Valve Design & Selection Guide

engineering &
technical data
common valve designs & applications
1.1
Gate & Globe Valve / Check Valve / Butterfly & Ball Valve
valve sizing equations
1.4
units & unit conversions
1.5
temperature conversions
1.10
pressure ratings & flange compatibility
1.11
flanges
1.13
To AS2129 / To ANSI B16.5 / To BS4504; DIN*
hex head bolt & nut or bolt only dimensions
1.26
gate & globe valve design & Application

Gate valves are by far the most widely used in industrial piping. They
are used as stop valves - to fully shut off or fully turn on flow - the
only job for which gate valves are recommended.
Gate valves are inherently suited for wide-open service. Flow moves
in a straight line and practically without resistance when the wedge
is fully raised.
Seating is perpendicular or at right angles to the line of flow. That is
one reason why gate valves are impractical for throttling service and
for too frequent operation.
Repeated movement of the wedge near the point of closure under
high velocity flow, may create a drag on the seating surfaces and
cause galling or scoring on the down-stream side. A slightly opened
edge may cause turbulent flow with vibration and chattering of the
wedge.
Cross section of valve in the fully
open position. No resistance to flow.
Cross section of valve closed.
A Gate valve usually requires more turns and therefore more work
to open it fully. Also, unlike many globe valves, the volume of flow
through the valve is not in direct relation to the number of turns of
the handwheel.
Since most gate valves have a wedge with matching tapered
seats, refacing and repairing of the seating surfaces is not a simple
operation.
Gate valves, while not designed for throttling or too frequent
operation are generally ideal for services requiring full flow or no
flow.
Applications
Stopping and starting flow with infrequent operation of gases and
liquids. Knifegate valves for slurries, fibres, powders and granules,
vacuums and cryogenics.
Globe Valve
Unlike the perpendicular seating in gate valves, globe valve seating
is parallel to the line of flow. All contact between seat and disk ends
when flow begins.
engineering & technical data gate & globe valve design & application
Gate Valve
These are advantages for more efficient throttling of flow, with

minimum wire drawing and seat erosion.
The valvedisk and seat in most globe valves can be conveniently
repaired or replaced - often without removing the valve body from
the line.
Shorter disk travel - with fewer turns required to operate, globe
valves save considerable time, work and wear on valve parts.
Seating is parallel to line of flow, and all seat and disk contact ends
as soon as the valve is Cracked Open. Fully opening or closing
requires fewer turns than a gate valve.
Cross section of globe valve.
Changing direction of flow means
greater resistance to flow.
Globe valves, while not recommended where resistance to flow

and pressure drop would be objectionable, are generally ideal for
throttling, and preferable for frequent operation.
Applications
Throttling flow or stopping and starting flow with frequent operation
of gases, mostly free of solids; liquids mostly free of solids; vacuums
and cryogenics.
June 2010
1.1
engineering & technical data check valve design & application
check valve design & application

Swing Check Valve
Lift Check Valve
Swing check valves work

automatically as shown, in
either horizontal or vertical
(flow upward) pipelines. They
must be installed with normal
flow opening the disc. Flow
arrows on the side of body
indicates correct installation
direction.
Lift check valves also work

automatically with line
pressure in horizontal pipelines
only with the bonnet vertically
above the valve. Flow arrow on
side of body indicates correct
installation direction.
Cross section of valve open.
Moving through the line, the

flow automatically swings the
disc open to full flow as in a
gate valve.
When flow reverses, the disc

falls to its seat and cuts off
back-flow.
Applications
Tilting Disc Check Valve
Double disc check valves work

automatically with the line
pressure.
Tilting disc check valves are a

variation of the swing check
design that can be installed
horizontally or vertically in
pipelines provided fluid flow is
upward.
Spring loaded light weight

plates enable operation in
almost any position, allowing
the most efficient piping layout.
The pivot is offset between

the center and top of the disc
to partially counter balance
the disc and aid operation
where only a small pressure
differential is available to open
the valve.
Closure occurs more gradually

than in a swing check valve.
Tilting disc check valves are
therefore sometimes used
where frequent change of fluid
direction is to be encountered.
Double disc check valves

are generally smaller, more
economical with lower flow
restriction than swing check
valves.
Applications
Applications
To prevent reverse flow where
valve size and flow restriction
must be minimised.

flow restriction in open position
is not objectionable.
Flow travelling in the desired

direction folds semi-circular
plates together in the middle
of the stream.
1.2
Applications
Double Disc Check Valve
If the flow reverses, the

plates close against the seat
preventing back flow.
Line pressure lifts the disc, and

path of flow is in a changing
course as through a globe
valve.
Should flow reverse, the

reversed pressure and the discs
weight closes the disc against
the seat, and back-flow is
stopped.
flow restriction in the open
position must be minimal.
Like a globe valve, with its

indirect line of flow, lift check
valves are flow restricting,
therefore are generally used as
a companion to globe valves.
To prevent reverse flow

where only a small pressure
differential is available to
open valve or where rapid disc
closure is not desirable.
The information provided in this catalogue is based on original manufacturers designs and specifications and subject to change without
notice. Crane Distribution accepts no liability for the accuracy of the information or the availability of products.
butterfly & ball valve design & application

Butterfly valves are often used because they are suitable for isolation
and throttling service.
Butterfly valves are compact and light weight - no additional
supports are required for their installation in line.
A quarter turn of the circular disc fully opens or closes the valve.
Cross section of a butterfly valve
in the fully open position.
Cross section of a butterfly valve

in the throttling position.
In the fully open position the thin disc of a butterfly valve causes
minimal flow restriction.
Sensitive flow control can be provided when the valve is open
between approximately 20 and 70 degrees.
Butterfly valves are also used where frequent operation is
encountered.
A wide variety of disc and liner materials are available so that
butterfly valves can be used for the control of most fluids which are
corrosive and/or errosive.
Applications
Cross section of a butterfly valve in the fully closed position.
Stopping and starting flow or throttling flow of gases, liquids,

slurries, powder, grannules, sanitary, handling of pharmaceuticals,
food and vacuums.
Ball Valve
Ball valves are used mainly as isolation valves. A quarter turn of the
ball containing a port either fully opens or closes the valve.
In the fully open position there is virtually no obstruction to flow and
head loss though full port ball valves is almost negligible.
The floating ball style of ball valves uses the pressure of the fluid
to enhance the seal. When the valve is in the closed position, the
pressure of the fluid on the upstream side of the valve pushes the
ball more firmly against the seat on the down stream side.
Cross section side view of open valve.
When used for thottling the pressure drop is distributed over two
orifices reducing velocity and erosion effect and improving the flow
pattern on low flow.
engineering & technical data butterfly & ball valve design & application
Butterfly Valve
Ball valves provide reliable throttling of gases and liquids within the
20 to 90 degrees open range.
Applications
Starting and stopping flow, moderate throttling or flow diversion of
gases, liquids, non- abrasive slurries, vacuums and cryogenics.
Cross section top view of valve in throttling position.
June 2010
1.3
engineering & technical data valve sizing equations
valve sizing equations

The following equations can be used for the sizing of isolation and
control valves. However these equations do not include correction
factors to account for pipe reducers, fluid viscosity, cavitation,
flashing, mixed phase behaviour and fluid compressibility. If any
of these factors are of concern, Tradelink specialists are at your
disposal to look at any particular problem regarding valve sizing and
selection.
Liquids
Nomenclature
P = P1 - P2

= Valve pressure drop

(Bar)
For non-critical flow

Kv = Q(d/P)
0.5
P = d(Q/Kv) 2
= Pressure at valve inlet

P1

(Absolute Bar)
Gases
Equations to check for critical flow
= Pressure at valve outlet

P2

(Absolute Bar)
P < CP1 /2 for non-critical flow

P CP1 /2 for critical flow
d
= Specific gravity of fluid :

- relative to water for liquids

- relative to air for gases at temperature of flow in

circuit (d = 1 for water or air)
Valve sizing equations for non-critical gas flow

Kv = (Q/456)(dT/(P*Pm)) 0.5
P = P1- (P12 - 2dT(Q/(456Kv)) 2) 0.5
Valve sizing equations for critical gas flow
Kv = (Q/293P1)(dT/C) 0.5
Kv
=

=

Flow coeffiecient
0.862 Cv
(m3 per hour)
Cv
=

=

Flow coefficient
1.16 Kv
(US gallons per minute)
Q
=

Flow rate
(m3 per hour)
T
=

=

Fluid temperature
degrees celcius + 273
(degrees Kelvin)
1.4
= Valve recovery rate
(See table 1 below for butterfly valve figures)
Pm
=

( P1 + P 2 ) = mean pressure
2
(Absolute Bar)
Angle Open
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.79
0.78
0.75
0.69
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.34
0.33
UNITS & unit conversions

Quantity
Name
Symbol
length
metre
mass
kilogram
kg
time
second
electric current
ampere
thermodynamic temperature
kelvin
luminous intensity
candela
cd
amount of substance
mole
mol
tera
1012 = 1 000 000 000 000
giga
10 9 = 1 000 000 000
mega
10 6 = 1 000 000
kilo
10 3 = 1 000
hecto
10 2 = 100
da
deka or deca
101 = 10
deci
10 -1 = 0.1
centi
10 -2 = 0.01
milli
10 -3 = 0.001
micro
10 -6 = 0.000 001
nano
10 -9 = 0.000 000 001
pico
10 -12 = 0.000 000 000 001
engineering & technical data units & unit conversions
Metric Unit Prefixes
Metric Unit Prefixes
valves
mm
in.
/4
10
/16
15
/8
/2
20
/4
25
32
1 /4 1 /2
1
40
50
65
80
90 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
2 /2
31/2
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
21
34
36
joints
mm
in.
13
/4
/2
19
25
32
50
64
76
89
102
114
127
152
178
203
254
279
305
355
381
406
/4
11/4
21/2
31/2
41/2
10
11
12
14
15
16
1.5
3.2
packings & jointings

mm
in.
0.4
0.75
/64
/32
/16
5.0
/8
/16
6.5
/4
8.0
5
9.5
/16
/8
11.0
12.5
/16
/2
16
5
/8
19
3
22
/4
/8
25
32
40
1 /4
11/2
tapes
mm
in.
June 2010
1.5
/16
25
32
40
50
65
75
100
/8
/4
1 /4
1 /2
2 /2
1.5
engineering & technical data unit conversions
unit conversions
length
millimetre
mm
centimetre
cm
metre
m
inch
in
foot
ft
yard
yd
0.1
0.001
0.0394
0.0033
0.0011
10
0.01
0.3937
0.0328
0.0109
1000
100
39.3701
3.2808
1.0936
25.4
2.54
0.0254
0.0833
0.0278
304.8
30.48
0.3048
12
0.3333
914.4
91.44
0.9144
36
1 kilometre = 1000 metres = 0.62137 miles. 1 thou = 0.0254 mm.

1 mile = 1609.34 metres = 1.60934 kilometres. 1 m (micron) = 10 -6 m = 39.37 x 10 -6 in.
area
square millimetre square centimetre
mm 2
cm 2
square metre
m2
square inch
in 2
square foot
ft 2
square yard
yd 2
0.01
10 -6
1.55 x10 -3
1.076 x 10 -5
1.196 x 10 -6
100
10
0.155
1.076 x 10
-3
1.196 x 10 -4
10 6
10 000
1550
10.764
1.196
645.16
6.4516
6.452 x 10 -4
6.944 x 10 -3
7.716 x 10 -4
-4
92 903
929.03
0.093
144
0.111
836 127
8361.27
0.836
1296
cubic millimetre
mm 3
cubic centimetre
cm 3
cubic metre
m3
cubic inch
in 3
cubic foot
ft 3
cubic yard
yd 3
0.001
10 -9
6.1 x 10 -5
3.531 x 10 -8
1.308 x 10 -9
1000
10 -6
0.061
3.531 x 10 -5
1.308 x 10 -6
10
10
volume
61 024
35.31
1.308
16 387
16.39
1.639 x 10 -5
5.787 x 10 -4
2.143 x 10 -5
2.832 x 107
2.832 x 10 4
0.0283
1728
0.0370
7.646 x 10 8
7.646 x 105
0.7646
46 656
27
cubic metre
m3
litre
l
millilitre
ml
uk gallon
UK gal
us gallon
US gal
cubic foot
ft 3
1000
10 6
220
264.2
35.3147
0.001
1000
0.22
0.2642
10
0.001
2.2 x 10
4.546
4546
liquid measure
-6
0.00455
2.642 x 10
0.0353
-4
3.53 x 10 -5
1.201
0.1605
0.00378
3.785
3785
0.8327
0.1337
0.0283
28.317
28 317
6.2288
7.4805
1 U.S. Barrel = 42 US gallons (petroleum measure).

1 litre = 1.76 UK pints = 2.113 US pints.
1.6
-4
1 litre = 10 6 mm3 = 10 3 cm3 or 1 cubic decimetre (1 dm3).

UK gallon and UK pint also called Imperial gallon and Imperial pint.
unit conversions
metre per second
m/s
foot per second

ft/s
metre per minute

m/min
foot per minute

ft/min
kilometre per hour

km/h
mile per hour

mile/h
3.281
60
196.85
3.6
2.2369
0.305
18.288
60
1.0973
0.6818
0.017
0.055
3.281
0.06
0.0373
0.005
0.017
0.305
0.0183
0.01136
0.278
0.911
16.667
54.68
0.6214
0.447
1.467
26.822
88
1.6093
kilogram
kg
pound
lb
hundredweight
cwt
tonne
t
UK ton
US ton
sh ton
2.205
0.0197
0.001
9.84 x 10 -4
0.0011
0.454
0.0089
4.54 x 10
4.46 x 10
5.0 x 10 -4
50.802
112
0.0508
0.05
0.056
1000
2204.6
19.684
0.9842
1.1023
1016
2240
20
1.0161
1.12
907.2
2000
17.857
0.9072
0.8929
kilogram/second
kg/s
pound per second

lb/s
kilogram/hour
kg/h
pound per hour

lb/h
UK ton per hour

ton/h
tonne per hour

t/h
mass
-4
-4
velocity
mass flow rate
2.205
3600
7936.64
3.5431
3.6
0.454
1633
3600
1.607
1.633
2.78 x 10 -4
6.12 x 10 -4
2.205
9.84 x 10 -4
0.001
1.26 x 10
2.78 x 10
0.454
4.46 x 10
4.54 x 10 -4
-4
-4
-4
0.282
0.622
1016
2240
1.016
0.278
0.612
1000
2204.6
0.9842
volumetric rate of flow

litre
per second
l/s
litre
per minute
l/min
cubic metre
per hour
m 3 /h
cubic foot
per hour
ft 3 /h
cubic foot
per minute
ft 3 /min
UK gallon
per minute
UK gal/min
US gallon
per minute
US gal/min
US barrel
per day
US barrel/d
60
3.6
127.133
2.1189
13.2
15.85
543.439
0.017
0.06
2.1189
0.0353
0.22
0.264
9.057
0.278
16.667
35.3147
0.5886
3.666
4.403
150.955
0.008
0.472
0.0283
0.0167
0.104
0.125
4.275
0.472
28.317
1.6990
60
6.229
7.480
256.475
0.076
4.546
0.2728
9.6326
0.1605
1.201
41.175
0.063
3.785
0.2271
8.0209
0.1337
0.833
34.286
0.002
0.110
0.0066
0.2339
0.0039
0.024
0.029
June 2010
1.7
unit conversions
force
newton
N
kilonewton
kN
kilogram force*
kgf
pound force
lbf
0.001
0.102
0.225
1000
101.97
224.81
9.807
0.0098
2.205
4.448
0.0044
0.454
* The kilogram force is sometimes called the kilopond (kp).
moment of force (torque)

pdl ft
lbf in
Nm
lbf ft
kgf m
0.3730
0.04214
0.03108
4.297 x 10 3
2.681
0.1130
0.08333
0.01152
23.73
8.851
0.7376
0.1020
32.17
12
1.356
0.1383
232.7
86.80
9.807
7.233
6006
2240
253.1
186.7
25.81
72070
26880
3037
2240
309.7
Watt
w
Kilogram force
per second
kgf m/s
metric
horsepower
foot pound
force per second
ft lbf/s
horsepower
hp
One Nm = 107 dyn cm (dyne centimetre).
power
0.102
0.00136
0.738
0.0013
9.806
0.0133
7.233
0.0131
735.5
75
542.476
0.9863
1.356
0.138
1.84 x 10
1.82 x 10 -3
745.70
76.04
1.0139
550.0
-3
1 watt = 1 joule per sec = 1 newton metre per sec.

The metric horsepower is called cheval vapeur (ch) or (CV) in France.
In Germany it is called the Pferdestarke (PS).
ENERGY, WORK HEAT

joule
force
j
kilojoule
thermal unit
kj
megajoule
Mj
foot pound
force
ft lbf
British
Btu
therm
thm
kilowatt
kW h
0.001
10 -6
0.737
9.48 x 10 -4
9.48 x 10 -9
2.78 x 10 -7
1000
0.001
737.56
0.9478
9.48 x 10
2.78 x 10 -4
10 6
1000
737 562
947.82
1.356
1.36 x 10
1.28 x 10
1055.1
1.0551 x 10
3.6 x 10
1
1.36 x 10
-3
-6
1.0551
1.05 x 10 -3
778.17
105 510
105.51
7.78 x 10
3600
3.6
2.65 x 10
7
6
-3
-6
9.48 x 10 -3
0.2778
1.28 x 10
3.77 x 10 -7
-8
10 -5
2.931 x 10 -4
100 000
29.307
3412.1
0.03412
1 watt = 1 joule per sec = 1 newton metre per sec.
1.8
unit conversions
newton per
sq. metre or
pascal
Nm 2 =Pa
KiloPascal
(10 3Pa)
kPa
bar
(10 5N/m 2)
(10 2kPa)
bar
kg force
per sq.
centimetre
kgf/cm 2
pound per
sq. inch
lbf/in 2
foot of
water
ft H 2O
metre of
water
m H 2O
millimetre
of mercury
mm Hg
inch of
mercury
in Hg
0.001
10 -5
1.02 X 10 -5
1.45 X 10 -4
3.3 X 10 -4
1.02 X 10 -4
0.0075
2.95 X 10 -4
1000
0.01
1.02 X 10 -2
0.145
0.33
0.102
7.5
0.295
10
100
1.02
14.5
33.455
10.2
750.1
29.53
98067
98.067
0.981
14.22
32.808
10.0
735.6
28.96
6895
6.865
0.069
0.0703
2.307
0.703
51.71
2.036
2989
2.989
0.03
0.0305
0.433
0.305
22.42
0.883
9807
9.807
0.098
0.1
1.42
3.28
73.55
2.896
133.3
0.1333
0.0013
0.0014
0.019
0.045
0.014
0.039
3386
3.386
0.0338
0.0345
0.491
1.133
0.345
25.4
1 Pa = 1N/m2
1 mm Hg = 1 torr
*Example
Using Unit Conversion Tables: Convert 23 bar to ft H2O
Look up factor 1 in bar column, then accros to ft H2O column (33.455)
pressure & liquid heat
23 bar = 23 x 33.455 ft H2O

= 769.47 ft H2O
vacuum pressure chart
* Gauge unit values are shown as minus (-) values. This minus sign is not used in the specification table following normal industry practice.
Industrial vacuum = 1.33 x 10 -5 Absolute Bar = 29.89 in Hg vacuum.
June 2010
1.9
engineering & technical data temperature conversions
temperature conversions
-460 to 0
C
F \C
-273
-268
-262
-257
-251
-246
-240
-234
-229
-223
-218
-212
-207
-201
-196
-190
-184
-179
-173
-169
-168
-162
-157
-151
-146
-140
-134
-129
-123
-118
-112
-107
-101
-96
-90
-84
-79
-73
-68
-62
-57
-51
-46
-40
-34
-29
-23
-17.8
-459.4
-450
-440
-430
-420
-410
-400
-390
-380
-370
-360
-350
-340
-330
-320
-310
-300
-290
-280
-273
-270
-260
-250
-240
-230
-220
-210
-200
-190
-180
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1 to 60
F
-460
-454
-436
-418
-400
-382
-364
-346
-328
-310
-292
-274
-256
-238
-220
-202
-184
-166
-148
-130
-112
-94
-76
-58
-40
-22
-4
14
32
61 to 290
300 to 890
900 to 3000
F \C
F \C
F \C
F \C
-17.2
-16.7
-16.1
-15.6
-15.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8
-12.2
-11.7
-11.1
-10.6
-10.0
-9.4
-8.9
-8.3
-7.8
-7.2
-6.7
-6.1
-5.6
-5.0
-4.4
-3.9
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-1.7
-1.1
-0.6
0.0
0.6
1.1
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9
4.4
5.0
5.6
6.1
6.7
7.2
7.8
8.3
8.9
9.4
10.0
10.6
11.1
11.7
12.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0
15.6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
95.0
96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2
104.0
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
113.0
114.8
116.6
118.4
120.2
122.0
123.8
125.6
127.4
129.2
131.0
132.8
134.6
136.4
138.2
140.0
16.1
16.7
17.2
17.8
18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.6
21.1
21.7
22.2
22.8
23.3
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.6
26.1
26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9
29.4
30.0
30.6
31.1
31.7
32.2
32.8
33.3
33.9
34.4
35.0
35.6
36.1
36.7
37.2
37.8
43
49
54
60
66
71
77
82
88
93
99
100
104
110
116
121
127
132
138
143
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
212
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
149.0
150.8
152.6
154.4
156.2
158.0
159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2
167.0
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2
176.0
177.8
179.6
181.4
183.2
185.0
186.8
188.6
190.4
192.2
194.0
195.8
197.6
199.4
201.2
203.0
204.8
206.6
208.4
210.2
212.0
230
248
266
284
302
320
338
356
374
392
410
413.6
428
446
464
482
500
518
536
554
149
154
160
166
171
177
182
188
193
199
204
210
216
221
227
232
238
243
249
254
260
266
271
277
282
288
293
299
304
310
316
321
327
332
338
343
349
354
360
366
371
377
382
388
393
399
404
410
416
421
427
432
438
443
449
454
460
466
471
477
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
572
590
608
626
644
662
680
698
716
734
752
770
788
806
824
842
860
878
896
914
932
950
968
986
1004
1022
1040
1058
1076
1094
1112
1130
1148
1166
1184
1202
1220
1238
1256
1274
1292
1310
1328
1346
1364
1382
1400
1418
1436
1454
1472
1490
1508
1526
1544
1562
1580
1598
1616
1634
482
488
493
499
504
510
516
521
527
532
538
549
560
571
582
593
604
616
627
638
649
660
671
682
693
704
732
760
788
816
843
871
899
927
954
982
1010
1038
1066
1093
1121
1149
1177
1204
1232
1260
1288
1316
1343
1371
1399
1427
1454
1482
1510
1538
1566
1593
1621
1649
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1020
1040
1060
1080
1100
1120
1140
1160
1180
1200
1220
1240
1260
1280
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
2300
2350
2400
2450
2500
2550
2600
2650
2700
2750
2800
2850
2900
2950
3000
1652
1670
1688
1706
1724
1742
1760
1778
1796
1814
1832
1868
1904
1940
1976
2012
2048
2084
2120
2156
2192
2228
2264
2300
2336
2372
2462
2552
2642
2732
2822
2912
3002
3092
3182
3272
3362
3452
3542
3632
3722
3812
3902
3992
4082
4172
4262
4352
4442
4532
4622
4712
4802
4892
4982
5072
5162
5252
5342
5432
Locate temperature in middle column. If in degrees celsius, read Fahrenheit equivalent in right hand column: if in degrees Fahrenheit, read Celcius equivalent in
left hand column.
C = (5/9) x (F-32) = K-273
1.10
K = C+273
F = ((9/5) x C)+32
R = F+460
Welding Neck
Slip-on
Lap Joint
Reducing
Blind
Socket Type Welding
Orifice
Cop-a-Mate
Flange Standard Compatibility

The following flange standards are generally compatible:
AS2129 = ASB52 = BS10
ANSI = ASA
Australian Standard AS 2129 for Copper Alloy
Australian Standard AS 2129 for Carbon Steel
Design Pressure (kPa)
BS4504 = DIN2501
Temperature (Deg C)
T/C 15-200mm 1200 kPa to 120C
June 2010
engineering & technical data pressure ratings & flange compatibility
Flange Styles
Temperature (Deg C)
T/C 1200 kPa to 120C
1.11
American Standard B16.5 (ASA) for B62 Copper Alloy

Temperature (Deg C)
Design Pressure (PSI)
Design Pressure (PSI)
Temperature (Deg C)
Temperature (Deg F)
European Standard BS 4504 (DIN) For BS 1503-161 28A

(BS1504-161B) Carbon Steel
Temperature (Deg F)
European Standard BS 4504 (DIN) for LG2C Copper Alloy
Temperature (Deg C)
1.12
American Standard B16.5 (ASA) for A105 (A216 WCB) Steel
engineering & technical data pressure ratings & flange compatibility
Temperature (Deg C)
flanges to as2129
AS2129 1982 Table D

DIMENSIONS OF FLANGE
VARIATIONS
DIMENSIONS COMMON TO ALL FLANGE TYPES
FLANGE THICKNESS
Nominal
Pipe Size
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt
Circle
Diameter
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm)
Thick
Length
of Boss
Length
of Weld
Neck
Grey or SG
iron; Boss or
Integral
Flanges
Copper Alloy;
Blind, Plate,
Boss or
Integral
Flanges
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
A
95
100
115
120
135
150
165
185
215
255
280
335
405
455
525
580
640
705
825
B
67
73
83
87
98
114
127
146
178
210
235
292
356
406
470
521
584
641
756
C
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
12
16
16
D
14
14
14
14
14
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
22
22
26
26
26
26
30
E
M12
M12
M12
M12
M12
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M20
M20
M24
M24
M24
M24
M27
F
47
53
65
67
78
90
103
122
154
186
211
268
328
378
438
489
532
609
720
G
10
11
11
11
13
13
16
16
19
19
19
22
27
29
H
22
22
22
25
29
29
32
35
41
44
48
51
64
70
73
I 2,3,5
13
13
13
16
16
17
17
19
19
21
21
22
25
25
29
29
32
32
35
I1
6
6
8
8
10
10
11
13
16
17
17
19
19
22
25
25
29
32
35
Forged or
Wrought Steel;
Blind, Plate,
Boss Welding
Neck or
Integral
Flanges
I 1,2,3,4,5
5
5
5
6
6
8
8
10
10
13
13
13
16
19
22
22
25
29
32
engineering & technical data flanges to as2129
Welding neck flange Blind flange Plate flange Boss flange Integral flange for pipes Raised face flange

and fittings
All dimensions are in mm. Available with or without raised face. Thickness dimension includes raised face.
AS2129 1982 Table E

VARIATIONS

Nominal Diameter
Pipe Size of Flange
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
A
95
100
115
120
135
150
165
185
215
255
280
335
405
455
525
580
640
705
825
FLANGE THICKNESS
Bolt
Circle
Diameter
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm)
Thick
Length
of Boss
Length
of Weld
Neck
Grey or
SG iron;
Boss or
Integral
Flanges
Copper
Alloy;
Plate, Boss
or Integral
Flanges
Copper
Alloy;
Blind
B
67
73
83
87
98
114
127
146
178
210
235
292
356
406
470
521
584
641
756
C
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
12
16
16
16
D
14
14
14
14
14
18
18
18
18
18
22
22
22
26
26
26
26
26
33
E
M12
M12
M12
M12
M12
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M20
M20
M20
M24
M24
M24
M24
M24
M30
F
47
53
63
67
78
90
103
122
154
186
207
264
328
374
438
489
552
609
717
G
10
11
11
11
13
13
16
16
19
19
19
22
27
29
H
22
22
22
25
29
29
32
35
41
44
48
51
64
70
73
I 3,5
13
13
13
16
16
19
19
19
22
22
22
25
25
29
32
32
35
38
41
I 2,3,5
6
6
8
8
10
10
11
13
16
17
17
19
22
25
25
25
29
32
38
I1
6
6
8
8
10
10
11
13
16
17
17
20
25
28
32
36
41
46
Cast or
Wrought Steel;
Blind, Plate,
Boss Welding
Neck or
Integral
Flanges
I 1,2,3,4,5
6
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
13
14
17
19
22
25
29
32
35
38
48
It is impracticable to use thicknesses less than 12.00mm for plate flanges.

June 2010
1.13
flanges to as2129

and fittings
AS2129 1982 Table f

VARIATIONS

Nominal Diameter
Pipe Size of Flange
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
A
95
100
120
135
140
165
185
205
230
280
305
370
430
490
550
610
675
735
850
FLANGE THICKNESS
Bolt
Circle
Diameter
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm)
Thick
Length
of Boss
Length
of Weld
Neck
Grey or
SG iron;
Boss or
Integral
Flanges
Copper
Alloy;
Plate, Boss
or Integral
Flanges
Copper
Alloy;
Blind
B
67
73
87
98
105
127
146
165
191
235
260
324
381
438
495
552
610
673
781
C
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
20
20
24
24
D
14
14
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
22
22
22
26
26
30
30
33
33
36
E
M12
M12
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M20
M20
M20
M24
M24
M27
M27
M30
M30
M33
F
47
53
63
74
81
103
122
141
167
207
232
296
349
406
459
516
571
634
739
G
10
11
11
11
13
13
16
16
19
19
19
22
27
29
H
22
22
29
35
35
35
38
44
51
57
57
67
73
79
86
I 3,5
13
13
13
16
16
19
19
19
22
25
25
29
29
32
35
35
38
41
44
I 2,3,5
8
8
10
10
11
11
13
14
17
19
22
25
25
29
32
32
35
38
41
I1
8
8
10
10
11
12
13
15
17
20
23
28
32
37
42
47
52
57
68
Cast or
Wrought Steel;
Blind, Plate,
Boss Welding
Neck or
Integral
Flanges
I 1,2,3,4,5
10
10
10
13
13
16
16
16
19
22
22
25
29
32
35
41
44
51
57

AS2129 1982 Table h

VARIATIONS

Nominal Diameter
Pipe Size of Flange
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
A
115
115
120
135
140
165
185
205
230
280
305
370
430
490
550
610
675
735
850
FLANGE THICKNESS
Bolt
Circle
Diameter
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm)
Thick
Length
of Boss
Length
of Weld
Neck
Grey or
SG iron;
Boss or
Integral
Flanges
Copper
Alloy;
Plate, Boss
or Integral
Flanges
Copper
Alloy;
Blind
B
83
83
87
98
105
127
146
165
191
235
260
324
381
438
495
552
610
673
781
C
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
20
20
24
24
D
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
22
22
22
26
26
30
30
33
33
36
E
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M20
M20
M20
M24
M24
M27
M27
M30
M30
M33
F
57
57
64
76
83
102
114
127
152
178
210
260
311
362
419
483
533
597
699
G
10
11
11
11
13
13
16
16
19
19
19
22
27
29
H
29
29
29
35
35
35
38
44
51
57
57
67
73
79
86
I 3,5
16
16
19
22
22
25
25
29
32
35
35
38
41
44
48
51
54
57
64
I 2,3,5
10
10
11
11
13
13
14
16
19
22
25
32
35
38
41
44
48
51
57
I1
11
11
12
13
14
16
17
19
23
27
30
39
45
52
58
64
71
78
92
Cast or
Wrought Steel;
Blind, Plate,
Boss Welding
Neck or
Integral
Flanges
I 1,2,3,4,5
13
13
14
17
17
19
19
22
25
29
29
32
35
41
48
54
60
67
76

1.14
flanges to as2129
AS2129 1982 Table J

VARIATIONS
FLANGE THICKNESS
Nominal
Pipe Size
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt
Circle
Diameter
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm)
Thick
Length
of Boss
Length
of Weld
Neck
Grey or SG
iron; Boss or
Integral
Flanges
Copper Alloy;
Blind
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
A
115
115
120
135
140
165
185
205
230
280
305
370
430
490
550
610
675
735
850
B
83
83
87
98
105
127
146
165
191
235
260
324
381
438
495
552
610
673
781
C
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
20
20
24
24
D
18
18
18
18
18
22
22
22
22
26
26
26
30
30
33
33
36
36
39
E
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M20
M20
M20
M20
M24
M24
M24
M27
M27
M30
M30
M33
M33
M36
F
57
57
64
76
83
102
114
127
152
178
210
260
311
362
419
483
533
597
699
G
10
11
11
11
13
13
16
16
19
19
19
H
29
29
29
35
35
35
38
44
51
57
57
67
73
79
86
I 2,3,5
16
16
19
19
22
25
25
32
35
38
38
41
I1
16
16
19
19
22
25
25
32
35
38
38
46
Cast or
Wrought Steel;
Blind, Plate,
Boss Welding
Neck or
Integral
Flanges
I 1,2,3,4,5
16
16
19
19
22
25
25
32
35
38
38
41
48
51
57
64
70
79
92

and fittings
AS2129 1982 Table k

VARIATIONS
FLANGE THICKNESS
Nominal
Pipe Size
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm)
Thick
Length of
Weld Neck
Copper
Alloy;
Plate, or
Integral
Flanges
Copper
Alloy;
Blind
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
A
115
115
125
135
150
165
185
205
240
280
305
370
430
490
570
630
720
785
B
83
83
95
98
114
127
146
165
197
235
260
318
381
432
508
565
654
711
C
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
16
20
20
20
D
18
18
18
18
22
18
22
22
26
26
26
30
30
33
36
36
39
42
E
M16
M16
M16
M16
M20
M16
M20
M20
M24
M24
M24
M27
M27
M30
M33
M33
M36
M39
F
64
64
76
76
89
102
114
127
152
178
210
260
311
362
419
483
572
622
H
29
29
35
35
35
35
38
44
51
57
57
67
73
83
95
111
117
I 2,3,5
19
19
22
22
25
25
29
32
35
41
41
48
I1
19
19
22
22
25
25
29
32
35
41
43
52
Cast, Forged or
Wrought Steel;
Blind, Plate,
Welding Neck
or Integral
Flanges
I 1,2,3,4,5
19
19
22
22
25
25
29
32
35
41
41
48
51
57
67
76
89
98
June 2010
1.15
flanges to as2129

and fittings
AS2129 1982 Table r

DIMENSIONS OF
FLANGE VARIATIONS

Nominal
Pipe Size
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Number of
Bolt Holes
Diameter of
Bolt Holes
Bolt Size
Raised Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm) Thick
Length of
Weld Neck
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
A
115
115
125
135
150
165
185
205
240
280
305
370
430
510
585
640
735
805
B
83
83
95
98
114
127
146
165
197
235
260
324
387
457
527
584
673
730
C
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
16
20
20
20
D
18
18
18
18
22
18
22
22
26
26
26
30
30
33
36
36
39
42
E
M16
M16
M16
M16
M20
M16
M20
M20
M24
M24
M24
M27
M27
M30
M33
M33
M36
M39
F
64
64
76
76
89
102
114
127
152
178
210
260
311
362
419
483
572
622
H
29
29
35
35
35
35
38
44
51
57
67
73
92
102
114
137
137
FLANGE
THICKNESS
Cast, Forged or
Wrought Steel;
Blind, Plate,
Welding Neck
or Integral
Flanges
I 1,2,4,5
19
19
22
22
25
25
29
32
35
41
44
51
60
70
79
89
98
105
AS2129 1982 Table s

DIMENSIONS OF
FLANGE VARIATIONS

Nominal
Pipe Size
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Number of
Bolt Holes
Diameter of
Bolt Holes
Bolt Size
Raised Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm) Thick
Length of
Weld Neck
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
A
125
125
140
145
160
170
185
205
250
285
325
415
485
580
650
745
B
89
89
102
108
121
133
146
165
203
235
273
356
425
508
578
660
C
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
20
20
D
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
26
30
26
30
36
36
42
42
48
E
M20
M20
M20
M20
M20
M20
M20
M24
M27
M24
M27
M33
M33
M39
M39
M45
F
64
64
76
83
89
89
102
114
159
191
210
273
330
381
438
495
H
38
38
44
48
51
51
54
54
60
60
76
86
111
127
143
159
FLANGE
THICKNESS
Cast, Forged or
Wrought Steel;
Blind, Plate,
Welding Neck
or Integral
Flanges
I 1,2,4,5
22
22
25
29
29
32
32
35
41
44
51
64
79
92
105
117
All dimensions are in mm. Thickness dimension includes raised face.
1.16
flanges to as2129
AS2129 1982 Table t

DIMENSIONS OF
FLANGE VARIATIONS

Nominal
Pipe Size
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Number of
Bolt Holes
Diameter of
Bolt Holes
Bolt Size
Raised Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm) Thick
Length of
Weld Neck
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
A
140
140
145
160
170
185
205
235
285
325
375
475
560
655
B
102
102
108
121
133
146
165
191
235
273
318
406
489
572
C
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
D
22
22
22
26
22
22
26
30
33
33
36
42
42
48
E
M20
M20
M20
M24
M20
M20
M24
M27
M30
M30
M33
M39
M39
M45
F
64
64
76
83
89
102
114
127
159
210
229
298
356
413
H
38
38
44
48
51
54
60
60
76
92
102
114
146
171
FLANGE
THICKNESS
Cast, Forged or
Wrought Steel;
Blind, Plate,
Welding Neck
or Integral
Flanges
I 1,2,4,5
25
25
29
32
35
35
41
48
57
67
73
89
108
121

and fittings
All dimensions are in mm. Thickness dimension includes raised face.
June 2010
1.17
engineering & technical data flanges to ansi b16.5
flanges to ANSI B16.5

Welding neck flange
Blind flange
Socket weld flange
Lapped flange
Slip-on weld flange
Threaded
ansi b16.5 1981 class 150 (pn20); table asa 150

Nominal
Pipe Size
mm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
(in)
()
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(8)
(10)
(12)
(14)
(16)
(18)
(20)
(24)
LENGTH THROUGH HUB
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm)
Thick
Flange
Thickness
Minimum
Threaded,
Slip On
or Socket
Welding
Flanges
Lapped
Flanges
Weld Neck
Flanges
A
90
98
108
117
127
152
178
191
229
254
279
343
406
483
535
600
635
700
815
B
60.5
70.0
79.5
89.0
98.5
120.5
139.5
152.5
190.5
216.0
241.5
298.5
362.0
432.0
476.5
540.0
578.0
635.0
749.5
C
16
16
16
16
16
20
20
20
20
23
23
23
26
26
29
29
32
32
35
D
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
20
20
E
M14
M14
M14
M14
M14
M16
M16
M16
M16
M20
M20
M20
M24
M24
M27
M27
M30
M30
M33
F
34.9
42.9
50.8
63.5
73.0
92.1
104.8
127.0
157.2
185.7
215.9
269.9
323.8
381.0
412.8
469.9
533.4
584.2
692.2
G
11.5
13.0
14.5
16.0
17.5
19.5
22.5
24.0
24.0
24.0
25.5
29.0
30.5
32.0
35.0
37.0
40.0
43.0
48
H
16
16
17
21
22
25
29
30
32
36
49
44
49
56
57
64
68
73
83
I
16
16
17
21
22
25
29
30
33
36
40
44
49
56
79
87
97
103
111
J
48
52
56
57
62
64
70
70
76
89
89
102
102
114
127
127
140
145
152
All dimensions are in mm. Thickness dimension does not include raised face.

Nominal
Pipe Size
mm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
(in)
()
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(8)
(10)
(12)
(14)
(16)
(18)
(20)
(24)
LENGTH THROUGH HUB
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm)
Thick
Forged Steel
Flanged
Thickness
Threaded,
Slip On
or Socket
Welding
Flanges
Lapped
Flanges
Weld Neck
Flanges
A
95
117
124
133
156
165
191
210
254
279
318
381
445
520
585
650
710
775
915
B
66.5
82.5
89.0
98.5
114.5
127.0
149.0
168.5
200.0
235.0
270.0
330.0
387.5
451.0
514.5
571.5
628.5
686.0
813.0
C
16
20
20
20
23
20
23
23
23
23
23
26
29
32
32
35
35
35
42
D
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
16
20
20
24
24
24
E
M14
M18
M18
M18
M20
M18
M20
M20
M20
M20
M20
M24
M27
M30
M30
M33
M33
M33
M39
F
34.9
42.9
50.8
63.5
73.0
92.1
104.8
127.0
157.2
185.7
215.9
269.9
323.8
381.0
412.8
469.9
533.4
584.2
692.2
G
14.5
16.0
17.5
19.5
21.0
22.5
25.5
29.0
32.0
35.0
37.0
41.5
48.0
51.0
54.0
57.5
60.5
63.5
70.0
H
22
25
27
27
30
33
38
43
48
51
52
62
67
73
76
83
89
95
106
I
22
25
27
27
30
33
38
43
48
51
52
62
95
102
111
121
130
140
152
J
52
57
62
65
68
70
76
79
86
98
98
111
117
130
143
146
159
162
168
1.18

Blind flange
Socket weld flange
Lapped flange
Slip-on weld flange
Threaded

Nominal
Pipe Size
mm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
(in)
()
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(8)
(10)
(12)
(14)
(16)
(18)
(20)
(24)
LENGTH THROUGH HUB
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm)
Thick
Forged Steel
Flanged
Thickness
Threaded,
Slip On
or Socket
Welding
Flanges
Lapped
Flanges
Weld Neck
Flanges
A
95
117
124
133
156
165
191
210
254
279
318
381
445
520
585
650
710
775
915
B
66.5
82.5
89.0
98.5
114.5
127.0
149.0
168.0
200.0
235.0
270.0
330.0
387.5
451.0
514.5
571.5
628.5
686.0
813.0
C
16
20
20
20
23
23
23
23
26
26
26
30
33
36
36
39
39
42
48
D
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
16
20
20
24
24
24
E
M14
M18
M18
M18
M20
M20
M20
M20
M24
M24
M24
M27
M30
M33
M33
M36
M36
M39
M45
F
34.9
42.9
50.8
63.5
73.0
92.1
104.8
127.0
157.2
185.7
215.9
269.9
323.8
381.0
412.8
469.9
533.4
584.2
692.2
G
14.5
16.0
17.5
21.0
22.5
25.5
29.0
32.0
35.0
38.5
41.5
48.0
54.0
57.5
60.5
63.5
67.0
70.0
76.5
H
22
25
27
29
32
37
41
46
51
54
57
68
73
79
84
94
98
102
114
I
22
25
27
29
32
37
41
46
51
54
57
68
102
108
117
127
137
146
159
J
52
57
62
67
70
73
79
83
89
102
103
118
124
136
149
152
165
168
175
Welding neck flange

Nominal
Pipe Size
mm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
(in)
()
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(8)
(10)
(12)
(14)
(16)
(18)
(20)
(24)
LENGTH THROUGH HUB
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm)
Thick
Forged Steel
Flanged
Thickness
Threaded,
Slip On
or Socket
Welding
Flanges
Lapped
Flanges
Weld Neck
Flanges
A
95
117
124
133
156
165
191
210
273
330
356
419
510
560
605
685
745
815
940
B
66.5
82.5
89.0
98.5
114.5
127.0
149.0
168.0
216.0
267.0
292.0
349.0
432.0
489.0
527.0
603.0
654.0
724.0
838.0
C
16
20
20
20
23
23
23
23
26
29
29
32
35
35
39
42
45
45
51
D
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
20
20
20
20
24
24
E
M14
M18
M18
M18
M20
M20
M20
M20
M24
M27
M27
M30
M33
M33
M36
M39
M42
M42
M48
F
34.9
42.9
50.8
63.5
73.0
92.1
104.8
127.0
157.2
185.7
215.9
269.9
323.8
381.0
412.8
469.9
533.4
584.2
692.2
G
14.5
16.0
17.5
21.0
22.5
25.5
29.0
32.0
38.5
44.5
48.0
55.5
63.5
67.0
70.0
76.5
83.0
89.0
102.0
H
22
25
27
29
32
37
41
46
54
60
67
76
86
92
94
106
117
127
140
I
22
25
27
29
32
37
41
46
54
60
67
76
111
117
127
140
152
165
184
J
52
57
62
67
70
73
79
83
102
114
117
133
152
156
165
178
184
190
203
June 2010
1.19

Welding neck flange
Blind flange
Socket weld flange
Lapped flange
Slip-on weld flange
Threaded

Nominal
Pipe Size
mm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
(in)
()
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(8)
(10)
(12)
(14)
(16)
(18)
(20)
(24)
LENGTH THROUGH HUB
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm)
Thick
Forged Steel
Flanged
Thickness
Threaded,
Slip On
or Socket
Welding
Flanges
Lapped
Flanges
Weld Neck
Flanges
A
121
130
149
159
178
216
244
241
292
349
381
470
545
610
640
705
785
855
1040
B
82.5
89.0
101.5
111.0
124.0
165.0
190.5
190.5
235.0
279.5
317.5
393.5
470.0
533.5
559.0
616.0
686.0
749.5
901.5
C
23
23
26
26
29
26
29
26
32
35
32
39
39
39
42
45
51
54
67
D
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
20
20
20
20
20
20
E
M20
M20
M24
M24
M27
M24
M27
M24
M30
M33
M30
M36
M36
M36
M39
M42
M48
M52
M64
F
34.9
42.9
50.8
63.5
73.0
92.1
104.8
127.0
157.2
185.7
215.9
269.9
323.8
381.0
412.8
469.9
533.4
584.2
692.2
G
22.5
25.5
29.0
29.0
32.0
38.5
41.5
38.5
44.5
51.0
56.0
63.5
70.0
79.5
86.0
89.0
102.0
108.0
140.0
H
32
35
41
41
44
57
64
54
70
79
86
102
108
117
130
133
152
159
203
I
32
35
41
41
44
57
64
54
70
79
86
114
127
143
156
165
191
210
287
J
60
70
73
73
83
102
105
102
114
127
140
162
184
200
213
216
229
248
292

Nominal
Pipe Size
mm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
(in)
()
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(8)
(10)
(12)
(14)
(16)
(18)
(20)
(24)
LENGTH THROUGH HUB
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm)
Thick
Forged Steel
Flanged
Thickness
Threaded,
Slip On
or Socket
Welding
Flanges
Lapped
Flanges
Weld Neck
Flanges
A
121
130
149
159
178
216
244
267
311
375
394
483
585
675
750
825
915
985
1170
B
82.5
89.0
101.5
111.0
124.0
165.0
190.5
203.0
241.5
292.0
317.5
393.5
482.5
571.5
635.0
705.0
774.5
832.0
990.5
C
23
23
26
26
29
26
29
32
35
42
39
45
51
54
61
67
74
80
93
D
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
16
16
16
16
E
M20
M20
M24
M24
M27
M24
M27
M30
M33
M39
M36
M42
M48
M52
M56
M64
M72
M78
M90
F
34.9
42.9
50.8
63.5
73.0
92.1
104.8
127.0
157.2
185.7
215.9
269.9
323.8
381.0
412.8
469.9
533.4
584.2
692.2
G
22.5
25.5
29.0
29.0
32.0
38.5
41.5
48.0
54.0
73.5
83.0
92.0
108.0
124.0
133.5
146.5
162.0
178.0
203.5
H
32
35
41
41
44
57
64
73
90
105
119
143
159
181
I
32
35
41
41
44
57
64
73
90
105
119
143
178
219
241
260
276
292
330
J
60
70
73
73
83
102
105
118
124
155
171
213
254
283
298
311
327
356
406
1.20

Blind flange
Socket weld flange
Lapped flange
Slip-on weld flange
Threaded

Nominal
Pipe Size
mm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
(in)
()
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(8)
(10)
(12)
LENGTH THROUGH HUB
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
(1.6 mm)
Thick
Forged Steel
Flanged
Thickness
Threaded,
Slip On
or Socket
Welding
Flanges
Lapped
Flanges
Weld Neck
Flanges
A
133
140
159
184
203
235
267
305
356
419
483
550
675
760
B
89.0
95.0
108.0
130.0
146.0
171.5
197.0
228.5
273.0
324.0
368.5
438.0
539.5
619.0
C
23
23
26
29
32
29
32
35
42
48
54
54
67
74
D
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
E
M20
M20
M24
M27
M30
M27
M30
M33
M39
M45
M52
M52
M64
M72
F
34.9
42.9
50.8
63.5
73.0
92.1
104.8
127.0
157.2
185.7
215.9
269.9
323.8
381.0
G
30.5
32.0
35.0
38.5
44.5
51.0
57.5
67.0
76.5
92.5
108.0
127.0
165.5
184.5
H
40
43
48
52
60
70
79
92
108
130
152
178
229
254
I
40
43
48
52
60
70
79
92
108
130
152
178
229
254
J
73.0
79.4
88.9
95.2
111.4
127.0
142.9
168.2
190.5
228.6
273.0
317.5
419.4
635.0
Welding neck flange
June 2010
1.21
engineering & technical data flanges to bs4504; din*
flanges to bs4504; DIN*

Welding neck Blind Bossed Plate slip-on welding
bs4504 1969; DIN*; table 6

Nominal
Pipe Size
mm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
(in)
()
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(8)
(10)
(12)
(14)
(16)
(18)
(20)
(24)
LENGTH THROUGH HUB
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
Raised
Face
Thickness
Flange
Thickness
Weld Neck
Flanges
Bossed
Flanges
A
80
90
100
120
130
140
160
190
210
240
265
320
375
440
490
540
595
645
755
B
55
65
75
90
100
110
130
150
170
200
225
280
335
395
445
495
550
600
705
C
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
20
20
D
11
11
11
14
14
14
14
18
18
18
18
18
18
22
22
22
22
22
26
E
M10
M10
M10
M12
M12
M12
M12
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M20
M20
M20
M20
M20
M24
F
40
50
60
70
80
90
110
128
148
178
202
258
312
365
415
465
520
570
670
G
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
H
12
14
14
16
16
16
16
18
18
20
20
22
24
24
26
28
30
30
32
I
30
32
35
35
38
38
38
42
45
48
48
55
60
62
62
65
65
68
70
J
20
24
24
26
26
28
32
34
40
44
44
44
44
44
All dimensions are in mm. Available with or without raised face. Thickness dimension does not include raised face.
bs4504 1969; DIN*; table 10

Nominal
Pipe Size
mm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
175
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
(in)
()
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(10)
(12)
(14)
(16)
(18)
(20)
(24)
LENGTH THROUGH HUB
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
Raised
Face
Thickness
Flange
Thickness
Weld Neck
Flanges
Bossed
Flanges
A
95
105
115
140
150
165
185
200
220
250
285
315
340
395
445
505
565
615
670
780
B
65
75
85
100
110
125
145
160
180
210
240
270
295
350
400
460
515
565
620
725
C
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
16
20
20
20
D
14
14
14
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
22
22
22
22
22
22
26
26
26
30
E
M12
M12
M12
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M20
M20
M20
M20
M20
M20
M24
M24
M24
M27
F
45
58
68
78
88
102
122
138
158
188
212
242
268
320
370
430
482
532
585
685
G
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
H
14
16
16
16
16
18
18
20
20
22
22
24
24
26
26
28
32
36
38
42
I
35
38
38
40
42
45
45
50
52
55
55
60
62
68
68
68
72
72
75
80
J
20
24
24
26
26
28
32
34
40
44
44
44
46
46
*BS4504 is basically the British equivalent to the DIN flange standards.

1.22

bs4504 1969; DIN*; table 16

Nominal
Pipe Size
mm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
175
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
(in)
()
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(10)
(12)
(14)
(16)
(18)
(20)
(24)
LENGTH THROUGH HUB
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
Raised
Face
Thickness
Flange
Thickness
Weld Neck
Flanges
Bossed
Flanges
A
95
105
115
140
150
165
185
200
220
250
285
315
340
405
460
520
580
640
715
840
B
65
75
85
100
110
125
145
160
180
210
240
270
295
355
410
470
525
585
650
770
C
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
20
20
20
D
14
14
14
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
22
22
22
26
26
26
30
30
33
36
E
M12
M12
M12
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M20
M20
M20
M24
M24
M24
M27
M27
M30
M33
F
45
58
68
78
88
102
122
138
158
188
212
242
268
320
378
438
490
550
610
725
G
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
H
14
16
16
16
16
18
18
20
20
22
22
24
24
26
28
32
36
40
44
52
I
35
38
38
40
42
45
45
50
52
55
55
60
62
70
78
82
85
87
90
95
J
20
24
24
26
26
28
32
34
40
44
44
44
46
46
bs4504 1969; DIN*; table 25

Nominal
Pipe Size
mm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
175
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
(in)
()
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(10)
(12)
(14)
(16)
(18)
(20)
(24)
LENGTH THROUGH HUB
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
Raised
Face
Thickness
Flange
Thickness
Weld Neck
Flanges
Bossed
Flanges
A
95
105
115
140
150
165
185
200
235
270
300
330
360
425
485
555
620
670
730
845
B
65
75
85
100
110
125
145
160
190
220
250
280
310
370
430
490
550
600
660
770
C
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
16
20
20
20
D
14
14
14
18
18
18
18
18
22
26
26
26
26
30
30
33
36
36
36
39
E
M12
M12
M12
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M20
M24
M24
M24
M24
M27
M27
M30
M33
M33
M33
M36
F
45
58
68
78
88
102
122
138
162
188
218
248
278
335
395
450
505
555
615
720
G
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
H
16
18
18
18
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
26
28
32
38
42
46
52
58
66
I
38
40
40
42
45
48
52
58
65
68
75
75
80
88
92
100
110
110
125
125
J
22
26
28
30
32
34
38
40
44
48
52
52
60
67

June 2010
1.23

bs4504 1969; DIN*; table 40

Nominal
Pipe Size
mm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
175
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
(in)
()
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(10)
(12)
(14)
(16)
(18)
(20)
LENGTH THROUGH HUB
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
Raised
Face
Thickness
Flange
Thickness
Weld Neck
Flanges
Bossed
Flanges
A
95
105
115
140
150
165
185
200
235
270
300
350
375
450
515
580
660
685
755
B
65
75
85
100
110
125
145
160
190
220
250
295
320
385
450
510
585
610
670
C
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
16
20
20
D
14
14
14
18
18
18
18
18
22
26
26
30
30
33
33
36
39
39
42
E
M12
M12
M12
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M20
M24
M24
M27
M27
M30
M30
M33
M36
M36
M39
F
45
58
68
78
88
102
122
138
162
188
218
260
285
345
410
465
535
560
615
G
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
H
16
18
18
18
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
42
50
56
64
68
72
I
38
40
40
42
45
48
52
58
65
68
75
82
88
105
115
125
135
135
140
J
22
26
28
30
32
34
38
40
44
48
52
52
60
67
bs4504 1969; DIN*; table 64

LENGTH
THROUGH
HUB

Nominal
Pipe Size
mm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
175
200
250
300
350
400
(in)
()
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(10)
(12)
(14)
(16)
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
Raised
Face
Thickness
Flange
Thickness
Weld Neck
Flanges
A
105
130
140
155
170
180
205
215
250
295
345
375
415
470
530
600
670
B
75
90
100
110
125
135
160
170
200
240
280
310
345
400
460
525
585
C
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
16
D
14
18
18
22
22
22
22
22
26
30
33
33
36
36
36
39
42
E
M12
M16
M16
M20
M20
M20
M20
M20
M24
M27
M30
M30
M33
M33
M33
M36
M39
F
45
58
68
78
88
102
122
138
162
188
218
260
285
345
410
465
535
G
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
H
20
22
24
24
26
26
26
30
32
34
36
40
46
54
62
72
78
J
45
58
58
60
62
62
68
72
78
88
95
105
110
125
140
150
160

1.24

bs4504 1969; DIN*; table 100

LENGTH
THROUGH
HUB

Nominal
Pipe Size
mm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
175
200
250
300
350
400
500
(in)
()
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(10)
(12)
(14)
(16)
(20)
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
Raised
Face
Thickness
Flange
Thickness
Weld Neck
Flanges
A
105
130
140
155
170
195
220
230
265
315
355
385
430
505
585
655
715
870
B
75
90
100
110
125
145
170
180
210
250
290
320
360
430
500
560
620
760
C
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
12
16
16
16
20
D
14
18
18
22
22
26
26
26
30
33
33
33
36
39
42
48
48
56
E
M12
M16
M16
M20
M20
M24
M24
M24
M27
M30
M30
M30
M33
M36
M39
M45
M45
M54
F
45
58
68
78
88
102
122
138
162
188
218
260
285
345
410
465
535
615
G
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
H
20
22
24
24
26
28
30
34
36
42
48
54
60
72
84
95
106
128
J
45
58
58
60
62
68
76
78
90
105
115
127
130
157
170
189

bs4504 1969; DIN*; table 160

LENGTH
THROUGH
HUB

Nominal
Pipe Size
mm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
175
200
250
300
(in)
()
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(10)
(12)
Diameter
of Flange
Bolt Circle
Diameter
Number
of Bolt
Holes
Diameter
of Bolt
Holes
Bolt Size
Raised
Face
Diameter
Raised
Face
Thickness
Flange
Thickness
Weld Neck
Flanges
A
105
130
140
155
170
195
220
230
265
315
355
390
430
515
585
B
75
90
100
110
125
145
170
180
210
250
290
320
360
430
500
C
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
12
16
D
14
18
18
22
22
26
26
26
30
33
33
36
36
42
42
E
M12
M16
M16
M20
M20
M24
M24
M24
M27
M30
M30
M33
M33
M39
M39
F
45
58
68
78
83
102
122
138
162
188
218
260
285
345
410
G
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
H
24
26
26
28
30
34
36
40
44
54
62
68
76
90
106
J
45
58
58
60
64
75
82
86
100
115
128
138
140
155
175

June 2010
1.25
engineering & technical data hex head bolt & nut or bolt only dimensions
hex head bolt & nut or bolt only dimensions

NB
2 x E Flanges
Hyflo Wafer
Hyflo Wafer
Hyflo Lugged
size
cop-a-mate or steel
No. : Size
Check Valve
No. : Size
butterfly valve
No. : Size
butterfly valve
No. : Size
15
4 : M12 x 50
Code: 012423
20
4 : M12 x 50
Code: 012423
25
4 : M12 x 50
Code: 012423
32
4 : M12 x 50
Code: 012423
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
4 : M12 x 50
4 : M12 X 100
Code: 012423
Code: 012614
4 : M16 x 60
4 : M16 x 100
4 : M16 x 100
8 : M16 x 30
Code: 021767
Code: 012633
Code: 012633
Code: 021763
4 : M16 x 60
4 : M16 x 100
4 : M16 x 100
8 : M16 x 35
Code: 021767
Code: 012633
Code: 012633
Code: 021764
4 : M16 x 60
4 : M16 x 120
4 : M16 x 100
8 : M16 x 35
Code: 021767
Code: 012634
Code: 012633
Code: 021764
8 : M16 x 65
8 : M16 x 130
8 : M16 x 110
16 : M16 x 40
Code: 021768
Code: 012635
Code: 012303
Code: 021765
8 : M16 x 65
8 : M16 x 130
8 : M16 x 110
16 : M16 x 40
Code: 021768
Code: 012635
Code: 012303
Code: 021765
8 : M20 x 75
8 : M20 x 150
8 : M20 x 130
16 : M20 x 45
Code: 012848
Code: 012657
Code: 012359
Code: 021904
8 : M20 x 80
8 : M20 x 180
8 : M20 x 130
16 : M20 x 50
Code: 020644
Code: 012875
Code: 012359
Code: 021905
250
12 : M20 x 80
12 : M20 x 200
12 : M20 x 150
24 : M20 x 55
Code: 012657
Code: 021906
300
12 : M24 x 100
12 : M24 x 220
12 : M24 x 175
24 : M24 x 65
Code: 012638*
Code: 012747*
12 : M24 x 100
12 : M24 x 230
Code: 020644
350
400
Code: 012608*
12 : M24 x 200
24 : M24 x 65
Code: 012638*
Code: 012738*
Code: 012608*
12 : M24 x 110
12 : M24 x 225
24 : M24 x 80
Code: 012648*
450
16 : M24 x 110
Code: 012609*
16 : M24 x 250
Code: 012648*
32 : M24 x 90
Code: 012619*
500
16 : M24 x 120
16 : M24 x 250
32 : M24 x 100
600
16: M30 x 140
16 : M30 x 300
32 : M30 x 115
Codes are all bolts and nut.

The use of zinc plated or galvanised bolts and nuts is recommended.
Galvanised threads need checking for compatibility with lugged butterfly valves.
* Galvanised nuts and bolts, other codes are zinc plated nuts and bolts.
NB. Bolt lengths allow for inclusion of washers.
1.26

Valve Design & Selection Guide

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Valve Design & Selection Guide

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engineering &

valve sizing equations

units & unit conversions

pressure ratings & flange compatibility

To AS2129 / To ANSI B16.5 / To BS4504; DIN*

hex head bolt & nut or bolt only dimensions

gate & globe valve design & Application

Cross section of valve closed.

These are advantages for more efficient throttling of flow, with

Cross section of valve closed.

Globe valves, while not recommended where resistance to flow

engineering & technical data check valve design & application

check valve design & application

Lift Check Valve

Swing check valves work

Lift check valves also work

Moving through the line, the

When flow reverses, the disc

Tilting Disc Check Valve

Double disc check valves work

Tilting disc check valves are a

Cross section of valve open.

Spring loaded light weight

The pivot is offset between

Cross section of valve open.

Closure occurs more gradually

Double disc check valves

Cross section of valve closed.

To prevent reverse flow where

Flow travelling in the desired

Double Disc Check Valve

If the flow reverses, the

Cross section of valve open.

Line pressure lifts the disc, and

Should flow reverse, the

Like a globe valve, with its

Cross section of valve closed.

To prevent reverse flow

Cross section of valve closed.

butterfly & ball valve design & application

Cross section of a butterfly valve

Cross section of a butterfly valve in the fully closed position.

Stopping and starting flow or throttling flow of gases, liquids,

Cross section side view of open valve.

Cross section top view of valve in throttling position.

engineering & technical data valve sizing equations

valve sizing equations

For non-critical flow

= Pressure at valve inlet

= Pressure at valve outlet

P < CP1 /2 for non-critical flow

Valve sizing equations for non-critical gas flow

= Valve recovery rate

(See table 1 below for butterfly valve figures)

UNITS & unit conversions

1012 = 1 000 000 000 000

10 9 = 1 000 000 000

10 -9 = 0.000 000 001

10 -12 = 0.000 000 000 001

engineering & technical data units & unit conversions

Metric Unit Prefixes

Metric Unit Prefixes