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Chng 1.

M u
1.1 Khi nim v nh ngha
Mt cng trnh ngm c hiu l mt khong khng gian trng, c thi cng xy dng trong lng v tri t (k c trong nc hoc di nc). Cho n nay c nhiu loi cng trnh ngm, vi cc mc tiu hay chc nng s dng khc nhau. Ty theo mc ch v phm vi s dng c th phn ra cc loi: Cng trnh ngm khai thc khong sn, Cng trnh ngm thy li, thy in Cng trnh ngm giao thng, Cng trnh ngm cng nghip, Cng trnh ngm quc phng, Cng trnh ngm dn dng, Cng trnh ngm c bit. Sau y, cho n gin, s phn ra hai nhm ln l Cng trnh ngm trong cc m hm l, gi l cng trnh ngm m (CTNM) Cng trnh ngm dn dng, quc phng v cng nghip, gi chung l cng trnh ngm dn dng v cng nghip (CTNDD&CN) Gia hai nhm cng trnh ngm ny c nhng c im khc bit r rt, thng qua bng so snh n gin nh trong bng 1-1. Bng 1-1. Mt s c im lin quan vi nhm cong trnh ngm CTNM CTNDD&CN
Chc nng s dng Nhm ngi s dng Thi gian s dng -phc v khai thc khong sn -am hiu v cng trnh ngm -c gii hn -cc mc tiu khc nhau -khng hoc t am hiu -lu di

Qu trnh hnh thnh v tn ti ca mt cng trnh ngm c th phn ra ba giai on l: Chun b, bao gm cc khu lp d n, kho st, thit k, Thi cng xy dng S dng v vn hnh C th ni rng mi cng vic trong ba giai on ny lun c pht trin v i mi theo thi gian cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, cng vi cc kinh nghim thu c trong qu trnh thi cng cng nh trong qu trnh s dng v vn hnh.

Nhng kinh nghim, nhn thc v cc phng php quy hoch, thit k v thi cng khc nhau, tch ly c cho n nay, thc s l khng l v trong thc t cng cn c nhiu quan im, xu hng khc nhau. Tuy nhin cc xu hng ny cng lun c b tr, hon thin v pht trin. Nhiu quan nim c, lc hu dn t c s dng, nhng vn cn c gi tr kinh in, c bn; cc phng php mi, hin i ngy cng c s dng rng ri v mang li hiu qu k thut, kinh t v x hi cao. Ngy nay, vi cc phng php c, hon ton c th thi cng xy dng c cc cng trnh ngm trong mi iu kin ca v tri t, ng nhin c s khc bit khi thi cng trong khi t v khi , sau y gi chung l khi t/. thi cng xy dng cc cng trnh ngm c nhiu phng php c pht trin, c th phn ra hai nhm chnh l: Cc phng php thi cng ngm (cng cn gi l phng php m) Cc phng php thi cng l thin Thi cng ngm c c im l mi cng tc tch bc t/ v lp dng kt cu nhn to u c thc hin trong lng t. Theo phng thc hay phng php o, tch bc t/ c th phn cc phng php thi cng ngm ra hai nhm, nh trn s hnh 1-1).
Cc phng php thi cng ngm Phng php thi cng thng thng
khoann mn my o xc, my xi my o l RH my khoan hm TBM

Phng php thi cng bng my my khin o SM kch p ng, o hm nh

c khin

o ton gng

o tng phn gng

Hnh 1-1. Phn nhm v cch gi cc phng php thi cng ngm Khi nim phng php thi cng thng thng v phng php thi cng bng my c s dng ch c ngha tng i, khng hon ton lin quan vi vic s dng cc my thi cng. Cc phng php thuc vo nhm thi

cng thng thng l cc phng php cho php tch ph t/ to nn khong trng ngm c tit din vi hnh dng v kch thc bt k. Cc phng php thi cng bng my thng cho php to nn cc khong trng ngm vi tit din c dng xc nh (ch yu l hnh trn), t bin ng trong qu trnh thi cng. Trong thc t cng cn nhiu cch phn nhm khc nhau, ty theo tiu ch c s dng phn nhm. Chng hn nu ch chu trnh o c th phn thnh hai nhm l thi cng theo chu k v thi cng lin tc, v d nh trn hnh 1-2.
Phng php o o theo chu k khoan-n mn my o xc o lin tc my o tng phn my o ton gng

my khoan hm TBM

my khin o SM

Hnh 1-2. Phn nhm theo quy trnh o

Cc phng php thi cng thuc nhm thi cng l thin c c im chung l ton b hay tng on, tng b phn ca kt cu nhn to c thi cng trn mt t hay trong cc ho thi cng, hoc cc h o. Cc phng php thi cng l thin c th c phn ra ba nhm, theo phng thc lp dng cc kt cu nhn to nh trn hnh 1-3. Ni chung, d thi cng bng phng php ngm hay bng phng php l thin, cng vic quan trng l phi tch bc c mt phn t/ to ra khong trng ngm (ngoi tr phng php h chm trong nc), ngha l gy tc ng lm thay i trng thi vt cht ca khi t/. Trong trng hp ny bin i trng thi vt cht s gy ra cc bin i trng thi vt l/c hc ban u v do vy trong khi t/ xung quanh khong trng ngm s din ra nhng qu trnh bin i c hc khc nhau. Cc kt qu nghin cu, phn tch ca c hc t/ chng t rng hu qu ca cc qu trnh bin i s dn n cc dng biu hin khc nhau l: khi t/ c th vn trng thi n nh hoc

khi t/ chuyn sang trng thi mt n nh vi cc mc th hin a dng.


Phng php thi cng l thin

Thi cng h

H dn

h chm

Hnh 1-3. Cc phng php thi cng l thin Nu di cc dng tc ng khc nhau, khi t/ vn n nh v p ng cc yu cu theo chc nng s dng ca cng trnh ngm trong khong thi gian cn s dng, khi c th s dng khong trng m khng cn n cc bin php k thut no c. Ngc li, nu khi t/ mt n nh (ngha l c th xut hin cc hin tng trc v, trc l, sp l, trt l..., cng nh bin dng, dch chuyn ln), cn thit phi p dng cc bin php k thut thch hp c th: m bo an ton v n nh khong khng gian ngm cng nh khi t/ theo cc yu cu nht nh trong qu trnh thi cng; m bo bn vng v n nh trong qu trnh khai thc, vn hnh; bo v c cc cng trnh v ang c xy dng khu vc ln cn. Cc kt cu nhn to cn thit c lp dng c th s dng khong khng gian ngm an ton v n nh trong cc iu kin nht nh, c gi chung vi khi nim kt cu cng trnh ngm hay kt cu chng. Tuy nhin, vi nhng nhn thc hin nay, khi t/, c bit l khi cng c s dng, pht huy c th tip nhn hoc tham gia tip nhn cc tc ng c hc (ti trng), cho nn trong nhiu trng hp khi nim kt cu cng trnh ngm cng c hiu l t hp bao gm cc kt cu nhn to v khi t/, ngha l ton b hay mt b phn ca khi t/ cng c coi l mt b

phn ca kt cu cng trnh ngm. Cng v vy, thng thng s s dng khi nim kt cu chng, nu ch cp ring n cc kt cu nhn to. Khi nim kt cu cng trnh ngm c s dng mang tnh tng qut hn. Cc loi kt cu chng cng vi cc phng php lp dng cng c hiu vi khi nim phng php chng. Cho n nay c nhiu dng kt cu cng trnh ngm c pht trin vi nhng c th s dng khc nhau. Ni chung cc kt cu c hnh thnh trc ht ph thuc vo iu kin n nh ca khi t/ vy quanh khong trng, ph thuc vo phng php thi cng v ph thuc vo chc nng ca cng trnh ngm. Vi nhng c im khc nhau v mc tiu s dng, thi hn s dng, nn cc cng trnh ngm trong ngnh m v cc cng trnh ngm trong xy dng dn dng v cng nghip c quy hoch, thit k v thi cng xy dng vi nhng quan im v yu cu khc nhau. Do vy nhng yu cu v i hi v loi hnh v quy m cc kt cu cng trnh ngm cng c nhng c th ring. C hc cng trnh ngm (chnh xc hn l C hc kt cu cng trnh ngm) c coi l mt lnh vc chuyn mn vi cc nhim v: nghin cu v pht trin cc loi hnh kt cu cng trnh ngm nghin cu v pht trin cc phng php tnh ton, thit k cc kt cu cng trnh ngm. Nu nh trong xy dng thng ni n mn kt cu cng trnh v c hc kt cu mt cch ring r, th trong xy dng cng trnh ngm khi nim c hc kt cu cng trnh ngm bao hm c kt cu cng trnh ngm v vn tnh ton thit k. Tuy nhin cc loi kt cu chng v vn tnh ton cc kt cu cng trnh ngm cng nh cc phng php la chn, thit k ring bit u c nhng c th ring, c trng bi nhng tc ng khc nhau ca cc khi t/ cng nh cc phng php thi cng xy dng v cc quan im phn tch nh gi khc nhau. Ngy nay, tnh ton kt cu cng trnh ngm khng ch dng li theo cc nguyn tc ca c hc kt cu, m cn vn dng cc kin thc ca c hc vt rn bin dng, cng nh pht trin cc m hnh, phng php tnh ring, lin quan vi nhng c im a dng ca cc khi t/. Ti y cng cn lu rng cc kt cu c s dng bo v thnh ho, h o...trong phng php thi cng h (Hnh 1-4) cng rt a dng v ty thuc vo phng php o, dng thnh ho, h o, cng nh cc iu kin v khi t/. Bi v cc loi kt cu ny khng ch lin quan vi vic thi cng xy dng cc cng trnh ngm, m cn c s dng rng ri trong qu trnh xy

dng cc cng trnh xy dng khc, vi cc chc nng khc nhau, do vy vic tnh ton, thit k cc kt cu ny c gii thiu ring trong gio trnh K thut nn mng. Phng php thi cng h b dc (thnh ho nghing) Thnh ho thng ng, c tng bo v

B dc c gia c

B dc t nhin

Tng c th thu hi

Tng bo v l b phn ca kt cu cng trnh

Khung chng

Tng cc-vn

Tng cc c

Tng cc khoan nhi

Tng ho nhi

Neo, cht

Cc gii php gia cng, tng sc

Hnh 1-4 . Phng thc o v bo v ho bng phng php h

1.2 Nhim v v yu cu c bn i vi kt cu cng trnh ngm


Mc ch chung ca vic lp dng kt cu cng trnh ngm l m bo an ton, bn vng v n nh khong khng gian ngm, c th nhm bo v, m bo an ton, m bo iu kin hot ng bnh thng cho con ngi, cc trang thit b, phng tin k thut... trong khng gian ngm. Tuy nhin cc nhim v c th ca tng loi kt cu cng trnh ngm cng cn ph thuc c vo cc yu cu ring, mc tiu s dng ring. Trong lnh vc khai thc m hm l, nhim v ch yu ca kt cu cng trnh ngm l: a) Ngn chn ri, sp l vo ngi lao ng, trang thit b k thut; b) Hn ch dch chuyn ca khi v gi n nh khong trng m bo cc cng tc vn hnh, vn chuyn v thng gi.

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