Chapter 13 - Planning & Managing Construction

Introduction SECTION 13.1 Preparing for Construction SECTION 13.2 Managing Construction Chapter 13 Review and Assess

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION How are structures built to meet the form and function needs of their designers and users? The Clinton Presidential Library hovers over the Arkansas River surrounded by a city park that was once a run-down warehouse district. The second floor is brightly lit with natural light flowing through filtered panes so the sunlight does not damage the library displays. Structural elements of the building include black floors of recycled rubber tires and wooden floors of fastgrowing bamboo. Ceilings are made of recycled aluminum that were once soda cans. Outside, the environmentally friendly features include solar panels that supply an amount of electricity equal to what eight three-bedroom homes use in a year. Bicycle racks and an electric car recharging station invite visitors. When the grounds opened, fast-growing trees were planted, which now shade over fifty percent of the parking spaces. How did such a building and its grounds come about? Construction begins with a vision and continues through research and organization of information to result in a plan. People oversee the process all the way through. How does the process unfold?

Environmentally-Friendly Construction -The Clinton Presidential Library has the highest certification in Leadership Energy & Environmental Design (LEED). Why is it important for buildings to be constructed with the environment in mind? Photo Credit: Henryk Sadura/Alamy STANDARDS TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY ITEEA STL 5 Students will develop an understanding of the effects of technology on the environment. DESIGN ITEEA STL 8 Students will develop an understanding of the attributes of design. THE DESIGNED WORLD ITEEA STL 20 Students will develop an understanding of and be able to select and use construction technologies. SCIENCE NSES B Students should develop an understanding of the structure of atoms, structure and properties of matter, chemical reactions, motions and forces, conservation of energy and increase in disorder, and interactions of energy and matter. COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS MATHEMATICS Geometry Similarity, Right Triangles, and Trigonometry Define trigonometric ratios and solve problems involving right triangles.

LANGUAGE ARTS Reading Key Ideas and Details Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text.

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Reading Guide Before You Read What is the purpose of construction technologies? What are some examples of constructed structures? Objectives

Explain how construction projects are planned. Evaluate factors to consider when selecting a building site. Generalize the responsibilities of a contractor. Generalize concerns of inspectors when monitoring construction.

Main Idea Main Idea Construction projects must be carefully planned to meet the needs of individuals and communities. People oversee the planning and managing of construction processes. Reading Strategy 1. Based on the title and section names, use the notebook feature in describe what you expect to learn from this chapter. 2. Write each term in your notebook, leaving space for definitions. 3. As you read Chapter 13, write the definition beside each term. 4. After reading the chapter, write a paragraph describing what you learned. Go online to for downloadable graphic organizers. to

Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary

private sector public sector city planner smart growth zoning law building code site plan floor plan elevation specifications structural material contractor bid subcontractor purchasing agent Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Academic Vocabulary

infrastructure potential survey eminent domain schedule

Chapter 13 - Planning & Managing Construction Introduction SECTION 13.1 Preparing for Construction SECTION 13.2 Managing Construction Chapter 13 Review and Assess

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SECTION 13.1 Preparing for Construction Initiating Construction Most buildings and other structures are built for ordinary people. These people make up the private sector of our economy. Recall the four types of constructionresidential, industrial, commercial, and public works. The private sector initiates three of those types. For example, a family may need a home (residential). A person in business may need a store or a warehouse (commercial). A manufacturing company may need a factory or other facility (industrial). Private funds are used to pay for the design and construction of these projects. (See Figure 13.1)

Figure 13.1

Private Sector Property - This high-rise apartment building is an example of commercial property. Private funds were used to pay for its design and construction. What are some structures near your school that are private sector properties? Photo Credit: Jeff Spielman/Photographer's Choice RF/Getty Images The public sector of our economy is responsible for public works construction. This public sector includes municipal (city), county, state, and federal governments. People are appointed to or hired by the government to serve on boards or in agencies, bureaus, departments, or commissions. These people are responsible for initiating construction projects such as highways, post offices, and fire stations. Tax money is used to pay for design and construction costs. Constructing new buildings is very expensive. A new home may be the most expensive purchase you will ever make. Most nonresidential construction projects are even more expensive. Careful construction planning can make the difference between a business making a profit or going bankrupt. Poorly conceived public works projects can waste millions of dollars collected from taxpayers.

Construction in both the private and public sectors creates the physical infrastructures of our communities. In construction, the infrastructure includes essential services and technology, such as water, sewer, electrical, and communication lines, as well as post offices, police and fire stations, schools, and roads and sidewalks. Constructing an adequate infrastructure is essential for well-planned growth. Some construction takes place in order to maintain, alter, or renovate structures. This may improve the structure or change its use.

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Community Planning Community Planning - A community must be carefully planned to best meet the needs of the people who live there. (See Figure 13.2.) The planning process is usually overseen by city planners who have studied all aspects of community development. Many larger communities have planners on their permanent staff. Smaller communities usually hire planners on a temporary basis. Planners work closely with city, county, and state officials and various

governmental agencies. Figure 13.2 Community Planning - Planners and planning boards consider many factors before approving new construction. How might the level of employment impact the decision to convert a vacant lot to a small business?

After learning all they can about a community, planners identify areas of potential growth. They also identify potential problems that might limit future growth and development, and work to find solutions. Then, planners make recommendations for future community development. Citizen representatives and elected officials sit on planning commissions and boards. These people study all recommendations and plans carefully. (See Figure 13.3.)

Figure 13.3 Making Decisions about Growth Sketches like these are reviewed during the decision-making process. How might the history and culture of an area impact the design of a new warehouse? Photo Credit: Rogelio Solis/AP Images Some communities develop plans based upon a concept called smart growth. The goal of smart growth is to create more livable, attractive, and economically strong communities. People want to reduce urban sprawl, protect open spaces and farmland, and offer mass transportation systems that will reduce the pollution caused by automobiles. Regulating Construction Regulating Construction No matter what type of structure is desired or who desires it, it must meet the requirements and standards set up by the community in which it is to be built. Communities are divided into residential, commercial, and industrial zones. Appointed officials set up special zoning laws that tell what kinds of structures can be built in certain areas. These laws are designed to protect homeowners and some special entities, such as hospitals, from traffic, noise, and other environmental problems. Zoning laws may specify such things as maximum property size, maximum height of a building, and the number of parking spaces a commercial building must provide.

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In addition to zoning specifications, all structures must meet certain building codes. Building codes are local and state laws that specify the methods and materials that can or must be used for every aspect of construction. All buildings in areas where hurricanes may occur must be built to withstand extreme winds. To make sure each structure is constructed according to these codes, the structure must be inspected throughout the construction process and when construction is completed. (See Figure 13.4)

Figure 13.4 Building Codes and Safety Buildings in geologically active areas, such as parts of California, are required to be reinforced to prevent them from collapsing during earthquakes. This older home was built before such codes went into effect. What are some of the other things that might be specified in a building code? Photo Credit: Andrea Booher/FEMA Selecting a Site Selecting a Site Choosing the best site often depends on whether the structure will be used for residential, business, industrial, or public works purposes. The design might be a factor in site selection, but may also be influenced by the nature of the site. Several criteria have an effect on site selection decisions. (See Figure 13.5)

Figure 13.5 Factors in Site Selection - Not every home or building can be built just anywhere. For example, houses built on steep hillsides require special foundations. How does the design of this house take advantage of its site? Photo Credit: David Woo/CORBIS

Location The site should meet the needs of the purpose for which the building is being constructed. Size The site must be large enough to accommodate the structure as well as any outside requirements, such as parking spaces. Shape The structure must fit or be changed to fit on the site.

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Topography The topography, or site's features, such as hills, gullies, or large rocks, as well as the soil type, must be suitable for the building and its design. Utilities - Utilities are part of the infrastructure of the site. Utilities are services such as water, electricity, natural gas, waste disposal, and telephone service. The site must have them or they will need to be installed. Zoning - The planned structure has to be checked against the zoning laws governing the site. Cost The cost of the site must fit into the construction budget.

Surveying the Site Surveying the Site - During the site selection process, the prospective buyers may refer to an existing surveyor's map, or survey, of the site or they may decide to have such a map made. Such a map shows the exact size and shape of the piece of property, its position in relation to other properties and to roads and streets, the elevation of the property above sea level, and any special features of the site such as streams, hills, trees, etc. The map will also show the location of existing utilities for water, sewer, etc. Laser and GPS equipment are rapidly replacing traditional equipment to measure elevations and distances on construction sites. A laser beam is precisely located, and the surveyor observes where the laser beam strikes a level rod to determine the elevation at that spot. GPS technology can also precisely measure elevation and distances. The surveyor uses a precision receiver with a sensitive antenna to pick up GPS radio signals. (See Figure 13.6)

Figure 13.6 Surveying the Site - After all the measurements are taken, a stake is driven into the ground at each corner of a property to mark its boundaries. Why do you think the stakes are important? Photo Credit: Mar Photographics/Alamy Connect * Career Center

Construction Manager Many structures that are built are not places for people to live or work, or bridges or roads that help them get to where they need to go. Some structures are memorials or sculptures. All construction projects, regardless of purpose, have a construction manager. A construction manager's job is to make sure that the project is moving forward as planned. If a project is not finished on schedule, it is the construction manager's responsibility. Go to the Chapter 13 assignments to view the video 9/11 Memorial Museum Pavilion and complete an activity. Then, join a class discussion in the Group Workspace.

Acquiring the Site Acquiring the Site-The simplest way to acquire land is to make a direct purchase from the owner. Doing this may not be as easy as it seems. For example, the land may be excellent farmland that the owners do not want to see used for buildings. The land may be located in or near a major city, where available land is scarce and very expensive. Quite often, the owner may simply not want to sell or may ask for more money than the buyer is able or willing to pay. The right to own property is precious. However, sometimes land may be needed for public purposes. Perhaps public housing or a new road, school, or dam is needed, but a landowner may refuse to sell. If there are no acceptable alternatives, governments can take legal steps to force the owner to sell by exercising its power of eminent domain. The power of eminent domain is a law that states the government has the right to buy private property for public use at a fair price. Check It Out! Compare public and private sector construction projects.

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Construction Design You have already learned about the engineering design process. Similar steps are followed for all types of construction. Identifying Needs and Developing Ideas Identifying Needs and Developing Ideas Suppose a family decides to have a new home custom built. This means the house will be designed and built especially for them. To begin the construction process, they hire an architect to design the structure and develop the plans for building it. The family and the architect discuss the family's needs to determine the impact on the house.

(See Figure 13.7) Figure 13.7 Uncovering Specific Needs - Conversations between a project's initiator and architects enable important features to be incorporated into the design. What do you think is the most important question for an architect to ask?

Photo Credit: Rob Melnychuk/Photodisc/Getty Images Discussion between Family and Architect Questions Architect Asks Impact on Home Design

How large is the family? What is the The number of bedrooms and bathrooms the house should age and sex of each member? contain Does someone in the family work at An office or den may be needed or special wiring (such as home? for computers or other equipment) may need to be installed What are the family's special interests or hobbies? Where is the family going to live? A workshop, gym, or specially-equipped kitchen might need to be included In town, land may be scarce and lot sizes rather small, resulting in two or three stories

Is the family concerned with energy Features that minimize energy use and include only use or the environment? materials that are non-toxic and can be recycled. How much money can the family afford to spend? Impacts almost all aspects of the design

A similar procedure is followed in other types of construction. For example, suppose a company needs a new office building. Company representatives meet with the architect. Questions are asked to identify company needs. After the architect has learned about needs, he or she begins jotting down ideas. At this stage, the architect thinks about what building materials will be used in the structure. Some make sketches of possible designs and may use architectural CAD software. Some early ideas may be discarded almost immediately. Others may be saved and reviewed later. As more facts are gathered, certain ideas show greater promise. Frequently, various sketches are combined. The most promising ideas and sketches move into the next stage of design. Find an Indirect Measurement Architects, engineers, and other construction planners often have to use indirect measurement to find distances to and heights of objects. This skill is especially important when surveying land that is to be used for construction, but is also important when creating working drawings. Often, finding indirect measurement involves a special type of mathematics called trigonometry.

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Refining Ideas and Analyzing the Plan Refining Ideas and Analyzing the Plan As architects refine their ideas, they may prepare renderings or models. This depends on the type of project and the people making the decisions. For individual residential projects, the architect will usually again meet with the clients to show

them the preliminary ideas and together agree on which ideas seem to best meet the buyer's needs.

(See Figure 13.8) Figure 13.8 Refining Designs - This home's designer considered the impact of the local climate and included a steeply pitched roof in the design. What are some other elements that might need to be included? Photo Credit: Lars Thulin/Johnr Images/CORBIS In many construction projects, engineers may be asked to analyze the preliminary plans. Engineers make sure the design is structurally sound. They may also help determine how the structure will be built and what materials should be used. Sometimes, ideas must be eliminated because the structure simply cannot be built strong enough with existing structural materials. Basically, engineers deal with matters related to the strength of structures. Soon an improved finished (though still preliminary) design is developed. Most architects complete this stage on computers with CAD software or BIM. Using BIM and virtual reality technology allows architects to more clearly communicate design ideas to their clients. This software allows clients to walk through 3D versions of planned buildings.

Preparing Final Plans and Specifications Preparing Final Plans and Specifications - The architect's refined plans are reviewed by the client and the engineers. When plans are approved, final drawings and specifications are prepared. Working Drawings Working Drawings - These drawings contain information needed to construct a project. They are drawn to scale. There are five main types of architectural working drawings.

A site plan shows where the structure will be located on the lot. Boundaries, roads, and utilities are included. A floor plan shows the locations of rooms, walls, windows, and other features.

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Elevations show the finished appearance of the outside of the structure. A separate elevation is made for each side of the structure. (See Figure 13.9.)

Figure 13.9 Elevations - The client can see what each side of the house will look like. How are elevations useful in choosing a design? Photo Credit: Don Farrall/Photodisc/Getty Images

Detail drawings show any features that cannot be shown clearly on other drawings or that require more information. Section drawings show how something looks when sliced by a cutting plane, such as how the floor system rests on top of the foundation wall.

Specifications Specifications - In addition to all the working drawings, a set of specifications must be prepared. Specifications are written details about what materials are to be used, as well as the standards and government regulations that must be followed. They describe or list the size, amount, type, model number, and color of every item to be included in the finished building. Firms use specifications when calculating costs and building the structure. Selecting Building Materials Selecting Building Materials Many different kinds of building materials are available. The size and nature of the project under construction determine what is needed.

Structural materials are those used to support heavy loads or to hold the structure rigid. They are chosen for strength and stiffness. (See Figure 13.10)

Figure 13.10 Structural Materials - Wood might form the framework for a structure. Steel rebar can be inserted into concrete walls to make them stronger. Plastic geotextiles make a design statement, like the roof of the main terminal at Denver International Airport. What structural materials do you see in your school? Photo Credit: (l) Ingram Publishing, (c) IMS Communications Ltd/Capstone Design/FlatEarth Images, (r) Steve Hamblin/Alamy

Wood - Wood has many practical advantages as a structural material. Wood is fairly durable, and it can be a renewable resource. It can readily be cut, shaped, and fastened together with nails, staples, screws, bolts, or adhesives. Wood can be used as conventional solid-sawn lumber, or it can be used as the principal material in modern engineered wood materials. Concrete - Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, water, and portland cement. When properly cured, it is a very strong material. Curing is not simply drying. It is a chemical reaction called hydration that makes the concrete hard and strong. Concrete can be used to build such structures as tunnels, highways, large buildings, and bridges.

Connection Green re-Source Green Buildings In many places, green building is not off in the future, it is happening right now. The idea of archology, which is a combination of architecture and ecology, is being tested in the urban experimental town of Arcosanti, Arizona. The town hopes to share its experiences of living with a completely green philosophy.

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Masonry - Masonry is a broad term that includes both natural materials (such as stone) and manufactured products (such as bricks and concrete blocks). The material selected depends on the type of project. Most masonry structures are held together by some kind of cement mortar or other bonding material. Metals Steel is an outstanding structural metal material made by combining iron with small amounts of carbon. Its major advantages are that it is very strong and rigid (stiff). Steel can be formed into various structural shapes, such as tees (shaped like the letter T) and I-beams (shaped like the letter I). Steel can also be formed into wire, which can be woven into extremely strong rope or cable. Steel units can be welded together or fastened with bolts or rivets. Plastics - Plastics are used in many areas of construction. New, strong, lightweight plastics and plastic composites are beginning to be used in place of other heavier structural materials. Because they are also waterproof, economical, resistant to corrosion and rust, and can be formed into any desired shape, new plastics might someday replace many more of the materials with which we now build. Adhesives - Adhesives are materials that are used to bond together, or adhere, two objects. Glue is a common type of adhesive. New, stronger adhesives that can bond almost any combination of materials are being used to make engineered lumber and to bond many of the new plastic construction materials. Other Materials - Construction materials also include roofing materials, vinyl siding, insulation, drywall or gypsum, electrical wiring and lighting, plumbing supplies and fixtures, and heating and cooling systems. Structures may also include prefabricated parts. Floors, walls, and even entire rooms can be built in factories and shipped to the site.

13.1 Check Your Understanding 1. Describe what working drawings include.

Perform the following tasks.

2. Analyze why a family might want to renovate or alter a residence. 3. Explain why surveying instruments that use lasers are replacing those that rely on optical lenses. Extend Develop Communication Skills Speaking Research the zoning laws in your community. Prepare a speech about your community's zoning laws and explain why they exist.

Chapter 13 - Planning & Managing Construction

Introduction SECTION 13.1 Preparing for Construction SECTION 13.2 Managing Construction Chapter 13 Review and Assess

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SECTION 13.2 Managing Construction The Contractor's Role Management procedures vary according to the size and type of construction project. Large projects are usually overseen by an architect or engineer. Smaller projects may use existing plans that have already been made and checked by architects and engineers. These projects are then overseen by a contractor who owns and operates a construction company. Whoever manages the construction is responsible for seeing that the owner's wishes are carried out. When plans are completed, a contractor is sought. Contractors are responsible for the actual building of projects. The project is advertised and contractors submit bids that quote how much the contractor would charge for the work. The bid is a price estimate that would cover all of the contractor's materials and labor and the profit the contractor hopes to make on the project. Usually the lowest bid is accepted. However, a contractor with a history of poor quality work may not be awarded a project even if his or her bid is the lowest. Work usually begins when a contract is signed. Most contractors hire subcontractors, or people who specialize in certain types of construction work. (See Figure 13.11) Subcontractors often install electrical systems and plumbing systems.

Figure 13.11 Subcontractors Specialize - This foundation was built by a subcontractor who has special equipment to dig in frozen ground and knows how to ensure the concrete cures correctly in cold temperatures. What special knowledge might an electrical subcontractor need? Photo Credit: Comstock/PunchStock Check It Out! Contrast contractors and subcontractors. Scheduling Construction Time is a critical factor in construction projects. Usually, one aspect of the project has to be completed before another can begin. Workers, materials, and equipment must come together at the right times. A schedule is a plan of action that lists what must be done in what order, and at what time. Often the schedule lists who must do each task. (See Figure 13.12.) Of course, schedules must be somewhat flexible to accommodate the unexpected, such as weather events or design changes. Three main schedules control a construction project. The contractor often uses computer software to build and integrate the schedules into a master schedule.

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Figure 13.12 Schedules -The red bars in this schedule indicate the time allowed for each task. Some jobs can overlap; others must be finished before the next task can begin. Which of these tasks might you be most interested in doing? Work Schedule Work Schedule - The contractor analyzes the project drawings and specifications and uses his or her knowledge and experience to develop a work schedule. This schedule outlines the needed workers, skills and crafts, and equipment. It also allocates time for each task and specifies the order in which they must be done.

Materials Delivery Schedule Materials Delivery Schedule - This is a list of every kind of material needed to complete the project. It includes the quantity, style, color, and price of each material. It also shows where and when the materials must be delivered to ensure that any given task on the work schedule can be completed. Financial Schedule Financial Schedule - Wages must be paid on a regular basis as well as payments for materials and supplies. Usually the contractor is paid a percentage of the total fee as certain milestones are met. A financial schedule lists amounts and dates when such payments must be made. This schedule is reviewed and approved by the owner, and possibly, the bank. Some financial schedules allow for bonuses if tasks are completed before certain dates and penalties if they are completed after.

Check It Out! List the three main types of schedules. Give an example of how they should be integrated with one another. Monitoring Construction Careful scheduling alone is not enough to ensure a successful operation. In order to make sure that all the terms of the contract are properly met, the project must be carefully monitored by the contractor or those hired to do the monitoring. The work in progress must be compared against the work schedule. If tasks, materials, or money are not available when expected and work is interrupted, the contractor must find ways to make up for the time lost. A purchasing agent, or buyer, is responsible for obtaining the right materials at the right price. The purchasing agent also prepares and monitors the materials delivery schedule. The materials must be of the proper kind, of acceptable quality, and in the correct quantity. They must be reasonably priced. He or she also checks all materials as they are received. Materials must be not only those that were ordered, but they must also be delivered on time to the correct location on the site.

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Monitoring Quality Quality is vital to all aspects of construction systems. Contractors monitor the quality of both the materials and the work to make sure that everything is being constructed according to the plans and meets all specifications. Contractors can be legally responsible for quality. (See Figure 13.13.) If the quality of the work does not meet the standards described in the original contract, the owner may not be required to pay for it. Unacceptable work often has to be done over and wasted materials replaced, resulting in higher costs that the contractor may have to bear.

Figure 13.13 Quality Control - In some areas of Boston's big dig project, quality suffered, resulting in a section of a tunnel's ceiling collapsing in 2006. A woman driving through the tunnel at the time was killed. What might have been some reasons that quality was not monitored? Photo Credit: Michael Dwyer/AP Images

Quality cannot be added or attached to a structure later. It must be part of it from the beginning. Everyone involved in the project must be committed to quality. Most contractors encourage all their employees to take pride in their work and help monitor every stage of construction projects as part of quality control. The machines that are used for construction work are often very large. Many of these machines are so heavy that there is a safety concern about the equipment tipping over, causing possible work stoppage, property damage, and injury. Operators working on the project must understand the balance of forces that cause stability.

. Photo Credits: Stockbyte/Getty Images

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Inspecting Construction All work done must meet the requirements of the contract and the standards set by building codes. To ensure this, the structure is inspected carefully by someone who knows what the correct results should be and what conditions should be met. Inspections are usually done on a regular basis during the building process. It is the contractor's responsibility to notify the inspector that an inspection is needed. Construction cannot legally proceed to the next step until the inspector checks the work already done. In this way, problems can be spotted early and corrected without much loss of time or money. The types of inspectors depend upon the nature of the project. Inspections may be conducted by quality-control specialists or local building inspectors. Sometimes insurance agents or bank representatives inspect projects. All projects are inspected by representatives of the government. All levels of government have specific safety regulations. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has been established by the federal government. It is part of the U.S. Department of Labor. OSHA sets safety standards for the workplace. Its representatives visit sites to see that those standards are met. It is usually not necessary to inspect all parts of a project. Trying to do so would be difficult, expensive, and time-consuming. Inspections are usually limited to the more critical parts of the project. For example, inspectors routinely check structural, electrical, and mechanical elements. (See Figure 13.14) Inspectors also check the quality and appropriateness of the materials being used. They make sure work is being done properly. In short, inspectors are concerned with the three main aspects of any construction project: materials, methods, and quality.

Figure 13.14 Inspections - Inspectors ensure that quality is present in the materials used and in the way the work was done. What are some specific aspects of a home construction that you think should be inspected? Photo Credit: Graham Bridgeman-Clarke/Alamy 13.2 Check Your Understanding Perform the following tasks.

1. Describe what kinds of information should be included in a work schedule. 2. Evaluate what traits a contractor would need to do a good job. 3. Analyze why replacing an inspector halfway through construction could lead to problems. Extend Develop Communication Skills Writing Write a checklist of ten things an inspector should look at when inspecting new home construction. Section 13.2 Review

Chapter 13 - Planning & Managing Construction Introduction SECTION 13.1 Preparing for Construction SECTION 13.2 Managing Construction Chapter 13 Review and Assess

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CHAPTER 13 Think Like an Engineer Engineering Design Process: Design a Green Building Design Brief Green architecture, also called earth-friendly or sustainable architecture, aims to save energy, protect the environment, and create healthier, more pleasant places to live and work. Hartley Nature Center in Duluth, Minnesota, is an example of a green building. Its features include the following:

Solar-heated fresh air intake Roof-mounted photovoltaic cells Passive solar heating Natural lighting An air-to-air heat exchanger Motor-operated windows that vent hot air in summer Ventilation that moves hot air around in winter A geothermal heat pump

1. Identify a Problem or Opportunity 1. Identify a Problem or Opportunity With a team of your classmates, plan, design, and build a model of a green building. 2. Define the Project Constraints 2. Define the Project Constraints Your green building will be a one- or two-story residential construction in one of these settings: urban, desert, or mountains. You will determine at least six green features of the building, such as a soil roof. You will create sketches of your construction for approval, and then a floor plan and a three-dimensional model. You can use either technical drawing instruments or CAD software. You will add information about the features of your construction like the kind that you would include if you were using BIM technology. Your floor plan should be scaled to fit on a single sheet of paper. The size of the model will be determined by your teacher. 3. Research and Brainstorming 1. Write a statement that describes the problem you are going to solve. Ask: What green features will be most advantageous based on the location of your building? 2. Brainstorm possible solutions with your team. For example, look at websites for green buildings. Create sketches of your ideas.

4. Development and Prototyping 1. Choose the best design that will solve your problem. Assign tasks for each point of production. Determine when quality will be checked. 2. Gather any needed tools or materials. Then, make a floor plan. 5. Testing, Analysis, and Optimization 1. With your teammates, begin to build your model, but allow for possible changes. 2. Analyze your model. Ask: Will your solution solve the problem? What impacts and effects will result from this solution? 3. Based on your evaluation, change the model and floor plan if needed. Once you have an approved design, create your final floor plan and model. 6. Evaluation and Presentation 6. Evaluation and Presentation - Present your finished model to the class. Explain the advantages and any shortcomings of your design. Be prepared to answer questions about possible impacts. When your team turns in your assignment to your teacher, be sure to include your definition of the problem, a description of how you solved the problem, and your floor plan and model.

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Connect Activity Center Go to the Activity Center to review chapter vocabulary. Main Ideas

Construction projects must be carefully planned to meet the needs of the people in a community. Before construction begins, both the design of the building and the site on which it is located must be chosen. Contractors are responsible for the actual building of projects. To monitor a construction project means to continuously watch over and inspect it to ensure safety and quality. Inspections are done on a regular basis during construction.

Understanding Concepts 1. Describe the role of smart growth in planning a community. 2. List seven important factors in selecting a building site. 3. Explain the purpose of zoning laws and how construction is regulated by them. 4. Identify two factors that typically determine the dollar amount of a contractor's bid. 5. What does OSHA stand for? Thinking Critically 1. Describe What building codes might be needed when building homes in the southeastern United States, such as the one shown in the photo? 2. Predict If a town begins to grow rapidly, how might the design of the local high school need to be changed? 3. Explain Why might the lowest bidder on a project not be awarded the contract? 4. Evaluate What are some risks to a contractor if his or her estimates are too high or too low? Problem Solving 1. Design Create working drawings of a room in your house. Make sure the dimensions are to scale. 2. Work Schedule Create a work schedule for this week's school assignments. Your work schedule should include all appropriate elements discussed in this chapter. Ch 13 Review

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