Objectives:TO Record the EEG waveform of a given human subject from skull for four different positions of the

electrodes and analized the different frequency band using single channel for two conditions

Relaxed with eyes open. Relaxed with eyes closed .

Apparatus Required: BIOPAC Electrode Lead Set x 2 (SS2L) BIOPAC Electrode Gel (GEL1) and Abrasive Pad (ELPAD) or Skin cleanser or alcohol prep BIOPAC Student Lab System: BSL 4 software,MP45 hardware Computer System (Windows 7, Vista, XP, Mac OS X 10.5 10.7)

Theory:Electroencephalography is a medical imaging technique that reads scalp electrical activity generated by brain structures. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is defined as electrical activity of an alternating type recorded from the scalp surface after being picked up by metal electrodes and conductive media . The EEG measured directly from the cortical surface is called electrocortiogram while when using depth probes it is called electrogram. In this article, we will refer only to EEG measured from the head surface. Thus electroencephalographic reading is a completely non-invasive procedure that can be applied repeatedly to patients, normal adults, and children with virtually no risk or limitation. When brain cells (neurons) are activated, local current flows are produced. EEG measures mostly the currents that flow during synaptic excitations of the dendrites of many pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex. Differences of electrical potentials are caused by summed postsynaptic graded potentials from pyramidal cells that create electrical dipoles between soma (body of neuron) and apical dendrites (neural branches). Brain electrical current consists mostly of Na+, K+, Ca++, and Cl- ions that are pumped through channels in neuron membranes in the direction governed by membrane potential. The detailed microscopic picture is more sophisticated, including

different types of synapses involving variety of neurotransmitters. Only large populations of active neurons can generate electrical activity recordable on the head surface. Between electrode and neuronal layers current penetrates through skin, skull and several other layers. Weak electrical signals detected by the scalp electrodes are massively amplified, and then displayed on paper or stored to computer memory [3]. Due to capability to reflect both the normal and abnormal electrical activity of the brain, EEG has been found to be a very powerful tool in the field of neurology and clinical neurophysiology. The human brain electric activity starts around the 17-23 week of prenatal development. It is assumed that at birth the full number of neural 11 cells is already developed, roughly 10 neurons . This makes an average density of
4

10 neurons per cubic mm. Neurons are mutually connected into neural nets through synapses. Adults have about 500 trillion (5.10 ) synapses. The number of synapses per one neuron with age increases, however the number of neurons with age decreases, thus the total number of synapses decreases with age too. From the anatomical point of view, the brain can be divided into three sections: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum consists of left and right hemisphere with highly convoluted surface layer called cerebral cortex. The cortex is a
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Fig-1

dominant part of the central nervous system. The cerebrum obtains centres for movement initiation, conscious awareness of sensation, complex analysis, and expression of emotions and behaviour. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements of muscles and balance maintaining. The brain stem controls respiration, heart regulation, biorythms, neurohormone and hormone secretion, etc.[5]. The highest influence to EEG comes from electric activity of cerebral cortex due to its surface position Four simple periodic rhythms recorded in the EEG are alpha, beta, delta, and theta. These rhythms are identified by frequency (Hz or cycles/sec) and amplitude

Alpha
The four basic rhythms have been associated with various states. In general, the alpha rhythm isthe prominent EEG wave pattern of an adult who is awake but relaxed with eyes closed. Eachregion of the brain has a characteristic alpha rhythm but alpha waves of the greatest amplitude are recorded from the occipital and parietal regions of the cerebral cortex. Results from various studies indicate that: females tend to have higher mean frequencies of alpha waves than males alpha wave amplitudes are likely to be higher in outgoing subject. alpha wave amplitudes vary with the subjects attention to mental tasks performed with the eyes closed In general, amplitudes of alpha waves diminish when subjects open their eyes and are attentive to external stimuli although some subjects trained in relaxation techniques can maintain high alpha amplitudes even with their eyes open.

Beta
Beta rhythms occur in individuals who are alert and attentive to external stimuli or exert specificmental effort, or paradoxically, beta rhythms also occur during deep sleep, REM (Rapid EyeMovement) sleep when the eyes switch back and forth. Notice that the amplitude of beta rhythmstends to be lower than for alpha rhythms. This does not mean that there is less electrical activity,rather that the positive and negative activities are starting to counterbalance so that the sum of the electrical activity is less. Thus, instead of getting the wave-like synchronized pattern ofalpha waves, desynchronization or alpha block occurs. So, the beta wave represents arousal ofthe cortex to a higher state of alertness or tension. It may also be associated with remembering or retrieving memories.

Delta and Theta

Delta and theta rhythms are low-frequency EEG patterns that increase during sleep in the normal adult. As people move from lighter to deeper stages of sleep (prior to REM sleep), the occurrence of alpha waves diminishes and is gradually replaced by the lower frequency theta and then delta rhythms.

Although delta and theta rhythms are generally most prominent during sleep, there are cases when delta and theta rhythms are recorded from individuals who are awake. For example, theta waves will occur for brief intervals during emotional responses to frustrating events or situations. Delta waves may increase during difficult mental activities requiring concentration. In general, the occurrence and amplitudes of delta and theta rhythms are highly variable within and between individuals.

EEG electrode placement technique:

Proper site preparation and electrode placement are essential for clean, trouble-free recording of the EEG signal. The following steps describe how to achieve a secure connection in an efficient, repeatable way. They should be followed closely every time EEG is recorded. This may seem daunting at first, but the technique is easily learned and the user will quickly become accustomed to it and will certainly appreciate the benefits. 1020 electrode placement system The tentwenty (1020) electrode system of the International Federation is the standard for electrode placement. It is used to place surface EEG electrodes in a repeatable way independent of inter-patient anatomical variability. Called 1020 because of the way distances between electrode sites are computed. The distances between certain anatomical landmarks are segmented at increments of 10% and 20% of their value, and electrodes are placed at these points.

A letter is used to indicate over which area of the brain the site is located. Sites are identified as follows:

Other miscellaneous labels are used for the ears (A) and other reference sites (for example, M for mastoid process, G for ground, etc.). The letter Z indicates the central line along the interhemispheric fissure. Numbers are used to indicate the position in reference to the central line (Z). Number value increases the further away a site is from the central line. Odd numbers are on the left. Even numbers are on the right .

Locate the inion

On the posterior base of the skull, where the spine meets the skull, there is a small protrusion called the inion. It can be found by running the finger up the spine towards the skull. There is a small crevice between the spine and skull in which vertebrae can no longer be felt. Just above that area, the inion of the skull can be found.

Locate the nasion The depression on the bridge of the nose, just below the brow and directly between both eyes, is called the nasion.

The line between these two points runs along the interhemispheric fissure of the brain (the space that separates the left and right sides of the brain, i.e. right down the middle). Mark a spot located at 50% of the distance between the nasion and the inion.

Locate the mandibular notch To locate the mandibular notch, place a finger against the tragus, just anterior to the ear, and ask the subject to open their mouth. Your finger should find its way into a cavity, resting superior to the manibular notch. Find this spot on both sides of the head.

The line that connects the left and right mandibular notches runs along the central sulcus of the brain (the space that separates the frontal and parietal lobes). Mark a spot located at 50% of the distance between the left and right mandibular notches. It should intersect directly with the mark made between the front and back of the head. The intersection of these two lines is electrode location CZ. Along the line between the mandibular notches, 20% of the total distance towards the left is location C3, 20% towards the right is location C4.

For single channel recording we will consider the following positions Position 1 O1 A1 Position 2 O2 A2 Position 3 P1 A1 Position 4 - P2 A2 Nasion point is taken as the reference point while connecting the electrode and lead system.

PROCEDURE:To record the EEG signal we will connect the three electodes and leads system by following four ways. Connect lead 1 to the A1 position and lead 2 to the O1 position and lead 3 is connected to nasion for reference . Connect lead 1 to A1 position and lead 2 to O2 position and lead three to nasion for reference.

Connect lead 1 to A2 position and lead 2 to P1 position and lead 3 to nasion for reference.

 Connect lead 1 to A2 position and lead 2 to P2 position and lead 3 to nasion for reference . For each cases we will record the signal using BioPack student lab 4.0 software for analysis.

RESULTAfter recording the signal we will obtained the following result which is shown in the following table.

DOMINANT FREQUENCY 0-4 HZ 4-8HZ 8-13HZ 13-30HZ

POWER

DISCUSSIONFrom the above table we can see the variation in Alfa , Beta ,Gamma , Delta and Theta waves for different condition of subject for example in the case of eye open we will get the Alfa waves but in case of eye closed Alfa waves gets disappear.