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A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering


Third Edition
CHAPTER
5d
Structural Steel Design
LRFD Method
ENCE 355 - Introduction to Structural Design
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
INTRODUCTION TO
AXIALLY LOADED
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Part II Structural Steel Design and Analysis
FALL 2002
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 1
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Long, Short, and Intermediate
Columns
The strength of a column and the
manner in which it fails are greatly
dependent on its effective length.
A very short stocky steel column may
be loaded until it reaches it yield point,
and perhaps the strain hardening range.
In essence, it can support about the
same load in compression that it can in
tension.
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CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 2
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
As the effective length of a column
increases, its buckling stress will
decrease.
The steel column is said to fail
elastically if the buckling stress is less
than the proportional limit of steel when
the effective length exceeds a certain
value.
Long, Short, and Intermediate
Columns
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 3
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Long Columns
Long columns usually fails elastically.
The Euler formula predicts very well the
strength of long columns where the axial
compressive buckling stress remains
below the proportional limit.
Long, Short, and Intermediate
Columns
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CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 4
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Short Columns
The failure stress equals to the yield stress
for short columns.
For a column to fall into this class, it would
have to be so short as to have no practical
application.
Long, Short, and Intermediate
Columns
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 5
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Intermediate Columns
For intermediate columns some of the
fibers will reach the yield stress and some
will not.
The member will fail by both yielding and
buckling, and their behavior is said to be
inelastic.
Most columns fall into this range.
Long, Short, and Intermediate
Columns
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CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 6
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Column Formulas
The Euler formula is used by the AISC
LRFD Specification for long columns
with elastic buckling.
Other empirical (based on testing)
equations are used by the LRFD for
short and intermediate columns.
With these equations, a critical or
buckling stress F
cr
is determined for a
compression element.
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 7
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Column Formulas
LRFD General Design Equation for
Columns
The design strength of a compression
member is determined as follows:
0.85 with =
=

cr g c n c
cr g n
F A P
F A P
(1)
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CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 8
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Column Formulas
LRFD Critical Buckling Stress
Two equations are provided by the LRFD
for the critical buckling stress F
cr
:
( )

>
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
5 . 1 for
877 . 0
5 . 1 for 658 . 0
2
2
c y
c
c y
cr
F
F
F
c

(2)
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 9
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Column Formulas
LRFD Critical Buckling Stress
The limiting
c
value is given by
Where F
e
= Euler buckling stress =
Hence,
e
y
c
F
F
=
( )
2
2
/ r KL
E
( )
( )
E
F
r
KL
E
r KL F
r KL
E
F
F
F
y y y
e
y
c

= = = =
2
2
2
2
/
/
(3)
(4)
6
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 10
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Column Formulas
LRFD Critical Buckling Stress
So the limiting
c
value to be used in Eq. 2
is given by
where
F
y
= yield strength of material (steel)
F
e
= Euler critical buckling stress
E
F
r
KL
F
F
y
e
y
c

= =
(5)
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 11
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Column Formulas
LRFD Critical Buckling Stress
For inelastic flexural buckling, Eq. 2 can be
used to compute the critical buckling stress
F
cr
when
c
1.5.
For elastic flexural buckling, Eq. 2 can be
used to compute the critical buckling stress
F
cr
when
c
> 1.5.
Eq. 2 include the estimated effects of
residual stresses and initial out-of-
straightness of the members.
Eq. 2 is presented graphically in Fig. 1.
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CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 12
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Column Formulas
Figure 1. LRFD Critical Buckling Stress
Short
column
Intermediate
column
Long column
5 . 1 =
c

Inelastic buckling
Elastic buckling
(Euler Formula)
r
KL
cr c
F
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 13
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Column Formulas
LRFD Critical Buckling Stress
To facilitate the design process, the LRFD
Manual provides computed values
c
F
cr
values for steels with F
y
= 36 ksi and 50 ksi
for KL/r from 1 to 200 and has shown the
results in Tables 3.36 and 3.50 of the
LRFD Specification located in Part 16 of
the Manual.
Also, there is Table 4 of the LRFD
Specification from which the user may
obtain values for steel with any F
y
values.
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CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 14
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Column Formulas
LRFD Manual Design Tables (P. 16.I-143)
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 15
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Column Formulas
LRFD Manual Design Tables (P. 16.I-145)
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CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 16
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Column Formulas
LRFD Manual Design Tables (P. 4-25)
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 17
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Maximum Slenderness Ratios
Compression members preferably
should be designed with
as specified in Section B7 of the LRFD
Manual.
200
r
KL
(6)
Note that LRFD Tables 3.36 and 3.50 give a value of 5.33 ksi for
the design stress
c
F
cr
when KL/r = 200. If KL/r > 200, it is
then necessary to substitute into the column formulas to get the
the stress.
10
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 18
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Maximum Slenderness Ratios
More Simplification by the LRFD
Manual for Design
It is to be noted that the LRFD Manual in
its Part 4 has further simplified the
calculations required by computing the
column design strength
c
F
cr
A
g
for each of
the shapes normally used as columns for
commonly used effective lengths or KL
values.
These were determined with respect to the
least radius of gyration for each section.
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 19
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 1
a. Using the column design stress values
shown in Table 3.50, part 16 of the LRFD
manual, determine the design strength,
c
P
n
of the F
y
= 50 ksi axially loaded column
shown in the figure.
b. Repeat the problem using the column tables
of part 4 of the Manual.
c. Check local buckling for the section selected
using the appropriate values from Table 5.2.
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CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 20
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 1 (contd)
72 12 W
ft 15
n c u
P P
n c u
P P
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 21
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 1 (contd)
a. The properties of the W12 72 are
obtained from the LRFD Manual as
in 430 . 0 in 27 . 1
in 670 . 0 in 00 . 12 in 3 . 12
in 04 . 3 in 31 . 5 in 1 . 21
2
= =
= = =
= = =
w
f f
y x
t k
t b d
r r A
( ) ( )
( )
37 . 47
04 . 3
15 12 80 . 0

and
controls , in 31 . 5 in 04 . 3 Since
Text) 5.1, (Table 1 Table from 80 . 0
=

=
= < =
=
y
y x y
r
KL
r r r
K
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CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 22
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 1 (contd)
Table 1
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 23
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 1 (contd)
For KL/r = 47 and 48, Table 3-50 of the
LRFD Manual, Page 16.I-145, gives
respectively the following values for
c
F
cr
:
36.2 ksi and 35.9 ksi.
Using interpolation,
ksi 09 . 36
47 48
47 37 . 47
2 . 36 9 . 35
2 . 36
9 . 35 48
37 . 47
2 . 36 47
=

cr c
cr c
cr c
F
F
F

13
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 24
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 1 (contd)
P. 16.I-145
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 25
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 1 (contd)
Therefore,
b. Entering column tables Part 4 of the
LRFD Manual with K
y
L
y
in feet:
( ) k 5 . 761 1 . 21 09 . 36 = = =
g cr c n c
A F P
( )
k 761
ft 12 15 80 . 0
= =
= =
n c u
y y
P P
L K

14
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 26
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 1 (contd)
P. 4-25
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 27
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 1 (contd)
c. Checking W12 72 for compactness:
For flange
For web, noting h = d 2k = 12.3 2 (1.27) =9.76 in
( )
49 . 13
50
10 29
56 . 0 56 . 0 96 . 8
670 . 0 2
0 . 12
2
3
=

= < = =
y f
F
E
t
h
88 . 35
50
10 29
49 . 1 49 . 1 7 . 22
430 . 0
76 . 9
3
=

= < = =
y w
F
E
t
h
OK
OK
See Table 2
See Table 3
15
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 28
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Table 2. Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for
Compression Elements
Example Problems
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 29
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Table 3. (contd) Limiting Width-Thickness
Ratios for Compression Elements
S
t
i
f
f
e
n
e
d

E
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
Example Problems
16
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 30
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 2
Determine the design strength
c
P
n
of the
axially loaded column shown in the figure if
KL = 19 ft and 50 ksi steel is used.
20
2
1
PL
y
x
x
in 12
42.7 MC18
in 50 . 18
C] of back from in 877 . 0
, in 3 . 14 , in 554
in, 0 . 18 , in 6 . 12 [
4 4
2
=
= =
= =
x
I I
d A
y x
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 31
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 2 (contd)
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
in 87 . 6
2 . 35
5 . 9 6 . 12 2 25 . 0 20 0.5
top from
in 2 . 35 6 . 12 2
2
1
20
2
=
+
=
= + |
.
|

\
|
=
y
A
( ) ( ) | |
( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
( )
in 64 . 6
2 . 35
1554
in 92 . 6
2 . 35
1688
in 1554
12
20 5 . 0
877 . 0 6 6 . 12 2 3 . 14 2
in 688 , 1 25 . 0 69 . 6 10
12
5 . 0 20
69 . 6 25 . 9 6 . 12 2 554 2
4
3
2
4 2
3
2
= = =
= = =
= + + + =
= + + + =
A
I
r
A
I
r
I
I
y
y
x
x
y
x
Controls
17
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 32
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 2 (contd)
For KL/r = 34 and 35, Table 3-50 of the
LRFD Manual, Page 16.I-145, gives
respectively the following values for
c
F
cr
:
39.1 ksi and 38.9 ksi
( )
34 . 34
64 . 6
19 12
=

= =
y
r
KL
r
KL
ksi 03 . 39
34 35
34 34 . 34
1 . 39 9 . 38
1 . 39
9 . 38 35
34 . 34
1 . 39 34
=

cr c
cr c
cr c
F
F
F

Therefore, the design strength =


c
P
n
=
c
A
g
F
cr
=39.03 (35.2) = 1374 k
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 33
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 3
a. Using Table 3.50 of Part 16 of the LRFD
Manual, determine the design strength
c
P
n
of the 50 ksi axially loaded W14 90 shown
in the figure. Because of its considerable
length, this column is braced perpendicular
to its weak axis at the points shown in the
figure. These connections are assumed to
permit rotation of the member in a plane
parallel to the plane of the flanges. At the
same time, however, they are assumed to
prevent translation or sideway and twisting
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CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 34
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 3 (contd)
of the cross section
about a longitudinal
axis passing through
the shear center of
the cross section.
Repeat part (a) using
the column tables of
Part 4 of the LRFD
Manual.
n c
P
n c
P
ft 32
ft 10
ft 10
ft 12
90 W14
General support
xy direction
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 35
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 3
(contd)
Note that the
column is braced
perpendicular to
its weak y axis as
shown.
ft 10
ft 10
ft 12
y
y
x
x
Bracing
90 W14
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CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 36
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 3 (contd)
a. The following properties of the W14 90
can be obtained from the LRFD Manual as
Determination of effective lengths:
See Table for the K values
in 70 . 3 in 14 . 6 in 5 . 26
2
= = =
y x
r r A
( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) ft 6 . 9 12 8 . 0
ft 10 10 0 . 1
ft 6 . 25 32 8 . 0
= =
= =
= =
y x
y y
x x
L K
L K
L K
Governs for K
y
L
y
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 37
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Table 1
Example 3 (contd)
20
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 38
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 3 (contd)
Computations of slenderness ratios:
Design Strength:
43 . 32
70 . 3
10 12
03 . 50
14 . 6
6 . 25 12
=

= |
.
|

\
|
=

= |
.
|

\
|
y
x
r
KL
r
KL
Governs
( ) k 938 5 . 26 4 . 35
ksi 4 . 35 gives 50 - 3 Table , 50 03 . 50
c
c
= = =
= =
g cr c n
cr
A F P
F
r
KL

CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS


Slide No. 39
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 3 (contd)
b. Using columns tables of Part 4 of LRFD
Manual:
Note: from part (a) solution, there are two
different KL values:
Which value would control? This can
accomplished as follows:
ft 10 and ft 6 . 25 = =
y y x x
L K L K
y
y y
x
x x
r
L K
r
L K
Equivalent =
21
CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slide No. 40
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 3 (contd)
The controlling K
y
L
y
for use in the tables is larger
of the real K
y
L
y
= 10 ft, or equivalent K
y
L
y
:
y x
x x
x
x x
y y y
r r
L K
r
L K
r L K
/
Equivalent = =
k 938
: ion interpolat by and 42 . 15 For
ft 10 43 . 15
66 . 1
6 . 25
Equivalent
1.66 les column tab of bottom from 90 for W14
c
=
=
= > = =
=
n
y y
y y y y
y
x
P
L K
L K L K
r
r

CHAPTER 5d. INTRODUCTION TO AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS


Slide No. 41
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example Problems
Example 3 (contd)
The Interpolation Process:
For K
y
L
y
= 15 ft and 16 ft, column table (P. 4-
23) of Par 4 of the LRFD Manual, gives
respectively the following values for
c
P
n
: 947 k
and 925 k. Therefore, by interpolation:
k 938
15 16
15 42 . 15
947 925
947
925 16
42 . 15
947 15
=

n c
n c
n c
P
P
P

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