Dng 1: Bi ton v phn ng este ho.

\displaystyle{RCOOH + R^'OH \rightleftharpoons RCOOR^' + H_2O}

c im ca phn ng este ho l thun nghch nn c th gn vi cc dng bi ton:

- Tnh hng s cn bng K:

K=

\displaystyle{\frac{[RCOOR^'] . [H_2O]}{[RCOOH].[R^'OH]}}

- Tnh hiu sut phn ng este ho: H = lngestethctlngestetheolthuyt*100%

- Tnh lng este to thnh hoc axit cacboxylic cn dng, lng ancol
*Ch : Nu tin hnh phn ng este ha gia mt ancol n chc vi m axit cacboxylic n chc th
s este ti a c th thu c l:

n+n(n+1)2=n(n+1)2, m=nm+2(m1)(n1),m<n
V d 1: Hn hp A gm axit axetic v etanol. Chia A thnh ba phn bng nhau.
+ Phn 1 tc dng vi Kali d thy c 3,36 lt kh thot ra.
+ Phn 2 tc dng vi Na2CO3 d thy c 1,12 lt kh CO2 thot ra. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
+ Phn 3 c thm vo vi git dung dch H2SO4, sau un si hn hp mt thi gian. Bit hiu
sut ca phn ng este ho bng 60%. Khi lng este to thnh l bao nhiu?
A. 8,80 gam
B. 5,20 gam
C. 10,56 gam
D. 5,28 gam
Gii: Hn
hp A {CH3COOH:a

molC2H5OH :b mol => {nA=a+b=2nH2=0,3 mola=2nCO2=0,1

mol => {b=0,2 mola=0,1 mol
V a<b (=> hiu sut tnh theo axit) => s mol este thc t thu c: n=0,1.60% = 0,06 mol
=> Khi lng este thc t thu c: m=0,06.88=5,28 gam => p n D
V d 2: t chy hon ton 1 mol axit cacboxylic n chc X cn 3,5 mol O2.
Trn 7,4 gam X vi lng ancol no Y (bit t khi hi ca Y so vi O2 nh hn 2). un nng
hn hp vi H2SO4 lm xc tc. Sau khi phn ng hon ton thu c 8,7 gam
este Z (trong Z khng cn nhm chc no khc). Cng thc cu to ca Z l:
A. C2H5COOCH2CH2OCOC2H5
B. C2H3COOCH2CH2OCOC2H3
C. CH3COOCH2CH2OCOCH3
D. HCOOCH2CH2COOH
Gii: Phn ng chy: CxHyO2+(x+y/41)O2=>xCO2+H2O
(1)
Theo (1), ta c : x+y/41=3,5 => x+y/4=4,5 {x=3y=6
=> X : C2H5COOH
Ancol no Y : CnH2n+2m(OH)m (1 m n) => este Z : (C2H5COO)mCnH2n+2m
=> Meste = 73m+14n+2m = 8,7m0,1 hay 14n+2=15m
(2)
Mt khc d(Y/O2) < 2 hay 14n+2+16m<64 => 30m+2<64 (v m n)
=> m<2,1
T (2) => {n=2 molm=2 mol => ancol Y : C2H4(OH)2
=> Z : C2H5COOCH2CH2OCOC2H5 => p n A.
Dng 2: Bi ton v phn ng t cht este
- t cng thc ca este cn tm c dng: CxHyOz ( x,z2; y l s chn; y 2x )

Phn ng chy: CxHyOz + ((x+y/2z/4)O2 => xCO2+H2O

- Nu t chy este A m thu c nH2O=nCO2 => Este A l este no, n chc, mch h
- Nu t chy axit cacboxylic a chc hoc este a chc, s c t 2 lin kt tr ln
=> nH2O<nCO2
- Phn ng t chy mui CnH2n+1COONa:

2CnH2n+1COONa+(3n+1)O2=>Na2CO3+(2n+1)CO2+(2n+1)H2O
V d 3: t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp hai este X,Y n chc, no, mch h cn 3,976 lt
oxi (ktc) thu c 6,38 gam CO2. Cho lng este ny tc dng va vi KOH thu c hn
hp hai ancol k tip v 3,92 gam mui ca mt axit hu c. Cng thc cu to ca X,Y ln lt l
A. C2H5COOC2H5 v C2H5COOC3H7
B. C2H5COOCH3 v C2H5COOC2H5
C. CH3COOCH3 v CH3COOC2H5
D. HCOOC3H7 v HCOOC4H9
Gii : t cng thc trung bnh ca 2 este X,Y l: CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1
V X,Y u l este n chc, no, mch h nn: nH2O = nCO2 = 6,38/44=0,145 mol
=> meste + mO2 = 44.nCO2 + 18.nO2 => meste=3,31 gam
Ta c : mO (trong este) = mestemCmH=3,3112.0,1452.1.0,145=1,28 g
=> nO=1,28/16=0,08 mol => neste=0,04 mol
=> nmui=neste=0,04 mol => Mmui = 14n+84=3,92/0,04=98 => n=1
Mt khc: MEste = 3,31/0,04=82,75 => 12.1+46+14m=82,75 => M = 1,77
Vy: X l CH3COOCH3 v Y l CH3COOC2H5 => p n C
Dng 3: Bi ton hn hp este v cc cht hu c khc ( ancol, axit cacboxylic, ...)
Khi u bi cho 2 chc hu c khi tc dng vi NaOH hoc KOH m to ra:
+ 2 mui v 1 ancol th c kh nng 2 cht hu c l
- RCOOR v RCOOR c nNaOH=nROH
- Hoc: RCOOR v RCOOH c nNaOH > nROH
+ 1 mui v 1 ancol c nhng kh nng sau
- RCOOR v ROH
- Hoc: RCOOR v RCOOH
- Hoc: RCOOH v ROH
+ 1 mui v 2 ancol th c nhng kh nng sau
- RCOOR v RCOOR
- Hoc: RCOOR v ROH
* c bit ch : Nu ni cht hu c ch c chc este th khng sao, nhng nu ni c chc
este th chng ta cn ch ngoi chc este trong phn t c th c thm chc axit hoc ancol!
V d 4: Hn hp A gm ba cht hu c X,Y,Z n chc ng phn ca nhau, u tc dng c
vi NaOH. un nng 13,875 gam hn hp A vi dung dch NaOH va thu c 15,375gam
hn hp mui v hn hp ancol c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 20,67. 136,5C, 1 atm th tch hi

ca 4,625 gam X bng 2,1 lt. Phn trm khi lng ca X,Y,Z (theo th t KLPT gc axit tng
dn) ln lt l:
A. 40%; 40%; 20%

B. 40%; 20%; 40%

C. 25%; 50%; 25%

D. 20%; 40%; 40%

nX = 1.2,10,082.(273+136,5) = 0,0625 mol => MX =4,6250,0625

Mt khc: X,Y,Z n chc, tc dng c vi NaOH => X,Y,Z l axit hoc este
=> CTPT dng: CxHyO2, d dng => {x=3 moly=6 mol
Vy A : X:C2H5COOH:a molY:CH3COOCH3:b molZ:HCOOC2H5:c mol => nA=a+
b+c=0,1875 mold(ancol/H2)=32b+46c2(b+c)mmui=96a+82b+68c=15,375
=> a=0,075b=0,0375c=0,075
=> p n B
Dng 4: Bi ton xc nh cc ch s ca cht bo: ch s axit, ch s x phng ho, ch s este, ch
Gii: Ta c :

s iot...
lm cc bi tp dng ny, cn nm vng cc khi nim sau:
- Ch s axit (aaxit): l s mg KOH cn trung ho axit bo t do c trong 1 gam cht bo
- Ch s x phng ho (axp): l s mg KOH cn x phng ho glixerit v trung ho axit bo t
do c trong 1 gam cht bo
- Ch s este (aeste): l s mg KOH cn x phng ho glixerit ca 1 gam cht bo
- Ch s iot (aiot): l s gam iot c th cng vo ni i C=C ca 100 gam cht bo
- Ch s peoxit (apeoxit): l s gam iot c gii phng t KI bi peoxit c trong 100 gam cht bo.
V d 5: x phng ho 35 kg triolein cn 4,939 kg NaOH thu c 36,207 kg x phng. Ch
s axit ca mu cht bo trn l:
A. 7

B. 8

Gii: Theo bi:

C. 9

D. 10

nRCOONa (x phng) = 36,207.1000304 = nNaOH (dng x phng ho)

= 119,102 mol
=> nNaOH ( trung ho axit bo t do) = 4,939.100040 - 119,102 = 4,375 mol
=> nKOH( trung ho axit bo t do) = 4,375 mol
=> mKOH(trong 1 g cht bo) = 4,375.5635000 = 7 mg
=> ch s axit = 7 => p n A
V d 6: Mt loi cht bo c ch s x phng ho l 188,72 cha axit stearic v tristearin. trung
ho axit t do c trong 100 g mu cht bo trn th cn bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 0,05M
A. 100 ml
Gii:

B. 675 ml

C. 200 ml

D. 125 ml

axp = 188,72.103 => phn ng vi 100 g cht bo cn

mKOH = 188,72.103.100=18,872 g
=> nKOH = 18,872/56=0,337 mol => nNaOH = 0,337 mol
=> nNaOH = naxit + 3ntristearin = 0,337 mol => naxit = 0,01 mol
Vy: Trong 100 g mu cht bo c 0,01 mol axit t do => nNaOH(p) = 0,01 mol

=> VddNaOH = 200 ml => p n C

*BI TP T LUYN
Bi 1: X phng ho 3,52 gam este X c to ra t axit n chc v ancol n chc bng dung
dchNaOH va c mui Y v ancol Z. Nung nng Y vi oxi thu c 2,12 gam Natri
cacbonat, kh CO2 v hi nc. Ancol Z c chia lm hai phn bng nhau.
Phn 1 cho tc dng vi Na va thu c kh H2 c s mol bng 1/2 s mol ancol phn ng
v 1,36 gam mui.
Phn 2 cho tc dng vi CuO d, nung nng c cht hu c T c phn ng trng bc. Cng
thc cu to ca X l:
A.HCOOC2H5

B.CH3COOCH=CH2

C.CH3COOC2H5

D.C2H5COOCH3

Bi 2: X phng ho este X n chc, no ch thu c mt cht hu c Y cha Na. C cn, sau

thm NaOH/CaO ri nung nng thu c mt ancol Z v mt mui v c. t chy hon ton
ancol ny thu c CO2 v hi nc theo t l v th tch l 2:3. Cng thc phn t ca este X l:
A. C4H6O2

B. C3H6O2

C. C2H4O2

D. C3H4O2

Bi 3: X phng ho hon ton 9,7 gam hn hp hai este n chc X,Y cn 100 ml dung
dch NaOH 1,5M. Sau phn ng, c cn dung dch thu c hn hp hai ancol ng ng k tip
v mt mui duy nht. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca 2 este l:
A. HCOOCH3 v HCOOCH2CH2CH3.

B.CH3COOCH3 v CH3COOCH2CH3.

C. C2H5COOCH3 v C2H5COOCH2CH3. D.HCOOCH3 v HCOOCH2CH3.

Bi 4: Hn hp X gm 2 cht hu c mch h, cha cng mt loi nhm chc ho hc. Khi un
nng 47,2 gam hn hp X vi lng d dung dch NaOH th thu c mt ancol n chc
v 38,2 gam hn hp mui ca 2 axit hu c n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Mt
khc, nu t chy ht 9,44 gam hn hp X cn va 12,096 lt kh O2, thu c 10,304 lt
kh CO2. Cc kh o ktc. Cng thc cu to ca cc cht trong X l:
A.HCOOCH2CH=CH2 v CH3COOCH2CH=CH2
B.CH3COOCH2CH=CH2 v C2H5COOCH2CH=CH2
C.CH2=CHCOOCH2CH3 v CH3CH=CHCOOCH2CH3
D.CH2=CHCOOCH3 v CH3CH=CHCOOCH3
Bi 5: Hn hp X gm hai este n chc, l ng phn ca nhau. cng iu kin v nhit , p
sut, t khi hi ca X so vi khng kh l 3,03. Nu x phng ho hon
ton 22 gam X bng 250 ml dung dch KOH 1,25M (H=100%) thu c dung dch Y. C cn
dung dch Y thu c 29,75gam cht rn khan. Cho lng cht rn tc dng vi axit HCl d thu
c hn hp hai axit k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Thnh phn % v khi lng cc este
trong hn hp X ln lt l:
A. 50%; 50%

B. 60%; 40%

C. 45; 65%

D. 75%; 25%

Bi 6: Cho hp cht X (cha C,H,O), c mch C khng phn nhnh, ch cha mt loi nhm chc

tc dng va ht 91,5 ml dung dch NaOH 25% (D=1,28 g/ml). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon
ton thu c dung dch Y cha mt mui ca axit hu c, hai ancol n chc, no ng ng lin
tip trung ho hon ton dung dch Y cn dng 153 ml dung dch HCl 4M. C cn dung dch
sau khi trung ho th thu c hn hp hai ancol c t khi hi so vi H2 l 26,5 v 47,202 gam
hn hp mui khan. Hp cht X c cng thc cu to l:
A. C3H7OOCC4H8COOC2H5

B. CH3OOCC3H6COOC3H7

C. C3H7OOCC2H4COOC2H5

D. C2H5OOCC3H6COOC3H7

Bi 7: t chy a gam mt este X cn 11,76 lt O2 (ktc), sau phn ng thu c hn

hp CO2 v hi nc. Dn hn hp ny vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thy khi lng
bnh tng 26,04gam v thy xut hin 42 gam kt ta trng. Bit este ny do mt axit n chc v
ancol n chc to nn. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C4H8O2

B. C2H4O2

C. C3H6O2

D. C5H10O2

Bi 8: Khi t chy hon ton 2,75 gam hp cht hu c X n chc thu c sn phm chy ch
gm 2,8 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2,25 gam H2O. Nu cho 2,75 gam X tc dng vi NaOH va n
khi phn ng hon ton thu c 3 gam mui ca axit hu c Y v cht hu c Z. Tn ca X l:
A. Metyl propionat
B. Etyl propionat
C. Etyl axetat
D. Isopropyl
axetat
Bi 9: t chy hon ton 3,7 gam cht hu c X cn va 3,92 lt O2 (ktc) thu
c CO2 v H2O c t l mol l 1:1. Bit X tc dng vi KOH to ra hai cht hu c. Cng thc
phn t ca X l:
A. C3H6O2

B. C3H4O2

C. C2H4O2

D. C4H8O2

Bi 10: t chy hon ton 6,24 gam mt este X (MA < 180) cn 6,272 lt kh oxi (ktc). Sn
phm chy c hp th hon ton vo dung dch nc vi trong d thy c m gam kt ta, khi
lng dung dch nc vi trong gim 12,8 gam. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C4H6O2

B. C7H10O2

C. C7H8O4

D. C7H10O4

Bi 11: Hn hp X gm axit fomic v axit axetic (t l mol 1:1). Ly 6,36 gam X tc dng
vi 6,9gam ancol etylic (xc tc H2SO4) thu c 7,776 gam hn hp este, hiu sut ca cc
phn ng este ho bng nhau. Gi tr ca H l:

60%
B. 80%
C. 85%
D. 50%
Bi 12: Cho 0,1 mol glixerol phn ng vi 0,15 axit axetic c xc tc H2SO4 c, thu c m gam
este B (khng cha chc khc) vi hiu sut phn ng l 80%. Gi tr m l:
A. 8,72 g
B. 14,02 g
C. 13,10 g
D. p n khc.
Bi 13: Khi cho 58,5 gam mt cht bo c thnh phn chnh l tristearin phn ng vi dung dch iot
th thy cn mt dung dch cha 9,91 gam iot. Ch s iot ca mu cht bo trn l:
A. 16,93
B. 16,39
C. 19,63
D. 13,69
Bi 14: Khi x phng ho 0,9 gam cht bo cn 24 ml dung dch KOH 0,25M. Ch s x phng
A.

ho ca mu cht bo l:

A. 37,333
p n : 1C

B. 3,733

C. 0,3733

D. 373,33

2D 3D 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 9A 10C 11B 12A 13A 14D