LESS"N # $ %NERT%&

The meaning of inertia '"ample * Inertia is the property of an object which resists a change in its motion. If it is at rest it tends to remain at rest , if it is moving it tends to continue moving. Or Inertia is the reluctance of an object to move once it is at rest or the reluctance of an object to stop once it is in uniform velocity. Explanation of inertia by Newtons First Law of Motion Newtons First Law of otion states that !an object will remain at rest or continue with a constant speed in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force or if the e"ternal force acting on the object is #ero$ Relationship between mass and inertia %he mass of a body is a measure of its inertia. If a body has a small mass, it will have a small inertia& if its mass is large, then so is its inertia. Some examples of sit ations in!ol!ing inertia '"ample ( '"ample Observation) .hen a driver inside a car applies bra+e /uddenly , the driver and the passengers are surged forwards. /imilarly ,when the car accelerates , the occupants will move bac+wards. %he inertia of the driver and passengers cause they maintain their original motion 0original velocity1 or maintain at rest.

Observation ) %he other bloc+s fall vertically onto the table. '"planation ) %he inertia of the wooden bloc+s causes its remain at rest. %he weight of other bloc+s ma+es them fall vertically onto the table. '"ample , Observation ) If some +etchup is stuc+ in a bottle, it can be dislodged by turning the bottle upside down , thrusting it downwards and stopping suddenly. '"planation ) %he inertia of the +etchup causes it maintain its velocity while the bottle is stopped.

Observation) %he coin drops vertically into the glass . '"planation ) %he inertia of the coin causes it remain at rest . %he coin drops vertically into the glass due its weight. '"planation)

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Red cing the negati!e side effects of inertia. '"ample 2 0i1 %he seat belts are designed to protect the passengers . If the car is involved in a collision , it will suddenly be brought to a stop. 7ut because of its inertia, their body will continue traveling at a certain velocity until it hits an obstruction , usually the cars windscreen. .ithout a seat6belt , the passengers can be seriously injury. %he belts e"erts a force on the passengers bodies bringing it to stop without hitting the windscreen or the steering wheel.

Observation ) %he pail filled with sand feels more reluctant to move and more difficult to stop moving than the empty one. '"planation) %he pail filled sand has a greater inertia or mass than the empty one. '"ample 3 Observation ) 4 tan+er has to stop its engine 2 +m from port. '"planation ) %he tan+er has so much inertia , so that it can slow down in time to avoid any accident. '"ample 5 Observation ) 4n aero plane need a long runway for landing and ta+e6off '"planation ) %he aero plane has a greater mass and also has so much inertia.

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8ead restraints are designed to reduce nec+ injury. %here are particularly effective in rear6impact accidents. 4s the car is shunted forwards , the bac+ of your seat pushes your body towards. If you do not have a head restraint, the inertia of your head means that it stays behind , while your body moves forward. %his can cause 9whiplash injuries.

0iii1 %imbers carried by a lorry normally are tied up together by a strong iron chain. .hen the lorry starts to move suddenly , the timbers are more difficult to fall off due to their inertia because their combined mass has increased. The positi!e effects of inertia 0i1 %he motion of a spacecraft in deep space is in a straight line with a constant speed & since there is no air in space 0the e"ternal force acting on the object is #ero$1 to slow its motion. For this reason, there is no need to ma+e a space probe aerodynamic in shape . 4 sumo wrestler who has a greater mass also has a greater inertia. 8e is harder to toppled and normally he is li+ely to win a championship tournament.

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%nertial balance

Experiment to in!estigate the relationship between the inertia and the mass (ypothesis) 4s the mass increases as the inertia increases &im of the experiment ) %o investigate the relationship between the mass and the inertia )ariables in the experiment* anipulated variable) the mass =esponding variable) the inertia Fi"ed variable) number of oscillation , the length of the jigsaw blade. List of apparat s and materials) >igsaw blade , plasticine , ?6clamp , stop watch , balance. &rrangement of the apparat s*

4n inertial balance is used to compare masses or to measure the mass of an object. .hen the mass of the metal cylinder is increased by adding a second metal cylinder , the period of vibration become longer. %he s:uare of the period of vibration ,%* of a inertial balance is directly proportional to the mass, m of the metal cylinder. T' m Example 1 In an inertial balance e"periment , the period of oscillations for loads ;.2 +g is -.; s. .hat is the mass of the load if the period of the oscillations is <.; s Solution

The proced re of the experiment which incl de the method of controlling the manip lated !ariable and the method of meas ring the responding !ariable. %he mass of the plasticine is measured by a balance, m@ ,;.;g %he jigsaw blade is clamped at one end and a plasticine ball is fi"ed at the other %he jigsaw blade is displaced hori#ontally to one side and then released so that it oscillates. %he time for *; oscillations ,t is ta+en by a stop watch. %he e"periment is repeated 2 times by using plasticine balls with different masses. Tab late the data* assAg ,; -; 2; 3; %imeAt &nalysis the data* Clot the graph time, t against mass, m 5; B;

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T4T"R%&L #
+ Inertia of an object is & , . ' the friction force e"erts to the object the friction force e"erts to the object the force against the motion of the object the property of the object which resists a change in its motion. 1 .hat is the name of the property of a body which resists a change in its state of rest or of uniform motionD & # 4cceleration Inertia , . Eensity Felocity 2 & , . / the acceleration of the object the temperature of the object the weight of the object the mass of the object %he head of the hammer can be tightened onto the handle by & , pushing the head of the hammer rotating the handle of the hammer applying a +noc+ on the handle of the hammer

8ow difficult is it to start a heavy lorry moving and to stop it moving D & , . to start difficult difficult easy easy to stop difficult easy difficult easy

%he factor that affect the inertia of an object is .hen a boy is chased by a cow, which of the following is the best path to

.hich object has the greatest inertiaD

Figure shows a hammer.

%he following figure shows a small stone is tied to a piece of string and then swung round and round above the head.

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+#

In an inertial balance e"periment , the period of oscillations for loads (;; g is -.B s. .hat is the mass of the load if the period of the oscillations is 3.B s. & (;; g *;; g , . (2; g *2; g

+/ If the string is suddenly released , which path in figure above will the stone follow. 5 .hich phenomenon cannot be e"plained by the principle of inertiaD & , . +6 In a game of carrom , the stri+er can stri+e a sta+e of carrom pieces but only dislodge the bottom piece .hen the lowest coin is struc+ with a steel ruler, the rest of the stac+ of coins do not collapse 4 boy on a bicycle does not immediately come to stop although he stops pedalling %he bubbles formed by a fish e"pand as they float towards the surface

%wo identical springs hung with two loads * +g and 2 +g respectively. %he loads is pulled down at the same time and caused the loads bounce up and down. 0a1 Gompare the period of the oscillations of the springs. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.. 0b1 ?ive one reason for your answer in 0a1. ...................................................................... 0c1 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.. .hat happen to the period of the oscillations of the springs if the e"periment is carried out on the surface of the moon. ...................................................................... HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.. +0

.hen a bus moves left then the passengers appear to move right, and vice versa. %his phenomenon is caused by & , . the inertia of the bus the reaction of the bus the inertia of the passengers the reaction of the passengers

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4n inertial balance can be used to compare & , . the acceleration of an object the momentum of an object the weight of an object mass of an object

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%he period of oscillations of an inertial balance depends on & , . %he acceleration due to gravity %he amplitude of the oscillations %he mass of the metal cylinder %he force to push the balance

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4 child and an adult each sits on similar swings as shown in the diagram above. 0a1 If they are given a push, which one of them is more difficult 0i1 to be movedD HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.. 0ii1 to stopD HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. 0iii1 ?ive reason to your answers in 0a1 0i1 and 0ii1 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. 0b1 0i1%he property in which a body resists change from its state of rest or motion is +nown as inertia. 7ased on your answer in 0a1 state the relationship between the inertia and mass. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.. 0ii1 .hy does a supertan+er needs to stop its engine over a distance of about , + m before it can finally come to a stop. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. HH 0iii1 ?ive one e"ample of inertia in the daily life. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. +1 +2

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?ive one reason for your answer in 0a1 0i1 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH .hat happen to the threads if the thread I is pulled faster. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ?ive one reason for your answer in 0a1 0i1 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH %he following figure shows an inertial balance. 7y using the inertial balance ,the mass ,m of the metal cylinder and the period of oscillations, % is ta+en and the readings are recorded as shown in the table below.

ass mA+g

Ceriod %A s

%* A s*

m %*
0( d.p1

4 metal bloc+ is hung from a ceiling. %he metal bloc+ is connected using two threads C and I 0a1 0i1 .hat happen to the threads if the thread I is pulled slowly HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

(.; ;.B* ;.35*(.2 (.2 (.;; *.; (.(2 *.2 (.*< ,.; (.-( 0a1 Gomplete the table above. 0b1 .hat the unit s of m %* .............................................................. 0c1 /tate the relationship between m and % ..............................................................

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0v1 mass .............................................................. 0d1 .hen an apple is placed on the rac+ , the period of the oscillations is *.B s. .hat is the mass of the apple. +3 In Figure (, shows the driver and the car decorations when the car is accelerating from rests. In Figure *, shows the driver and the decorations when the car stops suddenly. +5 %he figure shows a man pushes a shopping trolley in two situations. %he man e"perience the empty trolley is easy to start and stop but the fully trolley is hard to start and to stop.

Observe the positions of each of the par+ chute and the appearance of the student when he slides. 7ased on the observations) %he car accelerates suddenly FI?J=' ( %he car stops from rest FI?J=' * 0a1 /tate one suitable inference that can be made. 0b1 /tate one appropriate hypothesis for an investigation. 0c1 .ith the use of apparatus such as , jigsaw blade , plasticine ,clamp and other apparatus , describe an e"perimental framewor+ to test your hypothesis. In your description , state clearly the following) 0i1 4im of the e"periment 0ii1 Fariables in the e"periment 0iii1 List of apparatus and materials 0iv1 4rrangement of the apparatus %he procedure of the e"periment which include the method of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable. 0vi1 .ay you would tabulate the data 0vii1 .ay you would analysis the data

0a 1 0i1 Eefine acceleration. 0ii1 .hat do you observe about the driver and the decoration in Figure ( and Figure *D Jse these observations to e"plain a physical concept. 0iii1 Name the concept. 0b1 '"plain why 0i1 a wide safety belt is used rather than a narrow safety belt. 0ii1 the belt is designed to e"tend slightly when the car stops suddenly. 0c1 %he diagram below shows a typical saloon car.

4hmad wants to modify the car so that it can be used safely as a racing car. /tate one modification that 4hmad could ma+e and give a suitable concept in physics in each of the following aspect) 0i1 safety 0ii1 shape 0iii1 power 0iv1 stability

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