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ME 333 Fluid Mechanics Homework 2 Solutions

Nick Stelzenmuller April 19, 2013

Problem 1
Problem Statement:
The plunger on a hydraulic press is used to raise a piston. There is a lever on the plunger that multiplies the input force by a factor of 4. Given a plunger area of 0.0012 m2 and a piston area of 0.2 m2 , what load can be raised by the piston if 1000 N is applied to the lever?

Approach:
Use the hydraulic force balance to nd the unknown force.

Assumptions:
Nothing in the system is accelerating signicantly, the hydrostatic pressure due to the weight of the uid is unimportant.

Governing Equations:
P1 = P2 (hydrostatic equilibrium), F = P A

Solution:
The lever is a force multiplier, so 4F1 = P1 A1 , and F2 = P2 A2 P1 = P2
4F1 A1

F2 A2

F2 =

4A2 F1 A1

4(0.2m2 )1000N 0.0012m2

666.7kN

A 1000 N force on the lever can lift a 666.7 kN load on the piston

Problem 2
Problem Statement:
A cylindrical tank with hemispherical ends contains a volatile liquid and its vapor. The liquid density L =120 kPa, and atmospheric pressure PA =101 kPa. Find: 1. The gage pressure reading on the pressure gage 2. The height h of the mercury manometer

Approach:
Use the hydrostatic balance to solve for pressure, noting that we have three uids in the system.

Assumptions:
Assume vapor << L , and neglect the hydrostatic pressure created by the weight of the vapor.

Governing Equations:
P1 = P2 gh, where P1 is measured a distance h above P2

4. Problem 2.46

Sketch:

Solution:
Pressure gage:

5. Problem 2.61

Let h2 be the vertical distance from the free surface of the liquid to the gage. Pgage = Pvapor + L gh2 PA = 120kP a + 800kg/m3 (9.81m/s2 )1m Pgage 26.848 kP a Manometer: Remembering that the pressure at a specic depth is constant, so P2 = Pvapor + L gh2 = PA + Hg gh h= Pvapor PA + L gh2 120kP a 101kP a + 800kg/m2 (9.81m/s2 )1m(1kP a/1000P a) = Hg g 13500kg/m3 (9.81m/s2 )(1kP a/1000kP a) h 0.203 m The gage pressure at the pressure gage is approximately 26.85 kPa, and the height of the manometer is approximately 0.203 m 1kP a 101kP a 1000P a

Problem 3
Problem Statement:
A hinged rectangular gate is held at an angle of 70 degrees to the horizon by a cable, with water on one side and atmosphere on the other. The gate is 1 m wide and 3 m long, and the free surface meets the gate 2.5 m along its length. Find the tension in the cable and the reaction force at the hinge.

Approach:
Find the resultant hydrostatic force (magnitude, direction, and location) on the hinge using the equations for hydrostatic forces on plane surfaces. Sum the moments around the hinge to nd the cable tension, and sum the forces on the gate to nd the reaction force on the hinge.

Assumptions:
System is static (in equilibrium).

Governing Equations:
Key simplications of the hydrostatic force F = pdA for plane surfaces are: the hydrostatic force can be simplied to a single force vector F = hCG A, where hCG is the depth of the centroid of the plane, applied at the center of pressure. The center of pressure formula for the case when the other side of the plane is exposed to atmosphere is: Ixy sin() sin() yCP = Ixx hCG A , and xCP = hCG A , where I is the moment of inertia and is the angle of the plane w.r.t. the horizon. xCP , and yCP are the coordinates of the center of pressure w.r.t. the centroid.

Sketch:

Denition of terms on the sketch: Fc Fp Fg P1 P2 P3 is the tension in the cable is the resultant force due to hydrostatic pressure is the force due to the weight of the gate is the centroid of the gate is the centroid of the portion of the gate that is submerged is the center of pressure

Solution:
Resultant hydrostatic force and center of pressure The resultant pressure force is Fp = hCG A, where A = bl2 . From the sketch, hCG = l2 sin() 2 FP =
2 l2 bsin() 28.7kN 2

Fp acts at the center of pressure (P3 ), which is located a distance l3 along the gate from P2 . 5

l3 = The gate is rectangular, so Ixx =


b(l2 )3 12

Ixx sin() hCG A

l3 = Force and moment balances

l2 b(l2 )3 sin() = 12(l2 /2)sin()bl2 6

The problem is now a simple statics problemto nd the tension in the cable Fc we must sum the moments about the hinge:

MA = Fp (

l1 l2 l3 ) + Fg cos() Fc l1 sin() = 0 2 2

Fc =

1 2 2 1 2 l2 sin()bl2 ( l2 l3 ) + Fg l2 cos() l6 ) + Fg l2 cos() Fp ( l2 = 2 l1 sin() l1 sin()

Fc =

3b Fg l2 9790N/m3 (2.5m)3 (1m) 5000N + cot() = + cot(70 ) 9.41 kN 6l1 2 6 3m 2

The reaction force on the hinge can be found by summing the forces on the gate in x and y:
x F x = Fp F c + Ax = 0 x Ax = Fc Fp l2

x = F sin( ) = 2 sin( )bsin( ) Recalling that hydrostatic force operates normal to the plane, Fp p 2

Ax =

3b Fg l2 l2 + cot() 2 bsin2 () 6l1 2 2

Ax =

2b l2 2

Fg l2 sin2 () + cot() 3l1 2

Ax =

9790N/m3 (2.5m)2 (1m) 2

2.5m 5000N sin2 (70 ) + cot(70 ) 17.6 kN 3 3m 2


y Ay = Fg + Fp

y F y = Fp F g + Ay = 0

y Fp = Fp cos() =

2 l2 sin()bcos() 2

Ay = Fg +

2 l2 bsin()cos() 2

Ay = 5000N + 9790N/m3

(2.5m)2 sin(70 )(1m)cos(70 ) 14.8 kN 2

The hydrostatic pressure and the weight of the gate cause a 9.41 kN force in the cable and a reaction force on the gate at the hinge of 17.6 kN to the left and 14.8 kN up.

Problem 4
Problem Statement:
The Ballard Locks are formed by two gates as shown in the sketch. The width of the locks is 24 m, the angle between the gate and perpendicular to the lock walls is 15 degrees, the water depths are 16.7 m of the Lake Union side and 8.8 m on the Puget Sound side. Find: 1. The hydrostatic force on a single gate 2. The contact force between the two gates 3. The reaction force at the hinges

Approach:
Similarly to problem 3, this problem can be broken up into: nding a resultant hydrostatic force vector, doing the statics problem that results. The only complication will be that there is a dierent hydrostatic pressure on each side of the gates. We can solve for the resultant hydrostatic force vectors for each side and then combine them.

Assumptions:
System is in equilibrium, water on both sides is fresh water of equal densities.

Governing Equations:
Key simplications of the hydrostatic force F = pdA for plane surfaces are: the hydrostatic force can be simplied to a single force vector F = hCG A, where hCG is the depth of the centroid of the plane, applied at the center of pressure.

Sketch:

Solution:
Hydrostatic forces Solving for the resultant hydrostatic force vector for each side separately: FL = hL CG AL Noting that the gates are vertical, we can see from the sketch that hL CG = w bdL , b = 2cos()
dL 2 ,

AL =

Similarly for the resultant hydrostatic force vector on the Puget Sound side of the gate: FS = hS CG AS , hS CG = dS , 2 AS = bdS , b= w 2cos()

We can combine these hydrostatic force vectors by summing the forces:


S FP = hL CG AL hCG AS = (

dL dS bdL bdS ) 2 2

FP = b(

2 d2 d2 d2 w 24m L dS S )= ( L ) = 9790n/m3 2 2cos() 2 2cos(15 )

(16.7m)2 (8.8m)2 2

12.25 M N

Where FP is the resultant hydrostatic force on the gate, operating perpendicular to the gate in the direction of the Puget Sound. Contact force and reaction force on the hinge We can nd the contact force by summing the moments about the hinge: Mhinge = FP b 2 FC bsin() = 0 FC = FP (b/2) FP = bsin() 2sin()

FC = FC = 9790n/m3

d2 d2 FP w 1 S = ( L ) 2sin() 2cos() 2 2sin)

24m (16.7m)2 (8.8m)2 1 23.67 M N 2cos(15 ) 2 2sin(15 )

The reaction force on the hinges are found by summing the forces: Fx = Ax FP cos() = 0 Ax = b(
2 d2 d2 d2 w L dS S )cos() = ( L )cos() 2 2cos() 2

1 1 2 3 2 2 Ax = w(d2 L dS ) = 9790n/m (24m)((16.7m) (8.8m) ) 11.83 M N 4 4

Fy = Ay + FP sin() FC = 0

Ay =

d2 d2 w S ( L )sin() + FC 2cos() 2

d2 d2 w 1 1 2 S Ay = w(d2 ( L ) L dS )tan( ) + 4 2cos() 2 2sin) 1 1 Ay = 9790n/m3 (24m)((16.7m)2 (8.8m)2 ) tan(15 ) 4 2cos(15 )sin(15 ) 20.50 M N

The force exerted by the water on a single gate is approximately 12.25 MN towards the Sound, perpendicular to the gate The contact force between the gates is approximately 23.67 MN The reaction force at the hinges is approximately 11.83 MN toward the lake and 20.50 MN towards the canal

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Problem 5
Problem Statement:
A rectangular gate, hinged at the bottom, is held in place by a force FH applied at the center of the gate. The gate is 8 m high and 3 m wide, and is connected to a rectangular passage lled with water connected to a tank (see sketch). FH =3500 kN. Find: 1. The maximum value of the depth h above the center of the gate before the gate begins to open. 2. Consider how the problem would be dierent if the gate was hinged at the top.

Approach:
Find the resultant hydrostatic force (magnitude, direction, and location) using the equations for hydrostatic forces on plane surfaces. Sum the moments around the hinge to nd the h. For part 2, sum the moments around the top of the gate

Assumptions:
System is static (in equilibrium).

Governing Equations:
Key simplications of the hydrostatic force F = pdA for plane surfaces are: the hydrostatic force can be simplied to a single force vector F = hCG A, where hCG is the depth of the centroid of the plane, applied at the center of pressure. The center of pressure formula for the case when the other side of the plane is exposed to atmosphere are: Ixy sin() sin() yCP = Ixx hCG A , and xCP = hCG A , where I is the moment of intertia ans is the angle of the plane w.r.t. the horizon. xCP , and yCP are the coordinates of the center of pressure w.r.t. the centroid.

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Sketch:

Solution:
Maximum value of h The hydrostatic force of the gate is FP = hCG A where hCG is the depth of the centroid of the gate. Here the gate is a simple vertically oriented rectangle, so hCG = h. Let l= the height of the gate, and b = the width of the gate, so the gate area A = bl. FP = hbl FP acts at the center of pressure, which for a vertically oriented rectangle is vertically displaced downward from the centroid by a distance: l1 = Ixx bl3 l2 = = hCG A 12hbl 12h

Summing the moments around the hinge: Mhinge = FH FH l 2 l 2 FP l l2 2 12h l l2 2 12h h= FH l + bl 6 =0

= hbl

l l2 FH = 2hb 2 12h h=

3.5 106 N 8m + 16.2m (9790N/m3 )(3m)(8m) 6 12

The case where the hinge is at the top of the gate If the hinge were on the top of the gate the hydrostatic pressure force has a longer lever arm. A longer lever arm means less force is required to balance the moment about the top hinge, i.e. the water depth h would be lower when the gate opens. We can check this reasoning by summing the moments about the top hinge: MT op
hinge

= FH l 2

l 2

FP

l l2 + 2 12h

=0

FH

= hbl

l l2 + 2 12h h= FH l bl 6

l l2 FH = + 2hb 2 12h h=

3.5 106 N 8m 13.6m 3 (9790N/m )(3m)(8m) 6

The height of water in the tank such that the gate begins to open is approximately 16.2 m For the case with hinge on the top of the gate, the critical height is approximately 13.6 m

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Problem 6
Problem Statement:
A U-tube lled with water rotates about its axis of symmetry. The radius of the U-tube is 0.1 m, and the height of the water is 0.3 m. Determine the angular velocity necessary for the water to begin to vaporize in the bottom of the tube.

Approach: Problem 6
Use the equation for the pressure distribution in a uid subject to rigid body rotation. A rectangular gate, 8 meters in height and 3 meters in width (into the Solve for the angular velocity s.t. the pressure at the bottom of the tube equals the paper) is located and the end of a rectangular passage that is connected vapor pressure of water. to a large open tank lled with water. The gate is hinged at its bottom and held close by a horizontal force FH applied at the center of the gate, as shown in the gure. The maximum value for FH is 3500 kN . Assumptions: Determine the maximum value of the depth, h, above the center of the gate, before the gate starts to open The uid in the tube has attained rigid body rotation. Assume standard conditions in Would the value be the same if the gate was hinged at the top? the surrounding environment (T=20 C, P=101.6 kPa) Show the calculations and explain physically what the result means.

Governing Equations:
For a uid that has attained rigid body rotation, the pressure distribution in the uid is given by: 1 ! P = C z + r2 2 2

Problem 7

Sketch:

The U tube in the gure is partially lled with water and rotates around its axis of symmetry, a-a. Determine the angular velocity that will cause the water to start vaporizing at the bottom of the tube, point A.
"#$!%! "#$!%!

"#&!%!

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Solution:
Let us place the origin on the axis of rotation and at the level of the bottom of the U-tube. Let h be the distance from the origin to the free surface, and R be the radius of the U-tube. At the surface P = Pa , so we can solve for the constant C : 1 Pa = C (h) + R2 2 2 1 C = Pa +h R2 2 2

The water will begin to vaporize at the vapor pressure Pv , so setting the pressure at Pv we can solve for : 1 1 Pv = Pa + h R2 (0) + (0)2 2 2 2 1 Pv Pa h = R2 2 2 = Pv Pa h (1/2)R2

The vapor pressure of water at 20 C is 2.337 kPa (White, Table A.5), so is: = 2337P a 101600P a 9790N/m3 (0.3m) 143rad/sec (1/2)998kg/m3 (0.1m)2

The water at the bottom of the U-tube begins to vaporize when the angular velocity reaches 143 rad/sec

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Problem 7
Problem Statement:
A barge has a trapezoidal shape and is 22 m long into the page (see sketch for all the other dimensions). If the total weight of the barge and cargo is 300 tons, what is the draft, H , of the barge in seawater?

Approach:
Use Archimedes law of displacement to relate volume of displacement with buoyancy. Use geometry to nd an expression for volume of water displaced and solve for H .

Assumptions:
The bow and stern of the barge are simply vertical. Weight is measured in US tons (1 ton=8899.485 N).

Governing Equations:
Archimedes law: Buoyancy force is equal to the weight of uid displaced.

Sketch:

Solution:
Let W = the weight of the barge and cargo, V = the volume of the barge, L= the length of the barge (22 m), and B = the width of the barge at the bottom (8 m). Archimedes law gives V =W 16

The volume of water displaced is: V = BHL + H (Htan(30 )L W = L(BH + H 2 tan(30 )) tan(30 )H 2 + BH W =0 L

Recalling that 1 US ton is 8899.485 N, and seawater = 10050 N/m3 (White, Table 2.1): B +
W B 2 4tan(30 ) L

H=

2tan(30 )

8m +

3008899.485N (8m)2 4tan(30 ) (10050 N/m3 (22m)

2tan(30 )

1.37m

The barge displacement is approximately 1.37 m

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