopers
BDO Spencer Steward
Oulamine Law Group Sal & Caldeira - KTO Inc.
Dirk Hendrik Conradie Huub Brinkman
Advogados e Consultores, Nirmal Koirala Baker & McKenzie
Jamal Rahal Lda Conradie & Damaseb
Exp Services Alfa Furnitures and
Ferdinand Diener Interiors Pvt. Ltd Margriet de Boer
Esmè Joaquim
Hassane Rahmoun City of Windhoek De Brauw Blackstone
Sal & Caldeira - Mahesh Kumar Thap Westbroek
Etude Notariale Hassane Advogados e Consultores, Electricity Department
Rahmoun Sinha - Verma Law Concern
Lda Hennie Fourie Sijmen de Ranitz
Nesrine Roudane Namgyal Lama De Brauw Blackstone
Rufino Lucas PricewaterhouseCoopers
Nero Boutique Law Firm Nepal Freight Forwarders Westbroek
TEC Ténicos Construtores, Jana Gous Association
Morgane Saint-Jalmes LDA Rolef de Weijs
PricewaterhouseCoopers LD Mahat
Kettani Law Firm Eugénio Luis Houthoff Buruma N.V.
Chantell Husselmann CSC & Co. /
Aurelie Santos Banco de Moçambique PricewaterhouseCoopers Myrna Dop
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Landwell & Associés - Jaime Magumbe Royal Netherlands
Denis Hyman Ashok Man Kapali Notarial Organization
PricewaterhouseCoopers Sal & Caldeira -
Legal Services PricewaterhouseCoopers Shangri-La Freight Pvt.
Advogados e Consultores, Ltd. Fons Hoogeveen
Houcine Sefrioui Lda Sakaria Kadhila Amoomo PricewaterhouseCoopers
Pereira Fishing (Pty) Ltd Matrika Niraula
Cabinet Notarial Houcine Fatima Marques Ruud Horak
Sefrioui Niraula Law Chamber &
Carlos de Sousa & Brito & Herman Charl Kinghorn Co. Elektrotechniek Boermans
Associados HC Kinghorn Legal B.V.
Mo z a m biq u e Carlos Martins Practitioner Rajan Niraula
Niraula Law Chamber & Elsa Jonker-Grootenhuis
Faizal Antonio Afrilegis, Lda Peter Frank Koep Co. PricewaterhouseCoopers
SDV AMI Joao Martins Koep & Partners Alexander Kaarls
Saroj Niraula
Carolina Balate PricewaterhouseCoopers Patrick Kohlspaedt Ayurveda Herbals Pvt. Ltd. Houthoff Buruma N.V.
PricewaterhouseCoopers Genaro Moura Manica Africa Pty. Ltd. Marcel Kettenis
Dev Raj Paudyal
António Baltazar Bungallah Manica Freight Services Frank Köpplinger Ministry of Land Reform PricewaterhouseCoopers
Sal & Caldeira - S.A.R.L G.F. Köpplinger Legal and Management Stefan Leening
Advogados e Consultores, Lara Narcy Practitioners
Lda Devendra Pradhan PricewaterhouseCoopers
H. Gamito, Couto, Jackie Kotzke Pradhan & Associates
José Manuel Caldeira Gonçalves Pereira Hans Noordermeer
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Sal & Caldeira - e Castelo Branco & Purnachitra Pradhan BDO CampsObers
Advogados e Consultores, Associados John D. Mandy Karja Suchana Kendra Accountants &
Lda Namibian Stock Exchange Ltd(CIB) Belastingadviseurs B.V.
Auxílio Eugénio Nhabanga
Eduardo Calú FBLP - R.Furtado, N. Richard Traugott Diethelm Anup Raj Upreti Hugo Oppelaar
Sal & Caldeira - Bhikha, R.Loforte, M. Mueller Pioneer Law Associates Houthoff Buruma N.V.
Advogados e Consultores, Popat & Associados, Koep & Partners Femke Pos
Advogados, Lda Krishna Prasad Sapkota
Lda Carina Oberholzer Royal Netherlands
Ministry of Land Reform
Paulo Centeio Paulo Pimenta PricewaterhouseCoopers and Management Notarial Organization
MGA Advogados & Pimenta, Dionísio e Hugo Reumkens
Associados Ndapewa Shipopyeni Purna Man Shakya
Consultores H.D. Bossau & Co. Van Doorne N.V.
Reliance Law Firm
Anastácia Chamusse Alvaro Pinto Basto
Apie Small Madan Krishna Sharma Piet Schroeder
Banco de Moçambique MGA Advogados &
Consultores G.F. Köpplinger Legal CSC & Co. / Baker & McKenzie
Dipak Chandulal Practitioners PricewaterhouseCoopers SDV B.V.
MGA Advogados & José Augusto Tomo Psico
Banco de Moçambique Axel Stritter Bigyan P. Shreshtha Salima Seamari
Consultores Engling, Stritter &
Malaika Ribeiro Ramji Shrestha De Brauw Blackstone
Ahmad Chothia Partners Westbroek
PricewaterhouseCoopers Pradhan & Associates
Manica Freight Services Marius van Breda
S.A.R.L Sudheer Shrestha Hans Londonck Sluijk
Luís Filipe Rodrigues TransUnion Namibia
Kusum Law Firm Houthoff Buruma N.V.
Pedro Couto Sal & Caldeira -
Advogados e Consultores, Renate Williamson Birgit Snijder-Kuipers
H. Gamito, Couto, Koep & Partners Anil Kumar Sinha
Gonçalves Pereira Lda Sinha - Verma Law Concern Royal Netherlands
e Castelo Branco & Firza Sadek Notarial Organization
Associados N e pal Nab Raj Subedi
Pimenta, Dionísio e Ministry of Land Reform Fedor Tanke
Avelar Da Silva Associados Mahesh P. Acharya and Management Baker & McKenzie
Intertek International ltd Sérgio Sumbana Nepal Electricity
Authority Ram Chandra Subedi Maarten Tinnemans
Carlos de Sousa e Brito Pimenta Dionísio & Apex Law Chamber De Brauw Blackstone
Carlos de Sousa & Brito & Associados Anil Chandra Adhikari Westbroek
Associados Élio Teixeira Credit Information Bureau N e t h e rlan d s
of Nepal Helene van Bommel
Fulgêncio Dimande Afrilegis, Lda PricewaterhouseCoopers
Lalit Aryal Joos Achterberg
Manica Freight Services António Veloso Annekarien van de Velde
S.A.R.L LA & Associates Chartered Kennedy Van der Laan
Pimenta, Dionísio e Accountants Baker & McKenzie
Associados
Acknowledgments 197
Liane van de Vrugt Andrew Minturn Eduardo Jose Gutierrez Rueda Alain Blambert N ig e ria
VédéVé Legal B.V. Department of Housing Consortium Taboada y SDV
and Building Asociados Oluseyi Abiodun Akinwunmi
Robert van der Laan Aïssa Degbey Akinwunmi & Busari, Legal
PricewaterhouseCoopers Robert Muir Mauricio Herdocia Ecobank Practioners (A & B)
Land Information New García & Bodán
Femke van der Zeijden Zealand Aïssatou Djibo Olaleye Adebiyi
PricewaterhouseCoopers Gerardo Hernandez Etude de Me Djibo Aïssatou WTS Adebiyi & Associates
Catherine Otten Consortium Taboada y
Gert-Jan van Gijs New Zealand Companies Asociados Sani Halilou Kunle Adegbite
VAT Logistics (Ocean Office Maersk S.A. Adegbite - Stevens & Co
Freight) B.V. Ruth Huete
Ian Page PricewaterhouseCoopers Dodo Dan Gado Haoua Temitayo Adegoke
Jan van Oorschot BRANZ Etude de Maître Dodo Dan Aluko & Oyebode
Liander Rodrigo Ibarra Gado Haoua
Mihai Pascariu Arias & Muñoz Adeola Adeiye
Petra van Raad Minter Ellison Rudd Watts Ali Idrissa Sounna Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie
PricewaterhouseCoopers María Fernanda Jarquín Toutelec Niger SA
John Powell Arias & Muñoz Olufunke Adekoya
Frederic Verhoeven Russell McVeagh Issoufou Issa Aelex, Legal Practitioners
Houthoff Buruma N.V. Mariela Jiménez Ministère de l’Economie et & Arbitrators
Jim Roberts ACZALAW des Finances
Michiel Wesseling Hesketh Henry Lawyers Folaranmi Adetunji Adegbite
Houthoff Buruma N.V. Javiera Latino Bernar-Oliver Kouaovi F.A. Adegbite & Associates
Catherine Rowe Aseguradora Mundial Cabinet Kouaovi
Hylda Wiarda PricewaterhouseCoopers Francis Adewale
Bronsgeest Deur Alvaro Molina Lambert Lainé Vista Bridge Global
Advocaten, member of Ius Mark Russell Molina & Asociados Etude de Maître Achimi Resources Limited
Laboris Simpson Grierson, member Central Law Riliwanou
of Lex Mundi Duro Adeyele
Marcel Willems Yalí Molina Palacios Diallo Rayanatou Loutou Bayo Ojo & Co.
Kennedy Van der Laan SDV Logistics Ltd. Molina & Asociados Cabinet Loutou -
Central Law Architectes Olusola Adun
Christiaan Zijderveld Neill Sullivan
Nouveau Associates
Houthoff Buruma N.V. Land Information New Haroldo Montealegre Laouali Madougou
Zealand Arias & Muñoz Etude d’Avocats Marc Le Adesegun Agbebiyi
N e w Z e alan d Murray Tingey Bihan & Collaborateurs Aluko & Oyebode
Roberto Montes
Douglas Alderslade Bell Gully Arias & Muñoz Boubacar Nouhou Maiga Olufunke Agbedana
Chapman Tripp Rob Towner E.N.G.E. Olaniwun Ajayi LP
Soraya Montoya Herrera
Matthew Allison Bell Gully Molina & Asociados Saadou Maiguizo Emuesiri Agbeyi
Veda Advantage Central Law Bureau d’Etudes PricewaterhouseCoopers
N icaragua Francisco Ortega
Techniques d’Assistance
Daniel Agbor
Kevin Best et de Suirveillance en
PricewaterhouseCoopers Diana Aguilar Francisco Ortega & Construction Civile Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie
ACZALAW Asociados
Geoff Bevan Yayé Mounkaïla Uche Ajaegbu
Aguilar Castillo Love Silvio G. Otero Q. Cabinet d’Avocats Nigeria Employers’
Chapman Tripp
GlobalTrans Mounkaila-Niandou Consultative Assembly
Kara Bonnevie Guillermo Alemán Gómez Internacional
ACZALAW Ibrahim Mounouni Ayo Ajayi
New Zealand Companies Ramón Ortega
Office Bureau d’Etudes Bala & The Propertarium
Bertha Argüello de Rizo PricewaterhouseCoopers Himo Konyin Ajayi
Toni Brown F.A. Arias & Muñoz
Jaime Rivera Laurent Puerta Olaniwun Ajayi LP
Bell Gully Roberto Argüello Carrión, Somarriba & SDV
Liz Caughley Villavicencio Asociados Olukoyinsola Ajayi
Bell Gully Arias & Muñoz Achimi M. Riliwanou Olaniwun Ajayi LP
Ana Teresa Rizo Briseño Etude de Maître Achimi
Shelley Cave Minerva Adriana Bellorín Arias & Muñoz O.C. Akamnonu
Rodríguez Riliwanou PHCN, Eko Zone
Simpson Grierson, member Multiconsult, S.A.
of Lex Mundi ACZALAW Boubacar Salaou Tolulola Akintimehin
María José Bendaña Guerrero Felipe Sánchez Etude de Maître Boubacar Nouveau Associates
John Cuthbertson Salaou
Bendaña & Bendaña ACZALAW
PricewaterhouseCoopers Owolabi Animashaun
Alfonso José Sandino Granera Abdou Moussa Sanoussi
Vince Duffin Christopher Blandino Scotech Universal
Consortium Taboada y E.N.G.E. Resources Limited
Vector Electricity Carrión, Somarriba &
Asociados Asociados Ousmane Sidibé
Wendy Duggan Linda Arifayan
Carlos Alberto Bonilla López Julio E. Sequeira Audit & Conseil Sidibé & WTS Adebiyi & Associates
Bell Gully Evenor Valdivia P. & Conseil (A.C.S.A.)
Superintendencia de Esther Atoyebi
Koustabh Gadgil Bancos Asociados Dominique Taty
Investment New Zealand Okonjo, Odiawa & Ebie
Humberto Carrión Arnulfo Somarriba FIDAFRICA /
Chris Gordon TransUnion PricewaterhouseCoopers Ajibola Basiru
Carrión, Somarriba &
Bell Gully Asociados Idrissa Tchernaka M.A.B. & Associates
Rodrigo Taboada
Don Grant Ramón Castro Consortium Taboada y Etude d’Avocats Marc Le Chinwe Chiwete
Asociados Bihan & Collaborateurs Punuka Attorneys &
Land Information New Arias & Muñoz
Zealand Konzo Traore Solicitors
Juan Carlos Cortes Espinoza Manuel Ignacio Tefel
Emma Harding PricewaterhouseCoopers BCEAO Peter Crabb
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Chapman Tripp Ramatou Wankoye Nnenna Ejekam Associates
Disnorte-Dissur (Union Carlos Tellez
David Harte Fenosa) García & Bodán Office Notarial Wankoye Silas Damson
Insolvency and Trustee Hamadou Yacouba Aluko & Oyebode
Maricarmen Espinosa de N ig e r
Services Molina Etude de Maître Djibo Oluwayemisi Diya
Kate Lane Molina & Asociados Aïssatou Olaniwun Ajayi LP
Diaby Aboubakar
Minter Ellison Rudd Watts Central Law BCEAO Hamado Yahaya Kofo Dosekun
John Lawrence G.E. Electromecánica & Societe Civile Aluko & Oyebode
Mamoudou Aoula Professionnelle d’Avocats
Auckland City Council Cia Ltda. Projet de Développement Russell Eastaugh
Yankori et associés
Thomas Leslie Mario José Gutiérrez des Infrastructures PricewaterhouseCoopers
Avendaño Locales-PDIL-Bureau Emmanuel Yehouessi
Bell Gully National de Coor BCEAO Nnenna Ejekam
ACZALAW
Aaron Lloyd Nnenna Ejekam Associates
Mahamane Baba
Minter Ellison Rudd Watts SDV
198 Doing Business 2010

Olusoji Elias Gbenga Oyebode Andreas Hanssen & Export Development Antonia Robinson
Olusoji Elias and Company Aluko & Oyebode Advokatfirma DLA Piper (OCIPED) Denton Wilde Sapte
Norway DA Mauwiya Ali Suleiman
Anse Agu Ezetah Taiwo Oyedele Muntasir Said Al Sawafi
Chief Law Agu Ezetah PricewaterhouseCoopers Therese Høyer Grimstad Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal Maersk Line
& Co. Advokatfirmaet Hjort DA, & Co.
Oyindamola Oyedutan member of Ius Laboris Mark Schmidt
Lawrence Ezetah Aluko & Oyebode Mohammed Alshahri Denton Wilde Sapte
Chief Law Agu Ezetah Odd Hylland Mohammed Aishahri &
& Co. Afolabi Samuel PricewaterhouseCoopers Associates Charles Schofield
PHCN, Islands District Trowers & Hamlins
R. Finco Hanne Karlsen Hamad M. Al-Sharji
ETCO Nigeria Ltd Yewande Senbore Raeder Advokatfirma Hamad Al-Sharji, Peter Paul Sheridan
Olaniwun Ajayi LP Mansour & Co. Denton Wilde Sapte
Bimbola Fowler-Ekar Niels R. Kiaer
Jackson, Etti & Edu Serifat Solebo Rime Advokatfirma DA Pradhnesh Bhonsale Balaji Srinivasan
Land Services Directorate Maersk Line Towell Al Zawra
Inegogo Fubara Bjørn H. Kise Engineering Services
Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Adeola Sunmola Advokatfirma Vogt & Mehdi Bin Ali Bin Juma Company
Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Wiig AS The Omani Center for
Okorie Kalu Investment Promotion Paul Suddaby
Punuka Attorneys & Ladi Taiwo Baard Koppang PricewaterhouseCoopers
& Export Development
Solicitors Abdulai, Taiwo & Co. Advokatfirmaet (OCIPED)
PricewaterhouseCoopers Ahsan Syed Anwar
Tomisin Lagundoye Chima Polly Ubechu Archie Campbell Poly Products L.L.C
Cenouxs Logistics Ltd AS
Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Denton Wilde Sapte
Knut Martinsen Naji Taha
Ibrahim Eddy Mark Reginald Udom Mehreen B. Elahi Abu-Ghazaleh Legal -
Aluko & Oyebode Thommessen Krefting
Jjeamaka Nwizu Greve Lund AS, member of Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal (TAG-Legal)
Beaufort Chambers Aniekan Ukpanah Lex Mundi & Co. The Lighthouse
Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Ole Fredrik Melleby Candida Fernandez
Victor Obaro Jeff Todd
Libra Law Office Maxwell Ukpebor Raeder Advokatfirma Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal PricewaterhouseCoopers
WTS Adebiyi & Associates & Co.
Oghor Ogboi Karl Erik Nedregotten Simon Ward
Adamu M. Usman PricewaterhouseCoopers Zareen George
Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal
F.O. Akinrele & Co. Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal & Co.
Godson Ogheneochuko Thomas Nordgård & Co.
Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Tokunbo Wahab Vogt & Wiig AS Norman Williams
Aluko & Oyebode Alessandro Gugolz
Ole Kristian Olsby Majan Engineering
Ozofu Ogiemudia Said Al Shahry Law Office Consultants
Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Homble Olsby
N orway advokatfirma AS Justine Harding Sarah Wright
Alayo Ogunbiyi Denton Wilde Sapte Denton Wilde Sapte
Anders Aasland Kittelsen Johan Ratvik
Abdulai, Taiwo & Co. Sarah Hestad
Advokatfirmaet Schjødt Advokatfirma DLA Piper
Ayodeji Ojo DA Norway DA Curtis Mallet - Prevost, Pa k istan
Jackson, Etti & Edu Colt & Mosle LLP
Kristian Berentsen Ståle Skutle Arneson Ghulam Abbas
Mathias Okojie Advokatfirma DLA Piper Advokatfirma Vogt & Hussein Khursheed Khan &
Punuka Attorneys & Norway DA Wiig AS Muscat Electricity Associates
Solicitors Distribution Company
Stig Berge Simen Smeby Lium Sh. Farooq Abdullah
Patrick Okonjo Thommessen Krefting Wikborg, Rein & Co. Diana Jarrar Abraham & Sarwana
Okonjo, Odiawa & Ebie Greve Lund AS, member of Abu-Ghazaleh Legal -
Lex Mundi Christel Spannow (TAG-Legal) Ali Jafar Abidi
Osita Okoro PricewaterhouseCoopers State Bank of Pakistan
Rune Birkeland Saqib Jillani
Chioma Okwudiafor Grieg Logistics AS Liv Stølen Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal Jawad Ahmed
Punuka Attorneys & Simonsen Advokatfirma DA & Co. Muhammad Farooq & Co.
Solicitors Eirik Brønner Chartered Accountants
Kvale & Co. Advokatfirma Knut Storheim Sunil Joseph
Dozie Okwuosah ANS Grieg Logistics AS Maersk Line Kamran Ahmed
Central Bank of Nigeria Mandviwalla & Zafar
Carl Arthur Christiansen Stine Sverdrup Jotun Paints LLC
Stephen Ola Jagun Raeder Advokatfirma PricewaterhouseCoopers Ahmad Syed Akhter
Jagun Associates Mehdi Ali Juma Pyramid Transportation
Lars Ekeland Ingvill Tollman Fosse Gulf Agency Company LLC Group
Titilola Olateju Advokatfirmaet Hjort DA, Advokatfirmaet Selmer DA
Okonjo, Odiawa & Ebie Ziad Khattab Amir Sons
member of Ius Laboris Espen Trædal Abu-Ghazaleh Legal -
Ayodeji Olomojobi Knut Ekern PricewaterhouseCoopers (TAG-Legal) Hyder Hussain Baig, Mirza
Aluko & Oyebode PricewaterhouseCoopers Haider Shamsi & Co.,
Ole Andreas Uttberg P.E. Lalachen MJ Chartered Accountants
Chris Erhi Omoru Simen Aasen Engebretsen Advokatfirmaet Hjort DA,
Chancery Solicitors Khimji Ramdas Major Javed Bashir
Deloitte member of Ius Laboris
Pushpa Malani Greenfields International
Fred Onuobia Yngvil Erichsen
G. Elias & Co. Solicitors Om an PricewaterhouseCoopers Kashif Butt
Advokatfirma DLA Piper
and Advocates Norway DA Jehanzeb Afridi Mansoor Jamal Malik Zeeshan Enterprises
Tochukwu Onyiuke Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal Zeeshan Butt
Stein Fagerhaug & Co.
Punuka Attorneys & Dalan advokatfirma DA & Co. Zeeshan Enterprises
Solicitors Syed Nasir Ahmed Kapil Mehta
Claus R. Flinder Fouad Rashid Dar
Nestor Orji Maersk Line Maersk Line Target Logistics Intl.
Simonsen Advokatfirma DA
Nnenna Ejekam Associates Hamad Al Abri Subha Mohan Private Ltd.
Amund Fougner Curtis Mallet - Prevost,
Christian Oronsaye Advokatfirmaet Hjort DA, Muscat Electricity Faisal Daudpota
Aluko & Oyebode Distribution Company Colt & Mosle LLP Khalid Daudpota & Co.
member of Ius Laboris
Theo Chike Osanakpo Zubaida Fakir Mohamed Al Natarajan Narayana Swami Junaid Daudpota
Geir Frøholm Poly Products L.L.C
Dr. T. C. Osanakpo & Co. Balushi Khalid Daudpota & Co.
Advokatfirmaet Schjødt
DA Central Bank of Oman Bruce Palmer
Kola Osholeye Khalid Habibullah
Elektrint (Nigeria) Limited Fahmy Al Hinai Curtis Mallet - Prevost, Abraham & Sarwana
Mads Fuglesang Colt & Mosle LLP
Advokatfirmaet Selmer DA Poly Products L.L.C
Olufemi Ososanya Syed Ahmad Hassan Shah
Salem Ben Nasser Al Ismaily Dali Rahmattala Habboub
HLB Z.O. Ososanya & Co. Line Granhol Hassan Kaunain Nafees
The Omani Center for Denton Wilde Sapte
Advokatfirma DLA Piper
Norway DA Investment Promotion
Acknowledgments 199
Aman Ullah Iqbal Nazir Shaheen Amanda de Wong Leah Minimbi Carlos R. Gwynn S.
Crown Trading Company Securities and Exchange PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Gwynn & Gwynn -
Commission Attorneys, Consultants
Fiza Islam Jeanina Diaz Peter Murton and Translators
LEGIS INN (Attorneys & Ghulam Haider Shamsi PricewaterhouseCoopers Steamships Shipping Agency
Corporate Consultants) Haider Shamsi & Co., Administración Nacional
Chartered Accountants Marisol Ellis Steven O’Brien de Electricidad
Muzaffar Islam Icaza, Gonzalez-Ruiz & O’Briens
LEGIS INN (Attorneys & Muhammad Siddique Aleman Jorge Jimenez Rey
Corporate Consultants) Securities and Exchange Kapu Rageau Banco Central del
Commission Michael Fernandez Rageau, Manua & Kikira Paraguay
Masooma Jaffer CAPAC (Cámara Panameña Lawyers
Abraham & Sarwana Muhammad Yousuf de la Construcción) Nestor Loizaga
Haider Shamsi & Co., Benjamin Samson Ferrere Attorneys
Faisal Jamil Chartered Accountants Enna Ferrer Registrar Titles Office
Feroze Textile Industries Alfaro, Ferrer & Ramírez Roberto Moreno Rodríguez
Ilyas Zafar Thomas Taberia Alcalá
Farooq uz-Zaman Khan Zafar & Associates LLP Jorge R. González Byrne Peter Allan Lowing Moreno Ruffinelli &
Association of Builders Arias, Alemán & Mora Lawyers Asociados
and Developers of Akhtar Zaidi
Jetzabel Luque Rocío Penayo
Pakistan Karachi Electricity Supply
Arosemena Noriega &
Paraguay
Company Moreno Ruffinelli &
Zulfiqar Khan Contreras, member of Ius Perla Alderete Asociados
Khursheed Khan & Palau Laboris and Lex Mundi Vouga & Olmedo Abogados
Associates Yolanda Pereira
Ricardo Madrid Eduardo Alfaro Berkemeyer, Attorneys &
Asim Khan Hameed Kenneth Barden PricewaterhouseCoopers Peroni, Sosa, Tellechea, Counselors
Ivon Trading Company Ricardo Bausoch Burt & Narvaja, member of
Pvt. Ltd. Ana Lucia Márquez Juan Pablo Pesce
Bureau of Revenue, Arosemena Noriega & Lex Mundi
Customs and Taxation Vivion S.A.
Muhammad Maki Contreras, member of Ius Florinda Benitez
Abraham & Sarwana Cristina Castro Laboris and Lex Mundi Beatriz Pisano
Notary public Ferrere Attorneys
Rashid Mehmood Western Caroline Trading Ivette Elisa Martínez Saenz
Co. Hugo T. Berkemeyer Armindo Riquelme
Nasir Mehmood Ahmed Patton, Moreno & Asvat Berkemeyer, Attorneys &
Yukiwo P. Dengokl Fiorio, Cardozo &
Bunker Logistics José Miguel Navarrete Counselors Alvarado
Rashid Rahman Mir Anita Jowitt Arosemena Noriega & Luis Alberto Breuer
University of the South Contreras, member of Ius Natalio Rubinsztein
Rahman Sarfaraz Rahim Berkemeyer, Attorneys & BDO Rubinsztein & Guillén
Pacific Laboris and Lex Mundi Counselors
Iqbal Rafiq Chartered
Accountants, member Lolita Gibbons-Decheny Ramón Ortega Carlos Ruffinelli
Esteban Burt
of Russell Bedford Koror Planning and PricewaterhouseCoopers Moreno Ruffinelli &
International Peroni, Sosa, Tellechea, Asociados
Zoning Office Sebastian Perez Burt & Narvaja, member of
T. Ud-Din A. Mirza William L. Ridpath Union Fenosa - EDEMET - Lex Mundi Angela Schaerer de Sosa
A.F. Ferguson & Co, EDECHI Ramón Antonio Castillo Escribana Pública
a member firm of David Shadel
The Law Office of Kirk and Jorge Quijano Saenz Ruben Taboada
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Shadel Arosemena Noriega & Informconf S. A. PricewaterhouseCoopers
Saqib Munir Contreras, member of Ius
Peter C. Tsao María Debattisti Maria Gloria Triguis Gonzalez
Zafar & Associates LLP Laboris and Lex Mundi
Western Caroline Trading Servimex SACI Berkemeyer, Attorneys &
Javed Naushahi Co. Alfredo Ramírez Jr. Counselors
Lorena Dolsa
ECRC Alfaro, Ferrer & Ramírez Berkemeyer, Attorneys &
Faiza Rafique Pana m a Manuel E. Rodriguez Counselors P e ru
Legis Inn Alejandro Alemán Union Fenosa - EDEMET - Estefanía Elicetche Walter Aguirre
Abdul Rahman Alfaro, Ferrer & Ramírez EDECHI Peroni, Sosa, Tellechea, PricewaterhouseCoopers
Qamar Abbas & Co. Luz María Salamina Burt & Narvaja, member of Marco Antonio Alarcón Piana
Renan Arjona Lex Mundi
Zaki Rahman CAPAC (Cámara Panameña Asociación Panameña de Estudio Echecopar
de la Construcción) Crédito Natalia Enciso Benitez
Ebrahim Hosain, Advocates Humberto Allemant
and Corporate Counsel Valentín Ureña III Notary public
Gilberto Arosemena PricewaterhouseCoopers
Muhammad Saleem Rana Arosemena Noriega & Arosemena Noriega & Jorge Figueredo
Contreras, member of Ius Ana Maria Amésquita
State Bank of Pakistan Contreras, member of Ius Vouga & Olmedo Abogados
Laboris and Lex Mundi Laboris and Lex Mundi Barzola & Asociados s.c.,
Abdur Razzaq Ana Franco a member firm of Russell
Khatiya Asvat Luis Vásquez Bedford International
Qamar Abbas & Co. BDO Rubinsztein & Guillén
Patton, Moreno & Asvat FTC - Financial, Tax &
Khalid Rehman Consulting Group, S.A., Néstor Gamarra Jimy Atunga Rios
Surridge & Beecheno Francisco A. Barrios G. correspondent of Russell Servimex SACI M.A.V. Logistica y
PricewaterhouseCoopers Bedford International Transporte S.A.
Abdu Salam Guillermo Gomez
Legis Inn Klaus Bieberach Raúl Zuñiga Brid PricewaterhouseCoopers Guilhermo Auler
PricewaterhouseCoopers Aleman, Cordero, Galindo Forsyth & Arbe Abogados
Beenish Saleem & Lee Nadia Gorostiaga
Securities and Exchange Jose Ignacio Bravo PricewaterhouseCoopers Sergio Barboza
Commission COCOLPLAN Pa p ua N e w Pizarro, Botto & Escobar
Diego Guillen Abogados
Hamza Saleem Panamá Soluciones G uin e a BDO Rubinsztein & Guillén
Mandviwalla & Zafar Logísticas Int. - PSLI Milagros A. Barrera
David Caradus Oscar Guillen Barrios Fuentes Gallo
Jawad A. Sarwana Luis Chalhoub PricewaterhouseCoopers BDO Rubinsztein & Guillén Abogados
Abraham & Sarwana Icaza, Gonzalez-Ruiz &
Aleman Loani R. Henao Carl Thomas Gwynn German Barrios
Shahid Sattar Henaos Lawyers Gwynn & Gwynn - Barrios Fuentes Gallo
Apex Power Solutions Julio Cesar Contreras III Attorneys, Consultants Abogados
Arosemena Noriega & Anita Jowitt and Translators
(Pvt.) Ltd.
Contreras, member of Ius University of the South Raul Barrios
Adil Shafi Laboris and Lex Mundi Pacific María Antonia Gwynn Barrios Fuentes Gallo
Mandviwalla & Zafar Berkemeyer, Attorneys & Abogados
Rigoberto Coronado Michael Kambao Counselors
Huma Shah Mossack Fonseca & Co. Steeles Lawyers Maritza Barzola
M/s Sheikh Shah Rana & Norman Gwynn Barzola & Asociados s.c.,
Guadalupe de Coparropa John Leahy Gwynn & Gwynn -
Ijaz a member firm of Russell
CEVA Logistics Peter Allan Lowing Attorneys, Consultants Bedford International
Lawyers and Translators
200 Doing Business 2010

Vanessa Barzola Carlos Martinez Ebell Adolfo Sanabria Mercado Ernesto Caluya Jr Erich H. Lingad
PricewaterhouseCoopers Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Muñiz, Ramírez, Peréz- Jimenez Gonzales International
Legal Services Normand y Asociados Taiman & Luna Victoria Bello Valdez Caluya & Consolidator Philippines,
Attorneys at Law Fernandez Inc.
Marianell Bonomini Jesús Matos
PricewaterhouseCoopers Estudio Olaechea, member Diego Sanchez Cecile M.E. Caro Anna Manalaysay
Legal Services of Lex Mundi PricewaterhouseCoopers SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Jimenez Gonzales
Gatmaitan Bello Valdez Caluya &
Ursula Caro Milagros Mendoza José Alfredo Paino Scarpati Fernandez
Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Estudio Rubio, Leguía, CEDETEC Joseph Omar A. Castillo
Normand y Asociados Normand y Asociados Puyat Jacinto Santos Law Recio Marichelle
Martin Serkovic Office Angara Abello Concepcion
Luis Enrique Malpartida Jorge Mogrovejo Estudio Olaechea, member Regala & Cruz Law Offices
Cárpena Superintendentency of of Lex Mundi Kenneth Chua (ACCRALAW)
Peru Compite Banking Quisumbing Torres,
Claudia Sevillano member firm of Baker and Lory Anne McMullin
José Ignacio Castro Marlene Molero Pizarro, Botto & Escobar McKenzie Jimenez Gonzales
Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Abogados Bello Valdez Caluya &
Normand y Asociados Normand y Asociados Barbara Jil Clara Fernandez
Hugo Silva SyCip Salazar Hernandez &
Fernando Castro Kahn Leonardo Muñante Carpio Rodrigo, Elías, Medrano Gatmaitan Yolanda Mendoza-Eleazar
Muñiz, Ramírez, Peréz- Municipalidad Abogados Castillo Laman Tan
Taiman & Luna Victoria Metropolitana de Lima Barbra Jill Clara Pantaleon & San Jose
Attorneys at Law Peggy Sztuden SyCip Salazar Hernandez &
Miguel Mur Peru Compite Gatmaitan Elmer R. Mitra, Jr
Cecilia Catacora PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers /
Estudio Olaechea, member Agnes Franco Temple Emerico O. de Guzman
Franco Muschi Loayza National Competitiveness Isla Lipana & Co.
of Lex Mundi Angara Abello Concepcion
Payet, Rey, Cauvi Abogados Council Regala & Cruz Law Offices Cheryll Grace Montealegre
Sandro Cogorno (ACCRALAW) PricewaterhouseCoopers /
Forsyth & Arbe Abogados Gabriel Musso Canepa Carlos Gallardo Torres
Estudio Rubio, Leguía, General Agency of Foreign Isla Lipana & Co.
Dante Desierto
Javier de la Vega Normand y Asociados Economic Matters, Romulo, Mabanta, Jesusito G. Morallos
PricewaterhouseCoopers Competition and Private Buenaventura, Sayoc & de Follosco Morallos &
Notary Office of Donato Investment
Alfonso De Los Heros Pérez Hernan Carpio Velez los Angeles, member of Lex Herce
Albela Liliana Tsuboyama Mundi
Rafael Ordoñez Freddie Naagas
Estudio Echecopar Estudio Echecopar Benedicta Du-Baladad OOCL Logistics
Barzola & Asociados s.c.,
Paula Devescovi a member firm of Russell Manuel A. Ugarte Punongbayan & Araullo
Alan Ortiz
Barrios Fuentes Gallo Bedford International Delmar Ugarte Abogados Fast-Tract Freight, Inc. Follosco Morallos &
Abogados Cristina Oviedo Herce
Jack Vainstein Anthony Fernandes
Juan Carlos Durand Barrios Fuentes Gallo Vainstein & Ingenieros S.A. First Balfour, Inc Carla Ortiz
Grahammer Abogados Romulo, Mabanta,
Durand Abogados José Antonio Valdez Rachel Follosco
Carmen Padrón Estudio Olaechea, member Buenaventura, Sayoc & de
Follosco Morallos & los Angeles, member of Lex
Arturo Ferrari Estudio Rubio, Leguía, of Lex Mundi Herce
Muñiz, Ramírez, Peréz- Normand y Asociados Mundi
Taiman & Luna Victoria Manuel Villa-García Catherine Franco
Panalpina Transportes Emmanuel C. Paras
Attorneys at Law Estudio Olaechea, member Quisumbing Torres,
Mundiales S.A. of Lex Mundi SyCip Salazar Hernandez &
member firm of Baker and Gatmaitan
Jorge Fuentes Claudia Pareja McKenzie
Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Ursula Villanueva
Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Zayber B. Protacio
Normand y Asociados Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Gilberto Gallos
Normand y Asociados Normand y Asociados PricewaterhouseCoopers /
Angara Abello Concepcion Isla Lipana & Co.
Luis Fuentes César Yaipén Passalacqua Regala & Cruz Law Offices
Barrios Fuentes Gallo Agustín Yrigoyen
CEDETEC (ACCRALAW) Kristine Quimpo
Abogados Estudio Aurelio García
Sayán- Abogados Geraldine S. Garcia Jimenez Gonzales
Adolfo J. Pinillos Bello Valdez Caluya &
Juan García Montúfar Follosco Morallos &
Durand Abogados Eulogio Zapata Gamarra Fernandez
Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Herce
Normand y Asociados Lucianna Polar Municipalidad Senen Quizon
Estudio Olaechea, member Metropolitana de Lima Andres Gatmaitan
Cecilia Guzman-Barron Punongbayan & Araullo
of Lex Mundi Hector Zegarra SyCip Salazar Hernandez &
Barrios Fuentes Gallo Gatmaitan Grace Rallos
Abogados Bruno Marchese Quintana Payet, Rey, Cauvi Abogados
Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Gwen Grecia-de Vera Janice Kae Ramirez
Alfonso Higueras Suarez P h ili p p in e s PJS Law
Normand y Asociados Quasha Ancheta Pena &
Equifax Peru S.A.
Carlos Javier Rabanal Sobrino Emilio Amaranto Tadeo F. Hilado Nolasco
Jose A. Honda Angara Abello Concepcion
Durand Abogados Puyat Jacinto Santos Law Judy Alice Repol
Estudio Olaechea, member Office Regala & Cruz Law Offices
of Lex Mundi Fernando M. Ramos Angara Abello Concepcion
(ACCRALAW) Regala & Cruz Law Offices
Barrios Fuentes Gallo Myla Gloria Amboy
Diego Huertas del Pino Clifton James Sawit (ACCRALAW)
Abogados Jimenez Gonzales
Barrios Fuentes Gallo Bello Valdez Caluya & Quasha Ancheta Pena & Roderick Reyes
Abogados Sonia L. Rengifo Fernandez Nolasco Jimenez Gonzales
Kuno Kafka Prado Barrios Fuentes Gallo Bello Valdez Caluya &
Abogados Manuel Batallones Karen Jimeno
Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Baker & McKenzie Fernandez
BAP Credit Bureau
Normand y Asociados Alonso Rey Bustamante Ricardo J. Romulo
Payet, Rey, Cauvi Abogados Anna Bianca Torres Rafael Khan
Lima Chamber of Commerce Siguion Reyna Montecillo Romulo, Mabanta,
PJS Law Buenaventura, Sayoc & de
Adolfo Lopez Guillermo Acuña Roeder & Ongsiako
Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Antonio T. Bote los Angeles, member of Lex
PricewaterhouseCoopers Jennifer Laygo Mundi
Normand y Asociados International
German Lora Consolidator Philippines, Jimenez Gonzales
Renzo Rufasto Lira Bello Valdez Caluya & Celia Cristina Rosario Cabrera
Payet, Rey, Cauvi Abogados Inc. SyCip Salazar Hernandez &
Payet, Rey, Cauvi Abogados Fernandez
Ursula Luna Alexander B. Cabrera Gatmaitan
Emil Ruppert PricewaterhouseCoopers / Jennifer I Lim
Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Jose Manuel Santos
Normand y Asociados Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Isla Lipana & Co. SyCip Salazar Hernandez &
Normand y Asociados Gatmaitan MERALCO
Milagros Maravi Christopher R. Cadano Felix Sy
Carolina Sáenz Llanos Globe Link Cargo Logistics Victoria Limkico
Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Baker & McKenzie
Normand y Asociados Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Inc. Jimenez Gonzales
Normand y Asociados Bello Valdez Caluya &
Jean Caillard Fernandez
Bansard International
Acknowledgments 201
Sheryl Tanquilut Szymon Kolodziej Dariusz Wasylkowski Paulo Henriques Cristina Reis
Romulo, Mabanta, Tomasz Korczyński Wardyński & Partners, University of Coimbra PricewaterhouseCoopers
Buenaventura, Sayoc & de member of Lex Mundi
los Angeles, member of Lex Wierzbowski Eversheds, Miguel Inácio Castro César Sá Esteves
Mundi member of Eversheds Radoslaw Waszkiewicz Mouteira Guerreiro, Rosa Simmons & Simmons
International Ltd. Sołtysiński Kawecki & Amaral & Associados -
Angelo Tapales Szlęzak Sociedade de Advogados David Salgado Areias
Ewa Lachowska - Brol Areias Advogados
Quisumbing Torres, R.L.
member firm of Baker and Wierzbowski Eversheds, Anna Wietrzyńska
member of Eversheds DLA Piper Wiater sp.k Maria João Ricou Francisco Salgueiro
McKenzie Neville de Rougemont &
International Ltd. Gonçalves Pereira,
Ma. Melva Valdez Tomasz Zabost Castelo Branco & Associados
Mazars & Guerars Audyt
Jimenez Gonzales sp. z o.o. Andrzej Zacharzewski Associados Maria Santiago
Bello Valdez Caluya & Nikiel i Zacharzewski Noronha Advogados
Fernandez Agata Mierzwa Martim Krupenski
Adwokaci i Radcowie Barrocas Sarmento Neves
Wierzbowski Eversheds, prawni Pedro Santos
Enrique W. Galang
member of Eversheds Patric Lamarca Grant Thornton
Castillo Laman Tan International Ltd. Malgorzata Zamorska Consultores, Lda.
Pantaleon & San Jose Noronha Advogados
bnt Neupert Zamorska &
Ministry of Economy Partnerzy s.c. Maria Manuel Leitão Marques Fillipe Santos Barata
Redentor C. Zapata
Barbara Misterska-Dragan Secretary of State Gonçalves Pereira,
Quasha Ancheta Pena & Sylwester Zydowicz Castelo Branco &
Nolasco Misters Audytor Sp. z o.o., for Administrative
Gide Loyrette Nouel, Modernisation Associados
member of Russell Bedford member of Lex Mundi
Gil Roberto Zerrudo International Claudia Santos Cruz
Quisumbing Torres, Diogo Léonidas Rocha
Michal Niemirowicz-Szczytt Portugal J & A Garrigues, S.L. Barrocas Sarmento Neves
member firm of Baker and
McKenzie bnt Neupert Zamorska & Antonio Lopes Eliana Silva Pereira
Partnerzy s.c. Victor Abrantes
PricewaterhouseCoopers CGM Gonçalo Capitão,
Polan d Victor Abrantes - Gali Macedo e associados
Dariusz Okolski International Sales Agent Tiago Gali Macedo
Allen & Overy, A. Pędzich Okolski Law Office CGM Gonçalo Capitão, Manuel Silveira Botelho
Paula Alegria Martins
sp. k. Macie Owczarewicz Gali Macedo e associados António Frutuoso de Melo
Mouteira Guerreiro, Rosa e Associados - Sociedade de
Michal Barłowski Gide Loyrette Nouel, Amaral & Associados - Ana Margarida Maia Advogados, R.L.
Wardyński & Partners, member of Lex Mundi Sociedade de Advogados Miranda Correia
member of Lex Mundi R.L. Amendoeira & Associados Isa Simones de Carvalho
Krzysztof Pawlak
Bruno Andrade Alves Noronha Advogados
Aleksander Borowicz Sołtysiński Kawecki & Nuno Mansilha
Biuro Informacji Szlęzak PricewaterhouseCoopers Miranda Correia Carla Soares
Kredytowej S.A. Bożena Pawłowska-Krawczyk Miguel Azevedo Amendoeira & Associados Portugal Order of
Notaries
Agnieszka Chamera Misters Audytor Sp. z o.o., J & A Garrigues, S.L. Miguel Marques dos Santos
PKF Tax Sp. z o.o member of Russell Bedford J & A Garrigues, S.L. Ricardo Soares Domingos
International Barbara Berckmoes
Noronha Advogados
Krzysztof Cichocki PricewaterhouseCoopers Isabel Martínez de Salas
Sołtysiński Kawecki & Weronika Pelc Carmo Sousa Machado
Marco Bicó da Costa J & A Garrigues, S.L.
Szlęzak Wardyński & Partners, Abreu Advogados
member of Lex Mundi Credinformações/ Equifax Susana Melo
Krzysztof Ciepliński Grant Thornton João Paulo Teixeira de Matos
Michal Piotrowski José Pedro Briosa e Gala
Gide Loyrette Nouel, Consultores, Lda. J & A Garrigues, S.L.
PKF Tax Sp. z o.o. Barrocas Sarmento Neves
member of Lex Mundi Nuno Telleria
Marcio Carreira Nobre Joaquim Luis Mendes
Bożena Ciosek Anna Maria Pukszto Barros, Sobral, G. Gomes &
Abreu Advogados Grant Thornton
Wierzbowski Eversheds, Salans Consultores, Lda. Associados
member of Eversheds Bartłomiej Raczkowski Tiago Castanheira Marques Maria Valente
International Ltd. Abreu Advogados José Monteiro
Bartłomiej Raczkowski JMSROC, lda, member Simmons & Simmons
Jaroslaw Czech Kancelaria Prawa Pracy Inês Castelo Branco of Russell Bedford Gonçalo Xavier
Wardyński & Partners, Anna Ratajczyk CGM Gonçalo Capitão, International
member of Lex Mundi Barros, Sobral, G. Gomes &
Gide Loyrette Nouel, Gali Macedo e associados Associados
António Mouteira Guerreiro
Monika Czekałowska member of Lex Mundi Gabriel Cordeiro Mouteira Guerreiro, Rosa
Salans Katarzyna Sarek Direcção Municipal de Amaral & Associados - Pu e rto R ico
Karolina Doruchowska Bartłomiej Raczkowski Gestão Urbanística Sociedade de Advogados
R.L. Viviana Aguilu
DLA Piper Wiater sp.k Kancelaria Prawa Pracy Pedro de Almeida Cabral PricewaterhouseCoopers
Karolina Schiffter Ministry of Justice Rita Nogueira Neto
Tomasz Duchniak Ignacio Alvarez
Sołtysiński Kawecki & J & A Garrigues, S.L.
Sołtysiński Kawecki & Duarte de Athayde Pietrantoni Méndez &
Szlęzak Szlęzak Abreu Advogados Catarina Nunes Alvarez LLP
Rafal Dziedzic Zbigniew Skórczyński PricewaterhouseCoopers
João Cadete de Matos Alfredo Alvarez-Ibañez
Gide Loyrette Nouel, Chadbourne & Parke LLP Banco de Portugal Ema Palma O’Neill & Borges
member of Lex Mundi Dorota Slizawska JMSROC, lda, member
Ana Duarte of Russell Bedford Juan Aquino
Lech Giliciński PKF Tax Sp. z o.o. PricewaterhouseCoopers International O’Neill & Borges
White & Case W. Dariusz Smiechowski
Daniłowicz, W. Jurcewicz i John Duggan Rui Peixoto Duarte James A. Arroyo
Union of Polish Architects PricewaterhouseCoopers
Wspólnicy sp. k. Abreu Advogados TransUnion De Puerto
Iwona Smith Eduardo Fernandes Rico
Paweł Grześkowiak Tiago Pereira
PricewaterhouseCoopers Portugal Order of Hermann Bauer
Gide Loyrette Nouel, Barrocas Sarmento Neves
member of Lex Mundi Ewelina Stobiecka Notaries O’Neill & Borges
e/n/w/c Rechtsanwalte Pedro Pereira Coutinho
Piotr Kaim Bruno Ferreira J & A Garrigues, S.L. Nikos Buxeda Ferrer
E.Stobiecka Kancelaria J & A Garrigues, S.L.
PricewaterhouseCoopers prawna sp.k. Adsuar Muñiz Goyco Seda
Acácio Pita Negrão & Pérez-Ochoa, P.S.C
Iwona Karasek Pedro Gil Pereira PLEN - Sociedade de
Łukasz Szegda
Jagiellonian University JMSROC, lda, member Advogados, RL Mildred Caban
Wardyński & Partners, of Russell Bedford
Krakow member of Lex Mundi Goldman Antonetti &
International Carla Ramos Córdova P.S.C
Edyta Kolkowska Dariusz Tokarczuk Barros, Sobral, G. Gomes &
Squire Sanders Święcicki João Gonçalves Assunção Associados Jorge Capó Matos
Gide Loyrette Nouel, Abreu Advogados
Krześniak sp. k. member of Lex Mundi O’Neill & Borges
Ana Rita Reis
Melanie Guerra Neville de Rougemont & Walter F. Chow
Dominika Wagrodzka
Noronha Advogados Associados O’Neill & Borges
bnt Neupert Zamorska &
Partnerzy s.c.
202 Doing Business 2010

Miguel A. Cordero Qatar Cristina Dascalu Rodica Miu David Stabb


Puerto Rico Electric Sova & Partners PricewaterhouseCoopers Anghel Stabb & Partners
Power Authority Naveed Abdulla
Gulf Star Group Peter De Ruiter Dominic Morega Marta Stefan
Alberto G. Estrella PricewaterhouseCoopers Muşat & Asociaţii Anghel Stabb & Partners
William Estrella Law Abdelmoniem Abutiffa
Offices Qatar International Law Luminita Dima Adriana Neagoe Cristiana Stoica
Firm Nestor Nestor Diculescu National Bank of Romania Stoica & Asociatii
Carla Garcia Kingston Petersen Attorneys-at-Law
O’Neill & Borges A. Rahman Mohamed Manuela Marina Nestor
Al-Jufairi Alexandru Dobrescu Nestor Nestor Diculescu Sorin Corneliu Stratula
Virginia Gomez Lina & Guia S.C.A Kingston Petersen Stratula Mocanu &
Puerto Rico Electric Khalil Al-Mulla Asociatii
Power Authority Customs and Ports Ion Dragulin Madalin Niculeasa
General Authority National Bank of Romania Nestor Nestor Diculescu Potyesz Tiberu
Carlos Hernandez Kingston Petersen Bitrans Ltd., member of
Reichard & Escalera Ian Clay Laura Adina Duca World Mediatrans Group
PricewaterhouseCoopers Nestor Nestor Diculescu Tudor Oancea
Gerardo Hernandez Kingston Petersen Oancea Ciocîltan & Anca Vatasoiu
William Estrella Law Richard Dib Asociatii Salans
Offices Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Cristina Ene
(TAG-Legal) PricewaterhouseCoopers Delia Paceagiu Mihai Vintu
Francisco Hernández-Ruiz Nestor Nestor Diculescu PricewaterhouseCoopers
Reichard & Escalera Daoud Adel Issa Serban Epure Kingston Petersen
Qatar Petroleum Biroul de Credit Catalin Alexandru Vlasceanu
Donald E. Hull Marius Pătrăşcanu Salans
Pietrantoni Méndez & Sajid Khan Iulia Feraru Muşat & Asociaţii
Alvarez LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers Gebrueder Weiss srl Russian
Alina Popescu
Ana Lago Abdul Muttalib Adriana Gaspar Muşat & Asociaţii F e de ration
O’Neill & Borges Gulf Star Group Nestor Nestor Diculescu
Kingston Petersen Cristina Popescu Allen & Overy LLP
Luis Marini Terence G.C. Witzmann Lina & Guia S.C.A
Monica Georgiadis Marat Agabalyan
O’Neill & Borges HSBC
Marian Dinu Law Office Mariana Popescu Herbert Smith CIS LLP
Rubén M. Medina-Lugo Rom ania National Bank of Romania Fedor Bogatyrev
Cancio, Nadal, Rivera & Gina Gheorghe
Tanasescu, Leaua, Cadar & Diana Emanuela Precup Law Firm ALRUD
Díaz Daniel Aghel
Asociatii Nestor Nestor Diculescu Yuri Boyarshinov
Oscar O Meléndez - Sauri PricewaterhouseCoopers Kingston Petersen
Georgiana Ghitu Baker & McKenzie
Coto Malley & Tamargo, Adriana Almasan
LLP Marian Dinu Law Office Cristian Predan Ilya Bulgakov
Stoica & Asociatii Gebrueder Weiss srl
Juan Carlos Méndez Attorneys-at-Law Sergiu Gidei DLA Piper Rus Limited
McConnell Valdés LLC D & B David si Baias S.C.A. Irina Preoteasa Maria Bykovskaya
Suzana Alsamadi
PricewaterhouseCoopers Gide Loyrette Nouel
Luis Mongil-Casasnovas Sova & Partners Andra Gogulescu
Marian Dinu Law Office Alina Proteasa Vostok
Martinez Odell & Marcela Anghel
Calabria Lina & Guia S.C.A Andrey Dukhin
D & B David si Baias S.C.A. Alexandru Gosa
Joaquin M Nieves D & B David si Baias S.C.A. Radu Protopopescu Gide Loyrette Nouel
Andrei Badiu Vostok
Sun Air Expedite Service Babiuc Sulica
3B Expert Audit, member Mihai Guia Protopopescu Vonica
of Russell Bedford Lina & Guia S.C.A Ilya Fainberg
Jorge Peirats
International Adriana Puscas Gide Loyrette Nouel
Pietrantoni Méndez & Hercule Impex Vostok
Alvarez LLP Emanuel Bancila Babiuc Sulica
Oana Ionascu Protopopescu Vonica Valery Fedoreev
Rafael Pérez-Villarini D&B David si Baias SCA 
Salans Laura Radu Baker & McKenzie
FPV & Galindez CPAs, PSC, Irina Bănică
member of Russell Bedford Vasile Iulian Stoica & Asociatii Olga Fonotova
Muşat & Asociaţii Attorneys-at-Law
International Conelectro Macleod Dixon
Irina Barbu Raluca Radu
Edwin Quiñones D & B David si Baias S.C.A. Mihaela Ivan Roman Golovatsky
Quiñones & Sánchez, PSC Salans Salans DLA Piper Rus Limited
Cristian Bichi Radu Tărăcilă Pădurari
Victor Rodriguez National Bank of Romania Crenguta Leaua Maria Gorban
Multitransport & Marine Tanasescu, Leaua, Cadar & Retevoescu SCA in
association with Allen & Gide Loyrette Nouel
Co. Monica Biciusca Asociatii Vostok
Anghel Stabb & Partners Overy LLP
Victor Rodriguez Cristian Lina Igor Gorchakov
Roxana Bolea Alina Rafaila
PricewaterhouseCoopers Lina & Guia S.C.A Baker & McKenzie
D & B David si Baias S.C.A. PricewaterhouseCoopers
Frank Rodríguez George Manciu Dina Gracheva
Cosmin Bonea Diana Ristici
Puerto Rico Electrical Zamfirescu Racoţi Predoiu Law Firm ALRUD
Contractors Association Salans Law Partnership Marian Dinu Law Office
Anda Rojanschi Vitaly Grekhov
Patricia Salichs Alin Buftea Simona Manea Russia Consulting
O’Neill & Borges Marian Dinu Law Office PricewaterhouseCoopers D & B David si Baias S.C.A.
Alex Rosca Elena Kataeva
Anthonio Santos Radu Cernov Dumitru Viorel Manescu PricewaterhouseCoopers
Pietrantoni Méndez & Sova & Partners National Union of Civil Angela Rosca
Alvarez LLP Law Notaries of Romania Alia Khalikova
Chirica Cezara Andrei Săvescu Liniya Prava
Jose Torres D&B David si Baias SCA  Oana Manuceanu Săvescu si Asociatii
Puerto Rico Electrical PricewaterhouseCoopers Alexander Khretinin
Contractors Association Victor Ciocîltan Romana Schuster Herbert Smith CIS LLP
Oancea Ciocîltan & Gelu Titus Maravela PricewaterhouseCoopers
Yasmin Umpierre-Chaar Asociatii Muşat & Asociaţii Anastasia Konovalova
O’Neill & Borges Alexandru Slujitoru Macleod Dixon
Dorin Coza Carmen Medar D&B David si Baias SCA 
Carlos Valldejuly Babiuc Sulica D & B David si Baias S.C.A. Maria Kosova
O’Neill & Borges Protopopescu Vonica Irina Sokolova Orrick, Herrington &
Anca Mihailescu Legalex Sutcliffe LLP
Fernando Van Derdys Tiberiu Csaki Marian Dinu Law Office
Reichard & Escalera Salans Ileana Sovaila Alyona Kozyreva
Irina Mihalache Muşat & Asociaţii Macleod Dixon
Travis Wheatley Anca Danilescu PricewaterhouseCoopers
O’Neill & Borges Zamfirescu Racoţi Predoiu Oana Sovian Dmitry Kurochkin
Law Partnership Mihaela Mitroi Salans Herbert Smith CIS LLP
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Acknowledgments 203
Ekatarina Kvaskova Elonie Mukandoli Frederico da Glória Nabil Abdullah Al-Mubarak Muntasir Osman
Russia Consulting National Bank of Rwanda Tribunal de 1a instância Saudi Credit Bureau - Law Office of Hassan
(3o juízo) SIMAH Mahassni
David Lasfargue Léopold Munderere
Gide Loyrette Nouel EMAE Fayez Al-Nemer K. Joseph Rajan
Pothin Muvara
Vostok Luisélio Pinto Talal Bin Naif Al-Harbi Globe Marine Services Co.
Office of the Registrar of Law Firm
Michael Likonge Land Titles United Investments Prabagaran Ramasamy
Continental Alliance Saad Al-Owain Panalpina World
Radedonge Nimenya Deodato Gomes Rodrigues
Unified registry- Ministry Transport
Konstantin Litvinenko National Bank of Rwanda ENAPORT of Commerece & Industry
Macleod Dixon Murtaza Rao
Eric Nsengimana Maria do Céu Silveira Mohammed Al-Soaib Al-Wallan Logistics
Svetlana London World Freight s.a.r.l. Direcção de Obras Al-Soaib Law Firm
Públicas e Urbanismo SAMTCO
Dmitry Lyakhov Abel Nsengiyumva Wicki Andersen
Russin & Vecchi, LLC. Cabinet Abel Nsengiyumva Carlos Stock Saudi Credit Bureau -
Baker Botts LLP SIMAH
Direcção dos Registros e
Tatiana Menshenina Anjaleedevi Ramdin Notariado Abdul Moeen Arnous
MGAP Attorneys at Law Commercial Court of Mohammad Arif Saeed
Law Office of Hassan Al Tamimi & Company
Nyarugenge S au di A rabia Mahassni
Elena Nikulina Advocates & Legal
Gide Loyrette Nouel Jean Marie Vianney Joseph Castelluccio Consultants
Vostok Ruzagiriza Emad Fareed Abdul Jawad
Globe Marine Services Co. Fulbright & Jaworski LLP Mustafa Saleh
Mucyo & Associés
Maria Priezzheva Salah Deeb Emad Arriyadh Trading
Orrick, Herrington & Frank Twegire Ali Abedi
The Allaince of Abbas Al Tamimi & Company Abdul Shakoor
Sutcliffe LLP Rwanda Development Advocates & Legal
Board F. Ghazzawi & Co. and Globe Marine Services Co.
Elvira Sagetdinova Hammad, Al-Mehdar & Co. Consultants
Consulting Group André Verbruggen Rehana Shukkur
Asad Abedi Nicholas Diacos
Mikhailov & Partners, The Allaince of Abbas
Stephen Zawadi The Allaince of Abbas Al Tamimi & Company F. Ghazzawi & Co. and
member of Russell Bedford Advocates & Legal
International Rwanda Revenue F. Ghazzawi & Co. and Hammad, Al-Mehdar & Co.
Authority Hammad, Al-Mehdar & Co. Consultants
Ulf Schneider Peter Stansfield
Danya Abulola Mothanna El Gasseer
Russia Consulting S a m oa Al Tamimi & Company
Al-Jadaan & Partners Law
Bafakih & Nassief Firm
Olga Sirodoeva Mike Betham Advocates & Legal
Orrick, Herrington & Anas Akel Consultants Sameh M. Toban
Transam Ltd. Bafakih & Nassief
Sutcliffe LLP Adel El Said Toban Law Firm
Denis Brady Naïm Al Chami
Steven Snaith Panalpina World Juergen Villmer
Land Registration Adviser Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Transport
PricewaterhouseCoopers Al-Soaib Law Firm
Murray Drake (TAG-Legal)
Pavel Solovyev Nasser A. Elhaidib Michael Webb
Drake & Co. Sheikh Yousef Al Farraj Riyadh Municipality
Magnusson National Water Company
Ruby Drake Ministry of Justice
Denis Sosedkin Mahmoud Yahya Fallatah Natasha Zahid
Drake & Co. Omar Al Saab National Water Company
DLA Piper Rus Limited Baker Botts LLP
Karanita L. Enari Law Office of Mohanned
Rainer Stawinoga Bin Saud Al-Rasheed in Imad El-Dine Ghazi Abdul Aziz Zaibag
Kruse, Enari & Barlow Law Office of Hassan
Russia Consulting association with Baker Alzaibag Consultants
Graham Hogarth Botts LLP Mahassni
Maria Tiftikidis Soudki Zawaydeh
Transam Ltd. Andreas Haberbeck
CMS International BV Abdullah Fawaz Al Tamimi Al Juraid & Company /
Anita Jowitt Al Tamimi & Company The Allaince of Abbas PricewaterhouseCoopers
Pavel Timofeev University of the South Advocates & Legal F. Ghazzawi & Co. and
Hannes Snellman Pacific Consultants Hammad, Al-Mehdar & Co. Se n e gal
Attorneys at Law Ltd.
Herman Kruse Mashuor M. Al Tubaishi Alan Hall
Natalia Vygovskaya Diaby Aboubakar
Kruse, Enari & Barlow Riyadh Municipality Al Tamimi & Company
DLA Piper Rus Limited Advocates & Legal BCEAO
George Latu Nasser H. AlAamry Consultants Khaled Abou El Houda
Rwan da Latu Ey & Clarke Lawyers National Water Company
Shadi Haroon Cabinet Kanjo Koita
Bancor, Access Bank Maiava Peteru Ibrahim Mohamed Al-But’hie Law Office of Mohanned Magatte Dabo
Law Firm Maiava V.R. Riyadh Municipality Bin Saud Al-Rasheed in Transfret Dakar
Alberto Basomingera Peteru association with Baker
Cabinet d’Avocats Fayez Aldebs Botts LLP Ibrahima Diagne
Mhayimana John Ryan Al Juraid & Company / Gainde 2000
Transam Ltd. PricewaterhouseCoopers Jochen Hundt
Pierre Célestin Bumbakare Al-Soaib Law Firm Fallou Diéye
Rwanda Revenue Patea Malo Setefano Ali. R. Al-Edrees APIX -Agence chargée
Authority Ministry of Natural Al-Bassam Ziad Jibril de la Promotion de
Resources & Environment Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - l’Investissement et des
Annie Kairaba-Kyambadde Mohammed Al-Ghamdi (TAG-Legal)
Toleafoa RS Toailoa Fulbright & Jaworski LLP Grands Travaux
Rwanda Initiative for
Sustainable Development / To’ailoa Law Office Marcus Latta Issa Dione
Abdullah Al-Hashim The Law Firm of Salah
LandNet Shan Shiraz Ali Usman Al-Jadaan & Partners Law Senelec
Al-Hejailany
Marcellin Kamanzi Tradepac Marketing Ltd. Firm Alassane Diop
Glenn Lovell DP World
Angélique Kantengwa Hussam Salah Al-Hejailan
S ão Tom é an d The Law Firm of Salah
Al Tamimi & Company
National Bank of Rwanda Princi p e Advocates & Legal Amadou Diop
Al-Hejailany Consultants Gainde 2000
Theophile Kazaneza
Kigali Bar Association António de Barros A. Aguiar Hesham Al-Homoud Zaid Mahayni Babacar Biram Diop
SOCOGESTA The Law Firm of Dr. Law Office of Hassan Cabinet Babacar Biram
Isaïe Mhayimana Hesham Al-Homoud
Amaro Mahassni Diop
Cabinet d’Avocats
Mhayimana Metalurgica Santo Amaro Mohammed Al-Jaddan Ahmed Makkaw Fodé Diop
André Aureliano Aragão Al-Jadaan & Partners Law Bafakih & Nassief Art Ingegierie Afrique
Donatien Mucyo Firm
Mucyo & Associés André Aureliano Aragão Ahmed Mekkawi Amadou Drame
Jurisconsulta & Advogado Fahad Almalki Bafakih & Nassief Cabinet d’Avocat
Alexandre Mugenzangabo Al Tamimi & Company
Mucyo & Associés Abreu Conceição Maher Melhem Cheikh Fall
Advocates & Legal
Soares Da Costa Consultants Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Cabinet d’Avocat
Richard Mugisha
(TAG-Legal)
Trust Law Chambers
204 Doing Business 2010

Mame Adama Gueye Se rbia Marijana Malidzan Jovana Tomić H.C. Bright
Mame Adama Gueye & Regulatory Review Unit Živković & Samardžić Law Rokel Commercial Bank
Associes Bojana Babić office
Bojović Dašić Kojović Aleksandar Mančev Nicholas Colin Browne-Marke
Matthias Hubert Prica & Partners Law Mile Tomić Court of Appeals
FIDAFRICA / Rade Bačković Office Municipality of Surcin
PricewaterhouseCoopers Association of Serbian Charles Campbell
Banks Milena Manojlović Snežana Tosić Charles Campbell & Co.
Steven Jansen Gide Loyrette Nouel, Serbian Business Registers
Maersk Logistics Marija Bojović member of Lex Mundi Agency Emile Carr
Bojović Dašić Kojović Leone Consultants
Edgar Julienne Andreja Marušić Biljana Trencev
Maersk Logistics Christophe Boyer The International Center H.E.C. Carter
Dragana Miletić Rokel Commercial Bank
Gide Loyrette Nouel, for Financial Market
Papa Ismaél Ka member of Lex Mundi Municipality of Surcin Development
Etude Notariale Ka John Carter
Vuk Božović Vladimir Milić Tanja Vukotić Marinković KPMG
Oumy Kalsoum Gaye Gide Loyrette Nouel, PricewaterhouseCoopers Serbian Business Registers
Chambre de Commerce Roy Chalkley
member of Lex Mundi Nenad Mraković Agency Shipping Agencies Ltd.
d’Industrie et
d’Agriculture de Dakar Milan Brković Elektroprivreda Srbije Miloš Vulić Leslie Theophilus Clarkson
Association of Serbian Ana Nesić Prica & Partners Law Ahmry Services
Abdou Dialy Kane Banks Office
S.C.P. D’avocats Law Office Kosić
Victor Keith Cole
Ana Čalić Dimitrije Nikolić Miloš Živković
Seydina Kane Rokel Commercial Bank
Prica & Partners Law Cargo T. Weiss d.o.o. Živković & Samardžić Law
Senelec Office office Michael A. Collier
Sidy Kanoute Djurdje Ninković Rokel Commercial Bank
Ivana Čalić
Law Office Kosić
Ninković Law Office Se yc h e ll e s Mabinty Daramy
Ousseynou Lagnane
BDS Bojan Obradović Gerry Adam Ministry of Trade &
Marina Cvijanović Omega Electro Mahe Shipping Co. Ltd. Industry
Patricia Lake Diop Gide Loyrette Nouel,
Etude Me Patricia Lake member of Lex Mundi Zvonko Obradović Laura. A. Alcindor Valabhji Fraser Davies
Diop Serbian Business Registers Sterling Offshore Limited Ministry of Employment &
Vladimir Dabić Agency Social Security
Moussa Mbacke The International Center Leslie Boniface
Etude notariale Moussa for Financial Market Darija Ognjenović Vidal Decker
Ministry of Employment
Mbacke Development Prica & Partners Law and Human Resource KPMG
Office Development
Dame Mbaye Danica Dajović Festina Douganson
Transfret Dakar Regulatory Review Unit Igor Oljačić France Gonzalves Bonte SIERRATEL
Law Office Kosić
Mamadou Mbaye Predrag Dejanović Bobby Brantley Jr. Mariama Dumbuya
SCP Mame Adama Gueye & Ninković Law Office Tamara Ostojić Sterling Offshore Limited Renner Thomas & Co.,
Associés Prica & Partners Law Adele Chambers
François d’Ornano Office L. Charlette
Amadou Ndiaye Gide Loyrette Nouel, Stamp Duty Commission William L. Farmer
Port Autonome de Dakar member of Lex Mundi Vladimir Perić Ministry of Lands,
Prica & Partners Law Andre D. Ciseau Country Planning and the
François Ndiaye Dragan Draca Office Seychelles Ports Environment
Port Autonome de Dakar PricewaterhouseCoopers Authority
Snežana Petrović Dzidzedze Fiadjoe
Cheikh Tidiane Ndiaye Jelena Edelman Panalpina World Daniel Houareau PricewaterhouseCoopers
Secom-Afrique Prica & Partners Law Transport Seychelles Ports
Office Authority Eke Ahmed Halloway
Magatte Ndoye Mihajlo Prica Halloway & Partners
Ministere du Commerce Zorana Gajić Prica & Partners Law Melanie Kemp
Regulatory Review Unit Office Sterling Offshore Limited Millicent Hamilton-Hazeley
Moustapha Ndoye Clas Legal
Ivan Grac Branko Radulović Conrad Lablache
Madior Niang Panalpina World James M. Heyburn
Regulatory Review Unit Pardiwalla Twomey
Transcontinental Transit Transport Lablache Safmarine Container Lines
Carol Santoni (Maersk Ltd.)
Bara Sady Olga Serb Gretić MEJ Electrical
Gide Loyrette Nouel,
Port Autonome de Dakar Ninković Law Office member of Lex Mundi Michael A.O. Johnson
Joe Morin City Alliance
SDV Logistics Ltd. Harrison Solicitors Nebojsa Savičević Mahe Shipping Co. Ltd.
Djibril Sy Slavica Janojlić Trimo inzenjering d.o.o. Augustin Kai Banya
Margaret Nourrice Ministry of Lands,
Secom-Afrique ElektroDistribucija Sladjana Sredojević Stamp Duty Commission
Beograd (EDB) Country Planning and the
Thierno Baila Talla Association of Serbian Pesi Pardiwalla Environment
Port Autonome de Dakar Dejan Jeremić Banks
Pardiwalla Twomey Mariama Kallay
Dominique Taty Republic Geodetic Ana Stanković Lablache
Authority Government of Sierra
FIDAFRICA / Moravčevic, Vojnović Bernard L. Pool Leone
PricewaterhouseCoopers Andrija Jerinić & Zdravković o.a.d. u
saradnji sa Schönherr Pool & Patel Ibrahim Sorie Kamara
Ousmane Thiam Regulatory Review Unit
Public Utilities National Revenue
Maersk Logistics Martina Jović Nenad Stanković Authority
Corporation
PricewaterhouseCoopers JSP
Simon Pierre Thiaw Unice Romain Jusifu Anthony Kamara
Bojović & Dašić Dragana Stanojević
Douanes du Senegal Seychelles Ports Guma Valley Water
Dubravka Kosić Booz Allen Hamilton Authority Company
Ibra Thiombane
Law Office Kosić Milan Stefanović M.B. Kargbo
SCP Mame Adama Gueye & Kieran B. Shah
Associés Ivan Krsikapa Regulatory Review Unit Ministry of Finance
Ninković Law Office Milo Stevanovich
Si e rra L e on e
Adama Traore Hassan Kavqsa
SCP Mame Adama Gueye & Zach Kuvizić Booz Allen Hamilton Abdul Bai Kanu SIERRATEL
Associés Kuvizić Law Office Petar Stojanović Sonnie Davies Electrical Shiaka Kawa
Baba Traore Marc Lassman Joksovic, Stojanovic and Desmond D. Beckley Edra Consultancy
Transfret Booz Allen Hamilton Partners Dalttech / DESMI Alieyah Keita
Konzo Traore Aleksandar Tasić Enterprises
Law Office Baklaja Igric Arthur William Lewis
BCEAO Mujezinovic in association Kuvizić Law Office A.Y Brewah
with Clyde & Co LLP Freetown City Council
Emmanuel Yehouessi Brewah & Co.
Centus Macauley Esq.
BCEAO
Macauley, Bangura & Co.
Acknowledgments 205
Sullay A. Mannah Singa p or e Slova k R e p ublic Lucia Slezakova Mia Kalas
Bank of Sierra Leone PricewaterhouseCoopers Odvetniki Šelih &
Malcolm BH Tan Martina Behuliaková Partnerji
Ibrahim Mansaray Insolvency & Public Geodesy, Cartography and Lubica Suhajova
Trustee’s Office Cadastre Authority PricewaterhouseCoopers Danijel Kerševan
Noah Mansaray
Panalpina Welttransport
Sierra Leone Ports Ronald Cai Radmila Benkova Maria Svidroňová GmbH
Authority Ministry of Manpower PricewaterhouseCoopers Monarex audit consulting
Tina Klemenc
Corneleius Adeyemi Max- Hooi Yen Chin Genc Boga Michal Toman
Williams I PricewaterhouseCoopers
Gateway Law Corporation Boga & Associates PricewaterhouseCoopers
Shipping Agencies Ltd. Barbara Knez
Paerin Choa Jana Borská Roman Turok-Hetes Avbreht, Zajc & partners
E.V. Morgan J.P. National Bank of Slovakia
TSMP Law Corporation Čechová & Partners,
Institute of Architects member of Lex Mundi Vid Kobe
Sierra Leone Kit Min Chye Peter Varga Filipov, Petrovič, Jeraj
Tan Peng Chin LLC Todd Bradshaw PRK Partners s.r.o. in partnerji o.p., d.o.o.
Augustine Musa, Esq. advokátní kancelář
PricewaterhouseCoopers in cooperation with
Brewah & Co. Seema Dadlani Schönherr
Miroslava Budínska Zuzana Wallova
Alfred Navo Paula Eastwood National Bank of Slovakia Karl-Heinz Krois
Dedák & Partners
Ministry of Employment & PricewaterhouseCoopers Panalpina Welttransport
Social Security Ján Budinský Michal Zeman
Energy Market Authority Čechová & Partners, GmbH
Easmon Ngakui Slovak Credit Bureau, s.r.o.
Soo Geok Keen member of Lex Mundi Ana Lešnik
Brewah & Co. Kristina Cermakova Avbreht, Zajc & partners
Steven Tan PAC, member Dagmar Zukalová
Oliver Nylander of Russell Bedford Peterka & Partners
Zukalová - Advokátska Iztok Milac
Adele Chambers International Elena Chorvátová kancelária s.r.o. Miro Senica in Odvetniki
Rev. Dan Oalmer Global Trade Well Peterka & Partners
Singapore Slov e nia Siniša Nišavić
National Power Authority Miroslava Greštiaková Data d.o.o
Christopher J. Peacock Aaron Goh PricewaterhouseCoopers Tina Ajster
PricewaterhouseCoopers Matic Novak
Serpico Trading Michaela Jurková PricewaterhouseCoopers
Rojs, Peljhan, Prelesnik &
Enterprises Haryad Hadi Čechová & Partners, Andrej Andrić partnerji, o.p., d.o.o.
H.O. Peacock-Sawyer Donaldson & Burkinshaw member of Lex Mundi Rojs, Peljhan, Prelesnik & Sonja Omerza
Ministry of Lands, May Ching Ida Han Tomáš Kamenec partnerji, o.p., d.o.o.
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Country Planning and the Donaldson & Burkinshaw Dedák & Partners Barbara Balantić
Environment Pavle Pensa
Yvonne Hill Roman Konrad Odvetniki Šelih &
Ade Renner-Thomas Partnerji Law Office Jadek & Pensa
Yeo-Leong & Peh Profinam, s.r.o. d.o.o.
Renner Thomas & Co., Nataša Božović
Adele Chambers Sheau Peng Hoo Miloslav Kovac Bostjan Petauer
General Counciller of Bank of Slovenia
Roger Rogers Subordinate Courts BDO EOS Svetovanje d.o.o.
the UINL Eva Budja
International Ashok Kumar Tomaž Petrovič
Construction Co. Ltd. Sona Krockova Law Office Jadek & Pensa
Allen & Gledhill LLP d.o.o. Schönherr Rechtsanwälte
PricewaterhouseCoopers GmbH / Attorneys-at-Law
Mohamed Salisu Nanda Kumar
Štefan Kutenič Vid Čibej
Ministry of Finance, Rajah & Tann Natasa Pipan Nahtigal
Revenue & Tax Policy Chamber of Notaries PricewaterhouseCoopers
Odvetniki Šelih &
Division Shirene Li Thomas Dane Partnerji
Credit Bureau Pte Ltd. Katarina Leitmannová
Julia Sarkodie-Mensah Geodesy, Cartography and PricewaterhouseCoopers Jure Planinšek
Yik Wee Liew Cadastre Authority Elektro Ljubljana d.d. Odvetniki Šelih &
Sahid Mohammed Sesay WongPartnership LLP
Serry Kamal & Co Lubomir Lesko Partnerji
Energy Agency of the
William Lim Peterka & Partners Republic of Slovenia Petra Plevnik
Shipping Agencies Ltd. Credit Bureau Pte Ltd.
Přemysl Marek Aleksander Ferk Miro Senica in Odvetniki
Susan Sisay Mei Xin Loh Peterka & Partners PricewaterhouseCoopers Bojan Podgoröek
Sisay & Associate Wong Tan & Molly Lim LLC
Tomáš Maretta Ana Filipov Andrej Poglajen
Eddinia Swallow Hwei Min Ng Čechová & Partners, Filipov, Petrovič, Jeraj Chamber of Craft and
Wright & Co. member of Lex Mundi
Sheikh Babu Nooruddin in partnerji o.p., d.o.o. Small Busines
Lornard Taylor Al Noor International Peter Mateja in cooperation with
Schönherr Marjana Ristevski
Macauley, Bangura & Co. Pte. Ltd. PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers
Rodney O. Temple Beng Hong Ong Legal Services Ana Grabnar
Rojs, Peljhan, Prelesnik & Maöa Rozman
EROD Construction & Wong Tan & Molly Lim LLC Clare Moger
Engineering Services partnerji, o.p., d.o.o. PricewaterhouseCoopers
See Tiat Quek PricewaterhouseCoopers
Alhanji Timbo Boštjan Grešak Tomo Sbrizaj
PricewaterhouseCoopers Panalpina Welttransport Agency for public legal
National Power Authority GmbH Odvetniška pisarna
Shook Lin & Bok (in joint Avbreht, Zajc in partnerji records and related
Mohamed Ahmad Tunis venture with Allen & Jakub Ondrejka services
Ahmry Services Overy) Damjana Iglič
Čechová & Partners, Bostjan Sedmak
member of Lex Mundi Bank of Slovenia
Darcy White Douglas Tan Schönherr Rechtsanwälte
PricewaterhouseCoopers Steven Tan PAC, member Ladislav Pompura Andrej Jarkovič GmbH / Attorneys-at-Law
of Russell Bedford Monarex audit consulting Janežič & Jarkovič
Claudius Williams-Tucker Attorneys-at-Law & Patent Tamara äerdoner
International PricewaterhouseCoopers
KPMG Zora Puškáčová Attorneys
Winston Tay Zukalová - Advokátska Branka Španič
Solomon Wilson Saša Jemc
Customs Authority kancelária s.r.o. Law Office Jadek & Pensa
Sierra Leone Investment Law Office Jadek & Pensa
Information Portal (SLIIP) Siu Ing Teng Zuzana Satkova d.o.o. d.o.o.
Amy Wright Land Authority PricewaterhouseCoopers Renata Šterbenc Štrus
Jernej Jeraj
Ecobank Paul Wong Martin Senkovic Filipov, Petrovič, Jeraj Law Office Jadek & Pensa
Rodyk & Davidson LLP BNT - Sovova Chudackova in partnerji o.p., d.o.o. d.o.o.
Rowland Wright
& Partner, s.r.o. in cooperation with Anja Strojin Štampar
Wright & Co. Daniel Yap Schönherr
Jaroslav Škubal Miro Senica in Odvetniki
Jennifer Yeo Urška Jereb
Yeo-Leong & Peh PRK Partners s.r.o. Melita Trop
advokátní kancelář Avbreht, Zajc & partners Miro Senica in Odvetniki
Stefanie Yuen Thio
TSMP Law Corporation
206 Doing Business 2010

Nives Uljan Gretchen de Smit Co-Ordination (Pty) Anselmo Diaz Fernández Eduardo Santamaría Moral
Panalpina Welttransport Edward Nathan Limited Bank of Spain J & A Garrigues, S.L.
GmbH Sonnenbergs Inc. Gasant Orrie Rossanna D’Onza Ramón Santillán
Nevenka Vratanar Hiren Desai Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr Inc. Baker & McKenzie Bank of Spain
Agency of the Republic Business Advisors Group Dave Oshry
of Slovenia for public Antonio Fernández Catalina Santos
legal records and related Rudolph Du Plessis Fordham & Oshry Inc. - J & A Garrigues, S.L. J & A Garrigues, S.L.
services Bowman Gilfillan, member member of Russell Bedford
of Lex Mundi International Valentín García González Pablo Santos
Katja Wostner Gonçalves Pereira Gómez-Acebo & Pombo
Justin Ducie Eamonn Quinn Abogados
BDO EOS Svetovanje d.o.o. Borja García-Alamán
PricewaterhouseCoopers Eamonn David Quinn
Aleš Zevnik Attorney J & A Garrigues, S.L. Luis Siles
Data d.o.o Flip Dwinger Davies Arnold Cooper
CIPRO ( Companies & IPR Andres Sepp Cristina Gomendio Spain
Katja Šegedin Zevnik Registration Office) Office of the Chief J & A Garrigues, S.L.
Data d.o.o Registrar of Deeds Cristina Soler
ESKOM Juan Ignacio Gomeza Villa Gómez-Acebo & Pombo
Brigita Žunič Richard Shein Notario de Bilbao Abogados
Miranda Feinstein Bowman Gilfillan, member
Deloitte Jorge Hernandez
Edward Nathan of Lex Mundi Raimon Tagliavini
Tina Žvanut Mioč Sonnenbergs Inc. Equifax Iberica Uría & Menéndez, member
Law Office Jadek & Pensa Rob Smorfitt of Lex Mundi
Darryl Fordham Luiz Jimenez Lopez
d.o.o. Chamber of Commerce &
Fordham & Oshry Inc. - Industries Colegio Oficial Francisco Téllez
member of Russell Bedford de Aparejadores y J & A Garrigues, S.L.
S olom on International TransUnion Arquitectos Tecnicos de
I slan d s Madrid Adrián Thery
Daniel Francois Fyfer Llewellyn van Wyk J & A Garrigues, S.L.
James Apaniai Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr Inc. CSIR Igor Kokorev
James Apaniai Lawyers Pérez - Llorca Alejandro Valls
Sean Gilmour Claire van Zuylen Baker & McKenzie
Don Boykin PricewaterhouseCoopers Bowman Gilfillan, member Joaquin Macias
Pacific Architects Ltd of Lex Mundi Ashurst Juan Verdugo
Go Freight Brokers J & A Garrigues, S.L.
Julie Haro Ralph Zulman Daniel Marín
Tim Gordon-Grant Supreme Court of Appeal Gómez-Acebo & Pombo
AJ&G Blum Ltd Sri L an ka
Bowman Gilfillan, member Abogados
Anita Jowitt of Lex Mundi Spain Jorge Martín - Fernández Shanaka Amarasinghe
University of the South Kim Goss
Pacific Clifford Chance Julius & Creasy
Bowman Gilfillan, member Allen & Overy LLP
John Katahanas of Lex Mundi Gabriel Martínez Chiranga Amirthiah
Altius S.A.
Sol - Law Martinez, Ojeda y F.J. & G. De Saram, member
Roelof Grové Ana Armijo Asociados, member of Lex Mundi
Haelo Pelu Adams & Adams Ashurst of Russell Bedford APL
Deputy Registrar General Jenna Hopwood International
Cristina Ayo Ferrándiz Savantha De Saram
Ramon Jun Quitales TWB Uría & Menéndez, member José Manuel Mateo D.L. & F. De Saram
Quitales Management Simone Immelman of Lex Mundi J & A Garrigues, S.L.
Services Chamari de Silva
Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr Inc. Jacobo Baltar Nicolás Nogueroles Peiró
Roselle R. Rosales F.J. & G. De Saram, member
Mark Klinkert Baker & McKenzie ARBO (Asociacion de of Lex Mundi
Pacific Architects Ltd Registradores Bienvenido
Fordham & Oshry Inc. - Juan Bolás Alfonso Sharmela de Silva
Gregory Joseph Sojnocki member of Russell Bedford Oliver)
Notariado Tiruchelvam Associates
Morris & Sojnocki International Ana Novoa
Chartered Accountants Agustín Bou Sadhini Edirisinghe
Anli Koen Baker & McKenzie
Jausas F.J. & G. De Saram, member
John Sullivan TWB Alberto Núñez-Lagos
Héctor Bouzo Cortejosa of Lex Mundi
Sol - Law Unathi Kondile Burguera
Solcaisur S.L. Uría & Menéndez, member Chamindi Ekanayake
Bowman Gilfillan, member
S out h A f rica of Lex Mundi Cristina Calvo of Lex Mundi Nithya Partners
Ashurst Daniel Parejo Ballesteros Amila Fernando
Theo Adendorff Paul Lategan
KCSA Edward Nathan Teresa Camacho Artacho J & A Garrigues, S.L. Julius & Creasy
Sonnenbergs Inc. Uría & Menéndez, member Jose Luis Perales Champika Fernando
Ross Alcock of Lex Mundi
Edward Nathan Irvin Lawrence Notariado Tiruchelvam Associates
Sonnenbergs Inc. Garlicke & Bousfield Inc Laura Camarero Pedro Pérez-Llorca Zamora Freight Links
Baker & McKenzie Pérez - Llorca International (Pte) Ltd
Mark Badenhorst Veema Makan
PricewaterhouseCoopers Edward Nathan Ariadna Cambronero Ginés Roser Ràfols Jivan Goonetilleke
Sonnenbergs Inc. Uría & Menéndez, member Jausas D.L. & F. De Saram
Jacque Bagg of Lex Mundi
Fordham & Oshry Inc. - Joey Mathekga Juan Ramon-Ramos Naomal Goonewardena
member of Russell Bedford CIPRO ( Companies & IPR Nazaret Clemente Nithya Partners
Landwell, Abogados y
International Registration Office) Clifford Chance Asesores Fiscales Sunil Hapuarachchi
Kobus Blignaut Brian Mbatha Francisco Conde Viñuelas Carlos Rico State Engineering
Edward Nathan Office of the Chief Gonçalves Pereira Clifford Chance Corporation
Sonnenbergs Inc. Registrar of Deeds Jaume Cornudella Marquès Enrique Rodriguez Sonali Jayasuriya
Boitumelo Bogatsu Gabriel Meyer Landwell, Abogados y D.L. & F. De Saram
Altius S.A.
Garlicke & Bousfield Inc Deneys Reitz / Africa Asesores Fiscales
Legal Déborah Rodríguez Tudor Jayasuriya
Anthony Brislin Fernando de la Puente Alfaro F.J. & G. De Saram, member
Clifford Chance
BDO Spencer Steward Glory Moumakwe Colegio de Registradores of Lex Mundi
Southern African CIPRO ( Companies & IPR de la Propiedad y Eduardo Rodríguez-Rovira
Co-Ordination (Pty) Registration Office) Mercantiles de España Uría & Menéndez, member Inoka Jayawardhana
Limited of Lex Mundi F.J. & G. De Saram, member
Sizwe Msimang Agustín Del Río Galeote of Lex Mundi
Beric Croome Bowman Gilfillan, member Gómez-Acebo & Pombo Iñigo Sagardoy
Edward Nathan of Lex Mundi Abogados Sagardoy Abogados, Vishwamithra Kadurugamuwa
Sonnenbergs Inc. member of Ius Laboris F.J. & G. De Saram, member
Kemp Munnik Iván Delgado González of Lex Mundi
Gabriel Davel BDO Spencer Steward Pérez - Llorca L. Salvado
National Credit Regulator Southern African Equifax Iberica Yudhishtran Kanagasabai
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Acknowledgments 207
Janaka Lakmal Warren Thompson Richard Peterkin Surina m e José Rodrigues
Credit Information Bureau Constsvcs PricewaterhouseCoopers Rodrigues & Associates
Ltd. G. Clide Cambridge
Charles Walwyn St. Vincent Customs Paramaribo Custom Broker Moira Rose
LAN Management PricewaterhouseCoopers Authority & Packer PKF International
Development Service
St. Vincent Electricity Marcel K. Eyndhoven Bradford Mark Walker
Fathima Amra Mohamed S t. Lucia Services Ltd. Brad Walker Architects
N.V. Energiebedrijven
Sudath Perera Associates Gilland Adjodha Nicole O.M. Sylvester Suriname
Dian Nanayakkara Cotton Bay Resorts Caribbean International S w e de n
Johan Kastelein
Tiruchelvam Associates Law Firm
Thea Alexander KDV Architects Magnus Andersson
Jagath Perera Francis & Antoine L.A. Douglas Williams Gärde Wesslau
R.J.S. Kensenhuis
MIT Cargo (Pvt) Ltd. Law Firm of Phillips & Advokatbyrå
Thaddeus M. Antoine Williams NBM Groep
Santushi Perera Francis & Antoine Martin Bergander
Andrea Young-Lewis Stanley Marica
Julius & Creasy Gärde Wesslau
Gerard Bergasse Commerce & Intellectual Advokatenkantoor Marica Advokatbyrå
Sudath Perera Tropical Shipping Property Office (CIPO) Law Firm
Sudath Perera Associates Mats Berter
Desma F. Charles Anouschka Nabibaks
Su dan MAQS Law Firm
Sudesh Peter Registry of Companies and BDO Abrahams Raijmann &
F.J. & G. De Saram, member Intellectual Property Partners Annica Börjesson
Abdullah Abozaid MAQS Law Firm
of Lex Mundi Willibald Charles Rita Ramdat
Law Office of Abdullah A.
Progressive Design Baron Shipping & Abozaid Chamber of Commerce & Alexander Broch
Associates Brokerage Inc. Industry Brochs Redovisningsbyraa
Mohamed Ibrahim Adam KB
Hiranthi Ratnayake Peter I. Foster Dr. Adam & Associates Angèle J. Ramsaransing-Karg
PricewaterhouseCoopers Peter I. Foster & BDO Abrahams Raijmann & Linda Broström-Cabrera
Associates Jamal Ibrahim Ahmed Partners PricewaterhouseCoopers
Paul Ratnayeke
Peterson D. Francis Eihab Babiker Adiel Sakoer Jenny Dangre
Paul Ratnayeke Associates
Peterson D. Francis Eihab Babiker & Associates N.V. Global Expedition Advokatfirman Vinge KB,
Perera Sanjeevani Worldwide Shipping & - Advocates member of Lex Mundi
Nithya Partners Inder Sardjoe
Customs Services Ltd. Mojtaba Banaga N.V. Easy Electric Henric Diefke
Sanath Senaratne Annick Gajadhar Elkarib and Medani Mannheimer Swartling
Ceylon Electricity Board Albert D. Soedamah
Tropical Shipping Elmugtaba Bannaga Advokatbyrå
Lawfirm Soedamah &
Shifana Sharifuddin Carol J. Gedeon Elkarib and Medani Associates Lina Fransson
John Wilson Partners Chancery Chambers Amani Ejami Elmzell Advokatbyrå AB,
Radjen A. Soerdjbalie
Shane Silva El Karib & Medani member of Ius Laboris
Simon Jeffers Notariaat R.A. Soerdjbalie
Julius & Creasy Tropical Shipping Advocates Roger Gavelin
Jennifer van Dijk-Silos
Priya Sivagananathan Ashraf A.H. El Neil PricewaterhouseCoopers
Lucelec Law Firm Van Dijk-Silos
Julius & Creasy Mahmoud Elsheikh Omer & Loreta Greivyte
Duane C. Marquis Associates Advocates Rene van Essen
Mathy Tharmaratnam Fortune Law Group
NLBA Architects Vereniging Surinaams
Tiruchelvam Associates Tariq Mohmoud Elsheikh Bedrijfsleven, Suriname Lars Hartzell
Marguerite Nicholas Omer Trade & Industry
Harini Udugampola Elmzell Advokatbyrå AB,
Gordon & Gordon Co. Mahmoud Elsheikh Omer & Association member of Ius Laboris
F.J. & G. De Saram, member Associates Advocates
of Lex Mundi Eldris Pierre-Mauricette Dayenne Wielingen-Verwey Linda Hasselblad
Tropical Shipping Eshraga Fadlalla Vereniging Surinaams
Charmalie Weerasekera MAQS Law Firm
Eshraga Fadlalla Law Bedrijfsleven, Suriname
Sudath Perera Associates The Bank of Nova Scotia Office Emil Hedberg
Trade & Industry
Shashi Weththasinghe Leandra Gabrielle Verneuil William E. Kosar Association Advokatfirman Vinge KB,
Julius & Creasy Gordon & Gordon Co. member of Lex Mundi
IRIS Center Perry D. Wolfram
Nihal Wicramasooriya Andie A. Wilkie BroCad N.V. Bengt Kjellson
Ahmed Mahdi
Ceylon Electricity Board Gordon & Gordon Co. Lantmäteriet
Mahmoud Elsheikh Omer &
Brenda M. Williams Associates Advocates S wa z ilan d Niklas Körling
John Wilson Jr.
John Wilson Partners Chase, Skeete & Boland Amin Mekki Medani Vincent Galeromeloe Setterwalls Advokatbyrå
El Karib & Medani TransUnion ITC Tommy Larsson
St. Kitts an d S t. Vinc e nt an d Advocates Ministry of Employment
t h e G r e na din e s Phumlile Tina Khoza
N e v is Osman Mekki Abdurrahman Municipal Council of Johan Lindberg
Michella Adrien Kay R.A. Bacchus-Browne HLCS Manzini Advokatfirman Lindahl
Michella Adrien Law Kay Bacchus - Browne Abdalla Mohamed Paul Lewis
Chambers Christoffer Monell
Office A. Mohamed & Associates PricewaterhouseCoopers Mannheimer Swartling
Nicholas Brisbane Bernadine Dublin Advokatbyrå
Tarig Monim Andrew Linsey
N. Brisbane & Associates Labour Department
Mohamed Alaa Eldin PricewaterhouseCoopers Dain Nevonen
Scott Caines First Caribbean Bank Mohamed Advokatfirman Vinge KB,
C.J. Littler
Frank B. Armstrong Ltd. Tamara Gibson-Marks Darka for Trading & member of Lex Mundi
C.J. Littler & Co.
Neil Coates High Court Registrary Services Co. Ltd. Michael Nyman
Welile Mabuza
PricewaterhouseCoopers Sean Joachim Alaa Eldin Mohamed Osman Advokatfirman Lindahl
Mabuza Attorneys
Dollrita Jack-Cato CaribTrans Darka for Trading & Karl-Arne Olsson
Services Co. Ltd. Service Magagula
Webster Dyrud Mitchell Serge L’Africain Gärde Wesslau
R. Parekh Shadrack Mnisi Advokatbyrå
Dahlia Joseph Scotiabank
MTS Cargo Services Sharp Freight SWD Pty. Ola Lo Olsson
Daniel Brantley & Moulton Mayers Ltd.
Associates Mohamed Samir Elmzell Advokatbyrå AB,
Moulton Mayers Bongani Mtshali member of Ius Laboris
Randy Prentice Architects Tristar
Federation of Swaziland Mattias Örnulf
Frank B. Armstrong Ltd. Marcelle Myers Amel M. Sharif Employers and Chamber of
Mahmoud Elsheikh Omer & Commerce Hökerberg & Söderqvist
Anastacia Saunders Caribbean International Advokatbyrå KB
Law Firm Associates Advocates
Frank B. Armstrong Ltd. Jerome Ndzimandze
Abdel Gadir Warsama Carl Östring
St. Kitts Electricity Floyd A. Patterson Speed Limit Construction
Dr. Abdel Gadir Warsama Magnusson
Department Pannell Kerr Forster Knox Nxumalo
Ghalib & Associates Legal Panalpina AB
Firm Robinson Bertram
208 Doing Business 2010

Linn Samuelsson Roland Niklaus Housam Safadi Rich Lin Nazira Avazova
MAQS Law Firm Notariat Bernhard Safadi Bureau LCS & Partners Ministry of Labor & Social
Burkard Protection
Jesper Schönbeck Samer Sultan Yishian Lin
Advokatfirman Vinge KB, Gema Olivar Sultans Law PricewaterhouseCoopers Farhad Azizov
member of Lex Mundi PricewaterhouseCoopers Akhmedov, Azizov &
Catherine Liu
Odd Swarting Gion Pagnoncini Tai wan , C h ina SDV Logistics Ltd.
Abdulhamidov Attorneys
Setterwalls Advokatbyrå Pestalozzi Lachenal Patry, Jersey Chang Abdulbori Baybayev
member of Lex Mundi Julia Liu Law Firm Lex
UC AB Puhua & Associates SDV Logistics Ltd.
Sara Rousselle-Ruffieux Vera Chang Shamsibonu Djurayeva
Caroline Vartia Kang-Shen Liu
Tavernier Tschanz LCS & Partners Rakhmatzoda Hshurali
Gärde Wesslau Lexcel Partners
Advokatbyrå Daniel Schmitz Victor Chang Centre for
PricewaterhouseCoopers Jennifer Lo Entreprenurship
LCS & Partners PricewaterhouseCoopers
S w it z e rlan d Daniel Steudler
Development Support in
John Chen Mike Lu Dushanbe
Amr Abdel Aziz Swisstopo, Directorate for Formosa Transnational
Cadastral Surveying Lexcel Partners Ashraf Sharifovich Ikromov
CMS von Erlach Henrici
AG Nicholas V. Chen Joseph Ni LLC “Movarounnahr”
Barbara Stöckli Klaus
Pamir Law Group Good Earth CPA Azim Ishmatov
Peter R. Altenburger Froriep Renggli
Altenburger Tina Chen Lawrence S. Ong AB Group
Edmond Tavernier
Winkler Partners Puhua & Associates Mirali Kadyrov
Beat M. Barthold Tavernier Tschanz
Froriep Renggli Wei-cheng Chen Lloyd G. Roberts III Centre for
Brigitte Umbach-Spahn Entreprenurship
Ministry of the Interior Winkler Partners
Marc Bernheim Wenger Plattner Development Support in
Staiger Schwald & Partner Abraham Cheng Michael Schreiber Dushanbe
Stephane Valat
Lexcel Partners Yangming Partners
Sébastien Bettschart Orrick, Herrington & Munir Kalemulloev
Tavernier Tschanz Sutcliffe LLP Chun-Yih Cheng Tanya Y. Teng Tajikistan University
Beatrice Vetsch Formosa Transnational Huang & Partners
Jacques Bonvin Mynir Kalemyloev
Tavernier Tschanz PricewaterhouseCoopers Yu-Chung Chiu Bee Leay Teo Association of Anti Crisis
Andrin Waldburger Ministry of The Interior Baker & McKenzie Managers Tajikistan
Bernhard G. Burkard
Notariat Bernhard PricewaterhouseCoopers Julie C. Chu C.F. Tsai Assel Khamzina
Burkard Patrick Weber Jones Day Deep & Far, Attorneys- PricewaterhouseCoopers
Andrea Cesare Canonica EKZ Elektrizitätswerke Steven Go at-Law Nigina Mahmudova
Swiss Customs des Kantons Zürich PricewaterhouseCoopers Eric Tsai Gender va Tarakkiet
Commercial Register of Roman Werder Barbara Hsu Puhua & Associates Mashvarat Limited
the Canton Zurich PricewaterhouseCoopers SDV Logistics Ltd. Rita Tsai Liability Company
Mauro Cavadini ZEK Switzerland Robert Hsu APL Dilovar Mavlonov
Brunoni Molino Mottis SDV Logistics Ltd. Yeong Uong Enterprise Co. Association of Anti Crisis
Adami Sy rian A rab Managers Tajikistan
R e p ublic Tony Hsu Chao-Yu Wang
Damien Conus Pamir Law Group Yangming Partners Karimova Muhabbat
Tavernier Tschanz Muhamed Agha Central Notary’s Office
Yuling Hsu Chien-jui Wang
Philippe de Salis UNDP Formosa Transnational Takhir Nabiev
CEPD
Stonehage S.A. Sulafah Akili AITEN Consulting Group
Margaret Huang Richard Watanabe
Robert P. Desax Ministry of Economy & LCS & Partners Mizrobiddin Nugmanov
Trade PricewaterhouseCoopers
PricewaterhouseCoopers Globalink Logistics Group
T.C. Huang Pei-Yu Wu
Suzanne Eckert Mouazza Al Ashhab Jurabek Toshtemurovich
Huang & Partners Baker & McKenzie
Wenger Plattner Auditing Consulting Okhonov
Accounting Center Jui-Lung Hung Shin Mei Wu LLC “Movarounnahr”
Erwin Griesshammer Puhua & Associates Joint Credit Information
Rawaa Al Midani Emin Sauginov
Vischer Attorneys at Law Center
Ministry of Trade & Charles Hwang Ministry of Labor & Social
Mark Hippenmeyer Economy Yangming Partners Shih-Ming You Protection
Altenburger Nabih Alhafez Ministry of The Interior
Joan Jing Tahmina Qodiri
David Hürlimann SFS (Speed Forward Puhua & Associates AITEN Consulting Group
CMS von Erlach Henrici Shipping) Taj i k istan
AG Wen-Horng Kao Jamshed Rahmonberdiev
Ziad Al-Sairafi PricewaterhouseCoopers Bakhtiyor Abdulhamidov Somon Capital JSC
Hanspeter Klaey Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Akhmedov, Azizov &
PricewaterhouseCoopers (TAG-Legal) Chih-Shan Lee Abdulhamidov Attorneys Ravshan Rashidov
Winkler Partners Law Firm Lex
Urs Klöti Abdul Raouf Hamwi Rasul Abdullaev
Pestalozzi Lachenal Patry, Civil Engineering Office Huang & Partners Representative of Zimfera Rizvanova
member of Lex Mundi Kate Li Zarubezgneftegaz Republic Committee of
Yaser Hmedan Labor Union
Armin Marti Yaser Hmedan Law Office Yangming Partners Bakhtiyor Abdulloev
PricewaterhouseCoopers Yu-Hsun Li ABM Trans Service LLC Firdavs Sadikov
Antoun Joubran Somon Capital JSC
Michel Merlotti Syrian Arab Consultants Puhua & Associates Zarrina Adham
Notary & Consultant Law Office Justin Liang Humo Yuri Samolyov
Baker & McKenzie Law Firm Lex
Migros-Genossenschafts- Mazen N. Khaddour Shavkat Akhmedov
Bund International Legal Emily Lin Akhmedov, Azizov & Takdir Sharifov
Bureau Pamir Law Group Abdulhamidov Attorneys Association of Anti Crisis
Andrea Molino Managers Tajikistan
Brunoni Molino Mottis Auditing Consulting Frank Lin Tolib Alimatov
Adami Accounting Center Shuhrat Shorakhmonov
Rexmed Industries Co., Ltd. Ruslan Amanbaev
Gabriel Oussi Association for
Georg Naegeli Jennifer C. Lin Sozidanie LLC Microfinance
Homburger Syrian Arab Consultants organizations of Tajikistan
Law Office Tsar & Tsai Law Firm, Architecture Department
Pierre Natural member of Lex Mundi Tajikistan Elena Simonova
Pierre Natural, Notaire Yazan Quandour
Ming-Yen Lin Najib Ashraf Konsultant Audit
Abu-Ghazaleh Legal -
Sebastian Neufang (TAG-Legal) Deep & Far, Attorneys- KN Ibrakom FZCo.
PricewaterhouseCoopers at-Law
Acknowledgments 209
Maltuba Ujdjabaeva APL Dussadee Rattanopas Tjia Soh Siang Tonga
National Association of Chalee Chantanayingyong Tilleke & Gibbins Tjia & Tchai Associates
Business International Ltd., member Inoke Afu
Securities and Exchange of Lex Mundi Francisco Soares Dateline Shipping & Travel
Saidali Valiev Commission Serviço do Imposto de Ltd.
AgroinvestBank Suraphon Rittipongchusit Timor Leste
Phadet Charoensivakorn Ramsey Dalgety
DLA Piper Limited
Tohir Zubaidov National Credit Bureau Electricity Commission
AITEN Consulting Group Co. Ltd. Maythawee Sarathai Togo
Mayer Brown LLP Diaby Aboubakar William Clive Edwards
Thunyaporn Chartisathian
Tan z ania BCEAO Law Office
Allens Arthur Robinson / Patsamon Sirigoonpattanasarn
Patrick Ache Siam Premier International Siam City Law Offices Ltd. Jean-Marie Adenka Anthony Ford
Law Office Limited Supreme Court
Mkono & Co. Associate Ekkachat Sirivichai Cabinet Adenka
Chinnavat Chinsangaram DLA Piper Limited Inland Revenue
Steven de Backer Kokou Gadémon Agbessi
Weerawong, Chinnavat &
Theresia Dominic Peangpanor LTD Jeffrey Sok Cabinet Lucreatif Anita Jowitt
University of Dar es Allens Arthur Robinson / Martial Akakpo University of the South
Sasirusm Chunhakasikarn Siam Premier International Pacific
Salaam SCP Martial Akakpo
Tilleke & Gibbins Law Office Limited
Santosh Gajjar International Ltd., member Ashleigh Matheson
Adzewoda Ametsiagbe
Sumar Varma Associates of Lex Mundi Kowit Somwaiya Westpac Bank of Tonga
Direction Générale
LawPlus Ltd. de líUrbanisme et de Ian Skelton
Farija Ghikas John Fotiadis
Tilleke & Gibbins Picharn Sukparangsee líHabitat Shoreline Distribution Ltd
REX Attorneys
International Ltd., member Siam City Law Offices Ltd. Coffi Alexis Aquereburu Dana Stephenson
Nasra Hassan of Lex Mundi Hunt Talmage Aquereburu and Partners Law Office
Mkono & Co. Associate Cabinet d’Avocats
Seetha Gopalakrishnan Chandler & Thong-ek Tohi
Johnson Jasson PricewaterhouseCoopers Cecile Assogbavi
Johnson Jasson & Paralee Techajongjintana Dateline Shipping & Travel
Vira Kammee Baker & McKenzie Etude Notariale Senghor Ltd.
Associates Advocates
Siam City Law Offices Ltd. Paisan Tulapornpipat Philippe Attoh Christine Uta’atu
Leopold Thomas Kalunga
Yingyong Karnchanapayap Blue Ocean Logistics Co., SCP Martial Akakpo Uta’atu & Associates
Kalunga & Co. Advocates
Tilleke & Gibbins Ltd. Sylvanus Dodzi Awutey Jone Vuli
Wilbert B. Kapinga International Ltd., member Pattara Vasinwatanapong Cabinet Lucreatif Westpac Bank of Tonga
Mkono & Co. Associate of Lex Mundi
Vickery & Worachai Ltd. Bolloré
Rehema Khalid-Saria Sakares Khamwalee T rini da d an d
Chinachart Vatanasuchart
Mkono & Co. Associate Baker & McKenzie Jonathan Darboux Tobago
Tilleke & Gibbins BCEAO
Ngwaru Maghembe Komkrit Kietduriyakul International Ltd., member Andre Bass
Mkono & Co. Associate Baker & McKenzie of Lex Mundi Koffi Joseph Dogbevi
The Fast Freight Group
Cabinet Lucreatif
Lotus Menezes LawPlus Ltd. Harold K. Vickery Jr. Steve Beckles
Mkono & Co. Associate Vickery & Worachai Ltd. Jean Claude Gnamien
Chanida Leelanuntakul Deloitte
FIDAFRICA /
Nimrod Mkono Siam City Law Offices Ltd. Pimvimol Vipamaneerut PricewaterhouseCoopers Ronald Bhagan
Mkono & Co. Associate Tilleke & Gibbins M. Hamel-Smith & Co.,
William Lehane International Ltd., member Kodjo John Kokou
Arafa Mohamed Allens Arthur Robinson / member of Lex Mundi
of Lex Mundi Cabinet d’Avocats John
REX Attorneys Siam Premier International Kokou Cecil Camacho
Law Office Limited Vorawan Wachirakajorn
Chris Msuya Atchroe Leonard Johnson LEX Caribbean
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Horwarth Tanzania Sakchai Limsiripothong SCP Aquereburu & Terry Curtis
Weerawong, Chinnavat & Supamorm Yaowakron Partners
Exaud Mushi TransUnion
Peangpanor LTD DLA Piper Limited
Norplan Tanzania Limited Akpénè Amito Kpégba Stacy Lee Daniell
Pratchayapa Mahamontree
Shabani Mwatawala Siam City Law Offices Ltd.
T i m or- L e st e SCP Martial Akakpo M. Hamel-Smith & Co.,
PSM Architects Co. Ltd. Seka Hauvy Mathieu member of Lex Mundi
Pauline A. Manzano Maria Jose Amaral
Alex Thomas Nguluma Serviço do Imposto de FIDAFRICA / Rehanna de la Borde
PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers
REX Attorneys Timor Leste
Steven Miller Félix Mawuglo Agbobli Nicole Ferreira-Aaron
Eric Rwelamira Mayer Brown LLP Julio Araujo da Silva
Ringo & Associates, Serviço do Imposto de KEKAR Togo M. Hamel-Smith & Co.,
member of the Africa Sally Mouhim Timor Leste Comlan Eli-Eli N’soukpoé member of Lex Mundi
Legal Network Tilleke & Gibbins SCP Martial Akakpo Nadia Henriques
International Ltd., member Jumar Balonkita
Emmy Salewi UNIDO Olivier Pedanou M. Hamel-Smith & Co.,
of Lex Mundi member of Lex Mundi
Norplan Tanzania Limited Cabinet Lucreatif
Surapol Opasatien Jose Pedro Camoes
Rishit Shah LBH-TL Peter Inglefield
National Credit Bureau Galolo Soedjede
PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers
Co. Ltd. Miguel Carreira Martins Dominique Taty
Eve Hawa Sinare CRA Timor Colin Laird
Viroj Piyawattanametha FIDAFRICA /
REX Attorneys PricewaterhouseCoopers Colin Laird Associates
Baker & McKenzie EDTL
Mohamed H. Sumar Inès Mazalo Tekpa Marcia Leonard
Cynthia M. Pornavalai
Sumar Varma Associates Cabinet Lucreatif The Fast Freight Group
Tilleke & Gibbins Law Office Baklaja Igric
David Tarimo International Ltd., member Mujezinovic in association Fousséni Traoré Keomi Lourenco
PricewaterhouseCoopers of Lex Mundi with Clyde & Co LLP M. Hamel-Smith & Co.,
FIDAFRICA /
Supan Poshyananda PricewaterhouseCoopers member of Lex Mundi
Mustafa Tharoo Eusebio Guterres
Ringo & Associates, Securities and Exchange UNIDO Business Konzo Traore Ramesh Lutchman
member of the Africa Commission Regulatory consultant TransUnion
BCEAO
Legal Network Chanet Precharonaset Alzira Lay Susan Morgan
Edem Zotchi
Sinare Zaharan APL Logistics Services Ltd. SDV Logistics Ltd. PricewaterhouseCoopers
SCP Martial Akakpo
REX Attorneys Sudthana Puntheeranurak Simon McKenna Sonji Pierre Chase
Emmanuel Yehouessi
National Credit Bureau PT Prima Wahana Caraka / LEX Caribbean
T hailan d Co. Ltd. BCEAO
PricewaterhouseCoopers Fanta Punch
Allen & Overy LLP Piyanuj Ratprasatporn Rafael Ribeiro M. Hamel-Smith & Co.,
Tilleke & Gibbins SDV Logistics Ltd. member of Lex Mundi
Janist Aphornratana International Ltd., member
PricewaterhouseCoopers of Lex Mundi
210 Doing Business 2010

Ramdath Dave Rampersad Faouzi Cheikh Habiba Raouadi Idil Cagal Onur Gülsaran
R.D. Rampersad & Co. Banque Centrale de Chafter Raouadi & PricewaterhouseCoopers Cerrahoğlu Law Firm
Tunisie Associés
Danzel Reid Burcu Çakallı Rıfat Günay
Trinidad & Tobago Abdelmalek Dahmani Lotfi Rebai KPMG Central Bank of the
Electricity Commission Dahmani Transit Cabinet Rebai Republic of Turkey
International Esin Çamlıbel
Stephen A. Singh Sakoudi Ridha Turunç Law Office Sezin Güner
LEX Caribbean Mohamed Lotfi El Ajeri A. T. I. S. Pekin & Pekin
Avocat a la Cour et Maria Lianides Çelebi
Jonathan Walker mediateur agree par le Imed Tanazefti Bener Law Office, member Berna Güngenci
M. Hamel-Smith & Co., B.B.MC Gide Loyrette Nouel, of Ius Laboris Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu
member of Lex Mundi member of Lex Mundi
Mourad El Aroui M. Fadlullah Cerrahoğlu A. Feridun Güngör
Allyson West Amen Bank Faiza Telissi Cerrahoğlu Law Firm Ernst & Young
PricewaterhouseCoopers Adly Bellagha &
Yassine El Hafi Associates Fikret Çetinkaya Cüneyd Gürcan
T unisia Adly Bellagha & KPMG Gürcan Law Offices
Associates Rachid Tmar
PricewaterhouseCoopers Orçun Çetinkaya Ayşegül Gürsoy
Rachid Aguirr Mehmet Gün & Partners Cerrahoğlu Law Firm
Faïza Feki Legal Services
Ben Said et Associés
Banque Centrale de Niyazi Çömez Senem Gürsoy
Mokhtar Amor Tunisie Wassim Turki
AWT Audit & Conseil Deloitte Bircanoğlu Law Firm
Société Tunisienne de Ali Fekih
l’Electricité et du Gaz Anis Wahabi Gulnisa Coşkun Salih Zeki Haklı
Chafter Raouadi & Pekin & Pekin TOBB
Mohamed Moncef Barouni Associés AWT Audit & Conseil
ACR Yavuz Dayıoğlu Gül Incesulu
Abderrahmen Fendri T ur k e y PricewaterhouseCoopers Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu
Belgacem Barrah PricewaterhouseCoopers
Tribunal de 1ère Instance Burcu Acartürk Yıldız Kürşat Demirezen Şebnem Işık
Yessine Ferah
de Tunis Karataş Yıldız Borovalı ICT International Trading Mehmet Gün & Partners
CE&P Law Firm
Anis Bejaoui Sezin Akoğlu Eda Denize Ibrahim Kara
Amel Ferchichi
Chafter Raouadi & Pekin & Pekin Alkan Deniz Mavioğlu Kredit Kayit Bureau
Associés Gide Loyrette Nouel, Dilmen Law Office
member of Lex Mundi Ceren Aktaş Egemen Karaduman
Adly Bellagha PricewaterhouseCoopers Rüçhan Derici Ernst & Young
Noureddine Ferchiou
Adly Bellagha & 3e Danışmanlık Ltd. Şti.
Associates Ferchiou & Associés Murat Akturk Ramazan Karakurt
Meziou Knani Union of Chambers and Kazım Derman Istanbul Land Registry and
Hend Ben Achour Commodity Exchanges Kredit Kayit Bureau Cadastre
Lamia Harguem
Adly Bellagha &
Associates Gide Loyrette Nouel, Duygu Alkan Emine Devres Selahaddin Karataş
member of Lex Mundi Alkan Deniz Mavioğlu Devres Law office
Rafika Ben Aissa Bouslama Elif Kavuşturan
Badis Jedidi Dilmen Law Office
Ministère de la Justice Başak Diclehan Bener Law Office, member
Gide Loyrette Nouel, Mustafa Alper KPMG of Ius Laboris
Othman Ben Arfa member of Lex Mundi YASED - International
Tarık Dilek Aslan Kaya
Société Tunisienne de Najla Jezi Investors Association
l”Elecricite et du Gaz Bolero Socks DMF System International
ACR Arda Alposkay Independent Auditing,
Ismail Ben Farhat Devres Law office Aykut Dincer Consulting & Certified
Amina Larbi PricewaterhouseCoopers Public Accounting Co.,
Adly Bellagha &
Associates Gide Loyrette Nouel, Melsa Ararat member of Russell Bedford
member of Lex Mundi Corporate Governance Murat Volkan Dülger
International
Elyès Ben Mansour Forum of Turkey, Sabanci Dülger Law Firm
Mouelhi Lotfi Gözde Kayacık
Avocats Conseils Associés University Dilara Duman
Maersk Logistics Pekin & Bayar Law Firm
Miriam Ben Rejeb Abdulla Atalay Sarıibrahimoğlu Law
Mabrouk Maalaoui Office Betül Kencebay
PricewaterhouseCoopers Boğazıçı Elektık Dağitim
Legal Services PricewaterhouseCoopers A.Ş. (Bedaş) YASED - International
Çisil Durgun
Khaled Marzouk Investors Association
Anis Ben Said Selen Atlı Cerrahoğlu Law Firm
Global Auditing & République Tunisienne Gürcan Law Offices Özlem Kızıl
Centre Informatique du Murat Emirhanoğlu
Advising Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu
Ministere des Finances Pınar Aybek KPMG
Kamel Ben Salah Bener Law Office, member Sertak Kokenek
Mohamed Ali Masmoudi Sedat Eratalar
Gide Loyrette Nouel, of Ius Laboris Bener Law Office, member
PricewaterhouseCoopers Deloitte of Ius Laboris
member of Lex Mundi
Legal Services Levent Aydaş Gökben Erdem Dirican
Salah Ben Youssef Aydaş Liman Kurman Nergis Kundakçıoğlu
Sarah Mebezaa Pekin & Pekin Cerrahoğlu Law Firm
République Tunisienne Attorneys at Law
Centre Informatique du Comete Engineering Esin Erkal
Yasemin Aydoğmuş Kürşat Kunter
Ministere des Finances Radhi Meddeb PricewaterhouseCoopers
Mehmet Gün & Partners Central Bank of the
Abdelfattah Benahji Comete Engineering Esin Ertek Republic of Turkey
Ferchiou & Associés Elvan Aziz Bikmen
Faouzi Mili PricewaterhouseCoopers Oğuz Kupeli
Meziou Knani Paksoy Law Firm
Mili and Associates Luc Fourcade SDV - Horoz Logistics
Peter Bismuth Derya Baksı Pekyalçın
Ben Afia Mohamed Salah SDV - Horoz Logistics Sait Kurşuncu
Tunisie Electro Technique Tarlan & Pekyalçın Law
Orga Audit, a member Office Umurcan Gago Cerrahoğlu Law Firm
Manel Bondi firm of Russell Bedford
International Naz Bandik PricewaterhouseCoopers Zeki Kurtçu
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu Arman Gezer Deloitte
Mustafa Bouafif Mohamed Taieb Mrabet
Banque Centrale de Arzu Basmacı Deloitte Alpaslan Hamdi Kuzucuoğlu
Ministry of State Property
and Land Affairs Tunisie Mehmet Gün & Partners Caglar Gezer Istanbul Metropolitan
PricewaterhouseCoopers Municipality
Institut d’Economie Atf Nasri Sinan Borovalı
Quantitative Ferchiou & Associés Karataş Yıldız Borovalı Yağız Gökmen Altan Liman
Meziou Knani Orhaner Law Office Aydaş Liman Kurman
Elyes Chafter Ebru Boz Attorneys at Law
Chafter Raouadi & Imen Nouira SDV - Horoz Logistics Osman Nuri Gönenç
Associés Conservation Foncière Central Bank of the Orhan Yavuz Mavioğlu
Tunisia Murat Bozkurt ADMD Law Firm
Republic of Turkey
Zine el abidine Chafter PricewaterhouseCoopers
Chafter Raouadi & Sait Gözüm Rana Mazlum Yılmaz
Associés Deloitte Yılmaz Law Offices
Acknowledgments 211
Özlem Özgür Meriç Defne Zeynep Sirakaya Murat Yülek Timothy Kyepa Parbat Siyani
Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Cerrahoğlu Law Firm PGlobal Global Advisory Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Seyani Brothers & Co. (U)
(TAG-Legal) Services Ltd. Advocates Ltd
Ufuk Soğütlüoğlu
Banu Mert Deloitte Çağlar Yurttürk Brenda Kyokwijuka Godfrey Songa
Cerrahoğlu Law Firm ADMD Law Firm Sebalu & Lule Advocates Arch Forum Ltd.
Sumerman International and Legal Consultants
Ministry of Industry & Serap Zuvin Sebadduka Swaibu
Trade Sezai Sur Nicolas Legal
Serap Zuvin Law Offices Shaba Motors Ltd.
Bener Law Office, member SDV Transami Ltd.
Sıla Muratoğlu of Ius Laboris Christopher Walugembe
Bayırlı & Muratoğlu Law U gan da Joseph Luswata MMAKS Advocates
Firm Naz Tamer
Bernard Baingana Sebalu & Lule Advocates
Mehmet Gün & Partners
Diğdem Muslu PricewaterhouseCoopers and Legal Consultants U k rain e
Başaran Nas YMM A.S. Aylin Tarlan Tüzemen Robinah Lutaaya
Tarlan & Pekyalçın Law Joseph Baliddawa Oleg Y. Alyoshin
Lerzan Nalbantoğlu PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Vasyl Kisil & Partners
Office
Turunç Law Office Bernard Bamwine Ben Luwum Andrey Astapov
Ferya Taş
Yılmaz Nalçakar Kwesigabo, Bamwine & BVL & Co. Astapov Lawyers
Turunç Law Office
Med Shipping Logistics Walubiri Advocates Charles Maina International Law Group
Transport & Trade Ltd. Elif Tezcan Bayırlı
Augus Jonah Bwiragura SDV Transami Ltd. Olga Balytska
Corporation Bayırlı & Muratoğlu Law
Firm Ministry of Lands, Housing Peter Malinga DLA Piper LLC
Adnan Nas & Urban Development Revenue Authority
Pelin Tırtıl Olena Basanska
PricewaterhouseCoopers Clare de Wet
Bener Law Office, member Paul Mare CMS Cameron McKenna
Zeynephan Oğuz of Ius Laboris SDV Transami Ltd. UMEME Limited Olena Bilozor
Cerrahoğlu Law Firm Nicholas Ecimu
Güzel Toker David F.K. Mpanga DLA Piper LLC
Sezin Okkan PricewaterhouseCoopers Sebalu & Lule Advocates A.F. Mpanga Advocates
and Legal Consultants Eugene Blinov
Pekin & Pekin
Turkish Industrialists’ and James Mukasa Astapov Lawyers
Şebnem Önder Businessmen’s Association Matuvo Emmy Sebalu & Lule Advocates International Law Group
Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu (TUSIAD) Marma Technical Services and Legal Consultants Timur Bondaryev
Mert Oner Noyan Turunç Expolanka Freight Limited Cornelius Mukiibi Arzinger & Partners
KPMG Turunç Law Office Sarfaraz Jiwani C.Mukiibi.Sentamu & Co. International Law Firm
Çağlayan Orhaner Dündar Ibrahim Tutar Seyani Bros. & Co. Advocates Maksym Borodchuk
Orhaner Law Office Penetra Consulting and Busingye Kabumba Andrew Munaunra Kamuteera Chadbourne & Parke LLP
Auditing Sebalu & Lule Advocates
Gamze Ovacık MMAKS Advocates Olena Brodovska
Ebru Tuygun and Legal Consultants CMS Cameron McKenna
Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu Charles Kalu Kalumiya
Deloitte Peters Musoke
Saban Ozdemir Kampala Associated Tetyana Buchko
Gökçe Ucuzal Advocates Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Asters
Saban Ozdemir Trading Advocates
Consultancy Bener Law Office, member Richard Kamajugo
of Ius Laboris Taras Burhan
Revenue Authority Rachel Mwanje Musoke
Ekin Kavukçuoğlu Özgülsen CMS Cameron McKenna
Furkan Ünal MMAKS Advocates
Deloitte Oscar Kambona Olga Burlyuk
PGlobal Global Advisory Charles Mwebembezi
Tuba Özsezen Services Ltd. Kampala Associated CMS Cameron McKenna
Advocates SDV Transami Ltd.
YASED - International Andriy Buzhor
Investors Association Hilal Ünal Noah Mwesigwa
Francis Kamulegeya CMS Cameron McKenna
Gokser Machine Ltd Shonubi, Musoke & Co.
Ferhat Pekin PricewaterhouseCoopers
Beste Üner Advocates Serhiy Chorny
Pekin & Bayar Law Firm Kargo International Ltd
Bener Law Office, member Fatuma Nabulime Baker & McKenzie
Suzet Rodikli of Ius Laboris Phillip Karugaba SDV Transami Ltd. Diana Gladka
PricewaterhouseCoopers MMAKS Advocates
Yegan Üreyen Eddie Nsamba-Gayiya DLA Piper LLC
Çağıl Şahin Biber Mehmet Gün & Partners David Katende Consultant Surveyors and Sergiy Gryshko
PricewaterhouseCoopers EnviroKAD Planners
Metropolitan CMS Cameron McKenna
Batuhan Sahmay Municipality of Istanbul Didymus Byenkya Kato Charles Odere Ivanna Honina
Pekin & Pekin Ataco Freight Services ltd LEX Uganda Advocates &
H.Barış Yalçın Grischenko & Partners
Bilge Saltan PricewaterhouseCoopers Eeshi Katugugu Solicitors
Victoria Kaplan
Dülger Law Firm PricewaterhouseCoopers Julius Ojok
Selcen Yalçın CMS Cameron McKenna
Tamer Saracık Mehmet Gün & Partners Sophie Kayemba Sebalu & Lule Advocates
and Legal Consultants Natalya Kim
Istanbul Land Registry and PricewaterhouseCoopers
Cadastre Ayşegül Yalçınmani Merler Chadbourne & Parke LLP
Cerrahoğlu Law Firm Silver Adowa Owaraga
Andrew Kibaya Andriy Kirmach
Hasan Sarıçiçek Magezi, Ibale & Co.
Sadık Yamaç Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Advocates Chadbourne & Parke LLP
KPMG Advocates
Ministry of Public Works Maksym Kopeychykov
Selim Sarıibrahimoğlu & Settlement Alex Rezida
Robert Kiggundu Ilyashev & Partners
Sarıibrahimoğlu Law Nangwala, Rezida & Co.
Begüm Yavuzdoğan Arch Forum Ltd. Advocates
Office Evgeniy Kornievskiy
Mehmet Gün & Partners Kiryowa Kiwanuka
Duygu Şeftalici Kenneth Rutaremwa Konnov & Sozanovsky
Banu Yılmaz Kiwanuka & Karugire Kateera & Kagumire
Cerrahoğlu Law Firm Advocates Natalia Kozyar
Union of Chambers and Advocates
Ayşe Sert Commodity Exchanges The Ukrainian Journal of
Allan Kokeyo Ruth Sebatindira Business Law
Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu Kampala Associated
Cağatay Yılmaz Ligomarc Advocates
Ömer Kayhan Seyhun Advocates Svitlana Kulish
Yılmaz Law Offices
Central Bank of the Ali Sengendo CMS Cameron McKenna
Hülya Yılmaz Robert Komakec
Republic of Turkey Mwebe, Sebaggala & Co. Tatyana Kuzmenko
Deloitte Arch Forum Ltd.
Sinan Alan Shonubi Astapov Lawyers
Aylin Yontar Maliza Kwera International Law Group
DMF System International Shonubi, Musoke & Co.
Cerrahoğlu Law Firm MMAKS Advocates Advocates
Independent Auditing, Oleksiy Levenets
Consulting & Certified Filiz Yüksel James Kyazze Manish Siyani CMS Cameron McKenna
Public Accounting Co., Cerrahoğlu Law Firm Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Seyani Brothers & Co. (U)
member of Russell Bedford Advocates Mykola Likhachov
Ltd
International CMS Cameron McKenna
212 Doing Business 2010

Borys Lobovyk Dawoud Abdel Rahman James Bowden Omar Momany David Breakell
Konnov & Sozanovsky Al-Hajri Afridi & Angell, member of Freshfields Bruckhause DLA Piper LLP
Dubai Municipality Lex Mundi Deringer
Yulia Logunova Paul Brehony
DLA Piper LLC Qurashi AlSheikh R Chandran Yasser Omar PricewaterhouseCoopers
AbdulGhani Sea Bridge Shipping Shalakany Law Office, Legal Services
Olga Mikheieva Dubai Municipality member of Lex Mundi
CMS Cameron McKenna Dalmook Dalmook Penny Bruce
Moutaz Abdullah Dalmook Mohd. Dalmook Vijendra Vikram Singh Paul PricewaterhouseCoopers
Vadim Mizyakov Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Attorney and Legal Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Legal Services
Asters (TAG-Legal) Consultants (TAG-Legal)
Peter Caplehorn
Robert Morris Ahmad Subhu Ahmad Mohammad A. El-Ghul Prakash Scott Brownrigg
PricewaterhouseCoopers Herbert Smith LLP Habib Al Mulla & Co. Al Tajir Glass
Fran Claes
Nataliya Nakonechna Mariam S.A. Al Afridi Anthea Fernandes Samer Qudah DLA Piper LLP
CMS Cameron McKenna Dubai World Shalakany Law Office, Al Tamimi & Company
member of Lex Mundi Advocates & Legal Richard Clark
Yuliya Nogovitsyna Basil T. Al Kilani Slaughter and May
KPMG Consultants
Dubai World Laetitia Fernandez
Helene Mathieu Legal Dean Rolfe Philip Clarke
Dmytro Orendarets Rasha Al Saeed Simmons & Simmons
Arzinger & Partners Consultants PricewaterhouseCoopers
Baker Botts LLP
International Law Firm Nazia Hameed Shoeb Saher Roger Collier
Marwan Al Sharkah Afridi & Angell, member of Habib Al Mulla & Co. DLA Piper LLP
Yaroslav Petrov Galadari and Associates
CMS Cameron McKenna Lex Mundi Richard Collier-Keywood
Luke Sajan
Essam Al Tamimi Samer Hamzeh Damco PricewaterhouseCoopers
Sava P. Poliakov Al Tamimi & Company
Grischenko & Partners Trowers & Hamlins Companies House
Advocates & Legal Khalid Mohamed Saleh
Sergiy Portnoy Consultants Omar Hegazy Dubai Municipality Simon Cookson
DLA Piper Ukraine LLC Shalakany Law Office, Ashurst
Shouqi Al Yousuf member of Lex Mundi Moahmmed Ahmed Saleh
Vitaliy Pravdyuk Dubai Electricity and Dubai Municipality Lyn Crawford
Water Authority Sydene Helwick Davies Arnold Cooper LLP
Konnov & Sozanovsky Herbert Schroder
Al Tamimi & Company
Maria Prysyazhnyuk Mahmood Albastaki Advocates & Legal Emcredit Annalie Croney
PricewaterhouseCoopers Dubai World Consultants PricewaterhouseCoopers
Ruth Sharry
Saeed Al-Hamiz PricewaterhouseCoopers Legal Services
Yuliana Revyuk Fadi Hourani
KPMG Central Bank of the UAE Hourani & Associates Rob Cummings
Douglas Smith
Maryam Ahmed Al-Hammadi Habib Al Mulla & Co. CBI - The Confederation of
Oleksandr Rudenko Sameer Huda British Industry
Astapov Lawyers Dubai Municipality Hadef & Partners Khalid A. Wahab
International Law Group Ashraf Ali Shreya Damodaran
Narmin Issa Al Midfa & Associates
Golden Building Materials Cleary Gottlieb Steen &
Olga Serbul DLA Piper Middle East LLP Stan Wright Hamilton LLP
Law Firm IP & C. Consult, Trading
Samir Ja’afar Dubai Customs Vera Dantas Innes
LLC Sagar Ali Ja’afar Alwan Al Jaziri & Rania Yousseph Noronha Advogados
Mykhailo Shchitka Business Advisors Group Associates Habib Al Mulla & Co. Paul de Bernier
Vasyl Kisil & Partners Hadif Alowais Talib Abdul-Kareem Julfar
Alowais & Manfield Natasha Zahid Mayer Brown LLP
Hanna Shtepa Dubai Municipality Baker Botts LLP
Baker & McKenzie Lawyers Gordon Deane
Zaid Kamhawi Shepherd & Wedderburn
Igor Svechkar Moustapha Al-Sharkawi Emcredit U nit e d King d om
Asters Dubai Courts Ben Digby
Mohammad Z. Kawasmi Allen & Overy LLP CBI - The Confederation of
Olga Usenko Blaise Amikat Al Tamimi & Company
Trium Logistics LLC Kwame Asamoah British Industry
The Ukrainian Journal of Advocates & Legal
Business Law Consultants HW Chartered Rob Don
Wicki Andersen Accountants
Baker Botts LLP CBI - The Confederation of
Penny Vaughn Vipul Kothari British Industry
Kothari Auditors & Anna Austin
PricewaterhouseCoopers Lisa W Anderson
Accountants The Stokes Partnership Kate Douglas-Hamilton
Elina Vavryshchuk PricewaterhouseCoopers
Guy Bailey Slaughter and May
DLA Piper LLC Rasha Arayqat K Senthil Kumar
G.L.G Shipping & Logistics CBI - The Confederation of EDF Energy Networks Ltd
Zeeshan Wani Dubai Electricity and British Industry
Globalink Transportation Water Authority Ravi Kumar Victoria Egan
Dubai Trade Bank of Baroda DLA Piper LLP
& Logistics Worldwide LLP Nakul Asthana
Afridi & Angell, member of Suneer Kumar Paul Barker Nick Francis
Olexiy Yanov
Lex Mundi Al Suwaidi & Co. Cleary Gottlieb Steen & PricewaterhouseCoopers
Law Firm IP & C. Consult, Hamilton LLP
LLC Ali Awais Nathan Landis Paul Gilbert
Baker Botts LLP Robin Baron
Yulia Yashenkova DLA Piper Middle East LLP Ghislaine Goes
Robin Baron Commercial
Astapov Lawyers T Sureh Babu Jacqueline Latham Lawyers DLA Piper LLP
International Law Group Landmark group DLA Piper Middle East LLP Graham Bartlett Helen Hall
Kateryna Zabara Gitanjali Baja DLA Piper LLP
Charles S. Laubach SITPRO Ltd
DLA Piper LLC DLA Piper Middle East LLP Afridi & Angell, member of Hannah Belton Brenda Harris
Tatiana Zamorska Akhila Basith Lex Mundi Shepherd & Wedderburn
Lowless Commercial
KPMG Afridi & Angell, member of Valeria Lysenko Solicitors
Lex Mundi Rebecca Hildred
U nit e d A rab Mohamed Mahmoud Nick Benwell DLA Piper LLP
E m irat e s Prakash Bhanushali Mashroom Simmons & Simmons
Al Sahm Al Saree Gary Hodkinson
Dubai Municipality
Karim Abaza Transport & Clearing Georgie Blyth Citizens Advice
Gagan Malhotra PricewaterhouseCoopers
Shalakany Law Office, Hiten Bhatia Neville Howlett
member of Lex Mundi Dubai Trade Legal Services
Silver Line Shipping PricewaterhouseCoopers
Rami Abdellatif Helene Mathieu Dan Bongiorono
Jennifer Bibbings HSBC
Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Helene Mathieu Legal Cleary Gottlieb Steen &
Trowers & Hamlins Consultants Hamilton LLP Stephen Hubner
(TAG-Legal)
Harender Branch Shepherd & Wedderburn
Dawsons LLP
Acknowledgments 213
Simon Jay Eleanor Richardson Victor Chiu Stephen Raslavich Juan Federico Fischer
Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Davies Arnold Cooper LLP Cleary Gottlieb Steen & United States Bankruptcy LVM Attorneys at Law
Hamilton LLP Hamilton LLP Court
Jocelyn Roberts Federico Florin
Nistha Jeram-Dave Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Richard Conza, Esq. Jonathan Reinstein Guyer & Regules, member
PricewaterhouseCoopers Hamilton LLP Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Cleary Gottlieb Steen & of Lex Mundi
Legal Services Hamilton LLP Hamilton LLP
Susan Roye Federico Formento
Gillian Key-Vice Margaret Cowan Sandra Rocks LVM Attorneys at Law
Aerona (Air & Sea)
Experian Ltd. Customs Clearing Agents Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Cleary Gottlieb Steen &
Hamilton LLP Hamilton LLP Sergio Franco
Shinoj Koshy Ltd. PricewaterhouseCoopers
Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Jack Seddon James Denn Hanno Schop
Hamilton LLP New York State Public Global Trade & Transport Diego Galante
Mayer Brown LLP Galante & Martins
Service Commission Consultancy Ltd.
Tim Lake Shulmans Solicitors
DLA Piper LLP Joshua L. Ditelberg David Snyder Daniel Garcia
Andrew Shutter Seyfarth Shaw LLP Snyder & Snyder, LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers
Piers Larbey Cleary Gottlieb Steen &
Dawsons LLP Lindsay Dunn Nathaniel Stankard Karina Goday
Hamilton LLP Navarro Abogados
Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Cleary Gottlieb Steen &
Catherine Ledger Paul Speirs Hamilton LLP Hamilton LLP
Dawsons LLP Gabriela Gutierrez
Experian Ltd. Estudio Bergstein
Elisabeth Frost Peter Stefanou
Kristi Lehtis Clare Stammers Cleary Gottlieb Steen & RBSM LLP, member
Simmons & Simmons Andres Hessdorfer Rozen
Shepherd & Wedderburn Hamilton LLP of Russell Bedford Olivera & Delpiazzo
Chris Lister International
Alice Steward Patrick Fuller Fuller, Esq. Ariel Imken
DLA Piper LLP Simmons & Simmons Cleary Gottlieb Steen & TransUnion
Superintendencia
Gemma Lodge Hamilton LLP Rima Trofimovaite de Instituciones de
Paul Timmins
DLA Piper LLP Approved Inspector Julija Gecaite Fortune Law Group Intermediación Financiera
Services Limited Amerinde Consolidated - Banco Central del
Mushtak Macci Frederick Turner Uruguay
Lubbock Fine, member Inc.
David Toube Snyder & Snyder, LLP
of Russell Bedford Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Benjamin E. Gehrt Alfredo Inciarte Blanco
International Juta Vecerskyte Estudio Pérez del Castillo,
Hamilton LLP Seyfarth Shaw LLP
Fortune Law Group Inciarte, Gari Abogados
James Macdonald Nicola Walker Lindsee P. Granfield
Noronha Advogados CBI - The Confederation of Cleary Gottlieb Steen & U ruguay Francisco Etcheverry Iruleguy
British Industry Hamilton LLP Estudio Dr. Mezzera
Andrew Maple
Fernando Bado Alma Kubachek
Approved Inspector Geoffrey Wilkinson Boris Grosman
Services Limited Estudio Dr. Mezzera Estudio Juridico Notarial
MLM Building Control L & B electrical
international Alicia Barral de Alma Kubachek
Charles Mayo Sally Willcock
Simmons & Simmons PricewaterhouseCoopers Ricardo Mezzera
Weil, Gotshal & Manges Rehana Gubin
LLP Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Jonás Bergstein Estudio Dr. Mezzera
Julia McCabe
DLA Piper LLP Hamilton LLP Estudio Bergstein Matilde Milicevic Santana
Helen Willmot
DLA Piper LLP Yevgeniy Gutsalo Carlos Brandes Clearing de Informes
Kate McGough
DLA Piper LLP Corporate Suites Business Guyer & Regules, member Alfredo H. Navarro
Andrew Wilson Centers of Lex Mundi
Andrew Wilson & Co Navarro Abogados
Neil Morgan
Adam Heintz Stephanie Brown Alfredo Navarro Castex
DLA Piper LLP Dermot Winters Morrison and Foerster Navarro Abogados Navarro Abogados
Sandra Morrison Freeth Cartwright LLP
Steven Horowitz Matías Campomar Juan Martín Olivera
George Davies Solicitors
LLP U nit e d S tat e s Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Jimenez de Aréchaga Viana Olivera & Delpiazzo
Hamilton LLP & Brause
Alison Murrin APL María Concepción Olivera
Jolanta Kalitkevic Leonardo Couto
Ashurst Stephen Anderson Olivera & Delpiazzo
Fortune Law Group Jose Maria Facal & Co.
Poonam Rai Nagi PricewaterhouseCoopers Ricardo Olivera-García
Charles L. Kerr Jorge De Vita
Bagyasree Nambron Asheet Awasthi Olivera & Delpiazzo
Morrison and Foerster Jorge de Vita Studio
Mayer Brown LLP Fortune Law Group María Cecilia Orlando
Arthur Kohn Guillermo Duarte
Ofgem Birute Awasthi Guyer & Regules, member
Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Estudio Dr. Mezzera of Lex Mundi
Gabriel Olearnik Amerinde Consolidated Hamilton LLP
Inc. María Durán Martin Pérez Tomeo
Mayer Brown LLP Michael Lazerwitz, Esq. Hughes & Hughes
Rasa Baranauskaite Galante & Martins
Eng-Lye Ong Cleary Gottlieb Steen &
Amerinde Consolidated Hamilton LLP Noelia Eiras Ismael Pignatta Sánchez
Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Inc. Hughes & Hughes
Hamilton LLP Bradford L. Livingston Guyer & Regules, member
Luke A. Barefoot Gabriel Ejgenberg of Lex Mundi
Rachel Orton Seyfarth Shaw LLP
Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Estudio Bergstein Agustín Rachetti
DLA Piper UK LLP Hamilton LLP Paul Marquardt
María Sofía Estellano Bado, Kuster, Zerbino &
Helen Paramor Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Rachetti
Berkman Forwarding LLC Hamilton LLP Guyer & Regules, member
Simmons & Simmons of Lex Mundi María Noel Riotorto
LaShante Boyd Kelly J. Murray
Amy Perry Amerinde Consolidated Agustín Etcheverry Reyes Guyer & Regules, member
PricewaterhouseCoopers of Lex Mundi
Shepherd & Wedderburn Inc. Estudio Blanco &
Philippe A. Naudin Etcheverry Fabian Rivero
Stewart Perry Courtney Brown SDV Logistics Ltd. Guyer & Regules, member
DLA Piper LLP Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Marcelo Femenías Vidal
Hamilton LLP Samuel Nolen Bado, Kuster, Zerbino & of Lex Mundi
David Pickstone
Richards, Layton & Finger, Rachetti Lucia Salaverry
PricewaterhouseCoopers Vaiva Cepukaiciuke P.A., member of Lex Mundi
Legal Services Fortune Law Group Agustina Fernádez Guyer & Regules, member
Sean O’Neal Giambruno of Lex Mundi
Anna Portsmouth Carmine Chiappetta Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Guyer & Regules, member Eliana Sartori
DLA Piper LLP RBSM LLP, member Hamilton LLP of Lex Mundi
of Russell Bedford PricewaterhouseCoopers
Rachel Power Jeffrey Penn Javier Fernández Zerbino
DLA Piper LLP International Betania Silvera
Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Bado, Kuster, Zerbino & Guyer & Regules, member
Richard Pull Hamilton LLP Rachetti of Lex Mundi
Dawsons LLP
214 Doing Business 2010

Carina Soffer Anita Jowitt Pedro Saghy Huong Nguyen Mohammed Amarneh
Julio Soffer Laws University of the South Macleod Dixon Mayer Brown LLP The Democracy and
Pacific Workers Rights Center
Julio Soffer Laura Silva Aparicio Linh D. Nguyen
Julio Soffer Laws John Malcolm Hoet Pelaez Castillo & VILAF - Hong Duc Law Firm Moyad Amouri
Mark Stafford Duque, member of Lex PricewaterhouseCoopers
Romina Soria Mundi Minh Tuan Nguyen
Navarro Abogados BDO Barrett & Partners Habubank Khalil Ansara
Victorino Tejeras Catholic Relief Services
Alvaro Tarabal South Sea Shipping Ltd Ngoc Tuong Ngan Nguyen
Macleod Dixon
Guyer & Regules, member Baker & McKenzie Maha Assali
of Lex Mundi V e n e z u e la , r . b. Oscar Ignacio Torres PricewaterhouseCoopers
Travieso Evans Arria Tat Thuong Nguyen
Diego Tognazzolo Jorge Acedo-Prato Rengel & Paz PBC Partners Susan Coleman
PricewaterhouseCoopers Hoet Pelaez Castillo & Netham, DPK Consulting, a
John Tucker Tran Van Quynh Nguyen Division of ARD
Juan Troccoli Duque, member of Lex
Mundi Hoet Pelaez Castillo & Baker & McKenzie
LVM Attorneys at Law Duque, member of Lex Ali Faroun
Yanet Aguiar Van Anh Nguyen Palestinian Monetary
Horacio Viana Mundi Vietbid Law Firm
Macleod Dixon Authority
Jimenez de Aréchaga Viana
& Brause Juan Enrique Aigster Vi e tna m Xuan Quy Nguyen Nader Hamadneh
Hoet Pelaez Castillo & PBC Partners Netham, DPK Consulting, a
María Noel Vidal Daniel Chernov Division of ARD
Duque, member of Lex Tram Nguyen - Huyen
PricewaterhouseCoopers Mundi DFDL Mekong
Gide Loyrette Nouel Ali Hamoudeh
Gerardo Viñoles Servio T. Altuve Jr. Giles Thomas Cooper Jerusalem District
Viñoles Arquitect Studio Duane Morris LLC Mark Oakley
Servio T. Altuve R. & Duane Morris LLC Electricity Co. Ltd.
Martin Vivo Asociados Anne Delerable Samir Huleileh
LVM Attorneys at Law Gide Loyrette Nouel. Vu Anh Phan
Ramon Alvins Indochine Counsel PADICO
Alexandra Weisz Macleod Dixon François d’Hautefeuille Hiba Husseini
Gide Loyrette Nouel. Dinh Thi Quynh Van
Mercedes Briceño Husseini & Husseini
U z b e k istan CONAPRI
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Dang The Duc Nabil Isifan
Jakhongir Abdurazaqov Indochine Counsel Thi Thanh Hao Tran
Diego Castagnino Baker & McKenzie Netham, DPK Consulting, a
Avent Advocat Hoet Pelaez Castillo & Tran Duc Hoai Division of ARD
Ravshan Adilov Duque, member of Lex Vietbid Law Firm Pham Thi Thanh Huyen
Mohamed Khader
Denton Wilde Sapte Mundi Indochine Counsel
Minh Duong Lausanne Trading
Mels Akhmedov María Paola D´Onghia Allens Arthur Robinson Nguyen Thi Thu Hong Consultants
BAS Hoet Pelaez Castillo & Gide Loyrette Nouel Muhammad Nassar Stone
Duque, member of Lex Thanh Long Duong
Natalya Apukhtina Mundi PBC Partners Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen Wael Saadi
Denton Wilde Sapte Gide Loyrette Nouel PricewaterhouseCoopers
Carlos Domínguez Hernández John Farmer
Umid Aripdjanov Hoet Pelaez Castillo & Orrick, Herrington & Nhung Thieu Hong Andrea Sahlieh
Grata Law Firm Duque, member of Lex Sutcliffe LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers Catholic Relief Services
Mundi Ngo Quang Thuy
Khalid Farooq David Fitzgerald Husein Sholi
Globalink Logistics Group Jose Fereira PricewaterhouseCoopers Duane Morris LLC Netham, DPK Consulting, a
Rodriguez & Mendoza Lan Tran Division of ARD
Courtney Fowler Albert Franceskinj
PricewaterhouseCoopers Alejandro Giolito DS Avocats Orrick, Herrington & Maysa Sirhan
PricewaterhouseCoopers Sutcliffe LLP Palestinian Monetary
Babur Karimov Quynh Uyen Ha
Jose Giral V.N. Trinh Authority
Grata Law Firm PBC Partners
Baker & McKenzie Panalpina World Samer Tammam
Sayora Khakimova Giang Ha Thi Phuong Transport
Alfredo Hurtado Tammam Trade
Grata Law Firm PricewaterhouseCoopers
Hurtado Esteban & Nam Hoai Truong Kosty Ziadeh
Nurali Eshibaevich Asociados, member Nguyen Hoang Kim Oanh Indochine Counsel Ziadeh Law Office
Khalmuratov of Russell Bedford Baker & McKenzie
Dzung Vu Maurice Ziadeh
National Institute of International Le Hong Phong
Credit Information YKVN Lawyers Ziadeh Law Office
Maigualida Ifill Bizconsult Law firm
Sergney Maiorov Trang Vu
PricewaterhouseCoopers Lê Thj Hônh Hai Credit Information Centre Y e m e n , R e p.
Simay Kom
Enrique Itriago Hoa Binh Chinh Phuc Dinh - State Bank of Vietnam
Abdulkhamid Muminov Cao Tariq Abdullah
Rodriguez & Mendoza
PricewaterhouseCoopers W e st Ban k an d Law Offices of Sheikh
Daniela Londoño Tuong Long Huynh Tariq Abdullah
Malika Norova Gide Loyrette Nouel Gaza
PricewaterhouseCoopers Khaled Al Buraihi
Grata Law Firm Etienne Laumonier Hani Abdel Jaldeh
Maritza Meszaros Khaled Al Buraihi for
Laziza Rakhimova Baker & McKenzie Gide Loyrette Nouel Jerusalem District Advocacy & Legal Services
Grata Law Firm Electricity Company
Fernando Miranda Thuy Le Nguyen Huy (JDECo) Yaser Al-Adimi
Ravshan Rakhmanov PricewaterhouseCoopers Indochine Counsel Abdul Gabar A. Al-Adimi
Grata Law Firm Riyad Mustafa Abu Shehadeh for Construction & Trade
Bruno Paredes Thuy Anh Le Phan Palestinian Monetary
Akmal Rustamov Logistika TSM VILAF - Hong Duc Law Firm Authority Rashad Khalid Al-Howiadi
PricewaterhouseCoopers Kevin Lê Viêt Há Central Bank of Yemen
Fernando Pelaez-Pier Ata Al Biary
Petros Tsakanyan Hoet Pelaez Castillo & City Ocean Logistics Co., Jerusalem District Abdalla Al-Meqbeli
Azizov & Partners Duque, member of Lex Ltd. Electricity Company Abdalla Al-Meqbeli &
Mundi Nguyen Phan Manh Long (JDECo) Associates
Alisher Zufarov
PricewaterhouseCoopers Bernardo Pisani Hung & Partners Ma’ali Al Shawish Ismail Ahmed Alwazir
Rodriguez & Mendoza Ho Phuong Luan Netham, DPK Consulting, a Alwazir Consultants,
Vanuatu Eduardo Porcarelli Indochine Counsel
Division of ARD Advocates & Legal
Research
Garry Blake CONAPRI Haytham L. Al-Zu’bi
Hoang Minh Duc Arshad Ali Bajwa
Ridgeway Blake Partners Al-Zu’bi Law Office,
Juan Carlos Pró-Rísquez Duane Morris LLC Advocates & Legal Five Star Logistics Co Ltd
Christopher Dawson Macleod Dixon Dao Nguyen Consultants
Randall Cameron
Dawson Builders Melissa Puga Santaella Mayer Brown LLP KPMG
Fr8 Logistics Ltd CONAPRI
Acknowledgments 215
Fadel Mohamed Karhash Jyoti Mistry Gloria Mawarire
Public Electricity PricewaterhouseCoopers Mawere & Sibanda Legal
Corporation Practitioners
Namwene Mkadawire
Moh’d Ali Lajam Sikaulu Lungu Mupeso Jim McComish
Middle East Shipping Co. Legal Practitioners Pearce McComish
Ltd. Architects
Paul Frobisher Mugambwa
Abdulla Farouk Luqman PricewaterhouseCoopers Lloyd Mhishi
Yemen Legal Advocates & Dube, Manikai and Hwacha
Legal Consultants Bubile Mupeso Legal Practitioners
Sikaulu Lungu Mupeso
Nowar M. Mejanni Legal Practitioners Piniel Mkushi
KPMG Sawyer & Mkushi
Henry Musonda
Sanjay Prajapapi Kiran & Musonda Sternford Moyo
Ratco for Trading & Associates Scanlen & Holderness
Services
Teddie Mwale B.J. Mukandi
Zuhair Abdul Rasheed ZESCO Ltd Freight World
Law Offices of Sheikh
Tariq Abdullah Francis Mwape Canicious Mushavi
National Council for CNMIG
Aref Al Selwi Rufaid Construction
Five Star Logistics Co Ltd Ostern Mutero
Robby Ngalashi Sawyer & Mkushi
Khaled Mohammed Salem Ali Lumwana Mining Company
Yemen Legal Advocates & Duduzile Ndawana
Legal Consultants Kanti Patel Gill, Godlonton & Gerrans
Christopher, Russell Cook
& Co. Maxwell Ngorima
Za m bia BDO Kudenga & Company
Solly Patel
Sudhir Balsure Christopher, Russell Cook Felix Nyaruwanga
Swift Freight & Co. Freight World
International
Mabvuto Sakala C.M. Ruzengwe
Chewe K. Bwalya Corpus Globe Advocates HLB Ruzengwe & Company
D.H. Kemp & Co.
Valerie Sesia Unity Sakhe
Bonaventure Chibamba Customized Clearing And Kantor & Immerman
Mutale Forwarding Ltd.
Ellis & Co.
Kim Shelsby
Mwelwa Chibesakunda Zambia Threshold Project
Chibesakunda & Company
(part of DLA Piper Group) Nelson Williams
Swift Freight
Darlington Chiiko International
Lumwana Mining Company
Anderson Zikonda
Emmanuel Chulu High Court Judge
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Eddie Musonga Chunga Zi m babw e
Ministry of Land
Gulshen Afridi
David Doyle SDV
Manica Zambia Ltd
Richard Beattie
Robin Durairajah The Stone/ Beattie Studio
Chibesakunda & Company
(part of DLA Piper Group) Peter Cawood
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Grant Henderson
Chibesakunda & Company Innocent Chagonda
(part of DLA Piper Group) Atherstone & Cook
Andrew Howard Beloved Dhlakama
Sharpe Howard & Mwenye Byron Venturas & Partners
Annalise Jolly Canaan Dube
Chibesakunda & Company Dube, Manikai and Hwacha
(part of DLA Piper Group) Legal Practitioners
Chance Kaonga Paul Fraser
National Council for Lofty & Fraser
Construction P. Gomes
Mutale Kasonde Interfreight Ltd.
Chibesakunda & Company Obert Chaurura Gutu
(part of DLA Piper Group) Gutu & Chikowero
Kirstie Krige Reri Gwasera
Chibesakunda & Company Anlink Freight (Pvt) Ltd
(part of DLA Piper Group)
Peter Lloyd
Anila Kuntawala
Gill, Godlonton & Gerrans
Celtic Freight
Manuel Lopes
Alexander Lwatula
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Stanbic Bank Zambia
Limited Jackson Joe Makani
Mumba Makumba Zimbabwe Revenue
Authority
PACRO
Trust Salpisio Manjegwah
Bonaventure Mbewe
Wintertons Law Firm
Barclays Bank
Doing
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2010

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