NewBNBC - Part 6-Chap 2

Chapter 2
L0ABS 0N B0ILBINuS ANB STR0CT0RES

2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.1.1 SCOPE
This chapter specifies the minimum design forces including dead load, live load, wind and earthquake loads,
miscellaneousloadsandtheirvariouscombinations.Theseloadsshallbeapplicableforthedesignofbuildings
andstructuresinconformancewiththegeneraldesignrequirementsprovidedinChapter1.
2.1.2 LIMITATIONS
Provisionsofthischaptershallgenerallybeappliedtomajorityofbuildingsandotherstructurescoveredinthis
code subject to normally expected loading conditions. For those buildings and structures having unusual
geometrical shapes, response characteristics or site locations, or for those subject to special loading including
tornadoes, special dynamic or hydrodynamic loads etc., sitespecific or casespecific data or analysis may be
required to determine the design loads on them. In such cases, and all other cases for which loads are not
specifiedinthischapter,loadinginformationmaybeobtainedfromreliablereferencesorspecialistadvicemay
besought.However,suchloadsshallbeappliedincompliancewiththeprovisionsofotherpartsorsectionsof
thisCode.
2.2 DEADLOADS
2.2.1 GENERAL
Theminimumdesigndeadloadforbuildingsandportionsthereofshall bedeterminedinaccordancewiththe
provisionsofthissection.Inaddition,designoftheoverallstructureanditsprimaryloadresistingsystemsshall
conformtothegeneraldesignprovisionsgiveninChapter1.
2.2.1.1 DEFINITION
Dead Load is the vertical load due to the weight of permanent structural and nonstructural components and
attachmentsofabuildingsuchaswalls,floors,ceilings,permanentpartitionsandfixedserviceequipmentetc.
2.2.1.2 ASSESSMENTOFDEADLOAD
Deadloadforastructuralmembershallbeassessedbasedontheforcesdueto:
weightofthememberitself,
weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building to be supported permanently by the
member,
weightofpermanentpartitions,
weightoffixedserviceequipment,and
neteffectofprestressing.
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2.2.1.3 WEIGHTOFMATERIALSANDCONSTRUCTIONS
Inestimatingdeadloads,theactualweightsofmaterialsandconstructionsshallbeused,providedthatinthe
absence of definite information, the weights given in Tables 2.1 and 2.2 shall be assumed for the purposes of
design.
Table6.2.1:UnitWeightofBasicMaterials
Material
Unitweight
(kN/m
3
) Material
Unit
Weight
(kN/m
3
)
Aluminium
Asphalt
Biass
Bionze
Biick
Cement
Coal, loose
Conciete stone aggiegate (unieinfoiceu)
biick aggiegate (unieinfoiceu)
Coppei
Coik, noimal
Coik, compiesseu
ulass, winuow (soualime)
27.u
21.2
8S.6
87.7
18.9
14.7
8.8
22.8*
2u.4*
86.4
1.7
S.7
2S.S
uianite, Basalt
Iion cast
wiought
Leau
Limestone
Naible
Sanu, uiy
Sanustone
Slate
Steel
Timbei
Zinc
26.4
7u.7
7S.4
111.u
24.S
26.4
1S.7
22.6
28.S
77.u
S.911.u
7u.u
* foi ieinfoiceu conciete, auu u.6S kNm
S
foi each 1% by volume of main ieinfoicement
2.2.1.4 WEIGHTOFPERMANENTPARTITIONS
When partition walls are indicated on the plans, their weight shall be considered as dead load acting as
concentratedlineloadsintheiractualpositionsonthefloor.Theloadsduetoanticipatedpartitionwalls,which
arenotindicatedontheplans,shallbetreatedasliveloadsanddeterminedinaccordancewithSec2.3.3.3.
2.2.1.5 WEIGHTOFFIXEDSERVICEEQUIPMENT
Weights of fixed service equipment and other permanent machinery, such as electrical feeders and other
machinery,heating,ventilatingandairconditioningsystems,liftsandescalators,plumbingstacksandrisersetc.
shallbeincludedasdeadloadwheneversuchequipmentaresupportedbystructuralmembers.
2.2.1.6 ADDITIONALLOADS
In evaluating the final dead loads on a structural member for design purposes, allowances shall be made for
additional loads resulting from the (i) difference between the prescribed and the actual weights of the
members and construction materials; (ii) inclusion of future installations; (iii) changes in occupancy or use of
buildings;and(iv)inclusionofstructuralandnonstructuralmembersnotcoveredinSec2.2.2and2.2.3.
Chapter2
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Table6.2.2:DeadLoad

Nateiial Component Nembei

Weight pei
0nit Aiea
(kNm
2
)
Nateiial
Weight
pei
0nit Aiea
(kNm
2
)
Floor
Asphalt, 2S mm thick
Clay tiling, 1S mm thick
Conciete slab (stone aggiegate)*
soliu, 1uu mm thick
soliu, 1Su mm thick
ualvanizeu steel flooi ueck (excl. topping)
Nagnesium oxychloiiue
noimal (sawuust fillei), 2S mm thick
heavy uuty (mineial fillei), 2S mm thick
Teiiazzo paving 16 mm thick

Roof
Aciylic iesin sheet, coiiugateu
S mm thick, stanuaiu coiiugations
S mm thick, ueep coiiugations
Asbestos cement, coiiugateu sheeting
(incl. lap anu fastenings)
6 mm thick (stanuaiu coiiugations)
6 mm thick(ueep coiiugations)
Aluminium, coiiugateu sheeting
1.2 mm thick
u.8 mm thick
u.6 mm thick
Aluminium sheet(plain)
1.2 mm thick
1.u mm thick
u.8 mm thick
Bituminous felt(S ply) anu giavel
Slates
4.7 mm thick
9.S mm thick
Steel sheet, flat galvanizeu
1.uu mm thick
u.8u mm thick
u.6u mm thick
Steel, galvanizeu stu. coiiugateu sheeting
1.u mm thick
u.8 mm thick
u.6 mm thick
Tiles
teiiacotta (Fiench pattein)
conciete , 2S mm thick
clay tiles

u.S26
u.268

2.S6u
S.S4u
u.147u.S8S

u.S4S
u.S27
u.4S1

u.u4S
u.u62

u.1S4
u.1S8

u.u48
u.u28
u.u24

u.uSS
u.u24
u.u19
u.4S1

u.SSS
u.671

u.u82
u.u67
u.uSS

u.12u
u.u96
u.u77

u.S7S
u.S27
u.6u.9
WallsandPartitions
Aciylic iesin sheet, flat, pei mm
thickness
Asbestos cement sheeting
4.S mm thick
6.u mm thick
Biick masoniy woik, excl. plastei
buint clay, pei 1uu mm
thickness
sanulime, pei 1uu mm
thickness
Conciete (stone aggiegate)*
1uu mm thick
1Su mm thick
2Su mm thick
Fibie insulation boaiu, pei 1u mm
thickness
Fibious plastei boaiu, pei 1u mm
thickness
ulass, pei 1u mm thickness
Baiuboaiu, pei 1u mm thickness
Paiticle oi flake boaiu, pei 1u mm
thickness
Plastei boaiu, pei 1u mm thickness
Plywoou, pei 1u mm thickness

Ceiling
Fibious plastei, 1u mm thick
Cement plastei, 1S mm thick
Suspenueu metal lath anu plastei
(two faceu incl. stuuuing)

Miscellaneous
Felt (insulating), pei 1u mm thickness
Plastei
cement, pei 1u mm thickness
lime, pei 1u mm thickness
PvC sheet, pei 1u mm thickness
Rubbei paving, pei 1u mm thickness
Teiiacotta Bollow Block Nasoniy
7S mm thick
1uu mm thick
1Su mm thick

u.u12

u.u72
u.1u6

1.91u
1.98u

2.S6u
S.S4u
S.9uu
u.uS4
u.u92
u.269
u.961
u.u7S
u.u92
u.u61

u.u81
u.287
u.48u

u.u19

u.2Su
u.191
u.1SS
u.1S1

u.671
u.99S
1.S88
* foi biick aggiegate, 9u% of the listeu values may be useu.

2.3 LIVELOADS
2.3.1 GENERAL
Theliveloadsusedforthestructuraldesignoffloors,roofandthesupportingmembersshallbethegreatest
appliedloadsarisingfromtheintendeduseoroccupancyofthebuilding,orfromthestackingofmaterialsand
the use of equipment and propping during construction, but shall not be less than the minimum design live
loads set out by the provisions of this section. For the design of structural members for forces including live
loads,requirementsoftherelevantsectionsofChapter1shallalsobefulfilled.
2.3.2 DEFINITION
Live load is the load superimposed by the use or occupancy of the building not including the environmental
loadssuchaswindload,rainload,earthquakeloadordeadload.
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2.3.2.1 MINIMUMFLOORLIVELOADS
The minimum floor live loads shall be the greatest actual imposed loads resulting from the intended use or
occupancyofthefloor,andshallnotbelessthantheuniformlydistributedloadpatternsspecifiedinSec2.3.3.1
or the concentrated loads specified in Sec 2.3.3.2 whichever produces the most critical effect. The live loads
shallbeassumedtoactverticallyupontheareaprojectedonahorizontalplane.
2.3.2.2 UNIFORMLYDISTRIBUTEDLOADS
The uniformly distributed load shall not be less than the values listed in Table 6.2.3, reduced as may be
specifiedinSec2.3.9,applieduniformlyovertheentireareaofthefloor,oranyportionthereoftoproducethe
mostadverseeffectsinthememberconcerned.
2.3.2.3 CONCENTRATEDLOADS
TheconcentratedloadtobeappliednonconcurrentlywiththeuniformlydistributedloadgiveninSec2.3.3.1,
shall not be less than that listed in Table 6.2.3. Unless otherwise specified in Table 6.2.3 or in the following
paragraph,theconcentratedloadshallbeappliedoveranareaof300mmx300mmandshallbelocatedsoas
toproducethemaximumstressconditionsinthestructuralmembers.
Inareaswherevehiclesareusedorstored,suchascarparkinggarages,ramps,repairshopsetc.,provisionshall
bemadeforconcentratedloadsconsistingoftwoormoreloadsspacednominally1.5moncentresinabsence
oftheuniformliveloads.Eachloadshallbe40percentofthegrossweightofthemaximumsizevehicletobe
accommodated and applied over an area of 750 mm x 750 mm. For the storage of private or pleasuretype
vehicles without repair or fuelling, floors shall be investigated in the absence of the uniform live load, for a
minimum concentrated wheel load of 9 kN spaced 1.5 m on centres, applied over an area of 750 mm x 750
mm. The uniform live loads for these cases are provided in Table 6.2.3. The condition of concentrated or
uniformliveloadproducingthegreaterstressesshallgovern.
2.3.2.4 PROVISIONFORPARTITIONWALLS
When partitions, not indicated on the plans, are anticipated to be placed on the floors, their weight shall be
included as an additional live load acting as concentrated line loads in an arrangement producing the most
severeeffect onthefloor, unless itcan beshownthata morefavourablearrangementof thepartitionsshall
prevailduringthefutureuseofthefloor.
Inthecaseoflightpartitions,whereinthetotalweightpermetrerunisnotgreaterthan5.5kN,auniformly
distributed live load may be applied on the floor in lieu of the concentrated line loads specified above. Such
uniformliveloadpersquaremetreshallbeatleast33%oftheweightpermetrerunofthepartitions,subject
toaminimumof1.2kN/m
2
.
2.3.2.5 MORETHANONEOCCUPANCY
Whereanareaofafloorisintendedfortwoormoreoccupanciesatdifferenttimes,thevaluetobeusedfrom
Table6.2.3shallbethegreatestvalueforanyoftheoccupanciesconcerned.
2.3.2.6 MINIMUMROOFLIVELOADS
Roofliveloadsshallbeassumedtoactverticallyovertheareaprojectedbytherooforanyportionofitupona
horizontalplane,andshallbedeterminedasspecifiedinthefollowingsections:
Chapter2
5

2.3.2.7 REGULARPURPOSEFLAT,PITCHEDANDCURVEDROOFS
Liveloadsonregularpurposeroofsshallbethegreatestappliedloadsproducedduringusebymovableobjects
suchasplantersandpeople,andthoseinducedduringmaintenancebyworkers,equipmentandmaterialsbut
shallnotbelessthanthosegiveninTable6.2.4.
2.3.2.8 SPECIALPURPOSEROOFS
For special purpose roofs, live loads shall be estimated based on the actual weight depending on the type of
use,butshallnotbelessthanthefollowingvalues:
a)roofsusedforpromenadepurposes 3.0kN/m
2
b)roofsusedforassemblypurposes 5.0kN/m
2
c)roofsusedforgardens 5.0kN/m
2
d)roofsusedforotherspecialpurposestobedeterminedasperSec2.3.5
2.3.2.9 ACCESSIBLEROOFSUPPORTINGMEMBERS
Rooftrussesoranyotherprimaryroofsupportingmemberbeneathwhichafullceilingisnotprovided,shallbe
capable of supporting safely, in addition to other roof loads, a concentrated load at the locations as specified
below:
a) Inuustiial, Stoiage anu uaiage Builuings Any single panel point of the
lowei choiu of a ioof tiuss, oi any point of othei piimaiy ioof suppoiting
membei

9.u kN
b) Builuing with 0thei 0ccupancies Any single panel point of the lowei choiu
of a ioof tiuss, oi any point of othei piimaiy ioof suppoiting membei
1.S kN
2.3.2.10 LOADSNOTSPECIFIED
Live loads, not specified for uses or occupancies in Sec 2.3.3.1 and 2.3.3.2, shall be determined from loads
resultingfrom:
a) weightoftheprobableassemblyofpersons;
b) weightoftheprobableaccumulationofequipmentandfurniture,and
c) weightoftheprobablestorageofmaterials.

Table 6.2.4 : Ninimum Roof Live Loaus(
1
)
Type anu Slope of Roof Bistiibuteu
Loau, kNm
2

Concentiateu
Loau, kN
I Flat ioof (slope = u) 1.S 1.8

II 1. Pitcheu oi slopeu ioof (u < slope < 1S)
2 Aicheu ioof oi uome (iise < 18 span)

1.u u.9
III 1. Pitcheu oi slopeu ioof (1S slope < 1.u)
2. Aicheu ioof oi uome (18 iise < S8 span)

u.8 u.9
Iv 1. Pitcheu oi slopeu ioof (slope 1.u)
2. Aicheu ioof oi uome (iise S8 span)

u.6 u.9
v uieenhouse, anu agiicultuie builuings

u.S u.9
vI Canopies anu awnings, except those with
cloth coveis
same as given in I thiough Iv
above baseu on the type anu
slope.

Part6
6

Note : (1) uieatei of this loau anu iain loau as specifieu in Sec 2.6.S shall be taken as the uesign live loau
foi ioof. The uistiibuteu loau shall be applieu ovei the aiea of the ioof piojecteu upon a hoiizontal plane
anu shall not be applieu simultaneously with the concentiateu loau. The concentiateu loau shall be
assumeu to act upon a Suu mm x Suu mm aiea anu neeu not be consiueieu foi ioofs capable of lateially
uistiibuting the loau, e.g. ieinfoiceu conciete slabs.

2.3.2.11 PARTIALLOADINGANDOTHERLOADINGARRANGEMENTS
The full intensity of the appropriately reduced live load applied only to a portion of the length or area of a
structure or member shall be considered, if it produces a more unfavourable effect than the same intensity
appliedoverthefulllengthorareaofthestructureormember.
Where uniformly distributed live loads are used in the design of continuous members and their supports,
considerationshallbegiventofulldeadloadonallspansincombinationwithfullliveloadsonadjacentspans
andonalternatespanswhicheverproducesamoreunfavourableeffect.
2.3.2.12 OTHERLIVELOADS
Live loads on miscellaneous structures and components, such as handrails and supporting members, parapets
and balustrades, ceilings, skylights and supports, and the like, shall be determined from the analysis of the
actualloadsonthem,butshallnotbelessthanthosegiveninTable6.2.5.
2.3.2.13 IMPACTANDDYNAMICLOADS
The live loads specified in Sec 2.3.3 shall be assumed to include allowances for impacts arising from normal
usesonly.However,forcesimposedbyunusualvibrationsandimpactsresultingfromtheoperationofinstalled
machineryandequipmentshallbedeterminedseparatelyandtreatedasadditionalliveloads.Liveloadsdueto
vibration or impact shall be determined by dynamic analysis of the supporting member or structure including
foundations, or from the recommended values supplied by the manufacture of the particular equipment or
machinery.Inabsenceofadefiniteinformation,valueslistedinTable6.2.6forsomecommonequipment,shall
beusedfordesignpurposes.
Table6.2.5:MiscellaneousLiveLoads
StructuralMemberorComponent LiveLoad(
1
)
(kN/m)
1. Banuiails, paiapets anu suppoits :
a) Light access staiis, gangways etc.
i) wiuth u.6 m
ii) wiuth > u.6 m

b) Staiicases othei than in (a) above, iamps, balconies :
i) Single uwelling anu piivate
ii) Staiicases in iesiuential builuings
iii) Balconies oi poition theieof, stanus etc. having
fixeu seats within u.SS m of the baiiiei
vi) Public assembly builuings incluuing theaties,
cinemas, assembly halls, stauiums, mosques,
chuiches, schools etc.
vi) Builuings anu occupancies othei than (i) thiough (iv) above

u.2S
u.SS

u.SS
u.SS
1.S

S.u

u.7S
2. vehicle baiiieis foi cai paiks anu iamps :
a) Foi vehicles having gioss mass 2Suu kg

b) Foi vehicles having gioss mass > 2Suu kg

c) Foi iamps of cai paiks etc.

1uu
(2)

16S
(2)

see note (S)
Note : (1) These loaus shall be applieu nonconcuiiently along hoiizontal anu veitical uiiections,
except as specifieu in note (2) below.
(2) These loaus shall be applieu only in the hoiizontal uiiection, unifoimly uistiibuteu ovei
any length of 1.S m of a baiiiei anu shall be consiueieu to act at bumpei height. Foi case
2(a) bumpei height may be taken as S7S mm above flooi level.
(S) Baiiieis to access iamps of cai paiks shall be uesigneu foi hoiizontal foices equal to
Su% of those given in 2(a) anu 2(b) applieu at a level of 61u mm above the iamp.
Baiiieis to stiaight exit iamps exceeuing 2u m in length shall be uesigneu foi
hoiizontal foices equal to twice the values given in 2(a) anu 2(b).

Chapter2
7

Table6.2.6:MinimumLiveLoadsonSupportsandConnectionsofEquipmentduetoImpact
(1)
EquipmentorMachinery Additionalloadduetoimpactaspercentage
ofstaticloadincludingselfweight
Vertical Horizontal
1. Lifts, hoists anu ielateu opeiating
machineiy
1uu%
2. Light machineiy (shaft oi motoi uiiven) 2u%
S. Recipiocating machineiy, oi powei uiiven
units.
Su%
4. Bangeis suppoiting floois anu balconies SS%
S. Cianes :
a) Electiic oveiheau cianes

2S% of
maximum
wheel loau

i) Tiansveise to the iail :
2u% of the weight of tiolley
anu lifteu loau only, applieu
onehalf at the top of each iail

ii) Along the iail :
1u% of maximum wheel loau
applieu at the top of each iail

b) Nanually opeiateu cianes Su% of the
values in (a)
above

Su% of the
values in (a) above
c) Cabopeiateu tiavelling cianes 2S%

Not applicable

Note : (1)

All these loaus shall be incieaseu if so iecommenueu by the manufactuiei. Foi
machineiy anu equipment not listeu, impact loaus shall be those iecommenueu by
the manufactuieis, oi ueteimineu by uynamic analysis.
2.3.2.14 REDUCTIONOFLIVELOADS
Reduction of live load is permitted for primary structural members supporting floor or roof, including beam,
girder,truss,flatslab,flatplate,column,pier,footingandthelike.Whereapplicable,thereducedliveloadona
primarystructuralmembershallbeobtainedbymultiplyingthecorrespondingunreduceduniformlydistributed
liveloadwithanappropriateliveloadreductionfactor,RaslistedinTable6.2.7andsetforthinSec2.3.9.1.
2.3.2.14.1 LoadGroups
All possible live loads applied on floors and roof of a building due to various occupancies and uses, shall be
dividedintothreeloadgroupsasdescribedbelowfordeterminingtheappropriateliveloadreductionfactors.
a) Load Group 1: Uniformly distributed live loads arising from the occupancies and uses of (i)assembly
occupanciesorareaswithuniformlydistributedliveloadof5.0kN/m
2
orless,(ii)machineryandequipmentfor
which specific live load allowances have been made, (iii)special roof live load as described in Sec 2.3.4.2, and
(iv)printingplants, vaults,strongroomsand armouries, shall beclassifiedunderLoadGroup1.Reductionof
liveloadshallnotbeallowedformembersorportionsthereofunderthisloadgroupandareductionfactor,R
=1.0shallbeappliedforsuchcases.
b)LoadGroup2:Uniformlydistributedliveloadsresultingfromoccupanciesorusesof(i)assemblyareaswith
uniformlydistributedliveloadgreaterthan5.0kN/m
2
,and(ii)storage,mercantile,industrialandretailstores,
shall be classified under Load Group 2. Live load reduction factor, 1.0 < R < 0.7 shall be applied to this load
group depending on the tributary area of the floors or roof supported by the member as specified in Sec
2.3.9.3.
c)LoadGroup3:Uniformlydistributedliveloadsarisingduetoallotheroccupanciesandusesexceptthoseof
LoadGroup1andLoadGroup2,shallbegroupedintoLoadGroup3.Liveloadreductionfactor,1.0R0.5
asspecifiedintheSec2.3.9.3,shallbeappliedtotributaryareasunderthisloadgroup.
2.3.2.14.2 TributaryArea
Thetributaryareaofastructuralmembersupportingfloorsorroofshallbedeterminedasfollows:
Part6
8

a)TributaryAreaforWall,Column,Pier,Footingandthelike:Tributaryareasofthesemembersshall
consist of portions of the areas of all floors, roof or combination thereof that contribute live loads to the
memberconcerned.
b) Tributary Area for Beam, Girder, Flat plate and Flat slab : Tributary area for such a member shall
consistoftheportionoftherooforaflooratanysinglelevelthatcontributesloadstothememberconcerned.
2.3.2.14.3 DeterminationofReducedLiveLoad
Thevalueoftheliveloadreductionfactor,R,shalldependontheloadgroupspecifiedinSec2.3.9.1andonthe
tributaryareaofthefloorortheroofandcombinationthereofsupportedbyaprimarystructuralmember.The
reducedliveloadonastructuralmembershallbedeterminedusingthefollowingsteps:
a) PortionsofthetributaryareapertainingtoeachofthethreeloadgroupsspecifiedinSec2.3.9.1shall
be identified and summed up, and a value of the reduction factor R shall be obtained from Table6.2.7
correspondingtoeachportionofthetributaryarea,
b) The reduced live loads or load intensities shall then be obtained for each load group by multiplying
theunreducedliveloadsorloadintensitiesbythecorrespondingreductionfactors,andfinally,
c) The total reduced live load on a structural member shall be determined by summing up the reduced
liveloadsfromeachloadgroup.
Table6.2.7:LiveLoadReductionFactorsforVariousOccupanciesandUses
Loau
uioup
0ccupancy oi 0se Tiibutaiy (1)
Aiea (flooi, oi
ioof, oi
combination)
At (m
2
)
Live Loau
(2,S)
Reuuction
Factoi,
R

1

a)

b)

c)

u)

Assembly aieas with unifoimly uistiibuteu live
loau of S.u kNm2 oi less.

Live loaus fiom machineiy anu equipment foi
which specific loau allowance has been maue

Special ioof live loaus as specifieu in Sec
2.S.4.2

Piinting plants, vaults, stiong ioom anu
aimouiies

all

1.u

2

a)

b)

Assembly aieas with unifoimly uistiibuteu
live loau gieatei than S.u kNm2 .

Stoiage, meicantile, inuustiial, paiking gaiage,
ietail stoies

Su
6u
8u
1uu
12u
14u
28u
22u
Suu
4uu
8uu

1.uu
u.97
u.92
u.88
u.86
u.84
u.81
u.79
u.76
u.74
u.7u

Chapter2
9

S

a)

0nifoimly uistiibuteu live loaus fiom all
occupancies anu uses except those listeu
in loau gioups 1 anu 2 above.

< 2S
2SSu
4u
Su
6u
8u
1uu
12u
14u
18u
22u

1.uu
u.9u
u.84
u.78
u.7S
u.67
u.62
u.S9
u.S7
u.SS
u.Su
Note : (1) At = sum of all tiibutaiy aieas with loaus fiom any one loau gioup (i.e. Loau
uioup 1, 2 oi S)
(2) Lineai inteipolation may be maue to obtain values of R lying between the
listeu values.
(S) Live loau ieuuction factoi, R is baseu on the ielations: R=u.6+(8At) foi Loau
uioup 2 anu R=u.2S+(14At) foi Loau uioup S
2.4 WINDLOADS
2.4.1 GENERAL
Scope: Buildings and other structures, including the Main WindForce Resisting System (MWFRS) and all
componentsandcladdingthereof,shallbedesignedandconstructedtoresistwindloadsasspecifiedherein.
Allowed Procedures: The design wind loads for buildings and other structures, including the MWFRS and
componentandcladdingelementsthereof,shallbedeterminedusingoneofthefollowingprocedures:
(1) Method1Simplified Procedure as specified in Section 2.4.4 for buildings meeting the requirements
specifiedtherein;
(2) Method 2Analytical Procedure as specified in Section 2.4.5 for buildings meeting the requirements
specifiedtherein;
(3)Method3 WindTunnelProcedureasspecifiedinSection2.4.18.
Wind Pressures: Acting on opposite faces of each building surface. In the calculation of design wind loads for
the MWFRS and for components and cladding for buildings, the algebraic sum of the pressures acting on
oppositefacesofeachbuildingsurfaceshallbetakenintoaccount.
2.4.1.1 MINIMUMDESIGNWINDLOADING
Thedesignwindload,determinedbyanyoneoftheproceduresspecifiedinSection2.4.1,shallbenotlessthan
specifiedinthissection.
MainWindForceResistingSystem:Thewindloadtobe usedinthedesignoftheMWFRSfor anenclosedor
partially enclosed building or other structure shall not be less than 0.5kN/m
2
multiplied by the area of the
building or structure projected onto a vertical plane normal to the assumed wind direction. The design wind
forceforopenbuildingsandotherstructuresshallbenotlessthan0.5kN/m
2
)multipliedbytheareaA
f
.
ComponentsandCladding:Thedesignwindpressureforcomponentsandcladdingofbuildingsshallnotbeless
thananetpressureof0.5kN/m
2
actingineitherdirectionnormaltothesurface.
2.4.2 DEFINITIONS
ThefollowingdefinitionsapplyonlytotheprovisionsofSection2.4:
APPROVED:Acceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.
Part6
10

BASICWINDSPEED,V:Threesecondgustspeedat10mabovethegroundinExposureB(seeSection2.4.8.3)
havingareturnperiodof50years.
BUILDING, ENCLOSED: A building that does not comply with the requirements for open or partially enclosed
buildings.
BUILDING ENVELOPE: Cladding, roofing, exterior walls, glazing, door assemblies, window assemblies, skylight
assemblies,andothercomponentsenclosingthebuilding.
BUILDING AND OTHER STRUCTURE, FLEXIBLE: Slender buildings and other structures that have a fundamental
naturalfrequencylessthan1Hz.
BUILDING,LOWRISE:Enclosedorpartiallyenclosedbuildingsthatcomplywiththefollowingconditions:
1.Meanroofheighthlessthanorequalto18.3m.
2.Meanroofheighthdoesnotexceedleasthorizontaldimension.
BUILDING,OPEN:Abuildinghavingeachwallatleast80percentopen.Thisconditionisexpressedforeachwall
bytheequationA
o
0.8A
g
where
A
o
=totalareaofopeningsinawallthatreceivespositiveexternalpressure(m
2
).
A
g
=thegrossareaofthatwallinwhichA
o
isidentified(m
2
).
BUILDING,PARTIALLYENCLOSED:Abuildingthatcomplieswithbothofthefollowingconditions:
1.Thetotalareaofopeningsinawallthatreceivespositiveexternalpressureexceedsthesumoftheareasof
openingsinthebalanceofthebuildingenvelope(wallsandroof)bymorethan10percent.
2.Thetotalareaofopeningsinawallthatreceivespositiveexternalpressureexceeds0.37m
2
or1percentof
the area of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the percentage of openings in the balance of the building
envelopedoesnotexceed20percent.
Theseconditionsareexpressedbythefollowingequations:
1.A
o
>1.10A
oi
2.A
o
>0.37m
2
or>0.01A
g
,whicheverissmaller,
andA
oi
/A
gi
0.20
where
A
o
,A
g
areasdefinedforOpenBuilding
A
oi
=thesumoftheareasofopeningsinthebuildingenvelope(wallsandroof)notincludingA
o
,inm
2
.
A
gi
=thesumofthegrosssurfaceareasofthebuildingenvelope(wallsandroof)notincludingA
g
,inm
2
.
BUILDING OR OTHER STRUCTURE, REGULAR SHAPED: A building or other structure having no unusual
geometricalirregularityinspatialform.
BUILDING OR OTHER STRUCTURES, RIGID: A building or other structure whose fundamental frequency is
greaterthanorequalto1Hz.
BUILDING, SIMPLE DIAPHRAGM: A building in which both windward and leeward wind loads are transmitted
throughfloorandroofdiaphragmstothesameverticalMWFRS(e.g.,nostructuralseparations).
COMPONENTSANDCLADDING:ElementsofthebuildingenvelopethatdonotqualifyaspartoftheMWFRS.
DESIGNFORCE,F:Equivalentstaticforcetobeusedinthedeterminationofwindloadsforopenbuildingsand
otherstructures.
Chapter2
11

DESIGNPRESSURE,p:Equivalentstaticpressuretobeusedinthedeterminationofwindloadsforbuildings.
EAVE HEIGHT, h: The distance from the ground surface adjacent to the building to the roof eave line at a
particularwall.Iftheheightoftheeavevariesalongthewall,theaverageheightshallbeused.
EFFECTIVE WIND AREA, A: The area used to determine GC
p
. For component and cladding elements, the
effectivewindareainFigs.2.4.11through2.4.17and2.4.19isthespanlengthmultipliedbyaneffectivewidth
thatneednotbelessthanonethirdthespanlength.Forcladdingfasteners,theeffectivewindareashallnotbe
greaterthantheareathatistributarytoanindividualfastener.
ESCARPMENT: Also known as scarp, with respect to topographic effects in Section 2.4.9, a cliff or steep slope
generallyseparatingtwolevelsorgentlyslopingareas(seeFig.2.4.4).
FREEROOF:Roof(monoslope,pitched,ortroughed)inanopenbuildingwithnoenclosingwallsunderneaththe
roofsurface.
GLAZING:Glassortransparentortranslucentplasticsheetusedinwindows,doors,skylights,orcurtainwalls.
GLAZING, IMPACT RESISTANT: Glazing that has been shown by testing in accordance with ASTM E1886 and
ASTM E1996 or other approved test methods to withstand the impact of windborne missiles likely to be
generatedinwindbornedebrisregionsduringdesignwinds.
HILL: With respect to topographic effects in Section 2.4.9, a land surface characterized by strong relief in any
horizontaldirection(seeFig.2.4.4).
HURRICANE PRONE REGIONS: Areas vulnerable to hurricanes; in Bangladesh these areas include the
Sundarbans,southernpartsofBarisalandPatuakhali,Hatia,Bhola,easternpartsofChittagongandCoxsBazar
IMPACT RESISTANT COVERING: A covering designed to protect glazing, which has been shown by testing in
accordance with ASTM E1886 and ASTM E1996 or other approved test methods to withstand the impact of
windbornedebrismissileslikelytobegeneratedinwindbornedebrisregionsduringdesignwinds.
IMPORTANCEFACTOR,I:Afactorthataccountsforthedegreeofhazardtohumanlifeanddamagetoproperty.
MAIN WINDFORCE RESISTING SYSTEM (MWFRS): An assemblage of structural elements assigned to provide
supportandstabilityfortheoverallstructure.Thesystemgenerallyreceiveswindloadingfrommorethanone
surface.
MEAN ROOF HEIGHT, h: The average of the roof eave height and the height to the highest point on the roof
surface,exceptthat,forroofanglesoflessthanorequalto10
o
,themeanroofheightshallbetheroofheave
height.
OPENINGS:Aperturesorholesinthebuildingenvelopethatallowairtoflowthroughthebuildingenvelopeand
thataredesignedasopenduringdesignwindsasdefinedbytheseprovisions.
RECOGNIZEDLITERATURE:Publishedresearchfindingsandtechnicalpapersthatareapproved.
RIDGE:WithrespecttotopographiceffectsinSection2.4.9,anelongatedcrestofahillcharacterizedbystrong
reliefintwodirections(seeFig.2.4.4).
WINDBORNEDEBRISREGIONS:Areaswithinhurricaneproneregionslocated:
1.Within1.6kmofthecoastalmeanhighwaterlinewherethebasicwindspeedisequaltoorgreaterthan180
km/hor
2.Inareaswherethebasicwindspeedisequaltoorgreaterthan200km/h.
2.4.3 SYMBOLSANDNOTATION
ThefollowingsymbolsandnotationapplyonlytotheprovisionsofSection2.4:
Part6
12

A=effectivewindarea,inm
2
A
f
= area of open buildings and other structures either normal to the wind direction or projected on a plane
normaltothewinddirection,inm
2
.
A
g
=thegrossareaofthatwallinwhichA
o
isidentified,inm
2
.
A
gi
=thesumofthegrosssurfaceareasofthebuildingenvelope(wallsandroof)notincludingA
g
,inm
2
A
o
=totalareaofopeningsinawallthatreceivespositiveexternalpressure,inm
2
.
A
oi
=thesumoftheareasofopeningsinthebuildingenvelope(wallsandroof)notincludingA
o
,inm
2
A
og
=totalareaofopeningsinthebuildingenvelopeinm
2
A
s
=grossareaofthesolidfreestandingwallorsolidsign,inm
2
a=widthofpressurecoefficientzone,inm.
B=horizontaldimensionofbuildingmeasurednormaltowinddirection,inm.
b=meanhourlywindspeedfactorinEq.2.4.14fromTable2.4.2
b
`
=3sgustspeedfactorfromTable2.4.2
C
f
=forcecoefficienttobeusedindeterminationofwindloadsforotherstructures
C
N
=netpressurecoefficienttobeusedindeterminationofwindloadsforopenbuildings
C
p
=externalpressurecoefficienttobeusedindeterminationofwindloadsforbuildings
c=turbulenceintensityfactorinEq.2.4.5fromTable2.4.2
D=diameterofacircularstructureormemberinm.
D=depthofprotrudingelementssuchasribsandspoilersinm.
F=designwindforceforotherstructures,inN.
G=gusteffectfactor
G
f
=gusteffectfactorforMWFRSsofflexiblebuildingsandotherstructures
GC
pn
=combinednetpressurecoefficientforaparapet
GC
p
=productofexternalpressurecoefficientandgusteffectfactortobeusedindeterminationofwindloads
forbuildings
GC
pf
=productoftheequivalentexternalpressurecoefficientandgusteffectfactortobeusedindetermination
ofwindloadsforMWFRSoflowrisebuildings
GC
pi
=productofinternalpressurecoefficientandgusteffectfactortobeusedindeterminationofwindloads
forbuildings
g
Q
=peakfactorforbackgroundresponseinEqs.2.4.4and2.4.8
g
R
=peakfactorforresonantresponseinEq.2.4.8
g
v
=peakfactorforwindresponseinEqs.2.4.4and2.4.8
H=heightofhillorescarpmentinFig.2.4.4,inm.
h=meanroofheightofabuilding or heightofother structure,exceptthateaveheightshallbe usedforroof
angleoflessthanorequalto10
o
,inm.
h
e
=roofeaveheightataparticularwall,ortheaverageheightiftheeavevariesalongthewall
Chapter2
13

I=importancefactor
I
z
=intensityofturbulencefromEq.2.4.5
K
1
,K
2
,K
3
=multipliersinFig.2.4.4toobtainK
zt
K
d
=winddirectionalityfactorinTable2.4.5
K
h
=velocitypressureexposurecoefficientevaluatedatheightz=h
K
z
=velocitypressureexposurecoefficientevaluatedatheightz
K
zt
=topographicfactorasdefinedinSection2.4.9
L=horizontaldimensionofabuildingmeasuredparalleltothewinddirection,inm.
L
h
= distance upwind of crest of hill or escarpment in Fig.2.4.4 to where the difference in ground elevation is
halftheheightofhillorescarpment,inm.
L
=integrallengthscaleofturbulence,inm.
L
r
=horizontaldimensionofreturncornerforasolidfreestandingwallorsolidsignfromFig.2.4.20,inm.
l=integrallengthscalefactorfromTable2.4.3inm.
N
1
=reducedfrequencyfromEq.2.4.12
n
1
=buildingnaturalfrequency,Hz
p=designpressuretobeusedindeterminationofwindloadsforbuildings,inN/m
2
p
L
=windpressureactingonleewardfaceinFig.2.4.9,inN/m
2
P
net
=netdesignwindpressurefromEq.2.4.2,inN/m
2
P
net30
=netdesignwindpressureforExposureAath=9.1mandI=1.0fromFig.2.4.3,inN/m
2
.
P
p
=combinednetpressureonaparapetfromEq.2.4.20,inN/m
2
.
P
s
=netdesignwindpressurefromEq.2.4.1,inN/m
2
.
P
s30
=simplifieddesignwindpressureforExposureAath=9.1mandI=1.0fromFig.2.4.2,inN/m
2
.
P
W
=windpressureactingonwindwardfaceinFig.2.4.9,inN/m
2
.
Q=backgroundresponsefactorfromEq.2.4.6
q=velocitypressure,inN/m
2
.
q
h
=velocitypressureevaluatedatheightz=h,inN/m
2
q
i
=velocitypressureforinternalpressuredetermination,inN/m
2
.
q
p
=velocitypressureattopofparapet,inN/m
2
.
q
z
=velocitypressureevaluatedatheightzaboveground,inN/m
2
.
R=resonantresponsefactorfromEq.2.4.10
R
B
,R
h
,R
L
=valuesfromEq.2.4.13
R
i
=reductionfactorfromEq.2.4.16
R
n
=valuefromEq.2.4.11
s=verticaldimensionofthesolidfreestandingwallorsolidsignfromFig.2.4.20,inm.
r=risetospanratioforarchedroofs.
Part6
14

V= basicwindspeedobtainedfromFig.2.4.1orTable2.4.1,inm/s.Thebasicwindspeedcorrespondstoa3s
gust speed at 10 m above ground in Exposure Category B having an annual probability of occurrence of
0.02.
V
i
=unpartitionedinternalvolumem
3
Z
V =meanhourlywindspeedatheightz,m/s.
W=widthofbuildinginFigs.2.4.12and2.4.14AandBandwidthofspaninFigs.2.4.13and2.4.15,inm.
X=distancetocenterofpressurefromwindwardedgeinFig.2.4.18,inm.
x=distanceupwindordownwindofcrestinFig.2.4.4,inm.
z=heightabovegroundlevel,inm.
z=equivalentheightofstructure,inm.
z
g
=nominalheightoftheatmosphericboundarylayerusedinthisstandard.ValuesappearinTable2.4.2
z
min
=exposureconstantfromTable2.4.2
=3sgustspeedpowerlawexponentfromTable2.4.2
o=reciprocaloffromTable2.4.2
o=meanhourlywindspeedpowerlawexponentinEq.2.4.14fromTable2.4.2
=dampingratio,percentcriticalforbuildingsorotherstructures
e=ratioofsolidareatogrossareaforsolidfreestandingwall,solidsign,opensign,faceofatrussedtower,or
latticestructure
=adjustmentfactorforbuildingheightandexposurefromFigs.2.4.2and2.4.3
e=integrallengthscalepowerlawexponentinEq.2.4.7fromTable2.4.2
=valueusedinEq.2.4.13(seeSection2.4.10.2)
=angleofplaneofrooffromhorizontal,indegrees
v=heighttowidthratioforsolidsign
2.4.4 METHOD1SIMPLIFIEDPROCEDURE
2.4.4.1 SCOPE
Abuildingwhosedesignwindloadsaredeterminedinaccordancewiththissectionshallmeetalltheconditions
of Sections 2.4.4.1 or 2.4.4.2. If a building qualifies only under 2.4.4.2 for design of its components and
cladding,thenitsMWFRSshallbedesignedbyMethod2orMethod3.
Limitations on Wind Speeds: Variation of basic wind speeds with direction shall not be permitted unless
substantiatedbyanyestablishedanalyticalmethodorwindtunneltesting.
2.4.4.2 MAINWINDFORCERESISTINGSYSTEMS
ForthedesignofMWFRSsthebuildingmustmeetallofthefollowingconditions:
1.ThebuildingisasimplediaphragmbuildingasdefinedinSection2.4.2.
2.ThebuildingisalowrisebuildingasdefinedinSection2.4.2.
3. The building is enclosed as defined in Section 2.4.2 and conforms to the windborne debris provisions of
Section2.4.11.3.
Chapter2
15

4.ThebuildingisaregularshapedbuildingorstructureasdefinedinSection2.4.2.
5.ThebuildingisnotclassifiedasaflexiblebuildingasdefinedinSection2.4.2.
6. The building does not have response characteristics making it subject to across wind loading, vortex
shedding,instabilityduetogallopingorflutter;anddoesnothaveasitelocationforwhichchannelingeffectsor
buffetinginthewakeofupwindobstructionswarrantspecialconsideration.
7. The building has an approximately symmetrical crosssection in each direction with either a flat roof or a
gableorhiproofwith45
.
8.ThebuildingisexemptedfromtorsionalloadcasesasindicatedinNote5ofFig.2.4.10,orthetorsionalload
casesdefinedinNote5donotcontrolthedesignofanyoftheMWFRSsofthebuilding.
2.4.4.3 COMPONENTSANDCLADDING
Forthedesignofcomponentsandcladdingthebuildingmustmeetallthefollowingconditions:
1.Themeanroofheighthmustbelessthanorequalto18.3m(h18.3m).
2. The building is enclosed as defined in Section 2.4.2 and conforms to the windborne debris provisions of
Section2.4.11.3.
3.ThebuildingisaregularshapedbuildingorstructureasdefinedinSection2.4.2.
4. The building does not have response characteristics making it subject to across wind loading, vortex
shedding,instabilityduetogallopingorflutter;anddoesnothaveasitelocationforwhichchannelingeffectsor
buffetinginthewakeofupwindobstructionswarrantspecialconsideration.
5.Thebuildinghaseitheraflatroof,agableroofwith45
o
,orahiproofwith27
o
.
2.4.4.4 DESIGNPROCEDURE
1.ThebasicwindspeedVshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.6.Thewindshallbeassumedto
comefromanyhorizontaldirection.
2.AnimportancefactorIshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.7.
3.AnexposurecategoryshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.8.3.
4.Aheightandexposureadjustmentcoefficient,,shallbedeterminedfromFig.2.4.2.
2.4.4.4.1 MainWindForceResistingSystem.
Simplifieddesignwindpressures,p
s
,fortheMWFRSsoflowrisesimplediaphragmbuildingsrepresentthenet
pressures (sum of internal and external) to be applied to the horizontal and vertical projections of building
surfaces as shown in Fig. 2.4.2. For the horizontal pressures (zones A, B, C, D), p
s
is the combination of the
windwardandleewardnetpressures.p
s
shallbedeterminedbythefollowingequation:
p
s
=K
zt
Ip
S30
(2.4.1)
where
=adjustmentfactorforbuildingheightandexposurefromFig.2.4.2
K
zt
=topographicfactorasdefinedinSection2.4.9evaluatedatmeanroofheight,h
I=importancefactorasdefinedinSection2.4.7
p
S30
=simplifieddesignwindpressureforExposureB,ath=30ft,andforI=1.0,fromFig.2.4.2
Part6
16

MinimumPressures:Theloadeffectsofthedesignwindpressuresfromthissectionshallnotbelessthanthe
minimum load case from Section 2.4.4.1 assuming the pressures, p
s
, for zones A, B, C, and D all equal to +0.5
kN/m
2
,whileassumingzonesE,F,G,andHallequaltozerokN/m
2
.
2.4.4.4.2 ComponentsandCladding
Net design wind pressures, P
net
, for the components and cladding of buildings designed using Method 1
represent the net pressures (sum of internal and external) to be applied normal to each building surface as
showninFig.2.4.3.
p
net
p
net
=K
zt
IP
net30
(2.4.2)
where
=adjustmentfactorforbuildingheightandexposurefromFig.2.4.3
K
zt
=topographicfactorasdefinedinSection2.4.9evaluatedatmeanroofheight,h
I=importancefactorasdefinedinSection2.4.7
p
net30
=netdesignwindpressureforExposureB,ath=9.1m,andforI=1.0,fromFig.2.4.3
Minimum Pressures : The positive design wind pressures, p
net
, from this section shall not be less than +0.5
kN/m
2
,andthenegativedesignwindpressures,p
net
,fromthissectionshallnotbelessthan0.5kN/m
2
.
2.4.4.4.3 AirPermeableCladding
DesignwindloadsdeterminedfromFig.2.4.3shallbeusedforallairpermeablecladdingunlessapprovedtest
data or the recognized literature demonstrate lower loads for the type of air permeable cladding being
considered.
2.4.5 METHOD2ANALYTICALPROCEDURE
2.4.5.1 SCOPESANDLIMITATIONS
A building or other structure whose design wind loads are determined in accordance with this section shall
meetallofthefollowingconditions:
1.ThebuildingorotherstructureisaregularshapedbuildingorstructureasdefinedinSection2.4.2.
2. The building or other structure does not have response characteristics making it subject to across wind
loading, vortex shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter; or does not have a site location for which
channelingeffectsorbuffetinginthewakeofupwindobstructionswarrantspecialconsideration.
Theprovisionsofthissectiontakeintoconsiderationtheloadmagnificationeffectcausedbygustsinresonance
with alongwind vibrations of flexible buildings or other structures. Buildings or other structures not meeting
therequirementsofSection2.4.4,orhavingunusualshapesorresponsecharacteristicsshallbedesignedusing
recognized literature documenting such wind load effects or shall use the wind tunnel procedure specified in
Section0.
2.4.5.2 SHIELDING.
There shall be no reductions in velocity pressure due to apparent shielding afforded by buildings and other
structuresorterrainfeatures.
Chapter2
17

2.4.5.3 AIRPERMEABLECLADDING
DesignwindloadsdeterminedfromSection2.4.5shallbeusedforairpermeablecladdingunlessapprovedtest
dataorrecognizedliteraturedemonstratelowerloadsforthetypeofairpermeablecladdingbeingconsidered.
2.4.5.4 DESIGNPROCEDURE
1. The basic wind speed V and wind directionality factor K
d
shall be determined in accordance with Section
2.4.6.
2.AnimportancefactorIshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.7.
3. An exposure category or exposure categories and velocity pressure exposure coefficient K
z
or K
h
, as
applicable,shallbedeterminedforeachwinddirectioninaccordancewithSection2.4.8.
4.AtopographicfactorK
zt
shallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.9.
5.AgusteffectfactorGorG
f
,asapplicable,shallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.10.
6.AnenclosureclassificationshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.11.
7.InternalpressurecoefficientGC
pi
shallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.12.1.
8. External pressure coefficients C
p
or GC
pf
, or force coefficients C
f
, as applicable, shall be determined in
accordancewithSection2.4.12.2or2.4.12.3,respectively.
9.Velocitypressureq
z
orq
h
,asapplicable,shallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.4.11.5.
10.DesignwindloadporFshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSections2.4.13.
2.4.6 BASICWINDSPEED
Thebasicwindspeed,V,usedinthedeterminationofdesignwindloadsonbuildingsandotherstructuresshall
be as given in Fig.2.4.1 except as provided in Section 2.4.6.1. The wind shall be assumed to come from any
horizontaldirection.
2.4.6.1 SPECIALWINDREGIONS
Thebasicwindspeedshallbeincreasedwhererecordsorexperienceindicatethatthewindspeedsarehigher
than those reflected in Fig. 2.4.1. Mountainous terrain, gorges, and special regions shall be examined for
unusualwindconditions.Theauthorityhavingjurisdictionshall,ifnecessary,adjustthevaluesgiveninFig.2.4.1
to account for higher local wind speeds. Such adjustment shall be based on adequate meteorological
informationandothernecessarydata.
2.4.6.2 LIMITATION
Tornadoeshavenotbeenconsideredindevelopingthebasicwindspeeddistributions.
2.4.6.3 WINDDIRECTIONALITYFACTOR
Thewinddirectionalityfactor,K
d
,shallbedeterminedfromTable2.4.5.Thisfactorshallonlybeappliedwhen
usedinconjunctionwithloadcombinationsspecifiedinChapter2ofPart6ofthiscode.
2.4.7 IMPORTANCEFACTOR
An importance factor, I, for the building or other structure shall be determined from Table 2.4.2 based on
buildingandstructurecategorieslistedinSection1.2.4.
Part6
18

2.4.8 EXPOSURE
Foreachwinddirectionconsidered,theupwindexposurecategoryshallbebasedongroundsurfaceroughness
thatisdeterminedfromnaturaltopography,vegetation,andconstructedfacilities.
2.4.8.1 WINDDIRECTIONSANDSECTORS
Foreachselectedwinddirectionatwhichthewindloads aretobeevaluated, theexposureofthebuildingor
structure shall be determined for the two upwind sectors extending 45
o
either side of the selected wind
direction.
TheexposuresinthesetwosectorsshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSections2.4.8.2and2.4.8.3andthe
exposureresultinginthehighestwindloadsshallbeusedtorepresentthewindsfromthatdirection.
2.4.8.2 SURFACEROUGHNESSCATEGORIES
A ground surface roughness within each 45
o
sector shall be determined for a distance upwind of the site as
defined in Section 2.4.8.3 from the categories defined in the following text, for the purpose of assigning an
exposurecategoryasdefinedinSection2.4.8.3.
SurfaceRoughnessA:Urbanandsuburbanareas,woodedareas,orotherterrainwithnumerouscloselyspaced
obstructionshavingthesizeofsinglefamilydwellingsorlarger.
Surface Roughness B: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 9.1 m. This
categoryincludesflatopencountry,grasslands,andallwatersurfacesinhurricaneproneregions.
Surface Roughness C: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces outside hurricane prone regions. This
categoryincludessmoothmudflats,saltflats,andunbrokenice.
2.4.8.3 EXPOSURECATEGORIES
Exposure A: Exposure A shall apply where the ground surface roughness condition, as defined by Surface
Roughness A, prevails in the upwind direction for a distance of at least 792 m or 20 times the height of the
building,whicheverisgreater.
EXCEPTION: For buildings whose mean roof height is less than or equal to 10 m, the upwind distance may be
reducedto457m.
ExposureB:ExposureBshallapplyforallcaseswhereExposuresAorCdonotapply.
Exposure C: Exposure C shall apply where the ground surface roughness, as defined by Surface Roughness C,
prevailsintheupwinddirectionforadistancegreaterthan1,524mor20timesthebuildingheight,whichever
isgreater.ExposureCshallextendintodownwindareasofSurfaceRoughnessAorBforadistanceof200mor
20timestheheightofthebuilding,whicheverisgreater.
Forasitelocatedinthetransitionzonebetweenexposurecategories,thecategoryresultinginthelargestwind
forcesshallbeused.
EXCEPTION: An intermediate exposure between the preceding categories is permitted in a transition zone
providedthatitisdeterminedbyarationalanalysismethoddefinedintherecognizedliterature.
2.4.8.4 EXPOSURECATEGORYFORMAINWINDFORCERESISTINGSYSTEM.
Buildings and Other Structures: For each wind direction considered, wind loads for the design of the MWFRS
determinedfromFig.2.4.6shallbebasedontheexposurecategoriesdefinedinSection2.4.8.3.
Chapter2
19

LowRiseBuildings:WindloadsforthedesignoftheMWFRSsforlowrisebuildingsshallbedeterminedusinga
velocitypressureq
h
basedontheexposureresultinginthehighestwindloadsforanywinddirectionatthesite
whereexternalpressurecoefficientsGC
pf
giveninFig.2.4.10areused.
2.4.8.5 EXPOSURECATEGORYFORCOMPONENTSANDCLADDING
Componentsandcladdingdesignpressuresforallbuildingsandotherstructuresshallbebasedontheexposure
resultinginthehighestwindloadsforanydirectionatthesite.
2.4.8.6 VELOCITYPRESSUREEXPOSURECOEFFICIENT
BasedontheexposurecategorydeterminedinSection2.4.8.3,avelocitypressureexposurecoefficientK
z
orK
h
,
as applicable, shall be determined from Table 2.4.4. For a site located in a transition zone between exposure
categories, that is, near to a change in ground surface roughness, intermediate values of K
z
or K
h
, between
those shown in Table 2.4.4, are permitted, provided that they are determined by a rational analysis method
definedintherecognizedliterature.
2.4.9 TOPOGRAPHICEFFECTS
2.4.9.1 WINDSPEEDUPOVERHILLS,RIDGES,ANDESCARPMENTS
Wind speedup effects at isolated hills, ridges, and escarpments constituting abrupt changes in the general
topography, located in any exposure category, shall be included in the design when buildings and other site
conditionsandlocationsofstructuresmeetallofthefollowingconditions:
i. Thehill,ridge,orescarpmentisisolatedandunobstructedupwindbyothersimilartopographic
featuresofcomparableheightfor100timestheheightofthetopographicfeature(100H)or
3.22km,whicheverisless.Thisdistanceshallbemeasuredhorizontallyfromthepointat
whichtheheightHofthehill,ridge,orescarpmentisdetermined.
ii. Thehill,ridge,orescarpmentprotrudesabovetheheightofupwindterrainfeatureswithina
3.22kmradiusinanyquadrantbyafactoroftwoormore.
iii. ThestructureislocatedasshowninFig.2.4.4intheupperonehalfofahillorridgeornearthe
crestofanescarpment.
iv. H/L
h
0.2.
v. Hisgreaterthanorequalto4.5mforExposuresBandCand18.3mforExposureA.
2.4.9.2 TOPOGRAPHICFACTOR
Thewindspeedupeffectshallbeincludedinthecalculationofdesignwindloadsbyusingthe
factorK
zt
:
Kzt=(1+K1K2KS)
2
(2.4.S)
whereK
1
,K
2
,andK
3
aregiveninFig.2.4.4.
IfsiteconditionsandlocationsofstructuresdonotmeetalltheconditionsspecifiedinSection2.4.9.1thenK
zt
=
1.0.
2.4.10 GUSTEFFECTFACTOR
2.4.10.1 RIGIDSTRUCTURES
For rigid structures as defined in Section 6.2, the gusteffect factor shall be taken as 0.85 or calculated by the
formula:
Part6
20

0 = u.92S
1 +1.7g
I
z
1 +1.7g
I
z

(2.4.4)
I
z
= c _
1u
z
]
1
6
,
(2.4.5)
wheie I
z
= the intensity of tuibulence at height z wheie z = the equivalent height of the stiuctuie uefineu
as u.6h, but not less than zmin foi all builuing heights h. zmin anu c aie listeu foi each exposuie in Table
2.4.S; gQ anu gv shall be taken as S.4. The backgiounu iesponse Q is given by
=
_
1
1 +u.6S [
B + b
I
z

0.63
(2.4.6)
whereB,haredefinedinSection2.4.3;andI
z
=theintegrallengthscaleofturbulenceattheequivalentheight
givenby
I
z
= l _
z
1u
]
c
(2.4.7)
in which l anu e aie constants listeu in Table 2.4.S.
2.4.10.2 FLEXIBLEORDYNAMICALLYSENSITIVESTRUCTURES
Foi flexible oi uynamically sensitive stiuctuies as uefineu in Section 6.2, the gusteffect factoi shall be
calculateu by
0
]
= u.92S
`
1 + 1.7I
z
_g
2
+g
R
2
R
2
1 +1.7g
I
z
/
(2.4.8)
gQ anu gv shall be taken as S.4 anu gR is given by
g
R
= 2ln(S6uun
1
) +
u.S77
2ln(S6uun
1
)

(2.4.9)
R,theresonantresponsefactor,isgivenby
R = _
1
[
R
n
R
h
R
g
(u.SS +u.47R
L
)
(2.4.10)
R
n
=
7.47N
1
(1 +1u.SN
1
)
5
3
,

(2.4.11)
N
1
=
n
1
I
z
I
z

(2.4.12)
R
=
1
p
-
1
2p
2
(1 - c
-2q
) foi p > u
(2.4.13a)
R
= 1 foi p = u (2.4.1Sb)
wherethesubscriptinEq.2.4.13shallbetakenash,B,andL,respectively,whereh,B,andLaredefinedin
Section2.4.3.
n
1
=buildingnaturalfrequency
R
=R
h
setting=4.6n
1
EBI
Chapter2
21

R=R
B
setting=4.6n
1
EBI
R=R
L
setting=15.4 n
1
EBI
=dampingratio,percentofcritical
I
z
=meanhourlywindspeedatheightzdeterminedfromEq.2.4.14.
I
z
= b
_
z
1u
]
(2.4.14)
whereb
and areconstantslistedinTable2.4.3andV isthebasicwindspeedinkm/h.

2.4.10.3 RATIONALANALYSIS
InlieuoftheproceduredefinedinSections2.4.10.1and2.4.10.2,determinationofthegusteffectfactorbyany
rationalanalysisdefinedintherecognizedliteratureispermitted.
2.4.10.4 LIMITATIONS
Where combined gusteffect factors and pressure coefficients (GC
p
, GC
pi
, and GC
pf
) are given in figures and
tables,thegusteffectfactorshallnotbedeterminedseparately.
2.4.11 ENCLOSURECLASSIFICATIONS.
2.4.11.1 GENERAL
For the purpose of determining internal pressure coefficients, all buildings shall be classified as enclosed,
partiallyenclosed,oropenasdefinedinSection2.4.2.
2.4.11.2 OPENINGS
Adeterminationshallbemadeoftheamountofopeningsinthebuildingenvelopetodeterminetheenclosure
classificationasdefinedinSection2.4.11.3.
2.4.11.3 WINDBORNEDEBRIS
Glazinginbuildingslocatedinwindbornedebrisregionsshallbeprotectedwithanimpactresistantcoveringor
be impactresistant glazing according to the requirements specified in ASTM E1886 and ASTM E1996 or other
approvedtestmethodsandperformancecriteria.ThelevelsofimpactresistanceshallbeafunctionofMissile
LevelsandWindZonesspecifiedinASTME1886andASTME1996.
EXCEPTIONS:
i. GlazinginCategoryII,III,orIVbuildingslocatedover18.3mabovethegroundandover9.2m
aboveaggregatesurfaceroofslocatedwithin458mofthebuildingshallbepermittedtobe
unprotected.
ii. GlazinginCategoryIbuildingsshallbepermittedtobeunprotected.
2.4.11.4 MULTIPLECLASSIFICATIONS
If a building by definition complies with both the open and partially enclosed definitions, it shall be
classifiedasanopenbuilding.Abuildingthatdoesnotcomplywitheithertheopenorpartiallyenclosed
definitionsshallbeclassifiedasanenclosedbuilding.
Part6
22

2.4.11.5 VELOCITYPRESSURE
Velocitypressure,q
z
,evaluatedatheightzshallbecalculatedbythefollowingequation:
q
z
= u.uuu61SK
z
K
zt
K
d
I
2
I ;(kN/m
2
),Vinm/s (2.4.15)
where K
d
is the wind directionality factor, K
z
is the velocity pressure exposure coefficient defined in Section
2.4.8.6,K
zt
isthetopographicfactor definedinSection2.4.9.2,andq
h
isthevelocitypressure calculated using
Eq. 2.4.15 at mean roof height h. The numerical coefficient 0.000613 shall be used except where sufficient
climaticdataareavailabletojustifytheselectionofadifferentvalueofthisfactorforadesignapplication.
2.4.12 PRESSUREANDFORCECOEFFICIENTS.
2.4.12.1 INTERNALPRESSURECOEFFICIENTS
InternalPressureCoefficient.Internalpressurecoefficients,GC
pi
,shallbedeterminedfromFig.2.4.5basedon
buildingenclosureclassificationsdeterminedfromSection2.4.11.
Reduction Factor for Large Volume Buildings, R
i
: For a partially enclosed building containing a single,
unpartitioned large volume, the internal pressure coefficient, GC
pi
, shall be multiplied by the following
reductionfactor,R
i
:
R
= 1.uor
R
= u.S
`
1 +
1
_1 +
I
69S1A
og
/
1.u (2.4.16)
where
A
og
=totalareaofopeningsinthebuildingenvelope(wallsandroof,inm
2
)
V
i
=unpartitionedinternalvolume,inm
3
2.4.12.2 EXTERNALPRESSURECOEFFICIENTS.
Main WindForce Resisting Systems: External pressure coefficients for MWFRSs C
p
are given in Figs. 2.4.6,
2.4.7,and2.4.8.Combinedgusteffectfactorandexternalpressurecoefficients,GC
pf
,aregiveninFig.2.4.10for
lowrisebuildings.ThepressurecoefficientvaluesandgusteffectfactorinFig.2.4.10shallnotbeseparated.
ComponentsandCladding:Combinedgusteffectfactorandexternalpressurecoefficientsforcomponentsand
claddingGC
p
aregiveninFigs.2.4.11through2.4.17.Thepressurecoefficientvaluesandgusteffectfactorshall
notbeseparated.
2.4.12.3 FORCECOEFFICIENTS
ForcecoefficientsC
f
aregiveninFigs.2.4.20through2.4.23.
2.4.12.4 ROOFOVERHANGS
Main WindForce Resisting System: Roof overhangs shall be designed for a positive pressure on the bottom
surface of windward roof overhangs corresponding to C
p
= 0.8 in combination with the pressures determined
fromusingFigs.2.4.6and2.4.10.
Chapter2
23

Components and Cladding: For all buildings, roof overhangs shall be designed for pressures determined from
pressurecoefficientsgiveninFigs.2.4.11B,C,D.
2.4.12.5 PARAPETS
Main WindForce Resisting System: The pressure coefficients for the effect of parapets on the MWFRS loads
aregiveninSection2.4.14.2
Components and Cladding: The pressure coefficients for the design of parapet component and cladding
elementsaretakenfromthewallandroofpressurecoefficientsasspecifiedinSection2.4.14.3.
2.4.13 DESIGNWINDLOADSONENCLOSEDANDPARTIALLYENCLOSED
BUILDINGS.
2.4.13.1 GENERAL
SignConvention:Positivepressureactstowardthesurfaceandnegativepressureactsawayfromthesurface.
CriticalLoadCondition:Valuesofexternalandinternalpressuresshallbecombinedalgebraicallytodetermine
themostcriticalload.
TributaryAreasGreaterthan65m
2
:Componentandcladdingelementswithtributaryareasgreaterthan65m
2
shallbepermittedtobedesignedusingtheprovisionsforMWFRSs.
Rigid Buildings of All Heights: Design wind pressures for the MWFRS of buildings of all heights shall be
determinedbythefollowingequation:
p = q0C
p
-q
(0C
p
) (kN m
2
) (2.4.17)
where
q= q
z
forwindwardwallsevaluatedatheightzabovetheground
q= q
h
forleewardwalls,sidewalls,androofs,evaluatedatheighth
q
i
= qh for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of enclosed buildings and for negative internal
pressureevaluationinpartiallyenclosedbuildings
q
i
= q
z
for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings where height z is defined as the
levelofthehighestopeninginthebuildingthatcouldaffectthepositiveinternalpressure.Forbuildingssitedin
windborne debris regions, glazing that is not impact resistant or protected with an impact resistant covering,
shallbetreatedasanopeninginaccordancewithSection2.4.11.3.Forpositiveinternalpressureevaluation, q
i

mayconservativelybeevaluatedatheighth(q
i
=q
h
)
G= gusteffectfactorfromSection2.4.10
C
p
=externalpressurecoefficientfromFig.2.4.6or2.4.8
(GC
pi
)=internalpressurecoefficientfromFig.2.4.5
qandq
i
shallbeevaluatedusingexposuredefinedinSection2.4.8.3.Pressureshallbeappliedsimultaneously
onwindwardandleewardwallsandonroofsurfacesasdefinedinFigs.2.4.6and2.4.8.
LowRise Building: Alternatively, design wind pressures for the MWFRS of lowrise buildings shall be
determinedbythefollowingequation:
Part6
24

p = q
h
|(0C
p]
) -(0C
p
)] (kN m
2
) (2.4.18)
where
q
h
=velocitypressureevaluatedatmeanroofheighthusingexposuredefinedinSection2.4.8.3
(GC
pf
)=externalpressurecoefficientfromFig.2.4.10
(GC
pi
)=internalpressurecoefficientfromFig.2.4.5
Flexible Buildings: Design wind pressures for the MWFRS of flexible buildings shall be determined from the
followingequation:
p = q0
]
C
p
-q
(0C
p
) (kN m
2
) (2.4.19)
whereq,q
i
,C
p
,and(GC
pi
)areasdefinedinSection2.4.13.2andG
f
=gusteffectfactorisdefinedasinSection
2.4.10.
Parapets:ThedesignwindpressurefortheeffectofparapetsonMWFRSsofrigid,lowrise,orflexiblebuildings
withflat,gable,orhiproofsshallbedeterminedbythefollowingequation:
p
p
= q
p
0C
pn
(kN m
2
) (2.4.20)
where
pp = combined net pressure on the parapet due to the combination of the net pressures from the front and
back parapet surfaces. Plus (and minus) signs signify net pressure acting toward (and away from) the front
(exterior)sideoftheparapet
qp= velocitypressureevaluatedatthetopoftheparapet
GCpn= combinednetpressurecoefficient
= +1.5forwindwardparapet
= 1.0forleewardparapet
2.4.13.3 DESIGNWINDLOADCASES
The MWFRS of buildings of all heights, whose wind loads have been determined under the provisions of
Sections2.4.13.2,shallbedesignedforthewindloadcasesasdefinedinFig.2.4.9.Theeccentricitye forrigid
structures shall be measured from the geometric center of the building face and shall be considered for each
principalaxis(eX,eY ).Theeccentricitye forflexiblestructuresshallbedeterminedfromthefollowingequation
andshallbeconsideredforeachprincipalaxis(eX,eY ):
c =
c
+1.7I
z
_
(g
)
2
+(g
R
Rc
R
)
2
1 +1.7I
z
_
(g
)
2
+(g
R
R)
2
(2.4.21)
where
eQ= eccentricityeasdeterminedforrigidstructuresinFig.2.4.9
eR= distancebetweentheelasticshearcenterandcenterofmassofeachfloor
I
z
, g
Q
,Q,g
R
,R shallbeasdefinedinSection2.4.3
Thesignoftheeccentricitye shallbeplusorminus,whichevercausesthemoresevereloadeffect.
Chapter2
25

EXCEPTION: Onestory buildings with h less than or equal to 9.1 m, buildings two stories or less framed with
lightframe construction, and buildings two stories or less designed with flexible diaphragms need only be
designedforLoadCase1andLoadCase3inFig.2.4.9.
2.4.13.4 COMPONENTSANDCLADDING.
LowRise Buildings and Buildings with h 18.3 m: Design wind pressures on component and cladding
elementsoflowrisebuildingsandbuildingswithh 18.3mshallbedeterminedfromthefollowingequation:
p = q
h
|(0C
p
) -(0C
p
)] (k N m
2
) (2.4.22)
where
q
h
= velocitypressureevaluatedatmeanroofheighthusingexposuredefinedinSection2.4.8.5
(GCp)= externalpressurecoefficientsgiveninFigs.2.4.11through2.4.16
(GCpi )= internalpressurecoefficientgiveninFig.2.4.5
Buildingswithh>18.3m:Designwindpressuresoncomponentsandcladdingforallbuildingswithh > 18.3m
shallbedeterminedfromthefollowingequation:
p = q(0C
p
) - q
(0C
p
) (kNm
2
) (2.4.23)
where
q=qzforwindwardwallscalculatedatheightzabovetheground
q=qhforleewardwalls,sidewalls,androofs,evaluatedatheighth
qi = qh for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of enclosed buildings and for negative internal
pressureevaluationinpartiallyenclosedbuildings
qi = qz for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings where height z is defined as the
levelofthehighestopeninginthebuildingthatcouldaffectthepositiveinternalpressure.Forbuildingssitedin
windborne debris regions, glazing that is not impact resistant or protected with an impactresistant covering,
shallbetreatedasanopeninginaccordancewith Section2.4.11.3.Forpositiveinternalpressureevaluation,qi
mayconservativelybeevaluatedatheighth(qi=qh)
(GCp)=externalpressurecoefficientfromFig.2.4.17.
(GCpi ) = internal pressure coefficient given in Fig. 2.4.5. q and qi shall be evaluated using exposure defined in
Section2.4.8.3.
2.4.13.5 ALTERNATIVEDESIGNWINDPRESSURESFORCOMPONENTSAND
CLADDINGINBUILDINGSWITH18.3M< H < 27.4M
AlternativetotherequirementsofSection2.4.13.2,thedesignofcomponentsandcladdingforbuildingswitha
meanroofheightgreaterthan18.3mandlessthan27.4mvaluesfromFigs.2.4.11through2.4.17shallbeused
only if the height to width ratio is one or less (except as permitted by Note 6 of Fig. 2.4.17) and Eq. 2.4.22 is
used.
Parapets:Thedesignwindpressureonthecomponentsandcladdingelementsofparapetsshallbedesignedby
thefollowingequation:
p = q
p
(0C
p
- 0C
p
) (2.4.24)
where
Part6
26

qp=velocitypressureevaluatedatthetopoftheparapet
GCp=externalpressurecoefficientfromFigs.2.4.11through2.4.17
GCpi=internalpressurecoefficientfromFig.2.4.5,basedontheporosityoftheparapetenvelope.
Twoloadcasesshallbeconsidered.Load CaseAshallconsistofapplying theapplicable positivewallpressure
from Fig. 2.4.11A or 2.4.17 to the front surface of the parapet while applying the applicable negative edge or
corner zone roof pressure from Figs.2.4.11 through 2.4.17 to the back surface. Load Case B shall consist of
applying the applicable positive wall pressure from Fig. 2.4.11A or 2.4.17 to the back of the parapet surface,
and applying the applicable negative wall pressure from Fig. 2.4.11A or 2.4.17 to the front surface. Edge and
cornerzonesshallbearrangedasshowninFigs.2.4.11through2.4.17.GCpshallbedeterminedforappropriate
roof angle and effective wind area from Figs.2.4.11 through 2.4.17. If internal pressure is present, both load
casesshouldbeevaluatedunderpositiveandnegativeinternalpressure.
2.4.14 DESIGNWINDLOADSONOPENBUILDINGSWITHMONOSLOPE,
PITCHED,ORTROUGHEDROOFS.
2.4.14.1 GENERAL
Sign Convention: Plus and minus signs signify pressure acting toward and away from the top surface of the
roof,respectively.
Critical Load Condition: Net pressure coefficients CN include contributions from top and bottom surfaces. All
loadcasesshownforeachroofangleshallbeinvestigated.
ThenetdesignpressurefortheMWFRSsofmonoslope,pitched,ortroughedroofsshallbedeterminedbythe
followingequation:
p = q
h
0C
N
(2.4.25)
where
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h using the exposure as defined in Section 2.4.8.3 that
resultsinthehighestwindloadsforanywinddirectionatthesite
CN= netpressurecoefficientdeterminedfromFigs.2.4.18Athrough2.4.18D.
For free roofs with an angle of plane of roof from horizontal less than or equal to 5
o
and containing fascia
panels,thefasciapanelshallbeconsideredaninvertedparapet.Thecontributionofloadsonthefasciatothe
MWFRSloadsshallbedeterminedusingSection2.4.13.5withqp equaltoqh .
2.4.14.3 COMPONENTANDCLADDINGELEMENTS
Thenetdesignwindpressureforcomponentandcladdingelementsofmonoslope,pitched,andtroughedroofs
p = q
h
0C
N
(2.4.26)
where
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h using the exposure as defined in Section 2.4.8.3 that
resultsinthehighestwindloadsforanywinddirectionatthesite
Chapter2
27

CN= netpressurecoefficientdeterminedfromFigs.2.4.19Athrough2.4.19C.
2.4.15 DESIGNWINDLOADSONSOLIDFREESTANDINGWALLSANDSOLID
SIGNS
Thedesignwindforceforsolidfreestandingwallsandsolidsignsshallbedeterminedbythefollowingformula:
F = q
h
0C
]
A
s
(kN) (2.4.27)
where
q
h
= thevelocitypressureevaluatedatheighth(definedinFig.2.4.20)usingexposuredefinedinSection2.4.8.3
C
f
= netforcecoefficientfromFig.2.4.20
A
S
= thegrossareaofthesolidfreestandingwallorsolidsign,inm
2
2.4.16 DESIGNWINDLOADSONOTHERSTRUCTURES
Thedesignwindforceforotherstructuresshallbedeterminedbythefollowing
equation:
F = q
z
0C
]
A
]
(kN) (2.4.28)
where
qz= velocitypressureevaluatedatheightzofthecentroidofareaAfusingexposuredefinedinSection2.4.8.3
Cf= forcecoefficientsfromFigs.2.4.21through2.4.23.
A
f
= projectedareanormaltothewindexceptwhereC
f
isspecifiedfortheactualsurfacearea,m
2
2.4.17 ROOFTOPSTRUCTURESANDEQUIPMENTFORBUILDINGSWITHH
18.3M
Theforceon rooftopstructures and equipmentwithA
f
lessthan(0.1Bh)locatedon buildingswith h18.3m
shallbedeterminedfromEq.2.4.28,increased byafactorof1.9.Thefactorshallbepermittedto be reduced
linearlyfrom1.9to1.0asthevalueofA
f
isincreasedfrom(0.1Bh)to(Bh).
2.4.18 METHOD3WINDTUNNELPROCEDURE
2.4.18.1 SCOPE
Wind tunnel tests shall be used where required by Section 2.4.5.1. Wind tunnel testing shall be permitted in
lieuofMethods1and2foranybuildingorstructure.
Part6
28

2.4.18.2 TESTCONDITIONS
Wind tunnel tests, or similar tests employing fluids other than air, used for the determination of design wind
loads for any building or other structure, shall be conducted in accordance with this section. Tests for the
determinationofmeanandfluctuatingforcesandpressuresshallmeetallofthefollowingconditions:
i. Thenaturalatmosphericboundarylayerhasbeenmodeledtoaccountforthevariationof
windspeedwithheight.
ii. Therelevantmacro(integral)lengthandmicrolengthscalesofthelongitudinalcomponent
ofatmosphericturbulencearemodeledtoapproximatelythesamescaleasthatusedtomodel
thebuildingorstructure.
iii. Themodeledbuildingorotherstructureandsurroundingstructuresandtopographyare
geometricallysimilartotheirfullscalecounterparts,exceptthat,forlowrisebuildings
meetingtherequirementsofSection2.4.5.1,testsshallbepermittedforthemodeledbuilding
inasingleexposuresiteasdefinedinSection2.4.8
iv. Theprojectedareaofthemodeledbuildingorotherstructureandsurroundingsislessthan8
percentofthetestsectioncrosssectionalareaunlesscorrectionismadeforblockage.
v. Thelongitudinalpressuregradientinthewindtunneltestsectionisaccountedfor.
vi. Reynoldsnumbereffectsonpressuresandforcesareminimized.
vii. Responsecharacteristicsofthewindtunnelinstrumentationareconsistentwiththerequired
measurements.
2.4.19 DYNAMICRESPONSE
Tests for the purpose of determining the dynamic response of a building or other structure shall be in
accordance with Section 2.4.18.2. The structural model and associated analysis shall account for mass
distribution,stiffness,anddamping.
Fig. 2

2.4.1 Basic wwind speed m map of Bang

29
gladesh
Chapterr2

Part6
30
MainWindForceResistingSystem Method1 h 18.3 m
Figure2.4.2 DesignWindPressures Walls&Roofs
EnclosedBuildings
Notes:
1. Piessuies shown aie applieu to the hoiizontal anu veitical piojections, foi exposuie B, at h=9.1m,I=1.u, anu Kzt =
1.u. Aujust to othei conuitions using Equation 2.4.1.
2. The loau patteins shown shall be applieu to each coinei of the builuing in tuin as the iefeience coinei. (See Figuie
2.4.1u)
S. Foi the uesign of the longituuinal NWFRS use = u, anu locate the zone EF, uB bounuaiy at the miulength of the
builuing.
4. Loau cases 1 anu 2 must be checkeu foi 2S < 4S. Loau case 2 at 2S is pioviueu only foi inteipolation between
2S to Su.
S. Plus anu minus signs signify piessuies acting towaiu anu away fiom the piojecteu suifaces, iespectively.
6. Foi ioof slopes othei than those shown, lineai inteipolation is peimitteu.
7. The total hoiizontal loau shall not be less than that ueteimineu by assuming ps = u in zones B & B.
8. The zone piessuies iepiesent the following:
Boiizontal piessuie zones Sum of the winuwaiu anu leewaiu net (sum of inteinal anu exteinal) piessuies on
veitical piojection of:
A Enu zone of wall C Inteiioi zone of wall
B Enu zone of ioof D Inteiioi zone of ioof
veitical piessuie zones Net (sum of inteinal anu exteinal) piessuies on hoiizontal piojection of:
E Enu zone of winuwaiu ioof G Inteiioi zone of winuwaiu ioof
F Enu zone of leewaiu ioof H Inteiioi zone of leewaiu ioof
9. Wheie zone E oi u falls on a ioof oveihang on the winuwaiu siue of the builuing, use E0B anu u0B foi the piessuie
on the hoiizontal piojection of the oveihang. 0veihangs on the leewaiu anu siue euges shall have the basic zone
piessuie applieu.
1u. Notation:
a: 1u peicent of least hoiizontal uimension oi u.4h, whichevei is smallei, but not less than eithei 4% of least
hoiizontal uimension oi u.9 m.
h: Nean ioof height, in feet (meteis), except that eave height shall be useu foi ioof angles <1u.
: Angle of plane of ioof fiom hoiizontal, in uegiees.
Chapter2
31

MainWindForceResistingSystem Method1 h 18.3m

Figure2.4.2(contd) DesignWindpressures
Walls&Roofs
EnclosedBuildings
AdjustmentFactor
forBuildingHeightandExposure,
Mean roof height
(ft)
Exposure
B C D
1S 1.uu 1.21 1.47
2u 1.uu 1.29 1.SS
2S 1.uu 1.SS 1.61
Su 1.uu 1.4u 1.66
SS 1.uS 1.4S 1.7u
4u 1.u9 1.49 1.74
4S 1.12 1.SS 1.78
Su 1.16 1.S6 1.81
SS 1.19 1.S9 1.84
6u 1.22 1.62 1.87
Part6
32
ComponentsandCladdingMethod1 h 18.3m
Figure2.4.3 DesignWindPressures Walls&Roofs
EnclosedBuildings
Notes:
1. Piessuies shown aie applieu noimal to the suiface, foi exposuie B, at h = 9.1m, I = 1.u, anu Kzt = 1.u. Aujust to
othei conuitions using Equation 2.4.2.
2. Plus anu minus signs signify piessuies acting towaiu anu away fiom the suifaces, iespectively.
S. Foi hip ioofs with 2S, Zone S shall be tieateu as Zone 2.
4. Foi effective winu aieas between those given, value may be inteipolateu, otheiwise use the value associateu
with the lowei effective winu aiea.
S. Notation:
a: 1u peicent of least hoiizontal uimension oi u.4h, whichevei is smallei, but not less than eithei 4% of least
hoiizontal uimension oi u.9 m.
h: Nean ioof height, in feet (meteis), except that eave height shall be useu foi ioof angles <1u.
Chapter2
33

ComponentsandCladdingMethod1 h18.3m
Figure2.4.3(cont'd) NetDesignWindPressures Walls&Roofs
EnclosedBuildings

RoofOverhangNetDesignWindPressure,P
net30
(p
st
)(kN/m
2
)
(ExposureBath=10mwithl=1.0)
Zone Effective
Winu
Aiea
(m
2
)
Basic Winu Speeu v (ms)
4u.2S 44.7 49.17 SS.64 S8.11 62.S8 67.uS 7S.99
R
o
o
f
t
o
d
2 u.9Su 1.uuS 1.2S9 1.Su2 1.78S 2.096 2.431 2.790 3.584
2 1.86u u.986 1.22u 1.47S 1.7S6 2.058 2.388 2.742 3.522
2 4.648 u.962 1.191 1.44u 1.71S 2.010 2.330 2.675 3.436
2 9.296 u.947 1.168 1.412 1.68u 1.971 2.287 2.627 3.373
3 u.9Su 1.6S6 2.u4S 2.47u 2.94S 3.450 4.005 4.594 5.905
3 1.86u 1.297 1.6uS 1.9S8 2.S11 2.708 3.144 3.609 4.632
3 4.648 u.828 1.u24 1.24u 1.474 1.727 2.005 2.302 2.957
3 9.296 u.479 u.S84 u.7u8 u.842 0.986 1.144 1.311 1.684
R
o
o
f
>
t
o
2
7
d
2 u.9Su 1.Su2 1.6uS 1.94S 2.S11 2.713 3.144 3.613 4.637
2 1.86u 1.Su2 1.6uS 1.94S 2.S11 2.713 3.144 3.613 4.637
2 4.648 1.Su2 1.6uS 1.94S 2.S11 2.713 3.144 3.613 4.637
2 9.296 1.Su2 1.6uS 1.94S 2.S11 2.713 3.144 3.613 4.637
3 u.9Su 2.187 2.699 S.268 S.88S 4.560 5.292 6.072 7.800
3 1.86u 1.971 2.4S6 2.948 S.Su7 4.115 4.775 5.479 7.039
3 4.648 1.689 2.u86 2.S26 S.uuS 3.526 4.091 4.694 6.034
3 9.296 1.479 1.82S 2.2u6 2.627 3.082 3.574 4.106 5.268
R
o
o
f
>
2
7
t
o
4
5
d
2 u.9Su 1.182 1.46u 1.766 2.1u1 2.464 2.861 3.282 4.216
2 1.86u 1.148 1.416 1.71S 2.uS8 2.393 2.775 3.182 4.091
2 4.648 1.1u1 1.SS9 1.641 1.9S2 2.292 2.660 3.052 3.924
2 9.296 1.u62 1.S11 1.S87 1.89u 2.220 2.574 2.952 3.795
3 u.9Su 1.182 1.46u 1.766 2.1u1 2.464 2.861 3.283 4.216
3 1.86u 1.148 1.416 1.71S 2.uS8 2.393 2.775 3.182 4.091
3 4.648 1.1u1 1.SS9 1.641 1.9S2 2.292 2.660 3.053 3.923
3 9.296 1.u62 1.S11 1.S89 1.89u 2.220 2.574 2.952 3.795
AdjustmentFactor
forBuildingHeightandExposure,
Mean roof
height(ft)
Exposure
B C D
1S 1.uu 1.21 1.47
2u 1.uu 1.29 1.SS
2S 1.uu 1.SS 1.61
Su 1.uu 1.4u 1.66
SS 1.uS 1.4S 1.7u
4u 1.u9 1.49 1.74
4S 1.12 1.SS 1.78
Su 1.16 1.S6 1.81
SS 1.19 1.S9 1.84
6u 1.22 1.62 1.87
UnitConversion1.0ft=0.3048m;1.0sf=0.0929m
2
;1.0sf=0.0479KN/m

Part6
34

TopographicFactor,K
zt
Method2
Figure2.4.4

Topographic Multipliers for Exposure C
H/Lh K1 Multiplier x/Lh K2 Multiplier z/Lh K3 Multiplier
2-D
Ridge
2-D
Escarp.
3-D
Axisym.
Hill
2-D
Escarp.
All
Other
Cases
2-D
Ridge
2-D
Escarp.
3-D
Axisym.
Hill
u.2u u.29 u.17 u.21 u.uu 1.uu 1.uu u.uu 1.uu 1.uu 1.uu
u.2S u.S6 u.21 u.26 u.Su u.88 u.67 u.1u u.74 u.78 u.67
u.Su u.4S u.26 u.S2 1.uu u.7S u.SS u.2u u.SS u.61 u.4S
u.SS u.S1 u.Su u.S7 1.Su u.6S u.uu u.Su u.41 u.47 u.Su
u.4u u.S8 u.S4 u.42 2.uu u.Su u.uu u.4u u.Su u.S7 u.2u
u.4S u.6S u.S8 u.47 2.Su u.S8 u.uu u.Su u.22 u.29 u.14
u.Su u.72 u.4S u.SS S.uu u.2S u.uu u.6u u.17 u.22 u.u9
S.Su u.1S u.uu u.7u u.12 u.17 u.u6
4.uu u.uu u.uu u.8u u.u9 u.14 u.u4
u.9u u.u7 u.11 u.uS
1.uu u.uS u.u8 u.u2
1.Su u.u1 u.u2 u.uu
2.uu u.uu u.uu u.uu
Notes:
1. Foi values of H/Lh, x/Lhanu z/Lhothei than those shown, lineai inteipolation is peimitteu.
2. Foi H/Lh> u.S, assume H/Lh= u.S foi evaluating K1 anu substitute 2H foi Lh foi evaluating K2anu
KS.
S. Nultiplieis aie baseu on the assumption that winu appioaches the hill oi escaipment along the
uiiection of maximum slope.
4. Notation:
H: Beight of hill oi escaipment ielative to the upwinu teiiain, in meteis.
Lh: Bistance upwinu of ciest to wheie the uiffeience in giounu elevation is half the height of
hill oi escaipment, in meteis.
K1: Factoi to account foi shape of topogiaphic featuie anu maximum speeuup effect.
K2: Factoi to account foi ieuuction in speeuup with uistance upwinu oi uownwinu of ciest.
K3: Factoi to account foi ieuuction in speeuup with height above local teiiain.
x: Bistance (upwinu oi uownwinu) fiom the ciest to the builuing site, in meteis.
z: Beight above local giounu level, in meteis.
W: Boiizontal attenuation factoi.
: Beight attenuation factoi.
Chapter2
35

TopographicFactor,K
zt
Method2
Figure2.4.4(contd)
Equation:

K
zt
= (1 + K
1
K
2
K
3
)
2

K
1
determined from table below

K
2
= _1 -
|x|
pI
h
_

K
3
= c
-yzL
h

Paiameteis foi Speeu0p 0vei Bills anu Escaipments
Bill Shape K1/(H/Lh)
Exposuie 0pwinu of
ciest
Bownwinu of
Ciest B C B
2uimensional iiuges
(oi valleys with negative H in
K1/(H/Lh)
1.Su 1.4S 1.SS S 1.S 1.S
2uimensional escaipments u.7S u.8S u.9S 2.S 1.S 4
Suimensional axisym. hill u.9S 1.uS 1.1S 4 1.S 1.S

MainWindForceRes.Sys./CompandClad. Method2 AllHeight

Figure2.4.5 Internal PressureCoefficient,GC
pi
Walls&Roofs
Enclosed,PartiallyEnclosed,andOpenBuildings
Notes:
1. Plus anu minus signs signify piessuies acting towaiu anu away fiom the inteinal suifaces,
iespectively.
2. values of GCpi shall be useu with qz oi qhas specifieu in 2.4.1S.
S. Two cases shall be consiueieu to ueteimine the ciitical loau iequiiements foi the appiopiiate
conuition:
(i) a positive value of GCpiapplieu to all inteinal suifaces
(ii) a negative value of GCpiapplieu to all inteinal suifaces.
EnclosureClassification GC
pi
0pen Builuing u.uu
Paitially Encloseu Builuing +u.SS
u.SS
Encloseu Builuing +u.18
u.18
Part6
36
MainWindForceResistingSystem Method2 AllHeights

Figure2.4.6 ExternalPressureCoefficients,C
p
Walls&Roofs
Enclosed,PartiallyEnclosedBuildings
Chapter2
37


Figure2.4.6(cont) ExternalPressureCoefficients,C
p
Walls&Roofs

WallPressureCoefficients,C
p
Surface L/B C
p
UseWith
WindwardWall Allvalues 0.8 q
z
LeewardWall 01 0.5 q
h
2 0.3
>4 0.2
SideWall Allvalues 0.7 q
h

RoofPressureCoefficients,Cp,forusewithqh
Wind
Direction
Windwared Leeward
Angle,(degrees) Angle,(degrees)
h/L 10 15 20 25 30 35 45 >60# 10 15 >20
Normal
Toridge
for>10
0

<u.2S
u.7
u.18
u.S
u.u*
u.S
u.2
u.2
u.S
u.2
u.S
u.u*
u.4

u.4

u.u1
u.S
u.S
u.6

u.S
u.9
u.18
u.7
u.18
u.4
u.u*
u.S
u.2
u.2
u.2
u.2
u.S
u.u*
u.4 u.u1
u.S
u.S
u.6

>1.u
1.S**
u.18
1.u
u.18
u.7
u.18
u.S
u.u*
u.S
u.2
u.2
u.2
u.u*
u.S

u.u1
u.7
u.6
u.6
Normal
Toridge
for
>10
and
Parallel
Toridge
forall

< u.S
Boiizontal
uistance fiom
Winuwaiu euge
Cp *value is pioviueu foi inteipolation puiposes

** value can be ieuuceu lineaily with aiea
ovei which it is applicable as follows u to h/2 u.9, u.18
h/2 to h u.9, u.18
H to 2h u.S, u.18
> 2h u.S, u.18

> 1.u
u to h/2 1.S**, u.18 Aiea (m
2
) Reuuction Factoi
< 9.S sq m 1.u
> h/2 u.7, u.18 2S,2 sq m u.9
> 92.9 sq m u.8
Notes:
2. Lineai inteipolation is peimitteu foi values of L/B,h/L anu othei than shown. Inteipolation shall only be
caiiieu out between values of the same sign. Wheie no value of the same sign is given, assume u.u foi
inteipolation puiposes.
S. Wheie two values of Cp aie listeu, this inuicates that the winuwaiu ioof slope is subjecteu to eithei
positive oi negative piessuies anu the ioof stiuctuie shall be uesigneu foi both conuitions. Inteipolation foi
inteimeuiate iatios of h/L in this case shall only be caiiieu out between Cp values of like sign.
4. Foi monoslope ioofs, entiie ioof suiface is eithei a winuwaiu oi leewaiu suiface.
S. Foi flexible builuings use appiopiiate Gf as ueteimineu by Section 2.4.1u.
6. Refei to Figuie 2.4.7 foi uomes anu Figuie 2.4.8 foi aicheu ioofs.
7. Notation:
B: Boiizontal uimension of builuing, in metei, measuieu noimal to winu uiiection.
L: Boiizontal uimension of builuing, in metei, measuieu paiallel to winu uiiection.
h: Nean ioof height in meteis, except that eave height shall be useu foi e 1u uegiees.
z: Beight above giounu, in meteis.
G: uust effect factoi.
qz,qh: velocity piessuie, in Nm
2
, evaluateu at iespective height.
8. Foi mansaiu ioofs, the top hoiizontal suiface anu leewaiu inclineu suiface shall be tieateu as leewaiu
suifaces fiom the table.
9. Except foi NWFRS's at the ioof consisting of moment iesisting fiames, the total hoiizontal sheai shall not
be less than that ueteimineu by neglecting winu foices on ioof suifaces.
#Foi ioof slopes gieatei than 8u, use Cp = u.8
Part6
38

p
Domed Roofs
Enclosed,PartiallyEnclosedBuildings andStructures
Note:
1. Two loau cases shall be consiueieu:
Case A. Cp values between A anu B anu between B anu C shall be ueteimineu by lineai
inteipolation along aics on the uome paiallel to the winu uiiection;
Case B. Cp shall be the constant value of A foi 2S uegiees, anu shall be ueteimineu by lineai
inteipolation fiom 2S uegiees to B anu fiom B to C.
2. values uenote Cp to be useu with q(hD+f)wheie hD+fis the height at the top of the uome.
S. Plus anu minus signs signify piessuies acting towaiu anu away fiom the suifaces, iespectively.
4. Cp is constant on the uome suiface foi aics of ciicles peipenuiculai to the winu uiiection; foi
example, the aic passing thiough BBB anu all aics paiallel to BBB.
S. Foi values of hD/Dbetween those listeu on the giaph cuives, lineai inteipolation shall be
peimitteu.
6. =u uegiees on uome spiingline, =9u uegiees at uome centei top point. f is measuieu fiom
spiingline to top.
7. The total hoiizontal sheai shall not be less than that ueteimineu by neglecting winu foices ioof
suifaces.
8. Foi f/D values less than u.uS. use Figuie 2.4.6.
Chapter2
39

MainWindForceRes.Sys./CompandClad. Method2 AllHeight

p
ArchedRoofs
Enclosed,PartiallyEnclosedBuildingsandStructures

Condition Risetospan
ratio,r
C
p
Windward
quarter
Center
half
Leeward
quarter

Roof on elevateu stiuctuie
u < r< u.2

u.9 u.7 r u.S
u.2 r< u.S*

l.S r u.S u.7 r u.S
0.3r0.6
2.75r u.7 u.7 r u.S

Roof spiinging fiom giounu
level
0<r0.6 1.4 r u.7 r u.S

*When the iisetospan iatio is u.2 r u.S, alteinate coefficients given by 6i 2.1 shall also be useu foi
the winuwaiu quaitei.
Notes:
1. values listeu aie foi the ueteimination of aveiage loau on main winu foice iesisting systems.
S. Foi winu uiiecteu paiallel to the axis of the aich, use piessuie coefficients fiom Fig. 2.4.6 with
winu uiiecteu paiallel to iiuge.
4. Foi components anu clauuing: (1) At ioof peiimetei, use the exteinal piessuie coefficients in Fig.
2.4.11 with e baseu on spiingline slope anu (2) foi iemaining ioof aieas, use exteinal piessuie
coefficients of this table multiplieu by u.87.
Part6
40

Figure2.4.9 DesignWindLoadCases
Case 1. Full uesign winu piessuie acting on the piojecteu aiea peipenuiculai to each piincipal axis
of the stiuctuie, consiueieu sepaiately along each piincipal axis.
Case 2. Thiee quaiteis of the uesign winu piessuie acting on the piojecteu aiea peipenuiculai to
each piincipal axis of the stiuctuie in conjunction with a toisional moment as shown,
consiueieu sepaiately foi each piincipal axis.
Case S. Winu loauing as uefineu in Case 1, but consiueieu to act simultaneously at 7S% of the
specifieu value.
Case 4. Winu loauing as uefineu in Case 2, but consiueieu to act simultaneously at 7S% of the
specifieu value.
Notes:
1. Besign winu piessuies foi winuwaiu anu leewaiu faces shall be ueteimineu in accoiuance
with the piovisions of 2.4.1S as applicable foi builuing of all heights.
2. Biagiams show plan views of builuing.
S. Notation:
Pwx,PwY: Winuwaiu face uesign piessuie acting in the x,y piincipal axis, iespectively.
PLX,PLY: Leewaiu face uesign piessuie acting in the x,y piincipal axis, iespectively.
e(eX+ey): Eccentiicity foi the x,y piincipal axis of the stiuctuie, iespectively.
MT: Toisional moment pei unit height acting about a veitical axis of the builuing.
Chapter2
41


Figure2.4.10 ExternalPressureCoefficients,GC
pf
LowriseWalls&
Roofs
Part6
42

Figure2.4.10(contd) ExternalPressureCoefficients,GC
pf
LowriseWalls&
Roofs
Chapter2
43

Roof
Angle
(uegiees)
BuildingSurface
1 2 3 4 5 6 1E 2E 3E 4E
uS u.4u u.69 u.S7 u.29 u.4S u.4S u.61 1.u7 u.SS u.4S
2u u.SS u.69 u.48 u.4S u.4S u.4S u.8u 1.u7 u.69 u.64
Su4S u.S6 u.21 u.4S u.S7 u.4S u.4S u.69 u.27 u.SS u.48
9u u.S6 u.S6 u.S7 u.S7 u.4S u.4S u.69 u.69 u.48 u.48
Notes:
2. Foi values of othei than those shown, lineai inteipolation is peimitteu.
S. The builuing must be uesigneu foi all winu uiiections using the 8 loauing patteins shown. The loau
patteins aie applieu to each builuing coinei in tuin as the Refeience Coinei.
4. Combinations of exteinal anu inteinal piessuies (see Figuie 2.4.S) shall be evaluateu as iequiieu to
obtain the most seveie loauings.
S. Foi the toisional loau cases shown below, the piessuies in zones uesignateu with a T (1T, 2T, ST,
4T) shall be 2S% of the full uesign winu piessuies (zones 1, 2, S, 4).
Exception: 0ne stoiy builuings with h less than oi equal to 9.1m, builuings two stoiies oi less fiameu
with light fiame constiuction, anu builuings two stoiies oi less uesigneu with flexible uiaphiagms neeu
not be uesigneu foi the toisional loau cases.
Toisional loauing shall apply to all eight basic loau patteins using the figuies below applieu at each
iefeience coinei.
6. Except foi momentiesisting fiames, the total hoiizontal sheai shall not be less than that ueteimineu
by neglecting winu foices on ioof suifaces.
7. Foi the uesign of the NWFRS pioviuing lateial iesistance in a uiiection paiallel to a iiuge line oi foi
flat ioofs, use = u anu locate the zone 2S bounuaiy at the miulength of the builuing.
8. The ioof piessuie coefficient GCpf, when negative in Zone 2 oi 2E, shall be applieu in Zone 2/2Efoi a
uistance fiom the euge of ioof equal to u.S times the hoiizontal uimension of the builuing paiallel to the
uiiection of the NWFRS being uesigneu oi 2.S times the eave height, he, at the winuwaiu wall,
whichevei is less; the iemainuei of Zone 2/2E extenuing to the iiuge line shall use the piessuie
coefficient GCpf foi Zone 3/3E.
9. Notation:
a: 1u peicent of least hoiizontal uimension oi 0.4h, whichevei is smallei, but not less than eithei 4% of
least hoiizontal uimension oi u.9 m.
h: Nean ioof height, in meteis, except that eave height shall be useu foi 1u.
ComponentsandCladdingMethod2 h18.3m
Part6
44
Figure2.4.11.A ExternalPressureCoefficients,GC
p
Walls
Notes:
1. veitical scale uenotes GCP to be useu with qh
2. Boiizontal scale uenotes effective winu aiea, in squaie meteis.
S. Plus anu minus signs signify piessuies acting towaiu anu away fiom the suifaces,
iespectively.
4. Each component shall be uesigneu foi maximum positive anu negative piessuies.
S. values of GCP foi walls shall be ieuuceu by 1u% when 1u
u
.
6. Notation:
a: 1u peicent of least hoiizontal uimension oi 0.4h, whichevei is smallei, but not less than
eithei 4% of least hoiizontal uimension oi u.9m.
h: Nean ioof height, in meteis, except that eave height shall be useu foi 1u
u
.
Chapter2
45

Figure2.4.11.B ExternalPressureCoefficients,GC
p
GableRoofs7
0
Notes:
iespectively.
S. If a paiapet equal to oi highei than u.9m is pioviueu aiounu the peiimetei of the ioof with
7
u
, the negative values of GC0 in Zone S shall be equal to those foi Zone 2 anu positive
values of GCPin Zones 2 anu 4 shall be set equal to those foi wall Zones 4 anu S iespectively
in figuie 2.4.11A.
6. values of GCP foi ioof oveihangs incluue piessuie contiibutions fiom both uppei anu lowei
suifaces.
7. Notation:
h: Eave height shall be useu foi 1u
u
.
Part6
46
Figure2.4.11.C ExternalPressureCoefficients,GC
p
Gable/HipRoofs7
0
<27
0
Notes:
2. Boiizontal scale uenotes effective winu aiea, in squaie feet (squaie meteis).
iespectively.
S. values of GCP foi ioof oveihangs incluue piessuie contiibutions fiom both uppei anu
lowei suifaces.
6. Foi hip ioofs with 7
u
< 27
u
, eugeiiuge stiips anu piessuie coefficients foi iiuges of
gableu ioofs shall apply on each hip.
7. Foi hip ioofs with 7
u
< 2S
u
, Zone S shall be tieateu as Zone 2.
8. Notation:
h: Nean ioof height, in meteis, except that eave height shall be useu foi 1u
u
.
Chapter2
47

Figure2.4.11.D ExternalPressureCoefficients,GC
p
GableRoofs27
0
<45
0
Notes:
2. Boiizontal scale uenotes effective winu aiea, in squaie feet (squaie meteis).
iespectively.
S. values of GCP foi ioof oveihangs incluue piessuie contiibutions fiom both uppei anu lowei
suifaces.
6. Notation:
h: Nean ioof height, in meteis.
Part6
48
p
SteppedRoofs

Notes:
0n the lowei level of flat, steppeu ioofs shown in Fig. 2.4.12, the zone uesignations anu piessuie
coefficients shown in Fig. 2.4.11B shall apply, except that at the ioofuppei wall inteisection(s), Zone S
shall be tieateu as Zone 2 anu Zone 2 shall be tieateu as Zone 1. Positive values of GCp equal to those foi
walls in Fig. 2.4.11A shall apply on the ciosshatcheu aieas shown in Fig. 2.4.12.
Notation:
b: 1.Sh1 in Fig. 2.4.12, but not gieatei than Su.S m.
h: Nean ioof height, in meteis.
hi: h1 oi h2 in Fig. 2.4.12; h = h1+h2;h1 S.1 m; hi/h= u.S to u.7.
W: Builuing wiuth in Fig. 2.4.12.
Wi:W1oi W2 oi W3 in Fig. 2.4.12. W=W1+W2oi W1+W2+W3; Wi/W= u.2S to u.7S.
e: Angle of plane of ioof fiom hoiizontal, in uegiees.

Chapter2
49

p
MultispanGableRoofs
Notes:
iespectively.
S. Foi 1u
u
values of GCP fiom Fig. 2.4.11 shall be useu.
6. Notation:
a: 1u peicent of least hoiizontal uimension oi u.4h, whichevei is smallei, but not less than
h: Nean ioof height, in feet (meteis), except that eave height shall be useu foi 1u
u
.
W: Builuing mouule wiuth, in meteis.
Part6
50
Figure2.4.14.A ExternalPressureCoefficients,GC
p
MonoslopeRoofs
3
0
<10
0
Notes:
2. Boiizontal scale uenotes effective winu aiea A, in squaie meteis.
iespectively.
S. Foi Su values of GCP fiom Fig. 2.4.11B shall be useu.
6. Notation:
a: 1u peicent of least hoiizontal uimension oi u.4h, whichevei is smallei, but not less than
h: Eave height shall be useu foi 1u
u
.
W: Builuing wiuth, in meteis.
Chapter2
51

Figure2.4.14.B ExternalPressureCoefficients,GC
p
MonoslopeRoofs
10
0
<30
0
Notes:
2. Boiizontal scale uenotes effective winu aiea A, in squaie feet (squaie meteis).
S. Notation:
a: 1u peicent of least hoiizontal uimension oi u.4h, whichevei is smallei, but not less than eithei
4% of least hoiizontal uimension oi u.9m.
h: Nean ioof height in meteis.
W: Builuing wiuth, in meteis.
Part6
52
p
SawtoothRoofs
Notes:
1. VerticalscaledenotesGC
P
tobeusedwithq
h
2. HorizontalscaledenoteseffectivewindareaA,insquarefeet(squaremeters).
3. Plusandminussignssignifypressuresactingtowardandawayfromthesurfaces,respectively.
4. Eachcomponentshallbedesignedformaximumpositiveandnegativepressures.
5. For10
0
ValuesofGC
P
fromFig.2.4.11shallbeused.
6. Notation:
a: 10 percent of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than
either4%ofleasthorizontaldimensionor0.9m.
h:Meanroofheightinmetersexceptthateaveheightshallbeusedfor0
0
10
0
.
W:Buildingwidth,inmeters.
:Angleofplaneofrooffromhorizontal,indegrees.
Chapter2
53

ComponentsandCladdingMethod2 AllHeights
p
DomedRoofs
ExternalPressureCoefficientsforDomeswithacircularBase

, uegiees
NegativePressures PositivePressures PositivePressures
u 9u u 6u 61 9u
uCp u.9 +u.9 +u.S
Notes:
1. values uenote Cp to be useu with q(hD+f)wheie hD+fis the height at the top of the uome.
2. Plus anu minus signs signify piessuies acting towaiu anu away fiom the suifaces,
iespectively.
S. Each component shall be uesigneu foi maximum positive anu negative piessuies.
4. values apply to u hDD u.S, u.2 f/Du.S.
S. =u uegiees on uome spiingline, =9u uegiees at uome centei top point. f is measuieu fiom
spiingline to top.

Part6
54
ComponentsandCladdingMethod2
h >18.3m
p
Walls&Roofs

Notes:
1. veitical scale uenotes GCpto be useu with appiopiiate qzoi qh.
2. Boiizontal scale uenotes effective winu aiea A,in squaie feet (squaie meteis).
4. 0se qzwith positive values of GCpanu qhwith negative values of GCp
S. Each component shall be uesigneu foi maximum positive anu negative piessuies .
6. Coefficients aie foi ioofs with angle 1u. Foi othei ioof angles anu geometiy, use GCpvalues fiom
Fig. 2.4.11 anu attenuant qhbaseu on exposuie uefineu in 2.4.8.
7. If a paiapet equal to oi highei than u.9m is pioviueu aiounu the peiimetei of the ioof with 1u,
Zone S shall be tieateu as Zone 2.
8. Notation:
a:1u peicent of least hoiizontal uimension, but not less than u.9 m.
h:Nean ioof height, in meteis, except that eave height shall be useu foi 1u
o
.
z:height above giounu, in (meteis.

Chapter2
55

MainWindForceResistingSystem 0.25< h/L<1.0
Figure2.4.18A NetPressureCoefficient,C
N
MonoslopeFreeRoofs
q<45,=0,180
OpenBuildings
Roof
Angle

Loau
Case
WindDirection,=0 WindDirection,=180
ClearWindFlow ObstructedWindFlow ClearWindFlow ObstructedWindFlow
C
NW
C
NL
C
NW
C
NL
C
NW
C
NL
C
NW
C
NL
u A 1.2 u.S u.S 1.2 1.2 u.S u.S 1.2

B 1.1 u.1 1.1 u.6 1.1 u.1 1.1 u.6
7.S A u.6 1 1 1.S u.9 1.S u.2 1.2
B 1.4 u 1.7 u.8 1.6 u.S u.8 u.S
1S A u.S 1.S 1.1 1.S 1.S 1.6 u.4 1.1
B 1.9 u 2.1 u.6 1.8 u.6 1.2 u.S
22.S A 1.S 1.6 1.S 1.7 1.7 1.8 u.S 1
B 2.4 u.S 2.S u.9 2.2 u.7 1.S u
Su A 1.8 1.8 1.S 1.8 2.1 2.1 u.6 1
B 2.S u.6 2.S 1.1 2.6 1 1.6 u.1
S7.S A 1.8 1.8 1.S 1.8 2.1 2.2 u.7 u.9
B 2.4 u.6 2.2 1.1 2.7 1.1 1.9 u.S
4S A 1.6 1.8 1.S 1.8 2.2 2.S u.8 u.9
B 2.S u.7 1.9 1.2 2.6 1.4 2.1 u.4
Notes:
CNW anu CNLuenote net piessuies (contiibutions fiom top anu bottom suifaces) foi winuwaiu anu
leewaiu half of ioof suifaces, iespectively.
Cleai winu flow uenotes ielatively unobstiucteu winu flow with blockage less than oi equal to Su%.
0bstiucteu winu flow uenotes objects below ioof inhibiting winu flow (>Su% blockage).
Foi values of e between 7.S anu 4S, lineai inteipolation is peimitteu. Foi values of e less than 7.S,
use Nonoslope ioof loau coefficients.
Plus anu minus signs signify piessuies acting towaius anu away fiom the top ioof suiface,
iespectively.
All loau cases shown foi each ioof angle shall be investigateu.
Notation:
L : hoiizontal uimension of ioof, measuieu in the along winu uiiection, m
h : mean ioof height, m
: uiiection of winu, uegiees
: angle of plane of ioof fiom hoiizontal, uegiees

Part6
56
MainWindForceResistingSystem 0.25h/L1.0
Figure2.4.18B NetPressureCoefficients,C
N PitchedFreeRoofs
45
o
,=0
o
,180
o
OpenBuildings

Roof
Angle,
Loau
Case
Winu Biiection, y=u
o
, 18u
o

Cleai Winu Flow 0bstiucteu Winu Flow
CNW CNL CNW CNL
7.S
o
A 1.1 u.S 1.6 1
B u.2 1.2 u.9 1.7
1S
o
A 1.1 u.4 1.2 1
B u.1 1.1 u.6 1.6
22.S
o
A 1.1 u.1 1.2 1.2
B u.1 u.8 u.8 1.7
Su
o
A 1.S u.S u.7 u.7
B u.1 u.9 u.2 1.1
S7.S
o
A 1.S u.6 u.6 u.6
B u.2 u.6 u.S u.9
4S
o
A 1.1 u.9 u.S u.S
B u.S u.S u.S u.7
Notes:
C
NW
andC
NL
denotenetpressures(contributionsfromtopandbottomsurfaces)forwindwardandleewardhalf
ofroofsurfaces,respectively.
Clearwindflowdenotesrelativelyunobstructedwindflowwithblockagelessthanorequalto50%.Obstructed
windflowdenotesobjectsbelowroofinhibitingwindflow(>50%blockage).
For values of between 7.5 and 45, linear interpolation is permitted. For values of less than 7.5, use
monosloperoofloadcoefficients.
Plusandminussignssignifypressuresactingtowardsandawayfromthetoproofsurface,respectively.
Allloadcasesshownforeachroofangleshallbeinvestigated.
Notation:
L :horizontaldimensionofroof,measuredinthealongwinddirection,m
h :meanroofheight,m
:directionofwind,degrees
:angleofplaneofrooffromhorizontal,degrees
Chapter2
57

Figure2.4.18C NetPressureCoefficients,C
N TroughedFreeRoofs
45
o
,=0
o
,180
o
OpenBuildings

Roof
Angle,
Loau
Case
Winu Biiection, =u
o,
18u
o

CNW CNL CNW CNL
7.S
o
A 1.1 u.S 1.6 u.S
B u.2 1.2 u.9 u.8
1S
o
A 1.1 u.4 1.2 u.S
B u.1 1.1 u.6 u.8
22.S
o
A 1.1 u.1 1.2 u.6
B u.1 u.8 u.8 u.8
Su
o
A 1.S u.S 1.4 u.4
B u.1 u.9 u.2 u.S
S7.S
o
A 1.S u.6 1.4 u.S
B u.2 u.6 u.S u.4
4S
o
A 1.1 u.9 1.2 u.S
B u.S u.S u.S u.4
Notes:
CNW anu CNL uenote net piessuies (contiibutions fiom top anu bottom suifaces) foi winuwaiu anu leewaiu
half of ioof suifaces, iespectively.
Foi values of between 7.S anu 4S, lineai inteipolation is peimitteu. Foi values of less than 7.S, use
monoslope ioof loau coefficients.
Plus anu minus signs signify piessuies acting towaius anu away fiom the top ioof suiface, iespectively.
Notation:
: uiiection of winu, uegiees
Part6
58
Figure2.4.18D NetPressureCoefficients,C
N TroughedFreeRoofs
45
o
,=0
o
,180
o
OpenBuildings

Boiizontal
Bistance fiom
Winuwaiu Euge
Roof
Angle
Loau Case Cleai Winu Flow 0bstiucteu Winu
Flow
CN CN
h All Shapes A u.8 1.2
4S
o
B u.8 u.S
> h, 2h All Shapes A u.6 u.9
4S
o
B u.S u.S
> 2h All Shapes A u.S u.6
4S
o
B u.S u.S
Notes:
CN uenotes net piessuies (contiibutions fiom top anu bottom suifaces).
Plus anu minus signs signify piessuies acting towaius anu away fiom the top ioof suiface, iespectively.
Foi monoslope ioofs with theta less than S uegiees, CN values shown apply also foi cases wheie gamma = u
uegiees anu u.uS less than oi equal to h/Lless than oi equal to u.2S. See Figuie 2.4.18A foi othei h/Lvalues.
Notation:
y : uiiection of winu, uegiees

Chapter2
59

ComponentsandCladding 0.25< h/L< 1.0
Figure2.4.19A NetPressureCoefficient,C
N
MonoslopeFreeRoofs
<45 OpenBuildings
Roof
Angle

Effective
Winu Aiea
CN
ZoneS Zone2 Zone 1 ZoneS Zone2 Zone 1
u

< a
2
2.4 S.S 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.1 1 S.6 u.8 1.8 u.S 1.2
>a
2
,<4.ua
2
1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.1 u.8 1.8 u.8 1.8 u.S 1.2
>4.ua
2
1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 u.S 1.2 u.S 1.2 u.S 1.2
7.S < a
2
S.2 4.2 2.4 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.6 S.1 u.S 2.6 u.8 1.7
>a
2
,<4.ua
2
2.4 2.1 2.4 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.2 2.6 1.2 2.6 u.8 1.7
>4.ua
2
1.6 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.4 u.8 1.7 u.8 1.7 u.8 1.7
1S < a
2
S.6 S.8 2.7 2.9 1.8 1.9 2.4 4.2 1.8 S.2 1.2 2.1
>a
2
,<4.ua
2
2.7 2.9 2.7 2.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 S.2 1.8 S.2 1.2 2.1
>4.ua
2
1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.2 2.1 1.2 2.1 1.2 2.S
Su < a
2
S.2 S S.9 S.8 2.6 2.S S.2 4.6 2.4 S.S 1.6 2.S
>a
2
,<4.ua
2
S.9 S.8 S.9 S.8 2.6 2.S 2.4 S.S 2.4 S.S 1.6 2.S
>4.ua
2
2.6 2.S 2.6 2.S 2.6 2.S 1.6 2.S 1.6 2.S 1.6 2.S
4S < a
2
S.2 4.6 S.9 S.S 2.6 2.S 4.2 S.8 S.2 2.9 2.1 1.9
>a
2
,<4.ua
2
S.9 S.S S.9 S.S 2.6 2.S S.2 2.9 S.2 2.9 2.1 1.9
>4.ua
2
2.6 2.S 2.6 2.S 2.6 2.S 2.1 1.9 2.1 1.9 2.1 1.9
Notes:
1. CNuenotes net piessuies (contiibutions fiom top anu bottom suifaces).
2. Cleai winu flow uenotes ielatively unobstiucteu winu flow with blockage less than oi equal to Su%.
winu flow uenotes objects below ioof inhibiting winu flow (>Su% blockage).
S. Foi values of e othei than those shown, lineai inteipolation is peimitteu.
4. Plus anu minus signs signify piessuies acting towaius anu away fiom the top ioof suiface,
iespectively.
S. Components anu clauuing elements shall be uesigneu foi positive anu negative piessuie
coefficients shown.
6. Notation:
a : 1u% of least hoiizontal uimension oi 0.4h, whichevei is smallei but not less than 4% of least
hoiizontal uimension oi u.9 m
L: hoiizontal uimension of builuing, measuieu in along winu uiiection, m
Part6
60
ComponentsandCladding 0.25h/L1.0
Figure2.4.19B NetPressureCoefficients,C
N MonoslopeFreeRoofs
45
o
OpenBuildings

Roof
Angle

Effective
Winu Aiea
CN
Zone S Zone 2 Zone 1 Zone S Zone 2 Zone 1
u
o
a
2
2.4 S.S 1.8 1.7
1.2 1.1 1 S.6 u.8 1.8 u.S 1.2
>a
2
, 4.ua
2
1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.1 u8 1.8 u.8 1.8 u.S 1.2
>4.ua
2
1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 u.S 1.2 u.S 1.2 u.S 1.2
7.S
o
a
2
2.2 S.6 1.7 1.8
1.1 1.2 1 S.1 u.8 26 u.S 1.7
>a
2
, 4.ua
2
1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.1 1.2 u.8 2.6 u.8 26 u.S 1.7
>4.ua
2
1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 u.S 1.7 u.S 1.7 as 1.7
1S
o
a
2
2.2 2.2 1.7 1.7
1.1 1.1 1 S.2 u.8 2.4 u.S 1.6
>a
2
, 4.ua
2
1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.1 u.8 2.4 u.8 2.4 u.S 1.6
>4.ua
2
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 u.S 1.6 u.S 1.6 u.S 1.6
Su
o
a
2
2.6 1.8 2 1.4
1.S u.9 1 2.4 u.8 1.8 u.S 1.2
>a
2
, 4.ua
2
2 1.4 2 1.4 1.3 u.9 u.8 1.8 u.8 1.8 u.S 1.2
>4.ua
2
1.S u.9 1.S u.9 1.S u.9 u.S 1.2 u.S .1.2 u.S 1.2
4S
o
a
2
2.2 1.6 1.7 1.2
1.1 u.8 1 2.4 u.8 1.8 u.S 1.2
>a
2
, 4.ua
2
1.7 1.2 1.7 1.2 1.1 u.8 u.8 1.8 u.8 1.8 u.S 1.2
>4.ua
2
1.1 u.8 1.1 u.8 1.1 u.8 u.S 1.2 u.S 1.2 u.S 1.2
Notes:
1.CNuenotes net piessuies (contiibutions fiom top anu bottom suifaces).
S. Foi values of othei than those shown, lineai inteipolation is peimitteu.
4. Plus anu minus signs signify piessuies acting towaius anu away fiom the top ioof suiface,
iespectively.
S. Components anu clauuing elements shall be uesigneu foi positive anu negative piessuie coefficients
shown.
6. Notation:
a : 1u% of least hoiizontal uimension oi u.411, whichevei is smallei but not less than 4% of least
L : hoiizontal uimension of builuing, measuieu in along winu uiiection, m

Chapter2
61

ComponentsandCladding 0.25h/L1.0
Figure2.4.19C NetPressureCoefficients,C
N TroughedFreeRoofs
45
o
OpenBuildings

Roof
Angle

Effective
Winu Aiea
CN
Zone S Zone 2 Zone 1 Zone S Zone 2 Zone 1
u
o
a
2

2.4 S.S 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.1 1 S.6 u.8 1.8 u.S 1.2
>a
2
, 4.ua
2
1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.1 1.1 u.8 1.8 u.8 1.8 u.S 1.2
>4.ua
2
1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 u.S 1.2 u.S 1.2 u.S 1.2
7.S
o
a
2

2.4 S.S 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.1 1 4.8 u.8 2.4 u.S 1.6
>a
2
, 4.ua
2
1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.1 u.8 2.4 u.8 2.4 u.S 1.6
>4.ua
2
1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 u.S 1.6 u.S 1.6 u.S 1.6
1S
o
a
2

2.2 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.1 1 2.4 u.8 1.8 u.S 1.2
>a
2
, 4.ua
2
1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.1 u.8 1.8 u.8 1.8 u.S 1.2
>4.ua
2
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 u.S 1.2 u.S 12 u.S 1.2
Su
o
a
2

1.8 2.6 1.4 2 u.9 1.S 1 2.8 u.8 2.1 u.S 1.4
>a
2
, 4.ua
2
1.4 2 1.4 2 u.9 1.S u.8 2.1 u.8 2.1 u.S 1.4
>4.ua
2
u.9 1.S 1.9 1.S u.9 1.S u.S 1.4 u.S 1.4 u.S 1.4
4S
o
a
2

1.6 2.2 1.2 1.7 u.8 1.1 1 2.4 u.8 1.8 u.S 1.2
>a
2
, 4.ua
2
1.2 1.7 1.2 1.7 u.8 1.1 u.8 1.8 u.8 1.8 u.S 1.2
>4.ua
2
u.8 1.1 1.8 1.1 u.8 1.1 u.S 1.2 u.S 1.2 u.S 1.2
Notes:
1.CN uenotes net piessuies (contiibutions fiom top anu bottom suifaces).
S. Foi values of othei than those shown, lineai inteipolation is peimitteu.
4. Plus anu minus signs signify piessuies acting towaius anu away fiom the top ioof suiface, iespectively.
S. Components anu clauuing elements shall be uesigneu foi positive anu negative piessuie coefficients
shown.
6. Notation:
a: 1u% of least hoiizontal uimension oi u.411, whichevei is smallei but not less than 4% of least
L : hoiizontal uimension of builuing, measuieu in along winu uiiection, m

Part6
62
OtherStructuresMethod2 AllHeight
Figure2.4.20 ForceCoefficient,Cf SolidFreestandingWalls&SolidSigns
C
f
, CASE A & CASE B
Clearance
Ratio, s/h
Aspect Ratio, B/s
0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 4 5 10 20 30 45
1 1.80 1.70 1.65 1.55 1.45 1.40 1.35 1.35 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
0.9 1.85 1.75 1.70 1.60 1.55 1.50 1.45 1.45 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40
0.7 1.90 1.85 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.60 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.55
0.5 1.95 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.75 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.75
0.3 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.85 1.85 1.85
0.2 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.90 1.95
0.16 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.85 1.80 1.80 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.90 1.90 1.95
Cf, CASE C
Region
(horizontal
distance from
windward edge)
Aspect Ratio, B/s

Region
(horizontal
distance from
windward edge)
Aspect Ratio, B/s

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 45
0 to s 2.25 2.60 2.90 3.10* 3.30* 3.40* 3.55* 3.65* 3.75* 0 to s 4.00* 4.30*
s to 2s 1.50 1.70 1.90 2.00 2.15 2.25 2.30 2.35 2.45 s to 2s 2.60 2.55
2s to 3s 1.15 1.30 1.45 1.55 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.85 2s to 3s 2.00 1.95
3s to 10s 1.10 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.00 0.95 3s to 4s 1.50 1.85

4s to 5s 1.35 1.85
5s to 10s 0.90 1.10
>10s 0.55 0.55
Notes:
1. The teim "signs" in notes below also applies to "fieestanuing walls".
2. Signs with openings compiising less than Su% of the gioss aiea aie classifieu as soliu signs. Foice coefficients foi soliu
signs with openings shall be peimitteu to be multiplieu by the ieuuction factoi (1 (1 )
1.S
).
S. To allow foi both noimal anu oblique winu uiiections, the following cases shall be consiueieu:
Foi s/h < 1:
CASE A: iesultant foice acts noimal to the face of the sign thiough the geometiic centei.
CASE B: iesultant foice acts noimal to the face of the sign at a uistance fiom the geometiic centei towaiu the
winuwaiu euge equal to u.2 times the aveiage wiuth of the sign.
Foi B/s 2, CASE C must also be consiueieu:
CASE C: iesultant foices act noimal to the face of the sign thiough the geometiic centeis of each iegion.
Foi s/h = 1:
The same cases as above except that the veitical locations of the iesultant foices occui at a uistance above the
geometiic centei equal to u.uS times the aveiage height of the sign.
4. Foi CASE C wheie s/h > u.8, foice coefficients shall be multiplieu by the ieuuction factoi (1.8 s/h).
S. Lineai inteipolation is peimitteu foi values of s/h, B/s anu Lr/s othei than shown.
6. Notation:
B: hoiizontal uimension of sign, in meteis;
h: height of the sign, in meteis;
s: veitical uimension of the sign, in meteis;
: iatio of soliu aiea to gioss aiea;
Lr: hoiizontal uimension of ietuin coinei, in meteis

*Values shall be
multiplied by the
following
reduction
factor when a
return
corner is present:

L
r
/s
Reduction
Factor
0.3 0.9
1.0 0.75
2 0.60

Chapter2
63

Figure2.4.21 ForceCoefficient,C
f
Chimneys,Tanks,Rooftop
Equipment,&SimilarStructures
CiossSection Type of Suiface hB

1 7 2S
Squaie (winu noimal to face) All 1.S 1.4 2.u
Squaie (winu along uiagomal) All 1.u 1.1 1.S
Bexagonal oi octagonal All 1.u 1.2 1.4
Rounu
q
z
> S.S, in m, q
z
in N m
2

Noueiately
smooth
u.S u.6 u.7
Rough(D/D=u.
u2)
u.7 u.8 u.9
veiy iough
(D/D=u.u8)
u.8 1.u u.2
Rounu
q
z
S.S, in m, q
z
in N m
2

All u.7 u.8 1.2
Notes:
The uesign winu foice shall be calculateu baseu on the aiea of the stiuctuie piojecteu on a plane noimal
to the winu uiiection. The foice shall be assumeu to act paiallel to the winu uiiection.
Lineai inteipolation is peimitteu foi h/Dvalues othei than shown.
Notation:
D: uiametei of ciiculai ciosssection anu least hoiizontal uimension of squaie, hexagonal oi octagonal
ciosssection at elevation unuei consiueiation, in meteis;
D: uepth of piotiuuing element such as iibs anu spoileis, in meteis;
H: height of stiuctuie, meteis anu
qz: velocity piessuie evaluateu at height z above giounu, in Nm
2

Part6
64
f
OpenSigns&Lattice
Frameworks
FlatSiueu
Nembeis
Rounueu Nembeis
(q
z
S.S, ) (q
z
> S.S, )
<u.1 2.u 1.2 u.8
u.1 to u.29 1.8 1.S u.9
u.S to u.7 1.6 1.S 1.1
Notes:
Signs with openings compiising Su% oi moie of the gioss aiea aie classifieu as open signs.
The calculation of the uesign winu foices shall be baseu on the aiea of all exposeu membeis anu elements
piojecteu on a plane noimal to the winu uiiection. Foices shall be assumeu to act paiallel to the winu.
The aiea Af consistent with these foice coefficients is the soliu aiea piojecteu noimal the winu uiiection.
Notation:
: iatio of soliu aiea to gioss aiea;
D: uiametei of a typical iounu numbei, in meteis
qz: velocity piessuie evaluateu at height z above giounu in Nm
2
.
f
TrussedTower
OpenStructures
Towei Cioss Section Cf

Squaie 4.u
2
S.9 + 4.u
Tiiangle S.4
2
4.7 + S.4
Notes:
1. Foi all winu uiiections consiueieu, the aiea Af consistent with the specifieu foice coefficients shall be
the soliu aiea of a towei face piojecteu on the plane of that face foi the towei segment unuei
consiueiation.
2. The specifieu foice coefficients aie foi toweis with stiuctuial angles oi similai flatsiueu membeis.
S. Foi toweis containing iounueu membeis, it is acceptable to multiply the specifieu foice coefficients
by the following factoi when ueteimining winu foices on such membeis: u.S1
2
+ u.S7 1.u
4. Winu foices shall be applieu in the uiiections iesulting in maximum membei foices anu ieactions.
Foi toweis with squaie ciosssections, winu foices shall be multiplieu by the following factoi when
the winu is uiiecteu along a towei uiagonal:
1 + u.7S 1.2
S. Winu foices on towei appuitenances such as lauueis, conuuits, lights, elevatois, etc., shall be
calculateu using appiopiiate foice coefficients foi these elements.
6. Loaus uue to ice accietion as uesciibeu in Section 11 shall be accounteu foi.
7. Notation:
: iatio of soliu aiea to gioss aiea of one towei face foi the segment unuei consiueiation.
Chapter2
65

Table2.4.1:BasicWindSpeedsforSelectedLocationsinBangladesh
Location
BasicWind
Speed(m/s) Location
BasicWind
Speed(m/s)
Angaipota
Bageihat
Banuaiban
Baiguna
Baiisal
Bhola
Bogia
Biahmanbaiia
Chanupui
Chapai Nawabganj
Chittagong
Chuauanga
Comilla
Coxs Bazai
Bahagiam
Bhaka
Binajpui
Faiiupui
Feni
uaibanuha
uazipui
uopalganj
Babiganj
Batiya
Ishuiui
}oypuihat
}amalpui
}essoie
}halakati
}henaiuah
Khagiachhaii
Khulna
Kutubuia
Kishoieganj
Kuiigiam
Kushtia
Lakshmipui
47.8
77.S
62.S
8u.u
78.7
69.S
61.9
S6.7
Su.6
41.4
8u.u
61.9
61.4
8u.u
47.8
6S.7
41.4
6S.1
64.1
6S.6
66.S
74.S
S4.2
8u.u
69.S
S6.7
S6.7
64.1
8u.u
6S.u
S6.7
7S.S
8u.u
64.7
6S.6
66.9
S1.2
Lalmoniihat
Nauaiipui
Naguia
Nanikganj
Neheipui
Naheshkhali
Noulvibazai
Nunshiganj
Nymensingh
Naogaon
Naiail
Naiayanganj
Naisinghui
Natoie
Netiokona
Nilphamaii
Noakhali
Pabna
Panchagaih
Patuakhali
Piiojpui
Rajbaii
Rajshahi
Rangamati
Rangpui
Satkhiia
Shaiiatpui
Sheipui
Siiajganj
Siimangal
St. Naitins Islanu
Sunamganj
Sylhet
Sanuwip
Tangail
Teknaf
Thakuigaon
6S.7
68.1
6S.u
S8.2
S8.2
8u.u
SS.u
S7.1
67.4
SS.2
68.6
61.1
S9.7
61.9
6S.6
44.7
S7.1
6S.1
41.4
8u.u
8u.u
S9.1
49.2
S6.7
6S.S
S7.6
61.9
62.S
Su.6
Su.6
8u.u
61.1
61.1
8u.u
Su.6
8u.u
41.4

Part6
66
ImportanceFactor,I(WindLoads)
Table2.4.2
Categoiy

NonBuiiicane Pione
Regions anu Buiiicane
Pione Regions with v = S8
44 ms
Buiiicane Pione Regions
with v > 44 ms
u.87 u.77
1.uu 1.uu
1.1S 1.1S
v 1.1S 1.1S

Note:
1. The building and structure classification categories are listed in Section 2
TerrainExposureConstants
Table2.4.3

Exposuie Zg (m) a h
c (m) Zmin(m)*
A 7.u S6S.76 17 u.84 14.u u.4S u.Su 97.S4 1S.u 9.14
B 9.S 274.S2 19.S 1.uu 16.S u.6S u.2u 1S2.4 1S.u 4.S7
C 11.S 21S.S6 111.S 1.u7 19.u u.8u u.1S 198.12 18.u 2.1S

*zmin = minimum height used to ensure that the equivalent height z is
greater of 0.6h or zmin.

For buildings with h zmin, z shall be taken as zmin.

Chapter2
67

VelocityPressureExposureCoefficients,KhandKz
Table2.4.4

Heightabovegroundlevel,z Exposure(Note1)
A B C
(m) Case 1 Case 2 Case 1 & 2 Case 1 & 2
u4.6 u.7u u.S7 u.8S 1.uS
6.1 u.7u u.62 u.9u 1.u8
7.6 u.7u u.66 u.94 1.12
9.1 u.7u u.7u u.98 1.16
12.2 u.76 u.76 1.u4 1.22
1S.2 u.81 u.81 1.u9 1.27
18 u.8S u.8S 1.1S 1.S1
21.S u.89 u.89 1.17 1.S4
24.4 u.9S u.9S 1.21 1.S8
27.41 u.96 u.96 1.24 1.4u
Su.S u.99 u.99 1.26 1.4S
S6.6 1.u4 1.u4 1.S1 1.48
42.7 1.u9 1.u9 1.S6 1.S2
48.8 1.1S 1.1S 1.S9 1.SS
S4.9 1.17 1.17 1.4S 1.S8
61.u 1.2u 1.2u 1.46 1.61
76.2 1.28 1.28 1.SS 1.68
91.4 1.SS 1.SS 1.S9 1.7S
1u6.7 1.41 1.41 1.64 1.78
121.9 1.47 1.47 1.69 1.82
1S7.2 1.S2 1.S2 1.7S 1.86
1S2.4 1.S6 1.S6 1.77 1.89
Notes:
1. Case 1: a. All components anu clauuing.
b. Nain winu foice iesisting system in lowiise builuings uesigneu using Figuie
2.4.1u.
Case 2: a. All main winu foice iesisting systems in builuings except those in lowiise
builuings uesigneu using Figuie 2.4.1u.
b. All main winu foice iesisting systems in othei stiuctuies.
2. The velocity piessuie exposuie coefficient Kz may be ueteimineu fiom the following foimula:
Foi 4.S7 m ZZg: Kz = 2.u1 (z/zg)
2/

Foi Z < 4.S7 m: Kz=2.u1 (4.S7zg)
2/a

Note: z shall not be taken less than 9.1 m foi Case 1 in exposuie A.
S. anu Zg aie tabulateu in Table 2.4.S.
4. Lineai inteipolation foi inteimeuiate values. of heightz is acceptable.
S. Exposuie categoiies aie uefineu in 2.4.8.S.
Part6
68
WindDirectionalityFactor,Kd
Table2.4.5

Stiuctuie Type

Biiectionality Factoi Kd*

Builuings
Nain Winu Foice Resisting System
Components anu Clauuing

0.85
0.85

Aicheu Roofs

0.85

Chimneys, Tanks, anu Similai Stiuctuies
Squaie
Bexagonal
Rounu

0.90
0.95
0.95

Soliu Signs

0.85

0pen Signs anu Lattice Fiamewoik

0.85

Tiusseu Toweis
Tiiangulai, squaie, iectangulai
All othei cioss sections

0.85
0.95

*Biiectionality Factoi Kd has been calibiateu with combinations of loaus specifieu in Section 2. This
factoi shall only be applieu when useu in conjunction with loau combinations specifieu in 2.S anu 2.4.

Chapter2
69

2.5 EARTHQUAKELOADS
2.5.1 GENERAL
Minimumdesignearthquakeforcesforbuildings,structuresorcomponentsthereofshallbedeterminedin
accordance with the provisions of section 2.5. Some definitions and symbols relevant for earthquake
resistant design for buildings are provided in Sections 2.5.2 and 2.5.3. Section 2.5.4 presents basic
earthquake resistant design concepts. Section 2.5.5 describes procedures for soil investigations, while
Section 2.5.6 describes procedures for determining earthquake ground motion for design. Section 2.5.7
describesdifferenttypesofbuildingsandstructuralsystemswhichpossessdifferentearthquakeresistant
characteristics. Static analysis procedures for design are described in Sections 2.5.8, 2.5.9 and 2.5.14.
Dynamic analysis procedures are dealt with in Sections 2.5.10 to 2.5.13. Section 2.5.15 presents
combination of earthquake loading effects in different directions and with other loading effects. Section
2.5.16dealswithallowabledriftanddeformationlimits.Section2.5.17addressesdesignofnonstructural
componentsinbuildings.Section2.5.18presentsdesignconsiderationsforbuildingswithseismicisolation
systems.DesignforsoftstoreyconditioninbuildingsisaddressedinSection2.5.19.
2.5.2 DEFINITIONS
ThefollowingdefinitionsoftermsshallbeapplicableonlytotheprovisionsofSection2.5:
BASE:Thelevelatwhichtheearthquakemotionsareconsideredtobeimpartedtothestructuresorthe
levelatwhichthestructureasadynamicvibratorissupported.
BASESHEAR:Totaldesignlateralforceorshearduetoearthquakeatthebaseofastructure.
BEARINGWALLSYSTEM:Astructuralsystemwithoutacompleteverticalloadcarryingspaceframe.
BRACEDFRAME:Anessentiallyverticaltrusssystemoftheconcentricoreccentrictypeprovidedtoresist
lateralforces.
BUILDINGFRAMESYSTEM:Anessentiallycompletespaceframewhichprovidessupportforgravityloads.
CAPACITYCURVE:Aplotofthetotalappliedlateralforce,Vj,versusthelateraldisplacementofthecontrol
point,j,asdeterminedinanonlinearstaticanalysis.
CONTROL POINT: A point used to index the lateral displacement of the structure in a nonlinear static
analysis.
CRITICALDAMPING:Amountofdampingbeyondwhichthefreevibrationwillnotbeoscillatory.
DAMPING: The effect of inherent energy dissipation mechanisms in a structure (due to sliding, friction,
etc.)thatresultsinreductionofeffectofvibration,expressedasapercentageofthecriticaldampingfor
thestructure.
DESIGN ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM: Smoothened idealized plot of maximum acceleration of a
singledegreeoffreedomstructureasafunctionofstructureperiodfordesignearthquakegroundmotion.
DESIGNEARTHQUAKE:Theearthquakegroundmotionconsidered(fornormaldesign)astwothirdsofthe
correspondingMaximumConsideredEarthquake(MCE).
Part6
70
DIAPHRAGM:Ahorizontalornearlyhorizontalsystemofstructuresactingtotransmitlateralforcestothe
vertical resisting elements. The term "diaphragm" includes reinforced concrete floor slabs as well as
horizontalbracingsystems.
DUAL SYSTEM : A combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame and Shear Walls or
BracedFramesdesignedinaccordancewiththecriteriaofSec1.3.2.
DUCTILITY: Capacity of a structure, or its members to undergo large inelastic deformations without
significantlossofstrengthorstiffness.
ECCENTRICBRACEDFRAME(EBF):AsteelbracedframedesignedinconformancewithSec1.8.
EPICENTRE:Thepointonthesurfaceofearthverticallyabovethefocus(pointoforigin)oftheearthquake.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES : Buildings and structures which are necessary to remain functional during an
emergencyorapostdisasterperiod.
FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM : A floor or roof diaphragm shall be considered flexible, for purposes of this
provision,whenthemaximumlateraldeformationofthediaphragmismorethantwotimestheaverage
storey drift of the associated storey. This may be determined by comparing the computed midpoint in
plane deflection of the diaphragm under lateral load with the storey drift of adjoining vertical resisting
elementsunderequivalenttributarylateralload.
FLEXIBLE ELEMENT OR SYSTEM : An element or system whose deformation under lateral load is
significantlylargerthanadjoiningpartsofthesystem.
HORIZONTALBRACINGSYSTEM:Ahorizontaltrusssystemthatservesthesamefunctionasafloororroof
diaphragm.
IMPORTANCE FACTOR: It is a factor used to increase the design seismic forces for structures of
importance.
INTENSITYOFEARTHQUAKE:Itisameasureoftheamountofgroundshakingataparticularsiteduetoan
earthquake
INTERMEDIATE MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (IMRF): A concrete or steel frame designed in accordance
withSec8.3or10.5.17respectively.
LIQUEFACTION: State in saturated cohesionless soil wherein the effective shear strength is reduced to
negligible value due to pore water pressure generated by earthquake vibrations, when the pore water
pressureapproachesthetotalconfiningpressure.Inthiscondition,thesoiltendstobehavelikealiquid.
MAGNITUDEOFEARTHQUAKE: The magnitude of earthquake is a number, which is a measure of energy
releasedinanearthquake.
MAXIMUMCONSIDEREDEARTHQUAKE(MCE):Themostsevereearthquakegroundmotionconsideredby
thiscode.
MODALMASS:partofthetotalseismicmassofthestructurethatiseffectiveinmodekofvibration.
MODAL PARTICIPATION FACTOR: Amount by which mode k contributes to the overall vibration of the
structureunderhorizontalandverticalearthquakegroundmotions.
Chapter2
71

MODAL SHAPE COEFFICIENT: When a system is vibrating in a normal mode, at any particular instant of
time, the vibration amplitude of mass I expressed as a ratio of the vibration amplitude of one of the
massesofthesystem,isknownasmodalshapecoefficient
MOMENTRESISTINGFRAME:Aframeinwhichmembersandjointsarecapableofresistinglateralforces
primarilybyflexure.Momentresistingframesareclassifiedasordinarymomentresistingframes(OMRF),
intermediatemomentresistingframes(IMRF)andspecialmomentresistingframes(SMRF).
NUMBER OF STOREYS (n) : Number of storeys of a building is the number of levels above the base. This
excludes the basement storeys, where basement walls are connected with ground floor deck or fitted
betweenthebuildingcolumns.But,itincludesthebasementstoreys,whentheyarenotsoconnected.
ORDINARYMOMENTRESISTINGFRAME(OMRF):Amomentresistingframenotmeetingspecialdetailing
requirementsforductilebehaviour.
PDELTAEFFECT:Itisthesecondaryeffectonshearsandmomentsofframemembersduetoactionofthe
verticalloadsduetothelateraldisplacementofbuildingresultingfromseismicforces.
PERIOD OF BUILDING: Fundamental period (for 1st mode) of vibration of building for lateral motion in
directionconsidered.
RESPONSEREDUCTIONFACTOR:Itisthefactorbywhichtheactualbaseshearforcethatwoulddevelopif
the structure behaved truly elastic during earthquake, is reduced to obtain design base shear. This
reduction is allowed to account for the beneficial effects of inelastic deformation (resulting in energy
dissipation)thatcanoccurinastructureduringamajorearthquake,stillensuringacceptableresponseof
thestructure.
SEISMICDESIGNCATEGORY:Aclassificationassignedtoastructurebasedonitsimportancefactorandthe
severityofthedesignearthquakegroundmotionatthesite.
SEISMICFORCERESISTING SYSTEM: That part of the structural system that has been considered in the
designtoprovidetherequiredresistancetotheseismicforces.
SHEAR WALL : A wall designed to resist lateral forces acting in its plane (sometimes referred to as a
verticaldiaphragmorastructuralwall).
SOFT STOREY : Storey in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 per cent of the stiffness of the storey
aboveorlessthan80percentoftheaveragelateralstiffnessofthethreestoreysabove.
SITECLASS:Siteisclassifiedbasedonsoilpropertiesofupper30meters.
SPACE FRAME : A threedimensional structural system without bearing walls composed of members
interconnected so as to function as a complete self contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal
diaphragmsorfloorbracingsystems.
SPECIAL MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) : A moment resisting frame specially detailed to provide
ductile behaviour complying with the seismic requirements provided in Chapters 8 and 10 for concrete
andsteelframesrespectively.
STOREY:Thespacebetweenconsecutivefloorlevels.Storeyxisthestoreybelowlevelx.
STOREYSHEAR:Thetotalhorizontalshearforceataparticularstorey(level).
STOREYDRIFT:Thehorizontaldeflectionatthetopofthestoryrelativetobottomofthestorey.
Part6
72
STRENGTH : The usable capacity of an element or a member to resist the load as prescribed in these
provisions.
TARGET DISPLACEMENT: An estimate of the maximum expected displacement of the control point
calculatedforthedesignearthquakegroundmotioninnonlinearstaticanalysis.
VERTICALLOADCARRYINGFRAME:Aspaceframedesignedtocarryallverticalgravityloads.
WEAKSTOREY:Storeyinwhichthelateralstrengthislessthan80percentofthatofthestoreyabove.
Thefollowingsymbolsandnotationshallapplytotheprovisionsofthissection:
A
x
= torsionamplificationfactoratlevelx.
C
d
= Deflectionamplificationfactor.
C
s
= Normalizedaccelerationresponsespectrum.
C
t
= numericalcoefficienttodeterminebuildingperiod
e
ai
= Accidentaleccentricityoffloormassatleveli
F
i
,F
n
,F
x
= designlateralforceappliedtoleveli,n,orxrespectively.
= lateralforcesonanelementorcomponentoronequipmentsupports.
g = accelerationduetogravity.
h
i
,h
n
,h
x
= Heightinmetresabovethebasetoleveli,norxrespectively
h
sx
= StoreyHeightofstoreyx(belowlevelx)
I = Importancefactor
Leveli = floor level of the structure referred to by the subscript i, e.g., i = 1 designates
thefirstlevelabovethebase.
Leveln = Uppermostlevelinthemainportionofthestructure.
M
x
= Overturningmomentatlevelx
N
i
= StandardPenetrationNumberofsoillayeri
P
x
= Totalverticaldesignloadatlevelx
R = Responsereductionfactorforstructuralsystems
S = Soilfactor.
S
a
= DesignSpectralAcceleration(inunitsofg)
S
ui
= Undrainedshearstrengthofcohesivelayeri
T = Fundamentalperiodofvibrationofstructure,inseconds,ofthestructureinthe
directionunderconsideration.
T
e
= Effective fundamental period of the structure in the direction under
consideration,asdeterminedfornonlinearstaticanalysis
Chapter2
73

V = Totaldesignbaseshearcalculatedbyequivalentstaticanalysis
V
1
= Total applied lateral force at the first increment of lateral load in nonlinear
staticanalysis.
V
y
= Effective yield strength determined from a bilinear curve fitted to the capacity
curve
V
rs
= Totaldesignbaseshearcalculatedbyresponsespectrumanalysis
V
th
= Totaldesignbaseshearcalculatedbytimehistoryanalysis
V
si
= Shearwavevelocityofsoillayeri
V
x
= Designstoreyshearinstoreyx
W = Totalseismicweightofbuilding
w
i
,w
x
= PortionofWwhichisassignedtoleveliandxrespectively
Z = Seismiczonecoefficient.
i
= Horizontal displacement at leveli relative to the base due to applied lateral
forces.
j = Thedisplacementofthecontrolpointatloadincrementj.
T
= Thetargetdisplacementofthecontrolpoint.
1
= Thedisplacementofthecontrolpointatthefirstincrementoflateralload.
y = Theeffectiveyielddisplacementofthecontrolpointdeterminedfromabilinear
curvefittedtothecapacitycurve
a
= Maximumallowablestoreydrift
x
= Designstoreydriftofstoreyx
= Dampingcorrectionfactor
ik
= Modalshapecoefficientatleveliformodek
= StabilitycoefficienttoassessPdeltaeffects
= Viscousdampingratioofthestructure
2.5.4 EARTHQUAKERESISTANTDESIGNBASICCONCEPTS
2.5.4.1 GENERALPRINCIPLES
Thepurposeofearthquakeresistantdesignprovisionsinthiscodeistoprovideguidelinesforthedesign
andconstructionofnewstructuressubjecttoearthquakegroundmotionsinordertominimizetheriskto
lifeforallstructures,toincreasetheexpected performance ofhigher occupancy structuresascompared
to ordinary structures, and to improve the capability of essential structures to function after an
earthquake. It is not economically feasible to design and construct buildings without any damage for a
major earthquake event. The intent is therefore to allow inelastic deformation and structural damage at
preferred locations in the structure without endangering structural integrity and to prevent structural
collapseduringamajorearthquake.
Part6
74
Theexpectedearthquakegroundmotionatthesiteduetoallprobableearthquakesmaybeevaluatedin
deterministic or probabilistic terms. The ground motion at the site due to an earthquake is a complex
phenomenaanddependsonseveralparameterssuchasearthquakemagnitude,focaldepth,earthquake
sourcecharacteristics,distancefromearthquakeepicenter,wavepathcharacteristics,aswellaslocalsoil
conditions at the site. The seismic zoning map divides the country into four seismic zones with different
expected levels of intensity of ground motion. Each seismic zone has a zone coefficient which provides
expected peak ground acceleration values on rock/firm soil corresponding to the maximum considered
earthquake(MCE).Thedesignbasisearthquakeistakenas2/3ofthemaximumconsideredearthquake.
Theeffectsoftheearthquakegroundmotiononthestructureisexpressedintermsofanidealizedelastic
design acceleration response spectrum, which depends on (a) seismic zone coefficient and local soil
conditionsdefininggroundmotionand(b)importancefactorandresponsereductionfactorrepresenting
building considerations. The earthquake forces acting on the structure is reduced using the response
modification factor R in order to take advantage of the inelastic energy dissipation due to inherent
ductility and redundancy in the structure as well as material overstrength. The importance factor I
increases design forces for important structures. If suitable lateral force resisting systems with adequate
ductility and detailing and good construction are provided, the building can be designed for a response
reduction factor R which may be as high as 5 to 8. Because of this fact, the provisions of this Code for
ductilityanddetailingneedtobesatisfiedevenforstructuresandmembersforwhichloadcombinations
that do not contain the earthquake effect indicate larger demands than combinations including
earthquake.Theelasticdeformationscalculatedunderthesereduceddesignforcesaremultipliedbythe
deflection amplification factor, C
d
, to estimate the deformations likely to result from the design
earthquake.
The seismic design guidelines presented in this section are based on the assumption that the soil
supporting the structure will not liquefy, settle or slide due to loss of strength during the earthquake.
Reinforcedandprestressedconcretemembersshallbesuitablydesignedtoensurethatprematurefailure
due to shear or bond does not occur. Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete members is of prime
importance. In steel structures, members and their connections should be so proportioned that high
ductilityisobtained,avoidingprematurefailureduetoelasticorinelasticbucklingofanytype.
The building structure shall include complete lateral and vertical forceresisting systems capable of
providing adequate strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity to withstand the design ground
motions within the prescribed limits of deformation and strength demand. The design ground motions
shall be assumed to occur along any horizontal direction of a building structure. The adequacy of the
structural systems shall be demonstrated through the construction of a mathematical model and
evaluation of this model for the effects of design ground motions. The design seismic forces, and their
distribution over the height of the building structure, shall be established in accordance with one of the
applicableproceduresindicatedinSection2.5andthecorrespondinginternalforcesanddeformationsin
themembersofthestructureshallbedetermined.Thedeformationofthestructureshallnotexceedthe
prescribedlimitsundertheactionofthedesignseismicforces.
2.5.4.2 CHARACTERISTICSOFEARTHQUAKERESISTANTBUILDINGS
Thedesirablecharacteristicsofearthquakeresistantbuildingsaredescribedbelow:
StructuralSimplicity,UniformityandSymmetry:
Chapter2
75

Structural simplicity, uniformity and plan symmetry is characterized by an even distribution of mass and
structural elements which allows short and direct transmission of the inertia forces created in the
distributedmassesofthebuildingtoitsfoundation.Themodelling,analysis,detailingandconstructionof
simple (regular) structures are subject to much less uncertainty, hence the prediction of its seismic
behaviourismuchmorereliable.
A building configuration with symmetrical layout of structural elements of the lateral force resisting
system, and welldistributed inplan, is desirable. Uniformity along the height of the building is also
important,sinceittendstoeliminatetheoccurrenceofsensitivezoneswhereconcentrationsofstressor
largeductilitydemandsmightcauseprematurecollapse.
Somebasicguidelinesaregivenbelow:
(i) Withrespecttothelateralstiffnessandmassdistribution,thebuildingstructureshallbe
approximatelysymmetricalinplanwithrespecttotwoorthogonalaxes.
(ii) Boththelateralstiffnessandthemassoftheindividualstoreysshallremainconstantor
reduce gradually, without abrupt changes, from the base to the top of a particular
building.
(iii) All structural elements of the lateral load resisting systems, such as cores, structural
walls, or frames shall run without interruption from the foundations to the top of the
building.
(iv) Anirregularbuildingmaybesubdividedintodynamicallyindependentregularunitswell
separatedagainstpoundingoftheindividualunitstoachieveuniformity.
(v) Thelengthtobreadthratio(=L
max
/L
min
)ofthebuildinginplanshallnotbehigherthan
4, where L
max
and L
min
are respectively the larger and smaller in plan dimension of the
building,measuredinorthogonaldirections.
StructuralRedundancy:
A high degree of redundancy accompanied by redistribution capacity through ductility is desirable,
enabling a more widely spread energy dissipation across the entire structure and an increased total
dissipated energy. The use of evenly distributed structural elements increases redundancy. Structural
systemsofhigherstaticindeterminacymayresultinhigherresponsereductionfactorR.
HorizontalBidirectionalResistanceandStiffness:
Horizontal earthquake motion is a bidirectional phenomenon and thus the building structure needs to
resisthorizontalactioninanydirection.Thestructuralelementsoflateralforceresistingsystemshouldbe
arrangedinanorthogonal(inplan)pattern,ensuringsimilarresistanceandstiffnesscharacteristicsinboth
main directions. The stiffness characteristics of the structure should also limit the development of
excessive displacements that might lead to either instabilities due to second order effects or excessive
damages.
TorsionalResistanceandStiffness
Besides lateral resistance and stiffness, building structures should possess adequate torsional resistance
and stiffness in order to limit the development of torsional motions which tend to stress the different
structural elements in a nonuniform way. In this respect, arrangements in which the main elements
resistingtheseismicactionaredistributedclosetotheperipheryofthebuildingpresentclearadvantages.
Part6
76
DiaphragmBehaviour
In buildings, floors (including the roof) act as horizontal diaphragms that collect and transmit the inertia
forces to the vertical structural systems and ensure that those systems act together in resisting the
horizontalseismicaction.Theactionoffloorsasdiaphragmsisespeciallyrelevantincasesofcomplexand
nonuniform layouts of the vertical structural systems, or where systems with different horizontal
deformabilitycharacteristicsareusedtogether.
Floor systems and the roof should be provided with inplane stiffness and resistance and with effective
connectionto thevertical structuralsystems.Particularcareshouldbetaken incases of noncompactor
veryelongatedinplanshapesandincasesoflargeflooropenings,especiallyifthelatterarelocatedinthe
vicinity of the main vertical structural elements, thus hindering such effective connection between the
verticalandhorizontalstructure.
Theinplanestiffnessofthefloorsshallbesufficientlylargeincomparisonwiththelateralstiffnessofthe
vertical structural elements, so that the deformation of the floor shall have a small effect on the
distributionoftheforcesamongtheverticalstructuralelements.
Foundation
The design and construction of the foundation and of its connection to the superstructure shall ensure
that the whole building is subjected to a uniform seismic excitation. For buildings with individual
foundation elements (footings or piles), the use of a foundation slab or tiebeams between these
elementsinbothmaindirectionsisrecommended,asdescribedinSection.
2.5.5 INVESTIGATIONANDASSESSMENTOFSITECONDITIONS
2.5.5.1 SITEINVESTIGATION
Appropriate site investigations should be carried out to identify the ground conditions influencing the
seismicaction,inaccordancewithSection2.5.5.
The ground conditions at the building site should normally be free from risks of ground rupture, slope
instability and permanent settlements caused by liquefaction or densification during an earthquake. The
possibility of such phenomena should be investigated in accordance with standard procedures described
inSection4..
TheintentofthesiteinvestigationistoclassifytheSiteintooneoftypes SA,SB,SC, SD, SE,S
1
andS
2
as
definedinSection2.5.5.2.Suchclassificationisbasedonsiteprofileandevaluatedsoilproperties(shear
wavevelocity,StandardPenetrationResistance,undrainedshearstrength,soiltype).Thesiteclassisused
todeterminetheeffectoflocalsoilconditionsontheearthquakegroundmotion.
ForsitesrepresentingspecialsoiltypeS
1
orS
2
,sitespecificspecialstudiesforthegroundmotionshould
be done. Soil type S
1
, having very low shear wave velocity and low material damping, can produce
anomalous seismic site amplification and soilstructure interaction effects. For S
2
soils, possibility of soil
failureshouldbestudied.
ForastructurebelongingtoSeismicDesignCategoryCorD(Section2.5.7.2),siteinvestigationshouldalso
includedeterminationofsoilparametersfortheassessmentofthefollowing:
a. Slopeinstability.
Chapter2
77

b. PotentialforLiquefactionandlossofsoilstrength.
c. Differentialsettlement.
d. Surfacedisplacementduetofaultingorlateralspreading.
e. Lateral pressures on basement walls and retaining walls due to earthquake ground
motion.
Liquefaction potential and possible consequences should be evaluated for design earthquake ground
motionsconsistentwithpeakgroundaccelerations.AnySettlementduetodensificationofloosegranular
soils under design earthquake motion should be studied. The occurrence and consequences of geologic
hazards such as slope instability or surface faulting should also be considered. The dynamic lateral earth
pressureonbasementwallsandretainingwallsduringearthquakegroundshakingistobeconsideredas
anearthquakeloadforuseindesignloadcombinations
2.5.5.2 SITECLASSIFICATION
Site will be classified as type SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, S
1
and S
2
based on the provisions of this section.
Classification will be done in accordance with Table 6.2.5.1 based on the soil properties of upper 30
metersofthesiteprofile.
Table6.2.5.1: Siteclassificationbasedonsoilproperties
Site
Class
Descriptionofsoil profile upto30
metersdepth
AverageSoilPropertiesintop30meters
Shear
wave
velocity
F
x
(m/s)
Standard
Penetration
Value,N
(blows/30cm)
Undrained
shear
strength,S
(kPa)
SA Rock oi othei iocklike geological
foimation, incluuing at most S m of
weakei mateiial at the suiface.
> 8uu
SB Beposits of veiy uense sanu, giavel, oi
veiy stiff clay, at least seveial tens of
meties in thickness, chaiacteiiseu by a
giauual inciease of mechanical
piopeities with uepth.
S6u 8uu > Su > 2Su
SC Beep ueposits of uense oi meuium
uense sanu, giavel oi stiff clay with
thickness fiom seveial tens to many
hunuieus of meties.
18u S6u 1S Su 7u 2Su
SB Beposits of loosetomeuium
cohesionless soil (with oi without
some soft cohesive layeis), oi of
pieuominantly softtofiim cohesive
soil.
< 18u < 1S < 7u
SE A soil piofile consisting of a suiface
alluvium layei with vs values of type C
oi B anu thickness vaiying between
about S m anu 2u m, unueilain by
stiffei mateiial with vs > 8uu ms.

Part6
78
Site
Class
Descriptionofsoil profile upto30
metersdepth
AverageSoilPropertiesintop30meters
S1 Beposits consisting, oi containing a
layei at least 1u m thick, of soft
clayssilts with a high plasticity inuex
(PI > 4u) anu high watei content
< 1uu
(inuicative)
1u 2u
S2 Beposits of liquefiable soils, of
sensitive clays, oi any othei soil
piofile not incluueu in types SA to SE
oi S1

Aveiage soil piopeities will be ueteimineu as given in the following equations:
I
s
= J
n
=1

J
I
s
n
=1
_ (6.2.S.1)

N
= J
n
=1

J
n
=1
_ (6.2.S.2)

S
u
= J
c
k
=1

J
c
S
u
k
=1
_ (6.2.S.S)
where,
n=numberofsoillayersinupper30m
d
i
=thicknessoflayeri
V
si
=shearwavevelocityoflayeri
N
i
=Field(uncorrected)StandardPenetrationValueforlayeri
k=numberofcohesivesoillayersinupper30m
d
ci
=thicknessofcohesivelayeri
S
ui
=Undrainedshearstrengthofcohesivelayeri
Thesiteprofileuptoadepthof30misdividedintonnumberofdistinctsoilorrocklayers.Wheresome
ofthelayersarecohesive,kisthenumberofcohesivelayers.Hence J
n
=1
=30m,while J
c
k
=1
<30
m if k < n in other words if there are both cohesionless and cohesive layers. The standard penetration
valueNasdirectlymeasuredinthefieldwithoutcorrectionwillbeused.
The site classification should be done using average shear wave velocity I
s
if this can be estimated,
otherwisethevalueofN
maybeused.
2.5.6 EARTHQUAKEGROUNDMOTION
2.5.6.1 REGIONALSEISMICITY
Bangladeshcanbeaffectedbymoderatetostrongearthquakeeventsduetoitsproximitytothecollision
boundary of the Northeast moving Indian plate and Eurasian Plate. Strong historical earthquakes with
magnitude greater than 7.0 have affected parts of Bangladesh in the last 150 years, some of them had
Chapter2
79

their epicenters within the country. A brief description of the local geology, tectonic features and
earthquakeoccurrenceintheregionisgiveninAppendixC.
2.5.6.2 SEISMICZONING
The intent of the seismic zoning map is to give an indication of the Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE)motionatdifferentpartsofthecountry.Inprobabilisticterms,theMCEmotionmaybeconsidered
tocorrespondtohavinga2%probabilityofexceedancewithinaperiodof50years.Thecountryhasbeen
dividedintofourseismiczoneswithdifferentlevelsofgroundmotion.Table6.2.5.2includesadescription
of the four seismic zones. Fig. 6.2.5.1 presents a map of Bangladesh showing the boundaries of the four
zones. Each zone has a seismic zone coefficient (Z) which represents the maximum considered peak
ground acceleration (PGA) on very stiff soil/rock (site class SA) in units of g (acceleration due to gravity).
The zone coefficients (Z) of the four zones are: Z=0.12 (Zone 1), Z=0.20 (Zone 2), Z=0.28 (Zone 3) and
Z=0.36 (Zone 4). Table 6.2.5.3 lists zone coefficients for some important towns of Bangladesh. The most
severeearthquakepronezone,Zone4isinthenortheastwhichincludesSylhetandhasamaximumPGA
value of 0.36g. Dhaka city falls in the moderate seismic intensity zone with Z=0.2, while Chittagong city
fallsinasevereintensityzonewithZ=0.28.
Part6
80
Fig.6.2.5.1:SeismicZoningMapofBangladesh

Chapter2
81

Table6.2.5.2DescriptionofSeismicZones
Seismic
Zone
Location
Seismic
Intensity
Seismic
Zone
Coefficient,
Z
1 SouthwesternpartincludingBarisal,
Khulna,Jessore,Rajshahi
Low 0.12
2 LowerCentralandNorthwestern
partincludingNoakhali,Dhaka,
Pabna,Dinajpur,aswellas
Southwesterncornerincluding
Sundarbans
Moderate 0.20
3 UpperCentralandNorthwestern
partincludingBrahmanbaria,
Sirajganj,Rangpur
Severe 0.28
4 NortheasternpartincludingSylhet,
Mymensingh,Kurigram
VerySevere 0.36
Table6.2.5.3 SeismicZoneCoefficientZforSomeImportantTownsofBangladesh
Town Z Town Z Town Z Town Z
Bagerhat 0.12 Dinajpur 0.20 Kushtia 0.20 Panchagarh 0.20
Bandarban 0.28 Faridpur 0.20 Lalmanirhat 0.28 Patuakhali 0.12
Barguna 0.12 Feni 0.20 Madaripur 0.20 Rajbari 0.20
Barisal 0.12 Gaibandha 0.28 Manikganj 0.20 Rajshahi 0.12
Bhola 0.12 Gazipur 0.20 Mongla 0.12 Rangamati 0.28
Bogra 0.28 Habiganj 0.36 Munshiganj 0.20 Rangpur 0.28
Brahmanbaria 0.28 Jaipurhat 0.20 Mymensingh 0.36 Satkhira 0.12
Chandpur 0.20 Jamalpur 0.36 Narsingdi 0.28 Sirajganj 0.28
Chittagong 0.28 Jessore 0.12 Natore 0.20 Srimangal 0.36
Chuadanga 0.12 Khagrachari 0.28 Naogaon 0.20 Sunamganj 0.36
Comilla 0.20 Khulna 0.12 Netrakona 0.36 Sylhet 0.36
Cox'sBazar 0.28 Kishoreganj 0.36 Noakhali 0.20 Tangail 0.28
Dhaka 0.20 Kurigram 0.36 Pabna 0.20 Thakurgaon 0.20
2.5.6.3 DESIGNRESPONSESPECTRUM
The earthquake ground motion for which the building has to be designed is represented by the design
responsespectrum.Bothstaticanddynamicanalysismethodsarebasedonthisresponsespectrum.This
spectrum represents the spectral acceleration for which the building has to be designed as a function of
the building period, taking into account the ground motion intensity. The spectrum is based on elastic
analysis but in order to account for energy dissipation due to inelastic deformation and benefits of
structural redundancy, the spectral accelerations are reduced by the response modification factor R. For
importantstructures,thespectralaccelerationsareincreasedbytheimportancefactorI.Thedesignbasis
earthquake (DBE) ground motion is selected at a ground shaking level that is 2/3 of the maximum
consideredearthquake(MCE)groundmotion.Theeffectoflocalsoilconditionsontheresponsespectrum
isincorporatedinthenormalizedaccelerationresponsespectrumC
s
.
Thespectralaccelerationforthedesignearthquakeisgivenbythefollowingequation:
Part6
82
s a
C
R
ZI
S
3
2
=
(6.2.5.4)
where,
S
a
=Designspectralacceleration(inunitsofg),whichshallnotbelessthan2/3*ZI*.
=coefficientusedtocalculatelowerboundforS
a
.Recommendedvalueforis0.2.
Z=Seismiczonecoefficient,asdefinedinSection2.5.6.2
I=Structureimportancefactor,asdefinedinSection2.5.7.1
R=ResponsereductionfactorwhichdependsonthetypeofstructuralsystemgiveninTable6.2.5.7.The
ratioI/Rcannotbegreaterthanone.
C
s
=Normalizedaccelerationresponsespectrum,whichisafunctionofstructure(building)periodandsoil
type(siteclass)asdefinedbyEquations6.2.5.5ad
( ) ) 5 . 5 . 2 . 6 ( 0 1 5 . 2 1 a T T for
T
T
S C
B
B
s

+ =

) 5 . 5 . 2 . 6 ( 5 . 2 b T T T for S C
C B s
=
) 5 . 5 . 2 . 6 ( 5 . 2 c T T T for
T
T
S C
D C
C
s

=

) 5 . 5 . 2 . 6 ( sec 4 5 . 2
2
d T T for
T
T T
S C
D
D C
s

=

C
s
depends on S and values of T
B
, T
C
and T
D
, (Fig. 6.2.5.2) which are all functions of the site
class.ConstantC
s
valuebetweenperiodsT
B
andT
C
representsconstantspectralacceleration.
S=SoilfactorwhichdependsonsiteclassandisgiveninTable6.2.5.4
T=Structure(building)periodasdefinedinSection2.5.9.2
T
B
= Lower limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch given in Table 6.2.5.4 as a
functionofsiteclass.
T
C
= Upper limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch given in Table 6.2.5.4 as a
functionofsiteclass
T
D
= Lower limit of the period of the constant spectral displacement branch given in Table 6.2.5.4 as a
functionofsiteclass
= Damping correction factor as a function of damping with a reference value of =1 for 5% viscous
damping.Itisgivenbythefollowingexpression:
SS u S 1u . ) ( + = (6.2.5.6)
where,istheviscousdampingratioofthestructure,expressedasapercentageofcriticaldamping.The
valueofcannotbesmallerthan0.55.
Chapter2
83

Figure6.2.5.2:TypicalShapeoftheElasticResponseSpectrumCoefficientC
s
Table6.2.5.4:Sitedependentsoilfactorandotherparametersdefiningelasticresponsespectrum
Soiltype S T
B
(s) T
C
(s)
T
D
(s)
SA 1.0 0.15 0.40 2.0
SB 1.2 0.15 0.50 2.0
SC 1.15 0.20 0.60 2.0
SD 1.35 0.20 0.80 2.0
SE 1.4 0.15 0.50 2.0
Figure6.2.5.3: NormalizedDesignAccelerationResponseSpectrumfordifferentsiteclasses.
The anticipated (design basis earthquake) peak ground acceleration (PGA) for rock or very stiff soil (site
class SA) is 2/3*Z. However, for design, the ground motion is modified through the use of response
reduction factor R and importance factor I, resulting in PGA
rock
=2/3*Z*I/R. Fig. 6.2.5.3 shows the
C
s
PeriodT
TB TC TD
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
C
s
=
S
a
/
P
G
A
r
o
c
k
PeriodT(sec)
SC
SB
SD
SE
SA
Part6
84
normalizedaccelerationresponsespectrumC
s
for5%damping,whichmaybedefinedasthe5%damped
spectralacceleration(obtainedbyEq.6.2.5.4)normalizedwithrespecttoPGA
rock
.Thisfiguredemonstrates
thesignificantinfluenceofsiteclassontheresponsespectrum.
DesignSpectrumforElasticAnalysis
For site classes SA to SE, the design acceleration response spectrum for elastic analysis methods is
obtainedusingEq.(6.2.5.4)tocomputeS
a
(inunitsofg)asafunctionofperiodT.Thedesignacceleration
response spectrum represents the expected ground motion (Design Basis Earthquake) divided by the
factorR/I.
DesignSpectrumforInelasticAnalysis
For inelastic analysis methods, the anticipated ground motion (Design Basis Earthquake) is directly used.
Correspondingrealdesignaccelerationresponsespectrumisused,whichisobtainedbyusingR=1andI=1
inEq.(6.2.5.4).Therealdesignaccelerationresponsespectrumisequaltodesignaccelerationresponse
spectrummultipliedbyR/I.
SiteSpecificDesignSpectrum
ForsiteclassS
1
andS
2
,sitespecificstudiesareneededtoobtaindesignresponsespectrum.Forimportant
projects,sitespecificstudiesmayalsobecarriedouttodeterminespectruminsteadofusingEq.(6.2.5.4).
Theobjectiveofsuchsitespecificgroundmotionanalysisistodeterminegroundmotionsforlocalseismic
andsiteconditionswithhigherconfidencethanispossibleusingsimplifiedequations.
2.5.7 BUILDINGCATEGORIES
2.5.7.1 IMPORTANCECLASS
Buildingsareclassifiedinfourimportanceclasses,dependingontheconsequencesofcollapseforhuman
life, on their importance for public safety and civil protection in the immediate postearthquake period,
andonthesocialandeconomicconsequencesofcollapse.Dependingonimportanceclass,buildingsmay
be designed for higher seismic forces using importance factor greater than one. Table 6.2.5.5 defines
differentimportanceclassesandcorrespondingimportancefactor.
Table6.2.5.5ImportanceClassesandFactorsforBuildings
Importance
Class
TypeofBuildings Importance
factorI
I 0iuinaiy builuings not belonging to othei categoiies. 1.u
II Builuings whose seismic iesistance is of impoitance in
view of the consequences associateu with a collapse,
e.g. schools, assembly halls, cultuial institutions,
impoitant goveinment builuings, jails anu uetention
centies etc.
1.2S
III Builuings whose integiity uuiing eaithquakes is of
vital impoitance foi civil piotection, e.g. hospitals, fiie
stations, powei plants, telephone exchange, iauio
stations, iailway stations, subway stations, police
stations, uesignateu emeigency shelteis, uesignateu
postuisastei emeigency opeiation centies, aii tiaffic
contiol centies, watei tieatment plant etc.
1.S
Iv Nonumental stiuctuies with cultuial heiitage. 1.S
Chapter2
85

NOTES:
1. For buildings housing hazardous materials, higher importance factor may be established
consideringconsequencesintheeventofseriousdamageorcollapse.
2. Thedesignermaychoosevaluesofimportancefactorgreaterthanthoselistedinthistable.
2.5.7.2 SEISMICDESIGNCATEGORY
Buildings shall be assigned a seismic design category among B, C or D based on seismic zone, local site
conditionsandimportance classofbuilding,asgiveninTable6.2.5.6.Seismic design categoryDhasthe
most stringent seismic design detailing, while seismic design category B has the least seismic design
detailingrequirements.
Table6.2.5.6SeismicDesignCategoryofBuildings
ImportanceClassIandII ImportanceClassIIIandIV
Site
Class
Zone
1
Zone
2
Zone
3
Zone
4
Zone
1
Zone
2
Zone
3
Zone
4
SA B C C B C B B B
SB B C B B C B B B
SC B C B B C B B B
SB C B B B B B B B
SE, S1, S2 B B B B B B B B

2.5.7.3 BUILDINGIRREGULARITY:
Buildings with irregularity in plan or elevation suffer much more damage in earthquakes than buildings
with regular configuration. A building may be considered as irregular, if at least one of the conditions
givenbelowareapplicable:
2.5.7.3.1 PlanIrregularity
i) Torsionirregularity
To be considered for rigid floor diaphragms, when the maximum storey drift (
max
) as
showninFig.6.2.5.4a,computedincludingaccidentaltorsion,atoneendofthestructureis
morethan1.2timestheaverage(
avg
=(
max
+
min
)/2)ofthestoreydriftsatthetwoendsof
the structure. If
max
>1.4
avg
then the irregularity is termed as extreme torsional
irregularity.
ii) Reentrantcorners
Bothprojectionsofthestructurebeyondareentrantcomer(Fig.6.2.5.4b)aregreaterthan
15percentofitsplandimensioninthegivendirection.
iii) DiaphragmDiscontinuitv
Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those having
cutout (Fig.6.2.5.4c) or open areas greater than 50% of the gross enclosed diaphragm
area,orchangesineffectivediaphragmstiffnessofmorethan50%fromonestoreytothe
next.
iv) OutOfPlaneOffsets
Part6
86
Discontinuities in a lateral force resistance path, such as out ofplane offsets of vertical
elements,asshowninFig.6.2.5.4d.
v) NonparallelSystems
The vertical elements resisting the lateral force are not parallel to or symmetric (Fig.
6.2.5.4e)aboutthemajororthogonalaxesofthelateralforceresistingelements.
Fig.6.2.5.4aTorsionalIrregularity
Fig.6.2.5.4bReentrantcorners(A/L>0.15)
Fig.6.2.5.4cDiaphragmDiscontinuitv
Chapter2
87

Fig.6.2.5.4dOutOfPlaneOffsetsofShearWall
Fig.6.2.5.4eNonparallelSystemsofShearWall
2.5.7.3.2 VerticalIrregularity
i) StiffnessIrregularitySoftStorey
Asoftstoreyisoneinwhichthelateralstiffnessislessthan70%ofthatinthestoreyabove
orlessthan80%oftheaveragelateralstiffnessofthethreestoreysaboveirregularity(Fig.
6.2.5.5a). An extreme soft storey is defined where its lateral stiffness is less than 60% of
that in the storey above or less than 70% of the average lateral stiffness of the three
storeysabove.
ii) MassIrregularity
The seismic weight of any storey is more than twice of that of its adjacent storeys (Fig.
6.2.5.5b).Thisirregularityneednotbeconsideredincaseofroofs.
iii) VerticalGeometricIrregularity
ThisirregularityexistsforbuildingswithsetbackswithdimensionsgiveninFig.6.2.5.5c.
iv) VerticalInPlaneDiscontinuityinVerticalElementsResistingLateralForce
An inplane offset of the lateral force resisting elements greater than the length of those
elements(Fig.6.2.5.5d).
v) DiscontinuityinCapacityWeakStorey
A weak storey is one in which the storey lateral strength is less than 80% of that in the
storeyabove.Thestoreylateralstrengthisthetotalstrengthofallseismicforce resisting
elements sharing the storey shear in the considered direction (Fig. 6.2.5.5e). An extreme
weakstoreyisonewherethestoreylateralstrengthislessthan65%ofthatinthestorey
above.
Part6
88
Fig.6.2.5.5aSoftStorey
Fig.6.2.5.5bMassIrregularity

Fig.6.2.5.5cVerticalGeometricIrregularity(SetbackStructures)
L
2
>1.3L
1

Chapter2
89

Fig.6.2.5.5dVerticalInPlaneDiscontinuityinVerticalElementsResistingLateralForce
Fig.6.2.5.5eWeakStorey
2.5.7.4 TYPEOFSTRUCTURALSYSTEMS
The basic lateral and vertical seismic forceresisting system shall conform to one of the types A to G
indicated in Table 6.2.5.7. Each type is again subdivided by the types of vertical elements used to resist
lateralseismicforces.AcombinationofsystemsmayalsobepermittedasstatedinSection2.5.7.5.
ThestructuralsystemtobeusedshallbeinaccordancewiththeseismicdesigncategoryindicatedinTable
6.2.5.7. Structural systems that are not permitted for a certain seismic design category are indicated by
NP. Structural systems that do not have any height restriction are indicated by NL. Where there is
heightlimit,themaximumheightinmetersisgiven.
The response reduction factor, R, and the deflection amplification factor, Cd, indicated in Table 6.2.5.7
shallbeusedindeterminingthedesignbaseshearanddesignstorydrift.
Theselectedseismicforceresistingsystemshallbedesignedanddetailedinaccordancewiththespecific
requirementsforthesystem.
Part6
90
Table6.2.5.7 Responsereductionfactor,deflectionamplificationfactorfordifferentStructural
Systemsandheightlimitations(m)fordifferentseismicdesigncategories
SeismicForceResistingSystem
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
F
a
c
t
o
r
,
D
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
A
m
p
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
F
a
c
t
o
r
,
C
d
S
e
i
s
.
D
e
s
i
g
n
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
S
e
i
s
.
D
e
s
i
g
n
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
S
e
i
s
.
D
e
s
i
g
n
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
Heightlimit(m)
A.BEARINGWALLSYSTEMS(noframe)
1. Special reinforced concrete shear walls
5 5 NL NL 50
2. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls
4 4 NL NL NP
3. Ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls
2 1.75 NL 50 NP
4. Ordinary plain masonry shear walls
1.5 1.25 18 NP NP
B.BUILDINGFRAMESYSTEMS(with
bracingorshearwall)
1. Steel eccentrically braced frames,

moment resisting connections at
columns away from links
8 4 NL NL 50
2. Steel eccentrically braced frames,
non-moment-resisting, connections at
columns away from links
7 4 NL NL 50
3. Special steel concentrically braced
frames
6 5 NL NL 50
4. Ordinary steel concentrically braced
frames
3.25 3.25 NL NL 11
6 5 NL 50 50
5 4.25 NL NL NP
2 2 NL 50 NP
8. Ordinary plain masonry shear walls
1.5 1.25 18 NP NP
C.MOMENTRESISTINGFRAMESYSTEMS
(noshearwall)
1. Special steel moment frames

8 5.5 NL NL P
2. Intermediate steel moment frames
4.5 4 NL NL 35
3. Ordinary steel moment frames
3.5 3 NL NL NP
4. Special reinforced concrete moment frames
8 5.5 NL NL NL
5. Intermediate reinforced concrete moment
frames
5 4.5 NL NL NP
6. Ordinary reinforced concrete moment
frames
3 2.5 NL NP NP
D.DUALSYSTEMS:SPECIALMOMENT
FRAMESCAPABLEOFRESISTINGAT
LEAST25%OFPRESCRIBEDSEISMIC
FORCES(withbracingorshearwall)
1. Steel eccentrically braced frames

8 4 NL NL NL
2. Special steel concentrically braced frames
7 5.5 NL NL NL
Chapter2
91

SeismicForceResistingSystem
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
F
a
c
t
o
r
,
D
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
A
m
p
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
F
a
c
t
o
r
,
C
d
S
e
i
s
.
D
e
s
i
g
n
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
S
e
i
s
.
D
e
s
i
g
n
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
S
e
i
s
.
D
e
s
i
g
n
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y

7 5.5 NL NL
NL
6 5 NL NL NP
E.DUALSYSTEMS:INTERMEDIATE
MOMENTFRAMESCAPABLEOF
RESISTINGATLEAST25%OFPRESCRIBED
SEISMICFORCES(withbracingorshear
wall)
1. Special steel concentrically braced frames

6 5 NL NL 11
6.5 5 NL NL 50
3 3 NL 50 NP
5.5 4.5 NL NL NP
F.DUALSHEARWALLFRAMESYSTEM:
ORDINARYREINFORCEDCONCRETE
MOMENTFRAMESANDORDINARY
REINFORCEDCONCRETESHEARWALLS
4.5 4 NL NP NP
G.STEELSYSTEMSNOTSPECIFICALLY
DETAILEDFORSEISMICRESISTANCE
3 3 NL NL NP
NOTE:
1. Under seismic design category, NL = No height restriction, NP = Not permitted,
Number represents maximum allowable height (m).
2. Dual Systems include buildings which consist of both moment resisting frame
and shear walls (or braced frame) where both systems resist the total design
forces in proportion to their lateral stiffness.
Seismic forceresisting systems that are not given in Table 6.2.5.7 may be permitted if substantial
analytical and test data are submitted that establish the dynamic characteristics and demonstrate the
lateralforceresistanceandenergydissipationcapacitytobeequivalenttothestructuralsystemslistedin
Table 6.2.5.7 for equivalent response modification coefficient, R, and deflection amplification factor, C
d
,
values.
2.5.7.5 COMBINATIONOFSTRUCTURALSYSTEMS
2.5.7.5.1 CombinationsofStructuralSystemsinDifferentDirections:
Different seismic forceresisting systems are permitted to be used to resist seismic forces along each of
the two orthogonal axes of the structure. Where different systems are used, the respective R and C
d
coefficientsshallapplytoeachsystem,includingthelimitationsonsystemusecontainedinTable6.2.5.7.
2.5.7.5.2 CombinationsofStructuralSystemsintheSameDirection:
Where different seismic forceresisting systems are used in combination to resist seismic forces in the
same direction of structural response, other than those combinations considered as dual systems, the
morestringentsystemlimitationcontained inTable6.2.5.7shallapply.The valueofRusedfor designin
thatdirectionshallnotbegreaterthantheleastvalueofRforanyofthesystemsutilizedinthatdirection.
Part6
92
The deflection amplification factor, C
d
in the direction under consideration at any story shall not be less
thanthelargestvalueofthisfactorfortheRfactorusedinthesamedirectionbeingconsidered
2.5.8 STATICANALYSISPROCEDURE
Although analysis of buildings subjected to dynamic earthquake loads should theoretically require
dynamic analysis procedures, for certain type of building structures subjected to earthquake shaking,
simplifiedstaticanalysisproceduresmayalsoprovidereasonablygoodresults.Theequivalentstaticforce
methodissuchaprocedurefordeterminingtheseismiclateralforcesactingonthestructure.Thistypeof
analysismaybeappliedtobuildingswhoseseismicresponseisnotsignificantlyaffectedbycontributions
from modes higher than the fundamental mode in each direction. This requirement is deemed to be
satisfiedinbuildingswhichfulfillthefollowingtwoconditions:
a. The building period in the two main horizontal directions is smaller than both 4T
C
(T
C
is
definedinSection2.5.6.3)and2sec.
b. ThebuildingdoesntpossessirregularityinelevationasdefinedinSection2.5.7.3.
2.5.9 EQUIVALENTSTATICANALYSIS
The evaluation of the seismic loads starts with the calculation of the design base shear which is derived
from the design response spectrum presented in Section 2.5.6.3. This section presents different
computationsrelevanttotheequivalentstaticanalysisprocedure.
2.5.9.1 DESIGNBASESHEAR
Theseismicdesignbaseshearforceinagivendirectionshallbedeterminedfromthefollowingrelation:
W S V
a
=
(6.2.5.7)
where,
S
a
= Lateral seismic force coefficient calculated using Eq.6.2.5.4(Section 2.5.6.3).It is the design spectral
acceleration(inunitsofg)correspondingtothebuildingperiodT(computedasperSection2.5.9.2).
W=TotalseismicweightofthebuildingdefinedinSection2.5.9.3
2.5.9.2 BUILDINGPERIOD
The fundamental period T of the building in the horizontal direction under consideration shall be
determinedusingthefollowingguidelines:
a) Structural dynamics procedures (such as Rayleigh method), using structural properties
and deformation characteristics of resisting elements, may be used to determine the
fundamental period T of the building in the direction under consideration. This period
shallnotexceedtheapproximatefundamentalperioddeterminedbyEquation(6.2.5.8)
bymorethan40%.
b) ThebuildingperiodT(insecs)maybeapproximatedbythefollowingformula:
(6.2.S.8)
where,
( )
m
n t
h C T =
Chapter2
93

h
n
= Height of building in metres from foundation or from top of rigid basement.
Thisexcludesthebasementstoreys,wherebasementwallsareconnectedwith
the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But it includes
thebasementstoreys,whentheyarenotsoconnected.
C
t
andmareobtainedfromTable6.2.5.8
Table6.2.5.8Valuesforcoefficientstoestimateapproximateperiod
c) Formasonryorconcreteshearwallstructures,theapproximatefundamentalperiod,Tin
secsmaybedeterminedasfollows:
n
w
h
C
T
uu62 u.
= (6.2.5.9)
where,
=

=
2
2
1
8S u 1
1uu
i
i
i
x
i
i
n
B
w
D
h
A
h
h
A
C
.
(6.2.5.10)
where,
A
B
=areaofbaseofstructure
A
i
=webareaofshearwalli
D
i
=lengthofshearwalli
h
i
=heightofshearwalli
x = number of shear walls in the building effective in resisting lateral forces in the
2.5.9.3 SEISMICWEIGHT
Seismic weight, W, is the total dead load of a building or a structure, including partition walls, and
applicableportionsofotherimposedloadslistedbelow:
a) For live load up to and including 3 kN/m
2
, a minimum of 25% of the live load shall be
applicable.
Structuretype Ct m
Concrete moment-resisting frames u.u466 u.9
Steel moment-resisting frames u.u724 u.8
Eccentrically braced steel frame u.u7S1 u.7S
All other structural systems u.u488 u.7S
N0TE:
Consiuei moment iesisting fiames as fiames which iesist
1uu% of seismic foice anu aie not encloseu oi aujoineu by
components that aie moie iigiu anu will pievent the fiames
fiom ueflecting unuei seismic foices.
Part6
94
b) Forliveloadabove3kN/m
2
,aminimumof50%oftheliveloadshallbeapplicable.
c) Total weight (100%) of permanent heavy equipment or retained liquid or any imposed
loadsustainedinnatureshallbeincluded.
Where the probable imposed loads (mass) at the time of earthquake are more correctly
assessed,thedesignermaygoforhigherpercentageofliveload.

2.5.9.4 VERTICALDISTRIBUTIONOFLATERALFORCES
In the absence of a more rigorous procedure, the total seismic lateral force at the base level, in other
wordsthebaseshearV,shallbeconsideredasthesumoflateralforcesF
x
inducedatdifferentfloorlevels,
theseforcesmaybecalculatedas:
=
=
n
i
k
i i
k
x x
x
h w
h w
V F
1
(6.2.5.11)
where,
F
x
=partofbaseshearforceinducedatlevelx
w
i
and w
x
= part of the total effective seismic weight of the structure (W) assigned to
leveliorx
h
i
andh
x
=theheightfromthebasetoleveliorx
k=1forstructureperiod0.5s
=2forstructureperiod2.5s
=linearinterpolationbetween1and2forotherperiods.
n=numberofstories
2.5.9.5 STOREYSHEARANDITSHORIZONTALDISTRIBUTION
Thedesign storey shear V
x
,atanystoreyxis thesum oftheforcesF
x
inthatstoreyandallotherstories
aboveit,givenbyEq.6.2.5.12:
=
=
n
x i
i x
F V (6.2.5.12)
where,F
i
=Portionofbaseshearinducedatleveli,asdeterminedbyEq.6.2.5.11
Ifthefloordiaphragmscanbeconsideredtobeinfinitelyrigidinthehorizontalplane,theshearV
x
shallbe
distributed to the various elements of the lateral force resisting system in proportion to their relative
lateral stiffness. For flexible diaphragms, the distribution of forces to the vertical elements shall account
forthepositionanddistributionofthemassessupported.
Allowance shall also be made for the increased shear arising due to horizontal torsional moment as
specifiedinSec2.5.9.6
Chapter2
95

2.5.9.6 HORIZONTALTORSIONALMOMENTS:
Design shall accommodate increase in storey shear forces resulting from probable horizontal torsional
momentsonrigidfloordiaphragms.Computationofsuchmomentsshallbeasfollows:
2.5.9.6.1 InbuiltTorsionalEffects:
Whenthereisinbuilteccentricitybetweencentreofmassandcentreofrigidity(lateralresistance)atthe
floorlevels,rigiddiaphragmsateachlevelwillbesubjectedtotorsionalmomentM
t
.
2.5.9.6.2 AccidentalTorsionalEffects:
In order to account for uncertainties in the location of masses and in the spatial variation of the seismic
motion, accidental torsional effects need to be always considered. The accidental moment M
ta
is
determinedassumingthestoreymasstobedisplacedfromthecalculatedcentreofmassadistanceequal
to 5% of the building dimension at that level perpendicular to the direction of the force under
consideration.TheaccidentaltorsionalmomentM
tai
atleveliisgivenas:
(6.2.5.13)
where,
e
ai
= accidental eccentricity of floor mass at level i applied in the same direction at all
floors=0.05L
i
L
i
=floordimensionperpendiculartothedirectionofseismicforceconsidered.
Where torsional irregularity exists (Section 2.5.7.3.1) for Seismic Design Category C or D, the irregularity
effects shall be accounted for by increasing the accidental torsion M
ta
at each level by a torsional
amplificationfactor,A
x
asillustratedinFigure6.2.5.6determinedfromthefollowingequation:
( ) [ ] u S 2 1
2
. .
avg max
=
x
A (6.2.S.14)
where,
max
=MaximumdisplacementatlevelxcomputedassumingA
x
=1.
avg
= Average of the displacements at extreme points of the building at levelx computed
assumingA
x
=1.
Figure6.2.5.6TorsionalamplificationfactorA
x
forplanirregularity
Theaccidentaltorsionalmomentneednotbeamplifiedforstructuresoflightframeconstruction.Alsothe
torsionalamplificationfactor(A
x
)shouldnotexceed3.0.
Part6
96
2.5.9.6.3 DesignforTorsionalEffects
ThetorsionaldesignmomentatagivenstoreyshallbeequaltotheaccidentaltorsionalmomentM
ta
plus
the inbuilt torsional moment M
t
(if any). Where earthquake forces are applied concurrently in two
orthogonaldirections,therequired5 percentdisplacementofthecenterofmass(foraccidentaltorsion)
neednotbeappliedinbothoftheorthogonaldirectionsatthesametime,butshallbeappliedinonlyone
directionthatproducesthegreatereffect.
2.5.9.7 DEFLECTIONANDSTOREYDRIFT:
The deflections (
x
) of level x at the center of the mass shall be determined in accordance with the
followingequation:
I
C
xe d
x
= (6.2.5.15)
where,
C
d
=DeflectionamplificationfactorgiveninTable6.2.5.7
xe
=Deflectiondeterminedbyanelasticanalysis
I=ImportancefactordefinedinTable6.2.5.5
Thedesignstoreydriftatstoreyxshallbecomputedasthedifferenceofthedeflectionsatthecentersof
massatthetopandbottomofthestoryunderconsideration:
1
=
x x x
(6.2.5.16)
2.5.9.8 OVERTURNINGEFFECTS:
The structure shall be designed to resist overturning effects caused by the seismic forces determined in
Section2.5.9.4.Atanystory,theincrementofoverturningmomentinthestoryunderconsiderationshall
bedistributedtothevariousverticalforceresistingelementsinthesameproportionasthedistributionof
thehorizontalshearstothoseelements.
Theoverturningmomentsatlevelx,M
x
,shallbedeterminedasfollows:
( )
x i
n
x i
i x
h h F M =
=
(6.2.5.17)
where,
F
i
=theportionoftheseismicbaseshear,V,inducedatleveli
h
i
,h
x
=theheightfromthebasetoleveliorx.
The foundations of structures, except inverted pendulumtype structures, shall be permitted to be
designed for threefourths of the foundation overturning design moment, M
o
, determined using above
equation.
Chapter2
97

2.5.9.9 PDELTAEFFECTS:
The Pdelta effects on story shears and moments, the resulting member forces and moments, and the
story drifts induced by these effects are not required to be considered if the stability coefficient ()
determinedbythefollowingequationisnotmorethan0.10:
d sx x
X
C h V
P
= (6.2.5.18)
Where,
P
x
=thetotalverticaldesignloadatandabovelevelx;wherecomputingP
x
,noindividualload
factorneedexceed1.0
=thedesignstorydriftoccurringsimultaneouslywithV
x
V
x
=thestoreyshearforceactingbetweenlevelsxandx1
h
sx
=thestoryheightbelowlevelx
C
d
=thedeflectionamplificationfactorgiveninTable6.2.5.7
Thestabilitycoefficient()shallnotexceed
max
determinedasfollows:
2S u
S u
.
.
max
=
d
C
(6.2.5.19)
whereistheratioofsheardemandtoshearcapacityforthestorybetweenlevelsxandx1.Thisratio
ispermittedtobeconservativelytakenas1.0.
Where the stability coefficient () is greater than 0.10 but less than or equal to
max
, the incremental
factor related to Pdelta effects on displacements and member forces shall be determined by rational
analysis.Alternatively,itispermittedtomultiplydisplacementsandmemberforcesby1.0/(1).
Whereisgreaterthan
max
,thestructureispotentiallyunstableandshallberedesigned.
WherethePdeltaeffectisincludedinanautomatedanalysis,Eq.6.2.5.19shallstillbesatisfied,however,
the value of computed from Eq. 6.2.5.18 using the results of the Pdelta analysis is permitted to be
dividedby(1+)beforecheckingEq.6.2.5.19.
2.5.10 DYNAMICANALYSISMETHODS
Dynamicanalysismethodinvolvesapplyingprinciplesofstructuraldynamicstocomputetheresponseof
thestructuretoapplieddynamic(earthquake)loads.
2.5.10.1 REQUIREMENTFORDYNAMICANALYSIS
Dynamicanalysisshouldbeperformedtoobtainthedesignseismicforce,anditsdistributiontodifferent
levelsalongtheheightofthebuildingandtothevariouslateralloadresistingelements,forthefollowing
buildings:
a)Regularbuildingswithheightgreaterthan40minZones2,3,4andgreaterthan90min
Zone1.
b)Irregularbuildings(asdefinedinSection2.5.7.3)withheightgreaterthan12minZones2,
3,4andgreaterthan40minZone1.
Part6
98
For irregular buildings, smaller than 40 m in height in Zone 1, dynamic analysis, even though not
mandatory,isrecommended
2.5.10.2 METHODSOFANALYSIS
Dynamicanalysismaybecarriedoutthroughthefollowingtwomethods:
(i) Response Spectrum Analysis method is a linear elastic analysis method using modal
analysis procedures, where the structure is subjected to spectral accelerations
correspondingtoadesignaccelerationresponsespectrum.Thedesignearthquakeground
motioninthiscaseisrepresentedbyitsresponsespectrum.
(ii) Time History Analysis method is a numerical integration procedure where design ground
motion time histories (acceleration record) are applied at the base of the structure. Time
historyanalysisprocedurescanbetwotypes:linearandnonlinear.
2.5.11 RESPONSESPECTRUMANALYSIS(RSA)
Aresponsespectrumanalysisshallconsistoftheanalysisofalinearmathematicalmodelofthestructure
todeterminethemaximumaccelerations,forces,anddisplacementsresultingfromthedynamicresponse
to ground shaking represented by the design acceleration response spectrum (presented in Section
2.5.6.3). Response spectrum analysis is also called a modal analysis procedure because it considers
differentmodesofvibrationofthestructureandcombineseffectsofdifferentmodes.
2.5.11.1 MODELING(RSA)
A mathematical model of the structure shall be constructed that represents the spatial distribution of
massandstiffnessthroughoutthestructure.Forregularstructureswithindependentorthogonalseismic
forceresisting systems, independent twodimensional models are permitted to be constructed to
representeachsystem.Forirregular structuresorstructureswithoutindependentorthogonalsystems,a
threedimensional model incorporating a minimum of three dynamic degrees of freedom consisting of
translation in two orthogonal plan directions and torsional rotation about the vertical axis shall be
included at each level of the structure. Where the diaphragms are not rigid compared to the vertical
elements of the lateralforceresisting system, the model should include representation of the
diaphragmsflexibilityandsuchadditionaldynamicdegreesoffreedomasarerequiredtoaccountforthe
participation of the diaphragm in the structures dynamic response. The structure shall be considered to
befixedatthebaseor,alternatively,itshallbepermittedtouserealisticassumptionswithregardtothe
stiffnessoffoundations.Inaddition,themodelshallcomplywiththefollowing:
1.Stiffnesspropertiesofconcreteandmasonryelementsshallconsidertheeffectsofcrackedsections
2. The contribution of panel zone deformations to overall story drift shall be included for steel moment
frameresistingsystems.
2.5.11.2 NUMBEROFMODES(RSA)
An analysis shall be conducted using the masses and elastic stiffnesses of the seismicforceresisting
systemtodeterminethenaturalmodesofvibrationforthestructureincludingtheperiodofeachmode,
themodalshapevector,themodalparticipationfactorPandmodalmassM.Theanalysisshallincludea
sufficient numberofmodes toobtaina combinedmodalmassparticipationofatleast90percent ofthe
actualmassineachoftwoorthogonaldirections.
Chapter2
99

2.5.11.3 MODALSTORYSHEARSANDMOMENTS(RSA)
For each mode, the story shears, story overturning moments, and the shear forces and overturning
moments in vertical elements of the structural system at each level due to the seismic forces shall be
computed.ThepeaklateralforceF
ik
inducedatleveliinmodekisgivenby:
i k ik k ik
W P A F = (6.2.5.20)
where,
A
k
= Design horizontal spectral acceleration corresponding to period of vibration T
k
of mode k, obtained
fromdesignresponsespectrum(Section2.5.6.3)
ik
=Modalshapecoefficientatleveliinmodek
P
k
=Modalparticipationfactorofmodek
W
i
=Weightoffloori.
2.5.11.4 STRUCTURERESPONSE(RSA)
Intheresponsespectrumanalysismethod,thebaseshearV
rs
;eachofthestoryshear,moment,anddrift
quantities; and the deflection at each level shall be determined by combining their modal values. The
combinationshallbecarriedoutbytakingthesquarerootofthesumofthesquares(SRSS)ofeachofthe
modal values or by the complete quadratic combination (CQC) technique. The complete quadratic
combinationshallbeusedwherecloselyspacedperiodsinthetranslationalandtorsionalmodesresultin
crosscorrelationofthemodes.
The distribution of horizontal shear shall be in accordance with the requirements of Section 2.5.9.5. It
should be noted that amplification of accidental torsion as per Section 12.5.9.6 is not required where
accidentaltorsionaleffectsareincludedinthedynamicanalysismodelbyoffsettingthecentreofmassin
eachstorybytherequiredamount.
A base shear, V, shall also be calculated using the equivalent static force procedure in Section 2.5.9.
Where the base shear, V
rs
, is less than 85% of V, all the forces but not the drifts obtained by response
spectrumanalysisshallbemultipliedbytheratio0.85V/V
rs
.
ThedisplacementsanddriftsobtainedbyresponsespectrumanalysisshallbemultipliedbyC
d
/Itoobtain
designdisplacementsanddrifts,asdoneinequivalentstaticanalysisprocedure(Section2.5.9.7).
ThePdeltaeffectsshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithSection2.5.9.9.
2.5.12 LINEARTIMEHISTORYANALYSIS(LTHA)
A linear time history analysis (LTHA) shall consist of an analysis of a linear mathematical model of the
structuretodetermineitsresponse,throughdirect numericalintegrationof thedifferentialequationsof
motion, to a number of ground motion acceleration time histories compatible with the design response
spectrum for the site. The analysis shall be performed in accordance with the provisions of this section.
Forthepurposesofanalysis,thestructureshallbepermittedtobeconsideredtobefixedatthebaseor,
alternatively,itshallbepermittedtouserealisticassumptionswithregardtothestiffnessoffoundations.
The acceleration time history (ground motion) is applied at the base of the structure. The advantage of
thisprocedureisthatthetimedependentbehaviorofthestructuralresponseisobtained.
Part6
100
2.5.12.1 MODELING(LTHA)
MathematicalmodelsshallconformtotherequirementsofmodelingdescribedinSection2.5.11.1.
2.5.12.2 GROUNDMOTION(LTHA)
Atleastthreeappropriategroundmotions(accelerationtimehistory)shallbeusedintheanalysis.Ground
motionshallconformtotherequirementsofthissection.
Twodimensional analysis: Where twodimensional analyses are performed, each ground motion shall
consist of a horizontal acceleration time history selected from an actual recorded event. Appropriate
acceleration histories shall be obtained from records of events having magnitudes, fault distance, and
source mechanisms that are consistent with those that control the maximum considered earthquake.
Where the required number of appropriate ground motion records are not available, appropriate
simulatedgroundmotiontimehistoriesshallbeusedtomakeupthetotalnumberrequired.Theground
motionsshallbescaledsuchthatforeachperiodbetween0.2Tand1.5T(whereTisthenaturalperiodof
the structure in the fundamental mode for the direction considered) the average of the fivepercent
damped response spectra for the each acceleration time history is not less than the corresponding
ordinateofthedesignaccelerationresponsespectrum,determinedinaccordancewithSection2.5.6.3.
Threedimensionalanalysis:Wherethreedimensionalanalysisisperformed,groundmotionsshallconsist
ofpairsofappropriatehorizontalgroundmotionaccelerationtimehistories(intwoorthogonalhorizontal
directions)thatshallbeselectedandscaledfromindividualrecordedevents.Appropriategroundmotions
shall be selected from events having magnitudes, fault distance, and source mechanisms that are
consistent with those that control the maximum considered earthquake. Where the required number of
recordedgroundmotionpairsarenotavailable,appropriatesimulatedgroundmotionpairsshallbeused
to make up the total number required. For each pair of horizontal ground motion components, an SRSS
spectrum shall be constructed by taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the fivepercent
damped response spectra for the components (where an identical scale factor is applied to both
components of a pair). Each pair of motions shall be scaled such that for each period between 0.2T and
1.5T (where T is the natural period of the fundamental mode of the structure) the average of the SRSS
spectra from all horizontal component pairs is not less than 1.3 times the corresponding ordinate of the
designresponsespectrum,determinedinaccordancewithSection2.5.6.3.
2.5.12.3 STRUCTURERESPONSE(LTHA)
Foreachscaledaccelerationtimehistory,themaximumvaluesofbaseshearandotherstructureresponse
quantitiesshallbeobtainedfromthetimehistoryanalysis.Forthreedimensionalanalysis,orthogonalpair
ofscaledmotionsareappliedsimultaneously.Abaseshear,V,shallalsobecalculatedusingtheequivalent
static force procedure described in Section 2.5.9.1. Where the maximum base shear, V
th
computed by
linear time history analysis, is less than V, all response quantities (storey shear, moments, drifts, floor
deflections, member forces etc) obtained by time history analysis shall be increased by multiplying with
the ratio V/V
th
. If number of earthquake records (or pairs) used in the analysis is less than seven, the
maximumstructuralresponseobtainedcorrespondingtodifferentearthquakerecordsshallbeconsidered
asthedesignvalue.Ifthenumberisatleastseven,thentheaverageofmaximumstructuralresponsesfor
differentearthquakerecordsshallbeconsideredasthedesignvalue.
The displacements and drifts obtained as mentioned above shall be multiplied by C
d
/I to obtain design
displacementsanddrifts,asdoneinequivalentstaticanalysisprocedure(Section2.5.9.7).
Chapter2
101

2.5.13 NONLINEARTIMEHISTORYANALYSIS(NTHA)
Nonlineartime historyanalysis(NTHA)shall consistofanalysisofamathematical modelofthestructure
which incorporates the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of the structures components to determine its
response, through methods of numerical integration, to ground acceleration time histories compatible
with the design response spectrum for the site. The analysis shall be performed in accordance with the
requirements of this section. For the purposes of analysis, the structure shall be permitted to be
consideredtobefixedatthebaseor,alternatively,itshallbepermittedtouserealisticassumptionswith
regardtothestiffnessoffoundations.Theaccelerationtimehistory(groundmotion)isappliedatthebase
ofthestructure.Theadvantageofthisprocedureisthatactualtimedependentbehaviorofthestructural
responseconsideringinelasticdeformationsinthestructurecanbeobtained.
2.5.13.1 MODELING(NTHA)
A mathematical model of the structure shall be constructed that represents the spatial distribution of
mass throughout the structure. The hysteretic behavior of elements shall be modeled consistent with
suitable laboratory test data and shall account for all significant yielding, strength degradation, stiffness
degradation,and hysteretic pinching indicatedbysuch testdata.Strengthofelementsshall bebasedon
expectedvaluesconsideringmaterialoverstrength,strainhardening,andhystereticstrengthdegradation.
As a minimum, a bilinear forcedeformation relationship should be used at the element level. In
reinforced concrete and masonry buildings, the elastic stiffness should correspond to that of cracked
sections. Linear properties, consistent with the provisions of Section 5.3.1 shall be permitted to be used
for those elements demonstrated by the analysis to remain within their linear range of response. The
structure shall be assumed to have a fixed base or, alternatively, it shall be permitted to use realistic
assumptions with regard to the stiffness and load carrying characteristics of the foundations consistent
withsitespecificsoilsdataandrationalprinciplesofengineeringmechanics.
For regular structures with independent orthogonal seismicforceresisting systems, independent two
dimensionalmodelsshallbepermittedtobeconstructedtorepresenteachsystem.Forstructureshaving
plan irregularity or structures without independent orthogonal systems, a threedimensional model
incorporatingaminimumofthreedynamicdegreesoffreedomconsistingoftranslationintwoorthogonal
plan directions and torsional rotation about the vertical axis at each level of the structure shall be used.
Where the diaphragms are not rigid compared to the vertical elements of the lateralforceresisting
system,themodelshallincluderepresentationofthediaphragmsflexibilityandsuchadditionaldynamic
degrees of freedom as are required to account for the participation of the diaphragm in the structures
dynamicresponse.
2.5.13.2 GROUNDMOTION(NTHA)
The actual timedependent inelastic deformation of the structure is modeled. For inelastic analysis
method,therealdesignaccelerationresponsespectrum(Section2.5.6.3)isobtainedusingEq.6.2.5.4with
R=1 and I=1. The real design acceleration response spectrum is the true representation of the expected
ground motion (design basis earthquake) including local soil effects and corresponds to a peak ground
acceleration(PGA)valueof2/3*Z*S.
At least three appropriate acceleration time histories shall be used in the analysis. Ground motion shall
conformtotherequirementsofthissection.
Part6
102
Twodimensional analysis: Where twodimensional analyses are performed, each ground motion shall
consist of a horizontal acceleration time history selected from an actual recorded event. Appropriate
acceleration histories shall be obtained from records of events having magnitudes, fault distance, and
source mechanisms that are consistent with those that control the maximum considered earthquake.
Where the required number of appropriate ground motion records are not available, appropriate
simulatedgroundmotiontimehistoriesshallbeusedtomakeupthetotalnumberrequired.Theground
motionsshallbescaledsuchthatforeachperiodbetween0.2Tand1.5T(whereTisthenaturalperiodof
the structure in the fundamental mode for the direction considered) the average of the fivepercent
dampedresponsespectraforeachaccelerationtimehistoryisnotlessthanthecorrespondingordinateof
therealdesignaccelerationresponsespectrum,asdefinedhere.
Threedimensionalanalysis:Wherethreedimensionalanalysisisperformed,groundmotionsshallconsist
ofpairsofappropriatehorizontalgroundmotionaccelerationtimehistories(intwoorthogonalhorizontal
directions)thatshallbeselectedandscaledfromindividualrecordedevents.Appropriategroundmotions
shall be selected from events having magnitudes, fault distance, and source mechanisms that are
consistent with those that control the maximum considered earthquake. Where the required number of
recordedgroundmotionpairsarenotavailable,appropriatesimulatedgroundmotionpairsshallbeused
to make up the total number required. For each pair of horizontal ground motion components, an SRSS
spectrum shall be constructed by taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the fivepercent
damped response spectra for the components (where an identical scale factor is applied to both
components of a pair). Each pair of motions shall be scaled such that for each period between 0.2T and
1.5T (where T is the natural period of the fundamental mode of the structure) the average of the SRSS
spectra from all horizontal component pairs is not less than 1.3 times the corresponding ordinate of the
realdesignaccelerationresponsespectrum.
2.5.13.3 STRUCTURERESPONSE(NTHA)
Foreachscaledaccelerationtimehistory,themaximumvaluesofbaseshearandotherstructureresponse
quantities shall be obtained from the nonlinear time history analysis. For three dimensional analysis,
orthogonalpairofscaledmotionsareappliedsimultaneously.Ifnumberofearthquakerecords(orpairs)
used in the analysis is less than seven, the maximum structural response obtained corresponding to
differentearthquakerecordsshallbeconsideredasthedesignvalue.Ifthenumberisatleastseven,then
theaverageofmaximumstructuralresponsesfordifferentearthquakerecordsshallbeconsideredasthe
design value. Since real expected earthquake motion input and model incorporating real nonlinear
behaviorofthestructureisused,theresultsasobtainedaredirectlyused(noscalingasinLTHAorRSAis
required)forinterpretationanddesign.
2.5.13.4 STRUCTUREMEMBERDESIGN(NTHA)
The adequacy of individual members and their connections to withstand the design deformations
predicted by the analyses shall be evaluated based on laboratory test data for similar components. The
effects of gravity and other loads on member deformation capacity shall be considered in these
evaluations. Member deformation shall not exceed two thirds of the smaller of: the value that results in
lossofabilitytocarrygravityloadsorthevalueatwhich memberstrengthhas deterioratedtoless than
67%ofpeakstrength.
Chapter2
103

2.5.13.5 DESIGNREVIEW(NTHA)
Special care and expertise is needed in the use of nonlinear dynamic analysis based design. Checking of
thedesignbycompetentthirdpartyisrecommended.Areviewofthedesignoftheseismicforceresisting
system and the supporting structural analyses shall be performed by an independent team consisting of
design professionals with experience in seismic analysis methods and the theory and application of
nonlinear seismic analysis and structural behavior under extreme cyclic loads. The design review shall
includethefollowing:(i)Reviewofdevelopmentofgroundmotiontimehistories(ii)Reviewofacceptance
criteria (including laboratory test data) used to demonstrate the adequacy of structural elements and
systemstowithstandthecalculatedforceanddeformationdemands(iii)Reviewofstructuraldesign.
2.5.14 NONLINEARSTATICANALYSIS(NSA)
Nonlinear static analysis (NSA), also popularly known as pushover analysis, is a simplified method of
directly evaluating nonlinear response of structures to strong earthquake ground shaking. It is an
alternative to the more complex nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA). The building is subjected to
monotonicallyincreasingstatichorizontalloadsunderconstantgravityload.
2.5.14.1 MODELING(NSA)
Amathematicalmodelofthestructure shallbeconstructedtorepresentthespatial distributionofmass
and stiffness of the structural system considering the effects of element nonlinearity for deformation
levelsthatexceedtheproportionallimit.PDeltaeffectsshallalsobeincludedintheanalysis.
For regular structures with independent orthogonal seismicforceresisting systems, independent two
dimensional models may be used to represent each system. For structures having plan irregularities or
structureswithoutindependentorthogonalsystems,athreedimensionalmodelincorporatingaminimum
of three degrees of freedom for each level of the structure, consisting of translation in two orthogonal
plandirectionsandtorsionalrotationabouttheverticalaxis,shallbeused.Wherethediaphragmsarenot
rigid compared to the vertical elements of the seismicforceresisting system, the model should include
representationofthediaphragmflexibility.
Unless analysis indicates that a element remains elastic, a nonlinear force deformation model shall be
used to represent the stiffness of the element before onset of yield, the yield strength, and the stiffness
properties of the element after yield at various levels of deformation. Strengths of elements shall not
exceed expected values considering material overstrength and strain hardening. The properties of
elements and components after yielding shall account for strength and stiffness degradation due to
softening,buckling,orfractureasindicatedbyprinciplesofmechanicsortestdata.
A control point shall be selected for the model. For normal buildings, the control point shall be at the
centerofmassofthehighestlevel(roof)ofthestructure.
2.5.14.2 ANALYSISPROCEDURE(NSA)
The lateral forces shall be applied at the center of mass of each level and shall be proportional to the
distributionobtainedfromamodalanalysisforthefundamentalmodeofresponseinthedirectionunder
consideration.Thelateralloadsshallbeincreasedincrementallyinamonotonicmanner.
Atthejthincrementoflateralloading,thetotallateralforceappliedtothemodelshallbecharacterized
by the term V
j
. The incremental increases in applied lateral force should be in steps that are sufficiently
smalltopermitsignificantchangesinindividualelementbehavior(suchasyielding,bucklingorfailure)to
Part6
104
be detected. The first increment in lateral loading shall result in linear elastic behavior. At each loading
step,thetotalappliedlateralforce,V
j
,thelateraldisplacementofthecontrolpoint,
j
,andtheforcesand
deformationsineachelementshallberecorded.Theanalysisshallbecontinueduntilthedisplacementof
thecontrolpointisatleast150%ofthetargetdisplacementdeterminedinaccordancewithSec.2.5.14.3.
The structure shall be designed so that the total applied lateral force does not decrease in any load
incrementforcontrolpointdisplacementslessthanorequalto125percentofthetargetdisplacement.
2.5.14.3 EFFECTIVEPERIODANDTARGETDISPLACEMENT(NSA)
A bilinear curve shall be fitted to the capacity curve, such that the first segment of the bilinear curve
coincides with the capacity curve at 60% of the effective yield strength, the second segment coincides
withthecapacitycurveatthetargetdisplacement,andtheareaunderthebilinearcurveequalsthearea
underthecapacitycurve,betweentheoriginandthetargetdisplacement.Theeffectiveyieldstrength,V
y
,
corresponds to the total applied lateral force at the intersection of the two line segments. The effective
yield displacement,
y
, corresponds to the control point displacement at the intersection of the two line
segments.Theeffectivefundamentalperiod,T
e
,ofthestructureinthedirectionunderconsiderationshall
bedeterminedusingEq.6.2.5.21asfollows:
y y
e
V
V
T T
1 1
1
=
(6.2.5.21)
whereV
1
,
1
,andT
1
aredeterminedforthefirstincrementoflateralload.
Thetargetdisplacementofthecontrolpoint,
T
,shallbedeterminedasfollows:
g
T
S C C
e
a T
2
1 0
2

(6.2.5.22)
where the spectral acceleration, S
a
, is determined at the effective fundamental period, T
e
, using
Eq.(6.2.5.4),gistheaccelerationduetogravity.
ThecoefficientC
0
shallbecalculatedas:
=
=
=
n
i
i i
n
i
i i
w
w
C
1
2
1
0
(6.2.5.23)

where:
w
i
=theportionoftheseismicweight,W,atleveli,and
i
=theamplitudeoftheshapevectoratleveli.
Wheretheeffectivefundamentalperiod,T
e
,isgreaterthanT
C
(definedinSec.2.5.6.3),thecoefficientC
1
shallbetakenas1.0.Otherwise,thevalueofthecoefficientC
1
shallbecalculatedasfollows:
( )

+ =
e
s d
d
T
T R
R
C
1
1
1
1
(6.2.5.24)
Chapter2
105

whereR
d
isgivenasfollows:
W V
S
R
y
a
d
=
(6.2.5.25)
2.5.14.4 STRUCTUREMEMBERDESIGN(NSA)
Foreachnonlinearstaticanalysisthedesignresponseparameters,includingtheindividualmemberforces
andmemberdeformationsshallbetakenasthevaluesobtainedfromtheanalysisatthestepatwhichthe
targetdisplacementisreached.
Theadequacyofindividualmembersandtheirconnectionstowithstandthememberforcesandmember
deformations shall be evaluated based on laboratory test data for similar components. The effects of
gravity and other loads on member deformation capacity shall be considered in these evaluations. The
deformationofamembersupportinggravityloadsshallnotexceed(i)twothirdsofthedeformationthat
results in loss of ability to support gravity loads, and (ii) twothirds of the deformation at which the
member strength has deteriorated to less than 70% of the peak strength of the component model. The
deformationofamembernotrequiredforgravityloadsupportshallnotexceedtwothirdsofthevalueat
whichmemberstrengthhasdeterioratedtolessthan70%ofthepeakstrengthofthecomponentmodel.
2.5.14.5 DESIGNREVIEW(NSA)
Checkingofthedesignbycompetentthirdpartyisrecommended.Anindependentteamcomposedofat
least two members with experience in seismic analysis methods and the theory and application of
nonlinearseismicanalysisandstructuralbehaviorunderearthquakeloading,shallperformareviewofthe
designoftheseismicforceresistingsystemandthesupportingstructuralanalyses.Thedesignreviewshall
include(i)reviewofanysitespecificseismiccriteria(ifdeveloped)employedintheanalysis(ii)reviewof
the determination of the target displacement and effective yield strength of the structure (iii) review of
adequacyofstructuralelementsandsystemstowithstandthecalculatedforceanddeformationdemands,
togetherwithlaboratoryandotherdata(iv)reviewofstructuraldesign.
2.5.15 EARTHQUAKELOADCOMBINATIONS
2.5.15.1 HORIZONTALEARTHQUAKELOADING
Thedirectionsofapplicationofseismicforcesfordesignshallbethosewhichwillproducethemostcritical
loadeffects.Earthquakeforcesactinbothprincipaldirectionsofthebuildingsimultaneously.Inorderto
accountforthat,thestructureshallbedesignedfor100%oftheseismicforcesinoneprincipaldirection
combinedwith30%oftheseismicforcesintheorthogonaldirection.Possiblecombinationsare:
100% in x-direction 30% in y-direction or
30% in x-direction 100% in y-direction
The combination which produces most unfavourable effect for the particular action effect shall be
considered.
Wherethreedimensionalanalysisofaspatialstructuremodelisperformedasin3Dtimehistoryanalysis,
simultaneousapplicationofaccelerationsintwodirectionsshallbeconsideredwherethegroundmotions
shallsatisfytheconditionsstatedinSections2.5.12.2or2.5.13.2.
Part6
106
2.5.15.2 VERTICALEARTHQUAKELOADING
Themaximumverticalgroundaccelerationshallbetakenas50%oftheexpectedhorizontalpeakground
acceleration(PGA).TheverticalseismicloadeffectE
v
maybedeterminedas:
E
v
=0.5(a
h
)D (6.2.5.26)
where,
a
h
=expectedhorizontalpeakgroundacceleration(ing)fordesign=2/3*Z*S
D=effectofdeadload
2.5.15.3 COMBINATIONOFEARTHQUAKELOADINGWITHOTHERLOADINGS
Ultimatestrengthdesign:
Forultimatestrengthdesign,earthquakeloadingeffectsshallbeconsideredincombinationwitheffectsof
deadloadsandliveloadsasindicatedbelow:
Case1:deadloadandliveloadeffectsareadditivetoseismicloadeffects
1.2D+1.0E+0.5L
1.2(D+E
v
)+1.0E+0.5L
Case2:deadloadandliveloadeffectsarecounteractingseismicloadeffects
0.9D+1.0E
0.9(DE
v
)+1.0E
Where, D, L, E, E
v
represent effects of dead load, live load, horizontal earthquake load and vertical
earthquakeloadrespectively.
For Case 1 loading, live load factor may be increased from 0.5 to 1.0 for public assembly places. In load
combinations,earthquakeloadshallnotbeconsideredtooccursimultaneouslywithwindload.
Allowablestressdesign:
Forallowablestressdesign,earthquakeloadingeffectsshallbeconsideredincombinationwitheffectsof
deadloadsandliveloadsasindicatedbelow:
Case1:deadloadandliveloadeffectsareadditivetoseismicloadeffects
1.0D+0.7E+0.5L
1.0(D+0.7E
v
)+0.7E+0.5L
Case2:deadloadandliveloadeffectsarecounteractingseismicloadeffects
0.6D+0.7E
0.6(D0.7E
v
)+0.7E
For Case 1 loading, live load factor may be increased from 0.5 to 1.0 for public assembly places. In load
combinations,earthquakeloadshallnotbeconsideredtooccursimultaneouslywithwindload.
Chapter2
107

2.5.16 DRIFTANDDEFORMATION
2.5.16.1 STOREYDRIFTLIMIT
The design storey drift () of each storey, as determined in Sections 2.5.9 (equivalent static analysis),
2.5.11(responsespectrumanalysis)or2.5.12(lineartimehistoryanalysis)shallnotexceedtheallowable
storeydrift(
a
)asobtainedfromTable6.2.5.9foranystory.
Table6.2.5.9AllowableStoreyDriftLimit(
a
)
Structure ImportanceCategory
I II IIIorIV
Structures,otherthanmasonryshearwall
structures,4storiesorlesswithinteriorwalls,
partitions,ceilingsandexteriorwallsystemsthat
havebeendesignedtoaccommodatethestory
drifts.
0.025h
sx
0.020h
sx
0.015h
sx
Masonrycantilevershearwallstructures
0.010h
sx
0.010h
sx
0.010h
sx

Othermasonryshearwallstructures
0.007h
sx
0.007h
sx
0.007h
sx

Allotherstructures
0.020h
sx
0.015h
sx
0.010h
sx

NOTES:

1. hsxisthestoryheightbelowLevelx.
2. Thereshallbenodriftlimitforsinglestorystructureswithinteriorwalls,partitions,ceilings,
andexteriorwallsystemsthathavebeendesignedtoaccommodatethestoreydrifts.

3. Structuresinwhichthebasicstructuralsystemconsistsofmasonryshearwallsdesignedas
verticalelementscantileveredfromtheirbaseorfoundationsupportwhichareso
constructedthatmomenttransferbetweenshearwalls(coupling)isnegligible.
Forstructureswithsignificanttorsionaldeflections,themaximumdriftshallincludetorsionaleffects.For
structuresassignedtoSeismicDesignCategoryCorDhavingtorsionalirregularity,thedesignstoreydrift,
shall be computed as the largest difference of the deflections along any of the edges of the structure at
the top and bottom of the storey under consideration. For seismic forceresisting systems comprised
solelyofmomentframesin SeismicDesignCategoriesD,theallowable storeydriftforsuchlinearelastic
analysisproceduresshallnotexceed
a
/whereistermedasastructuralredundancyfactor.Thevalue
ofredundancyfactormaybeconsideredas1.0withtheexceptionofstructureswithverylowlevelof
redundancywheremaybeconsideredas1.3.
Fornonlineartimehistoryanalysis(NTHA),thestoreydriftobtained(Section2.5.13)shallnotexceed1.25
timesthestoreydriftlimitspecifiedaboveforlinearelasticanalysisprocedures.
2.5.16.2 DIAPHRAGMDEFLECTION
Thedeflectionintheplaneofthediaphragm,asdeterminedbyengineeringanalysis,shallnot
exceed the permissible deflection of the attached elements. Permissible deflection shall be
thatdeflectionthatwillpermittheattachedelementtomaintainitsstructuralintegrityunder
theindividualloadingandcontinuetosupporttheprescribedloads.
2.5.16.3 SEPARATIONBETWEENADJACENTSTRUCTURES
Buildings shall be protected from earthquakeinduced pounding from adjacent structures or
between structurally independent units of the same building maintaining safe distance
betweensuchstructuresasfollows:
Part6
108
(i) forbuildings,orstructurallyindependentunits,thatdonotbelongtothesameproperty,
the distance from the property line to the potential points of impact shall not be less
than the computed maximum horizontal displacement (Section 2.5.9.7) of the building
atthecorrespondinglevel.
(ii) for buildings, or structurally independent units, belonging to the same property, if the
distancebetweenthemisnotlessthanthesquarerootofthesumofthesquares(SRSS)
of the computed maximum horizontal displacements (Section 2.5.9.7) of the two
buildingsorunitsatthecorrespondinglevel.
(iii) Ifthefloorelevationsofthebuildingorindependentunitunderdesignarethesameas
those of the adjacent building or unit, the above referred minimum distance may be
reducedbyafactorof0.7
2.5.16.4 SPECIAL DEFORMATION REQUIREMENT FOR SEISMIC DESIGN
CATEGORYD
For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, every structural component not included in the
seismic forceresisting system in the direction under consideration shall be designed to be adequate for
thegravityloadeffectsandtheseismicforcesresultingfromdisplacementtothedesignstorydrift()as
determinedinaccordancewithSection2.5.9.7.Evenwhereelementsofthestructurearenotintendedto
resist seismic forces, their protection may be important. Where determining the moments and shears
inducedincomponentsthatarenotincludedintheseismicforceresistingsysteminthedirectionunder
consideration, the stiffening effects of adjoining rigid structural and nonstructural elements shall be
consideredandarationalvalueofmemberandrestraintstiffnessshallbeused.
2.5.17 SEISMICDESIGNFORNONSTRUCTURALCOMPONENTS
This section establishes minimum design criteria for nonstructural components that are permanently
attachedtostructuresandfortheirsupportsandattachments.
Thefollowingcomponentsareexemptfromtherequirementsofthissection.
1.ArchitecturalcomponentsinSeismicDesignCategoryB,otherthanparapetssupportedby
bearingwallsorshearwalls,wherethecomponentimportancefactor,I
c
,isequalto1.0.
2.MechanicalandelectricalcomponentsinSeismicDesignCategoryB.
3. MechanicalandelectricalcomponentsinSeismicDesignCategoryCwheretheimportance
factor,I
c
,isequalto1.0.
4. MechanicalandelectricalcomponentsinSeismicDesignCategoryDwherethecomponent
importance factor, I
c
, is equal to 1.0 and either (a) flexible connections between the
components and associated ductwork, piping, and conduit are provided, or (b)
componentsaremountedat1.2morlessaboveafloorlevelandweigh1780Norless.
5. Mechanical and electrical components in Seismic Design Category C or D where the
componentimportancefactor,I
c
,isequalto1.0and(a)flexibleconnections betweenthe
components and associated ductwork, piping, and conduit are provided, and (b) the
componentsweigh95Norlessor,fordistributionsystems,whichweigh7N/morless.
Chapter2
109

Where the individual weight of supported components and nonbuilding structures with periods greater
than0.06secondsexceeds25%ofthetotalseismicweightW,thestructureshallbedesignedconsidering
interactioneffectsbetweenthestructureandthesupportedcomponents.
Testingshallbepermittedtobeusedinlieuofanalysismethodsoutlinedinthischaptertodeterminethe
seismiccapacityofcomponentsandtheirsupportsandattachments.
2.5.17.1 COMPONENTIMPORTANCEFACTOR
All components shall be assigned a component importance factor. The component importance factor, I
c
,
shallbetakenas1.5ifanyofthefollowingconditionsapply:
1.Thecomponentisrequiredtofunctionafteranearthquake,
2.Thecomponentcontainshazardousmaterials,or
3.The component is in or attached to a importance class III building and it is needed for
continuedoperationofthefacility.
Allothercomponentsshallbeassignedacomponentimportancefactor,I
c
,equalto1.0.
2.5.17.2 COMPONENTFORCETRANSFER
Components shall be attached such that the component forces are transferred to the structure.
Component attachments that are intended to resist seismic forces shall be bolted, welded, or otherwise
positively fastened without consideration of frictional resistance produced by the effects of gravity. A
continuous load path of sufficient strength and stiffness between the component and the supporting
structureshallbeverified.Localelementsofthesupportingstructureshallbedesignedforthecomponent
forces where such forces control the design of the elements or their connections. In this instance, the
componentforcesshall bethosedeterminedinSection 6.2.6,except thatmodificationstoF
p
andR
p
due
to anchorage conditions need not be considered. The design documents shall include sufficient
informationconcerningtheattachmentstoverifycompliancewiththerequirementsoftheseProvisions.
2.5.17.3 SEISMICDESIGNFORCE
The seismic design force, F
c
, applied in the horizontal direction shall be centered at the components
centerofgravityanddistributedrelativetothecomponent'smassdistributionandshallbedeterminedas
follows:
+ =
h
z
R
I W a
F
c
c c h c
c
2 1
(6.2.5.27)
Where,
0.75W
c
I
c
F
c
1.5W
c
I
c
c
=componentamplificationfactorwhichvariesfrom1.0to2.5(Table6.2.5.10orTable6.2.5.11).
a
h
=expectedhorizontalpeakgroundacceleration(ing)fordesign=2/3*Z*S
W
c
=weightofcomponent
R
c
=componentresponsereductionfactorwhichvariesfrom1.0to12.0(Table6.2.5.10orTable6.2.5.11)
Part6
110
z=heightabovethebaseofthepointofattachmentofthecomponent,butzshallnotbetakenlessthan
0andthevalueofz/hneednotexceed1.0
h=roofheightofstructureabovethebase
TheforceF
c
shallbeindependentlyappliedinatleasttwoorthogonalhorizontaldirectionsincombination
withserviceloadsassociatedwiththecomponent.Inaddition,thecomponentshallalsobedesignedfora
concurrentverticalforceof0.5a
h
W
c
.
Where nonseismic loads on nonstructural components exceed F
c
, such loads shall govern the strength
design,buttheseismicdetailingrequirementsandlimitationsshallapply.
Table6.2.5.10Coefficients
c
andR
c
forArchitecturalComponents

ArchitecturalComponentorElement
c
a
R
c
Inteiioi Nonstiuctuial Walls anu Paititions

Plain (unieinfoiceu) masoniy walls
All othei walls anu paititions
1.0
1.0
1.5
2.5
Cantilevei Elements (0nbiaceu oi biaceu to stiuctuial fiame belowits centei of mass)
Paiapets anu cantilevei inteiioi nonstiuctuial walls
Chimneys anu stacks wheie lateially biaceu oi suppoiteu by the stiuctuial fiame
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
Cantilevei Elements (Biaceu to stiuctuial fiame above its centei of mass) Paiapets
Chimneys anu Stacks
Exteiioi Nonstiuctuial Walls
1.0
1.0
2.5
2.5
Exteiioi Nonstiuctuial Wall Elements anu Connections
Wall Element
Bouy of wall panel connections
F t f th ti t
1.0
1.0
2.5
2.5
veneei
Limiteu uefoimability elements anu attachments
Low uefoimability elements anu attachments
1.0
1.0
2.5
1.5
Penthouses (except wheie fiameu by an extension of the builuing fiame) 2.5 3.5
Ceilings
All
1.0

2.5
Cabinets
Stoiage cabinets anu laboiatoiy equipment

1.0

2.5
Access Floois
Special access floois (uesigneu in accoiuance with Section 1S.S.7.2)
All othei
1.0
1.0
2.5
1.5
Appenuages anu 0inamentations 2.5 2.5
Signs anu Billboaius 2.5 2.5
0thei Rigiu Components
Bigh uefoimability elements anu attachments
Low uefoimability mateiials anu attachments
0thei Flexible Components
Bigh uefoimability elements anu attachments
Low uefoimability mateiials anu attachments
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
a
A lowei value foi c is peimitteu wheie justifieu by uetaileu uynamic analysis. The value foi c shall
not be less than 1.u. The value of c equal to 1.u is foi iigiu components anu iigiuly attacheu
components. The value of c equal to 2.S is foi flexible components anu flexibly attachu components.
Table6.2.5.11Coefficients
c
andR
c
forMechanicalandElectricalComponents
MechanicalandElectricalComponents
c
a
R
c
Chapter2
111

Aiisiue BvAC, fans, aii hanuleis, aii conuitioning units, cabinet heateis, aii
uistiibution boxes, anu othei mechanical components constiucteu of sheet metal
f i
2.5 6.0
Wetsiue BvAC, boileis, fuinaces, atmospheiic tanks anu bins, chilleis, watei heateis,
heat exchangeis, evapoiatois, aii sepaiatois, manufactuiing oi piocess equipment,
1.0 2.5
Engines, tuibines, pumps, compiessois, anu piessuie vessels not suppoiteu on skiits 1.0 2.5
Skiitsuppoiteu piessuie vessels not within the scope of Chaptei 1S. 2.5 2.5
Elevatoi anu escalatoi components. 1.0 2.5
ueneiatois, batteiies, inveiteis, motois, tiansfoimeis, anu othei electiical components 1.0 2.5
Notoi contiol centeis, panel boaius, switch geai, instiumentation cabinets, anu othei 2.5 6.0
Communication equipment, computeis, instiumentation, anu contiols. 1.0 2.5
Roofmounteu chimneys, stacks, cooling anu electiical toweis lateially biaceu below 2.5 3.0
Roofmounteu chimneys, stacks, cooling anu electiical toweis lateially biaceu above 1.0 2.5
Lighting fixtuies. 1.0 1.5
0thei mechanical oi electiical components. 1.0 1.5
VIBRATION ISOLATED COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS
b

Components anu systems isolateu using neopiene elements anu neopiene isolateu
floois with builtin oi sepaiate elastomeiic snubbing uevices oi iesilient peiimetei
2.5 2.5
Spiing isolateu components anu systems anu vibiation isolateu floois closely
iestiaineu using builtin oi sepaiate elastomeiic snubbing uevices oi iesilient
2.5 2.0
Inteinally isolateu components anu systems. 2.5 2.0
Suspenueu vibiation isolateu equipment incluuing inline uuct uevices anu suspenueu 2.5 2.5
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Piping in accoiuance with ASNE BS1, incluuing inline components with joints maue 2.5 12.0
Piping in accoiuance with ASNE BS1, incluuing inline components, constiucteu of
high oi limiteu uefoimability mateiials, with joints maue by thieauing, bonuing,
2.5 6.0
Piping anu tubing not in accoiuance with ASNE BS1, incluuing inline components,
constiucteu of highuefoimabilitymateiials, with joints maue by weluing oi biazing.
2.5 9.0
Piping anu tubing not in accoiuance with ASNE BS1, incluuing inline components,
constiucteu of high oi limiteuuefoimability mateiials, with joints maue by thieauing,
2.5 4.5
Piping anu tubing constiucteu of lowuefoimability mateiials, such as cast iion, glass, 2.5 3.0
Buctwoik, incluuing inline components, constiucteu of highuefoimability mateiials, 2.5 9.0
Buctwoik, incluuing inline components, constiucteu of high oi limiteuuefoimability
mateiials with joints maue by means othei than weluing oi biazing.
2.5 6.0
Buctwoik, incluuing inline components, constiucteu of lowuefoimability mateiials, 2.5 3.0
Electiical conuuit, bus uucts, iigiuly mounteu cable tiays, anu plumbing. 1.0 2.5
Nanufactuiing oi piocess conveyois (nonpeisonnel). 2.5 3.0
Suspenueu cable tiays. 2.5 6.0
a
A lower value for c is permitted where justified by detailed dynamic analysis. The value for c shall not be less than
1.0. The value of c equal to 1.0 is for rigid components and rigidly attached components. The value of c equal to 2.5
is for flexible components and flexibly attached components.
b
Components mounted on vibration isolators shall have a bumper restraint or snubber in each horizontal direction. The
design force shall be taken as 2Fc if the nominal clearance (air gap) between the equipment support frame and restraint
is greater than 6 mm. If the nominal clearance specified on the construction documents is not greater than 6 mm, the
design force may be taken as Fc.
2.5.17.4 SEISMICRELATIVEDISPLACEMENTS
Therelativeseismicdisplacement,D
c
,fortwoconnectionpointsonthesamestructureA,oneataheight
h
x
andotheratheighth
y
,foruseincomponentdesignshallbedeterminedasfollows:
yA xA c
D = (6.2.5.28)
D
c
shallnotexceedD
cmax
givenby:
( )
sx
aA y x
c
h
h h
D

=
max
(6.2.5.29)
where,
Part6
112
xA
=DeflectionatlevelxofstructureA
yA
=DeflectionatlevelyofstructureA
aA
=AllowablestorydriftforstructureA
h
x
=Height(abovebase)oflevelxtowhichupperconnectionpointisattached.
h
y
=Height(abovebase)oflevelytowhichlowerconnectionpointisattached.
h
sx
=Storyheightusedinthedefinitionoftheallowabledrift
a
Fortwoconnectionpointsonseparatestructures,AandB,orseparatestructuralsystems,oneatlevelx
andtheotheratlevely,D
c
shallbedeterminedasfollows:
yB xA c
D + =
(6.2.5.30)
D
c
shallnotexceedD
cmax
givenby:
sx
aB
sx
aA
c
h
Y
h
X
D

+
=
max
(6.2.5.31)
Where,
yB
=DeflectionatlevelyofstructureB
aB
=AllowablestorydriftforstructureB
The effects of relative seismic relative displacements shall be considered in combination with
displacementscausedbyotherloadsasappropriate.
2.5.18 DESIGNFORSEISMICALLYISOLATEDBUILDINGS
Buildings that use special seismic isolation systems for protection against earthquakes shall be called
seismically isolated or base isolated buildings. Seismically isolated structure and every portion thereof
shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of provisions presented in this
section.
2.5.18.1 GENERALREQUIREMENTSFORISOLATIONSYSTEM
Theisolationsystemtobeusedinseismicallyisolatedstructuresshallsatisfythefollowingrequirements:
1. Designofisolationsystemshallconsidervariationsinseismicisolatormaterialproperties
over the projected life of structure including changes due to ageing, contamination,
exposuretomoisture,loadings,temperature,creep,fatigue,etc.
2. Isolatedstructuresshallresistdesignwindloadsatalllevelsabovetheisolationinterface.
At the isolation interface, a wind restraint system shall be provided to limit lateral
displacementintheisolationsystemtoavalueequaltothatrequired betweenfloorsof
thestructureabovetheisolationinterface.
Chapter2
113

3. The fire resistance rating for the isolation system shall be consistent with the
requirementsofcolumns,walls,orothersuchelementsinthesameareaofthestructure.
4. Theisolationsystemshallbeconfiguredtoproducealateralrestoringforcesuchthatthe
lateral force at the total design displacement is at least 0.025W greater than the lateral
forceat50%ofthetotaldesigndisplacement.
5. Theisolationsystemshallnotbeconfiguredtoincludeadisplacementrestraintthatlimits
lateral displacement due to the maximum considered earthquake to less than the total
maximum displacement unless it is demonstrated by analysis that such engagement of
restraintdoesnotresultinunsatisfactoryperformanceofthestructure.
6. Each element of the isolation system shall be designed to be stable under the design
vertical load when subjected to a horizontal displacement equal to the total maximum
displacement.
7. The factor of safety against global structural overturning at the isolation interface shall
not be less than 1.0 for required load combinations. All gravity and seismic loading
conditionsshallbeinvestigated.Seismicforcesforoverturningcalculationsshallbebased
onthemaximumconsideredearthquakeandtheverticalrestoringforceshallbebasedon
theseismicweightabovetheisolationinterface.
8. Localupliftofindividualunitsofisolationsystemis permittediftheresultingdeflections
do not cause overstress or instability of the isolator units or other elements of the
structure.
9. Accessforinspectionandreplacementofallcomponentsoftheisolationsystemshallbe
provided.
10. The designer of the isolation system shall establish a quality control testing program for
isolatorunits.Eachisolatorunitbeforeinstallationshallbetestedunderspecifiedvertical
andhorizontalloads.
11. After completion of construction, a design professional shall complete a final series of
inspectionsorobservationsofstructureseparationareasandcomponentsthatcrossthe
isolation interface. Such inspections and observations shall confirm that existing
conditions allow free and unhindered displacement of the structure to maximum design
levels and that all components that cross the isolation interface as installed are able to
accommodatethestipulateddisplacements.
12. Thedesigneroftheisolationsystemshallestablishaperiodicmonitoring,inspection,and
maintenanceprogramforsuchsystem.
13. Remodeling,repair,orretrofittingattheisolationinterface,includingthatofcomponents
that cross the isolation interface, shall be performed under the direction of a design
professionalexperiencedinseismicisolationsystems.
2.5.18.2 EQUIVALENTSTATICANALYSIS
The equivalent static analysis procedure is permitted to be used for design of a seismically isolated
structureprovidedthat:
Part6
114
1.ThestructureislocatedonSiteClassSA,SB,SC,SDorSEsite;
2.Thestructureabovetheisolationinterfaceisnotmorethanfourstoriesor20minheight
4.Theeffectiveperiodoftheisolatedstructureatthemaximumdisplacement,T
M
,islessthanorequalto
3.0sec.
5.Theeffectiveperiodoftheisolatedstructureatthedesigndisplacement,T
D
,isgreaterthanthreetimes
theelastic,fixedbaseperiodofthestructureabovetheisolationsystemasdeterminedinSec.2.5.9.2
6.Thestructureabovetheisolationsystemisofregularconfiguration;and
7.Theisolationsystemmeetsallofthefollowingcriteria:
a.Theeffectivestiffnessoftheisolationsystematthedesigndisplacementisgreaterthanonethirdofthe
effectivestiffnessat20%ofthedesigndisplacement,
b.TheisolationsystemiscapableofproducingarestoringforceasspecifiedinSec.2.5.18.1,
c.Theisolationsystemdoesnotlimitmaximumconsideredearthquakedisplacementtolessthanthetotal
maximumdisplacement.
Where the equivalent lateral force procedure is used to design seismically isolated structures, the
requirementsofthissectionshallapply.
2.5.18.2.1 DisplacementofIsolationSystem
Theisolationsystemshallbedesignedandconstructedtowithstandminimumlateralearthquake
displacements that act in the direction of each of the main horizontal axes of the structure and
suchdisplacementsshallbecalculatedasfollows:
=
D
D a
D
B
T g S
D
2
2
4
(6.2.5.32)
where,
S
a
= Design spectral acceleration (in units of g), calculated using Eq.(6.2.5.4) for period T
D
and
assumingR=1,I=1,=1(Section2.5.6.3)forthedesignbasisearthquake(DBE).
g= accelerationduetogravity
B
D
= damping coefficient related to the effective damping
D
of the isolation system at the
designdisplacement,assetforthinTable6.2.5.12.
T
D
=effectiveperiodofseismicallyisolatedstructureatthedesigndisplacementinthedirection
underconsideration,asprescribedbyEq.6.2.5.33:
g k
W
T
D
D
min
2 =
(6.2.5.33)
where,
W=seismicweightabovetheisolationinterface
k
Dmin
= minimum effective stiffness of the isolation system at the design displacement in the
horizontaldirectionunderconsideration.
Chapter2
115

Table6.2.5.12DampingCoefficient,B
D
orB
M
Effective Damping,
D
or
M

(%)
a,b
B
D
or B
M

2 0.8
5 1.0
10 1.2
20 1.5
30 1.7
40 1.9
50 2.0
a
The damping coefficient shall be based on the effective
damping of the isolation system
b

The damping coefficient shall be based on linear interpolation
for effective damping values other than those given.
The maximum displacement of the isolation system, D
M
, in the most critical direction of horizontal
responseshallbecalculatedinaccordancewiththefollowingformula:
=
M
M aM
M
B
T g S
D
2
2
4
(6.2.5.34)
where:
S
aM
= Maximum spectral acceleration (in units of g), calculated using Eq.(6.2.5.4) for period T
D
and
assumingR=1,I=1,=1(Section2.5.6.3)forthemaximumconsideredearthquake(MCE).
B
M
= numerical coefficient related to the effective damping
M
of the isolation system at the maximum
displacement,assetforthinTable6.2.5.12
T
M
= effectiveperiodofseismicisolatedstructureatthemaximum displacementinthe direction under
considerationasprescribedby:
g k
W
T
M
M
min
2 =
(6.2.5.35)
where,
k
Mmin
=minimumeffectivestiffnessoftheisolationsystematthemaximumdisplacementinthehorizontal
Thetotaldesigndisplacement,D
TD
,andthetotalmaximumdisplacement,D
TM
,ofelementsoftheisolation
systemshallincludeadditionaldisplacementduetoinherentandaccidentaltorsioncalculatedconsidering
the spatial distribution of the lateral stiffness of the isolation system and the most disadvantageous
locationofeccentricmass.
2.5.18.2.2 LateralSeismicforces
The structure above the isolation system shall be designed and constructed to withstand a minimum
lateralforce,V
s
,usingalloftheappropriateprovisionsforanonisolatedstructure.Theimportancefactor
Part6
116
forallisolatedstructuresshallbeconsideredas1.0,alsotheresponsereductionfactorR
I
consideredhere
(for computing design seismic forces) is in the range of 1.0 to 2.0. V
s
shall be determined in accordance
withEq.6.2.5.36asfollows:
I
D D
s
R
D k
V
max
= (6.2.5.36)
where:
k
Dmax
= maximum effective stiffness of the isolation system at the design displacement in the horizontal
D
D
= design displacement at the center of rigidity of the isolation system in the direction under
considerationasprescribedbyEq.6.2.5.32.
R
I
= response reduction factorrelatedtothetypeof seismicforceresistingsystemabove theisolation
system.R
I
shallbebasedonthetypeofseismicforceresistingsystemusedforthestructureabove
theisolationsystemandshallbetakenasthelesserof3/8*R(Table6.2.5.7)or2.0,butneednotbe
takenlessthan1.0.
InnocaseshallV
s
betakenlessthanthefollowing:
1.ThelateralforcerequiredbySection2.5.9forafixedbasestructureofthesameweight,W,anda
periodequaltotheisolatedperiod,T
D
;
2.Thebaseshearcorrespondingtothefactoreddesignwindload;and
3. The lateral force required to fully activate the isolation system (e.g., the yield level of a softening
system,theultimatecapacityofasacrificialwindrestraintsystem,orthebreakawayfrictionlevelof
aslidingsystem)multipliedby1.5.
Theisolationsystem,thefoundation,andallstructuralelementsbelow theisolationsystemshallbe
designed and constructed to withstand a minimum lateral force, V
b
, using all of the appropriate
provisions for a nonisolated structure. V
b
shall be determined in accordance with Eq. 6.2.5.37 as
follows:
V
b
=k
Dmax
D
D
(6.2.5.37)
In all cases, V
b
shall not be taken less than the maximum force in the isolation system at any
displacementuptoandincludingthedesigndisplacement.
2.5.18.2.3 VerticalDistributionofLateralForces
Thetotallateralforceshallbedistributedovertheheightofthestructureabovetheisolationinterfacein
accordancewithEq.6.2.5.38asfollows:
=
=
n
i
i i
x x
s x
h w
h w
V F
1
(6.2.5.38)
where:
V
s
=totalseismiclateraldesignforceonelementsabovetheisolationsystem.
Chapter2
117

h
i
,h
x
=heightabovethebase,toLeveliorLevelx,respectively.
w
i
,w
x
=portionofWthatislocatedatorassignedtoLeveliorLevelx,respectively.
At each Level x the force, F
x
, shall be applied over the area of the structure in accordance with the
distributionofmassatthelevel.Stressesineachstructuralelementshallbedeterminedbyapplyingtoan
analyticalmodelthelateralforces,F
x
,atalllevelsabovethebase.
2.5.18.2.4 StoreyDrift
The storey drift shall be calculated as in Section 2.5.9.7 except that C
d
for the isolated structure shall be
takenequaltoR
I
andimportancefactorequalto1.0.Themaximumstoreydriftofthestructureabovethe
isolationsystemshallnotexceed0.015h
sx
.
2.5.18.3 DYNAMICANALYSIS
Responsespectrumanalysis maybeconductedifthe behaviorofthe isolationsystemcan beconsidered
as equivalent linear. Otherwise, nonlinear time history analysis shall be used where the true nonlinear
behaviour of the isolation system can be modeled. The mathematical models of the isolated structure
includingtheisolationsystemshallbealongguidelinesgiveninSections2.5.11.1and2.5.13.1,andother
requirementsgiveninSection2.5.18.
The isolation system shall be modeled using deformational characteristics developed and verified by
testing.Thestructuremodelshallaccountfor:(i)spatialdistributionofisolatorunits;(ii)considerationof
translation in both horizontal directions, and torsion of the structure above the isolation interface
considering the most disadvantageous location of eccentric mass; (iii) overturning/uplift forces on
individualisolatorunits;and(iv)effectsofverticalload,bilateralload,andtherateofloadingiftheforce
deflectionpropertiesoftheisolationsystemaredependentonsuchattributes.
A linear elastic model of the isolated structure (above isolation system) may be used provided that: (i)
stiffness properties assumed for the nonlinear components of the isolation system are based on the
maximum effective stiffness of the isolation system, and (ii) all elements of the seismicforceresisting
systemofthestructureabovetheisolationsystembehavelinearly.
2.5.18.3.1 ResponseSpectrumAnalysis
Responsespectrumanalysis shall be performedusing amodaldampingvalueforthe fundamentalmode
inthedirectionofinterestnotgreaterthantheeffectivedampingoftheisolationsystemor30percentof
critical,whicheverisless.Modaldampingvaluesforhighermodesshallbeselectedconsistentwiththose
that would be appropriate for response spectrum analysis of the structure above the isolation system
assumingafixedbase.
Response spectrum analysis used to determine the total design displacement and the total maximum
displacement shallincludesimultaneousexcitationofthemodelby100percentofthegroundmotion in
thecriticaldirectionand30percentofthegroundmotionintheperpendicular,horizontaldirection.The
design basis earthquake shall be used for the design displacement, while the maximum considered
earthquake shall be used for the maximum displacement. The maximum displacement of the isolation
systemshallbecalculatedasthevectorialsumofthetwoorthogonaldisplacements.
For the design displacement, structures that do not require sitespecific ground motion evaluation, shall
be analyzed using the design acceleration response spectrum in accordance with Section 2.5.6.3. The
Part6
118
maximumdesignspectrumtobeusedforthemaximumconsideredearthquakeshallnotbelessthan1.5
timesthedesignaccelerationresponsespectrum.
The response spectrum procedure is based on an equivalent linear model, where the effective stiffness
andeffectivedampingisafunctionofthedisplacement,thisformulationisthusaniterativeprocess.The
effective stiffness must be estimated, based on assumed displacement, and then adjusted till obtained
displacementagreewithassumeddisplacement.
Thedesignshearatanystoryshallnotbelessthanthestoryshearresultingfromapplicationofthestory
forcescalculatedusingEq.6.2.5.38withavalueofV
s
equaltothebaseshearobtainedfromtheresponse
spectrumanalysisinthedirectionofinterest.
2.5.18.3.2 NonlinearTimeHistoryAnalysis
Whereatimehistoryanalysisprocedureisperformed,notfewerthanthreeappropriategroundmotions
shallbeusedintheanalysisasdescribedbelow.
Ground motions shall consist of pairs of appropriate horizontal ground motion acceleration components
that shall be selected and scaled from individual recorded events. Appropriate ground motions shall be
selectedfrom eventshavingmagnitudes,faultdistance,andsourcemechanismsthatareconsistent with
those that control the maximum considered earthquake. If required number of recorded ground motion
pairs are not available, appropriate simulated ground motion pairs shall be used to make up the total
numberrequired.Foreachpairofhorizontalgroundmotioncomponents,asquarerootofthesumofthe
squares (SRSS) spectrum shall be constructed by taking the SRSS of the 5 percent damped response
spectra for the scaled components (where an identical scale factor is applied to both components of a
pair).Eachpairofmotionsshallbescaledsuchthatforeachperiodbetween0.5T
D
and1.25T
M
(whereT
D
and T
M
are defined in Section 2.5.18.2.1) the average of the SRSS spectra from all horizontal component
pairs doesnotfallbelow1.3timesthecorrespondingordinateofthedesignresponsespectrum(Section
2.5.18.4),bymorethan10percent.
Each pair of ground motion components shall be applied simultaneously to the model considering the
most disadvantageous location of eccentric mass. The maximum displacement of the isolation system
shallbecalculatedfromthevectorialsumofthetwoorthogonaldisplacementsateachtimestep.
Theparametersofinterestshallbecalculatedforeachgroundmotionusedforthetimehistoryanalysis.If
at least seven ground motions are used for the time history analysis, the average value of the response
parameterofinterestispermittedtobeusedfordesign.Iffewerthansevengroundmotionsareanalyzed,
themaximumvalueoftheresponseparameterofinterestshallbeusedfordesign.
2.5.18.3.3 StoreyDrift
Maximum story drift corresponding to the design lateral force including displacement due to vertical
deformationoftheisolationsystemshallnotexceedthefollowinglimits:
1.Themaximumstory driftofthestructureabovetheisolationsystemcalculatedbyresponsespectrum
analysisshallnotexceed0.015h
sx
.
2. The maximum story drift of the structure above the isolation system calculated by nonlinear time
historyanalysisshallnotexceed0.020hsx.
Thestoreydriftshall becalculatedasin Section2.5.9.7exceptthatCdfortheisolatedstructureshallbe
takenequaltoRIandimportancefactorequalto1.0.
Chapter2
119

2.5.18.4 TESTING
The deformation characteristics and damping values of the isolation system used in the design and
analysisofseismicallyisolatedstructuresshallbebasedontestresultsofisolatorunits.Thetestsarefor
establishing and validating the design properties of the isolation system and shall not be considered as
satisfyingthemanufacturingqualitycontroltests.
Thefollowingsequenceoftestsshallbeperformedonisolatorunitsfortheprescribednumberofcyclesat
averticalloadequaltotheaveragedeadloadplusonehalftheeffectsduetoliveloadonallisolatorunits
ofacommontypeandsize:
1.Twentyfullyreversedcyclesofloadingatalateralforcecorrespondingtothewinddesignforce.
2. Three fully reversed cycles of loading at each of the following increments of the total design
displacement0.25D
D
,0.5D
D
,1.0D
D
,and1.0D
M
whereD
D
andD
M
areasdeterminedinSections2.5.18.2.1.
3.Threefullyreversedcyclesofloadingatthetotalmaximumdisplacement,1.0D
TM
.
4.Notlessthantenfullyreversedcyclesofloadingat1.0timesthetotaldesigndisplacement,1.0D
TD
.
For each cycle of each test, the forcedeflection and hysteretic behavior of each isolator unit shall be
recorded.Theeffectivestiffnessisobtainedasthesecantvalueofstiffnessatdesigndisplacementwhile
theeffectivedampingisdeterminedfromtheareaofhystereticloopatthedesigndisplacement.
2.5.18.5 DESIGNREVIEW
Adesignreviewoftheisolationsystemandrelatedtestprogramsshallbeperformedbyanindependent
team of design professionals experienced in seismic analysis methods and the application of seismic
isolation.Isolationsystemdesignreviewshallinclude,butneednotbelimitedto,thefollowing:
1. Review of sitespecific seismic criteria including the development of sitespecific spectra and ground
motiontimehistoriesandallotherdesigncriteriadevelopedspecificallyfortheproject;
2. Review of the preliminary design including the determination of the total design displacement of the
isolationsystemandthelateralforcedesignlevel;
3.Overviewandobservationofprototype(isolatorunit)testing
4.Reviewofthefinaldesignoftheentirestructuralsystemandallsupportinganalyses;and
5.Reviewoftheisolationsystemqualitycontroltestingprogram.
2.5.19 BUILDINGSWITHSOFTSTOREY
Buildings with possible soft storey action at ground level for providing open parking spaces belong to
structures with major vertical irregularity (Fig.6.2.5.5a). Special arrangement is needed to increase the
lateralstrengthandstiffnessofthesoft/openstorey.Thefollowingtwoapproachesmaybeconsidered:
1. Dynamic analysis of such building may be carried out incorporating the strength and
stiffness of infill walls and inelastic deformations in the members, particularly those in
thesoftstorey,andthemembersdesignedaccordingly.
2. Alternatively, the following design criteria are to be adopted after carrying out the
earthquake analysis, neglecting the effect of infill walls in other storeys. The columns
Part6
120
and beams of the soft storey are to be designed for 2.5 times the storey shears and
moments calculated under seismic loads neglecting effect of infill walls. Shear walls
placed symmetrically in both directions of the building as far away from the centre of
the building as feasible are to be designed exclusively for 1.5 times the lateral shear
forcecalculatedbefore.

Chapter2
121

2.6 MISCELLANEOUSLOADS
2.6.1 GENERAL
Theproceduresandlimitationsforthedeterminationofselectedmiscellaneousloadsareprovidedinthis
section.Loadsthatarenotspecifiedinthissectionorelsewhereinthischapter,maybedeterminedbased
oninformationfromreliablereferencesorspecialistadvicemaybesought.
2.6.2 DEFINITIONS
Thefollowingdefinitionsandnotationshallapplytotheprovisionsofthissectiononly.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES: Buildings and structures which are necessary to remain functional during an
emergencyorapostdisasterperiod.
RATIONALANALYSIS:Ananalysisbasedonestablishedmethodsortheoriesusingmathematicalformulae
andactualorappropriatelyassumeddata.
SITESPECIFICDATA:Dataobtainedeitherfrommeasurementstakenatasiteorfromsubstantiatedfield
informationrequiredspecificallyforthestructureconcerned.
2.6.3 RAINLOADS
Rainloadsshallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththefollowingprovisions.
2.6.3.1 BLOCKEDDRAINS
Eachportionofaroofshallbedesignedtosustaintheloadfromallrainwaterthatcouldbeaccumulated
onitiftheprimarydrainagesystemforthatportionisundersizedorblocked.Pondinginstabilityshallbe
consideredinthissituation.
2.6.3.2 CONTROLLEDDRAINAGE
Roofs equipped with controlled drainage provisions shall be designed to sustain all rainwater loads on
them to the elevation of the secondary drainage system plus 0.25 kN/m
2
. Ponding instability shall be
consideredinthissituation.
2.6.4 LOADSDUETOFLOODANDSURGE
For the determination of flood and surge loads on a structural member, consideration shall be given to
bothhydrostaticandhydrodynamiceffects.Requiredloadingshallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththe
established principles of mechanics based on site specific criteria and in compliance with the following
provisionsofthissection.Foressentialfacilitieslikecycloneandfloodsheltersandforhazardousfacilities
specifiedinTable6.1.1,valuesofmaximumfloodelevation,surgeheight,windvelocitiesetc.,requiredfor
the determination of flood and surge load, shall be taken corresponding to 100year return period. For
structures other than essential and hazardous facilities, these values shall be based on 50year return
period.
Part6
122
2.6.4.1 FLOODLOADSONSTRUCTURESATINLANDAREAS:
For structures sited at inland areas subject to flood, loads due to flood shall be determined considering
hydrostatic effects which shall be calculated based on the flood elevation of 50year return period. For
riverside structures such as that under Exposure C specified in Sec 2.4.4.1, hydrodynamic forces, arising
duetoapproachingwindgeneratedwavesshallalsobedeterminedinadditiontothehydrostaticloadon
them. In this case, the amplitude of such windinduced water waves shall be obtained from sitespecific
data.
2.6.4.2 FLOODANDSURGELOADSONSTRUCTURESATCOASTALAREAS:
For structures sited at coastal areas, the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads shall be determined as
follows:
2.6.4.2.1 HydrostaticLoads
Thehydrostaticloadsonstructuralelementsandfoundationsshallbedeterminedbasedonthemaximum
staticheightofwater,H
m
producedbyfloodsorsurgesasgivenbytherelation:
H
m
=max(h
s
,h
f
) (2.6.1)
where,h
f
=y
T
y
g
and
(2.6.2)
h
s
= Maximumsurgeheightasspecifiedina(i)below.
y
T
= Elevation of the extreme surface water level corresponding to a Tyear
returnperiodspecifiedin(ii)below,metres
y
g
= Elevationofgroundlevelatsite,metres.
i) Maximum Surge Height, h
s
: The maximum surge height, h
s
, associated with cyclones, shall be
that corresponding to a 50year or a 100year return period as may be applicable, based on site specific
analysis.Intheabsenceofamorerigoroussitespecificanalysis,thefollowingrelationmaybeused:
h
s
=h
T
(x1)k (2.6.3)
where,h
T
= designsurgeheightcorrespondingtoareturnperiodofTyearsatseacoast,in
metres,giveninTable6.2.28.
x = distanceofthestructuresitemeasuredfromthespringtidehighwaterlimitonthesea
coast,inkm;x=1,ifx<1.
k = rate of decrease in surge height in m/km; the value of k may be taken as 1/2 for
ChittagongCox'sBazarTeknafcoastandas1/3forothercoastalareas.
ii) ExtremeSurfaceWaterLevel,y
T
:Theelevationoftheextremesurfacewaterlevel,y
T
forasite,
which may not be associated with a cyclonic storm surge, shall be that obtained from a site specific
analysiscorrespondingtoa50yearora100yearreturnperiod.Valuesofy
T
aregiveninTable6.2.29for
selectedcoastallocationswhichmaybeusedintheabsenceofanysitespecificdata.
2.6.4.2.2 HydrodynamicLoads:
Thehydrodynamicloadappliedonastructuralelementduetowindinducedlocalwavesofwater,shallbe
determined by a rational analysis using an established method and based on site specific data. In the
Chapter2
123

absenceofasitespecificdatatheamplitudeofthelocalwave,tobeusedintherationalanalysis,shallbe
takenash
w
= h
s
/41m,where,h
s
isgiveninSec2.6.4.2(a).Suchforces shall becalculatedbasedon50
yearor100yearreturnperiodoffloodorsurge.Thecorrespondingwindvelocitiesshallbe260km/hor
289km/hrespectively.
Table6.2.28:DesignSurgeHeightsattheSeaCoast,h
T
*
CoastalRegion SurgeHeightattheSeaCoast,h
T
(m)
T=50year
(1)
T=100year
(2)
Teknaf to Cox's Bazai

Chakaiia to Anwaia, anu NaheshkhaliKutubuia Islanus

Chittagong to Noakhali

Sanuwip, Batiya anu all islanus in this iegion

Bhola to Baiguna

Saiankhola to Shyamnagai
4.S

7.1

7.9

7.9

6.2

S.S
S.8

8.6

9.6

9.6

7.7

6.4
* values piepaieu fiom infoimation obtaineu fiom AnnexBS, NCSP.
Note:(1)

(2)
These values may be useu in the absence of site specific uata foi stiuctuies othei than essential
facilities listeu in Table 6.1.1.
These values may be useu in the absence of site specific uata foi essential facilities listeu in Table
6.1.1.
2.6.4.3 BREAKAWAYWALLS
When nonstructural walls, partitions or other nonstructural elements located below the maximum flood or surge
elevation,arerequiredtobreakawayunderhightidesorwaveaction,suchnonstructuralelementsshallbedesigned
to sustain a maximum uniformly distributed load of 1.0 kN/m
2
but not less than 0.5 kN/m
2
applied on a vertical
projectionofthearea.
2.6.5 TEMPERATUREEFFECTS
Temperatureeffects,ifsignificant,shallbeconsideredinthedesignofstructuresorcomponentsthereof
inaccordancewiththeprovisionofthissection.
Indeterminingthetemperatureeffectsonastructure,thefollowingprovisionsshallbeconsidered:
a) Thetemperaturesindicated,shallbetheairtemperatureintheshade.Therangeofthevariation
intemperatureforabuildingsiteshallbetakenintoconsideration.
b) Effects of the variation of temperature within the material of a structural element shall be
accountedforbyoneofthefollowingmethods.
i) relievethestressesbyprovidingadequatenumbersofexpansionorcontraction
joints,
ii) designthestructuralelementtosustainadditionalstressesduetotemperature
effects.
Part6
124
Table6.2.29:ExtremeSurfaceWaterLevelsDuringMonsoonatSelectedLocationsoftheCoastalArea
abovePWDDatum,y
T
*
CoastalArea
y
T
(m)
Location
Thana T=50years(1) T=100

years(2)
Teknaf
Cox's Bazai
Shaflapui
Lemsikhali
Banigiam

Chittagong
Patenga
Sonapui
Sanuwip
Companyganj

Batiya
Baulatkhan
Bashmina
ualachipa
Patuakhali

Khepupaia
Bamna
Pathaighata
Raenua
Chaiuouni

Nongla
Kobouak
(iivei estuaiy)
Kaikhali
Teknaf
Cox's Bazai
Noheshkhali
Kutubuia
Patiya

Banuai
Banuai
Sonagazi
Sanuwip
Companyganj

Batiya
Baulatkhan
Bashmina
ualachipa
Patuakhali

Kalapaia
Bamna
Pathaighata
Saiankhola
Pathaighata

Nonglapoit
Shyamnagai

Shyamnagai
2.SS
S.84
4.67
4.9S
S.uS

4.72
4.u8
7.u2
6.u9
7.SS

S.SS
4.62
S.6u
S.79
2.87

2.9S
S.S2
S.6S
S.66
4.41

S.2S
S.S1

S.94
2.44
S.88
4.87
S.19
S.24

4.88
4.16
7.11
6.2
7.94

S.76
4.72
S.7S
S.92
S.uS

S.u2
S.S7
S.84
S.7S
4.66

S.S6
S.87

4.12
* values piepaieu fiom infoimation obtaineu fiom Annex BS, NCSP
Note : (1) These values may be useu in the absence of site specific uata foi stiuctuies in Stiuctuie
Impoitance Categoiies III, Iv anu v listeu in Table 6.1.1.
(2) These values may be useu in the absence of site specific uata foi stiuctuies in Stiuctuie
Impoitance Categoiies I anu II listeu in Table 6.1.1.
c) whenthemethodb(ii)aboveisconsideredtobeapplicable,thestructuralanalysisshalltakeinto
accountthefollowing:
i) the variation in temperature within the material of the structural element,
exposureconditionoftheelementandtherateatwhichthematerialabsorbor
radiateheat.
ii) the warping or any other distortion caused due to temperature changes and
temperaturegradientinthestructuralelement.
d) Whenitcanbedemonstratedbyestablishedprincipleofmechanicsorbyanyothermeansthat
neglecting some or all of the effects of temperature, does not affect the safety and serviceability of the
structure,thetemperatureeffectcanbeconsideredinsignificantandneednotbeconsideredindesign.
Chapter2
125

2.6.6 SOILANDHYDROSTATICPRESSURE
For structures or portions thereof, lying below ground level, loads due to soil and hydrostatic pressure
shall be determinedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthis sectionandappliedin addition toall other
applicableloads.
2.6.6.1 PRESSUREONBASEMENTWALL:
In the design of basement walls and similar vertical or nearly vertical structures below grade, provision
shallbemadeforthelateralpressureofadjacentsoil.Allowanceshallbemadeforpossiblesurchargedue
tofixedormovingloads.Whenaportionorthewholeoftheadjacentsoilisbelowthesurroundingwater
table,computationsshallbebasedonthesubmergedunitweightofsoil,plusfullhydrostaticpressure.
2.6.6.2 UPLIFTONFLOORS:
Inthedesignofbasementfloorsandsimilarhorizontalornearlyhorizontalconstructionbelowgrade,the
upward pressure of water, if any, shall be taken as the full hydrostatic pressure applied over the entire
area.Thehydrostaticheadshallbemeasuredfromtheundersideoftheconstruction.
2.6.7 LOADSDUETOEXPLOSIONS
Loadsonbuildingsorportionsthereof,shallbeassessedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthissection.
2.6.7.1 EXPLOSIONEFFECTSINCLOSEDROOMS:
a) Determination of Loads and Response : Internal overpressure developed from an internal
explosion such as that due to leaks in gas pipes, evaporation of volatile liquids, internal dust explosion
etc., in rooms of sizes comparable to residential rooms and with ventilation areas consisting of window
glass breaking at a pressure of 4 kN/m
2
(34 mm machine made glass) may be calculated from the
followingmethod:
i) The overpressure, q
o
provided in Fig 6.2.12(a) shall be assumed to depend on a factor
A
o
/v, where, A
o
is the total window area in m
2
and v is the volume in m
3
of the room
considered,
ii) Theinternalpressureshallbeassumedtoactsimultaneouslyuponallwallsandfloorsin
oneclosedroom,and
iii) Theactionq
o
obtainedfromFig6.2.12(a)maybetakenasstaticaction.
When a time dependent response is required, an impulsive force function similar to that shown in Fig
6.2.12(b) shall be used in a dynamic analysis, where t
1
is the time from the start of combustion until
maximumpressureisreachedandt
2
isthetimefrommaximumpressuretotheendofcombustion.Fort
1
and t
2
the most unfavourable values shall be chosen in relation to the dynamic properties of the
structures.However,thevaluesshallbechosenwithintheintervalsasgiveninFig6.2.12(b).
Thepressuremaybeappliedsolelyinoneroomorinmorethanoneroomatthesametime.Inthelatter
case, all rooms are incorporated in the volume v. Only windows or other similarly weak and light weight
structuralelementsmaybetakenasventilationareaseventhoughcertainlimitedstructuralpartsbreakat
pressureslessthanq
o
.
Part6
126
b) Limitations : Procedure for determining explosion loads given in (a) above shall have the
followinglimitations:
i) Valuesofq
o
giveninFig6.2.12(a)arebasedontestswithgasexplosionsinroom
corresponding to ordinary residential flats, and may be applied to considerably
different conditions with caution after appropriate adjustment of the values
basedonmoreaccurateinformation.
ii) Fig 6.2.12 shall be taken as a guide only, and probability of occurrence of an
explosionshallbecheckedineachcaseusingappropriatevalues.
2.6.7.2 MINIMUMDESIGNPRESSURE:
Walls,floorsandroofsandtheirsupportingmembersseparatingausefromanexplosionexposure,shall
be designed to sustain the anticipated maximum load effects resulting from such use including any
dynamiceffects,butforaminimuminternalpressureorsuctionof5kN/m
2
,inadditiontoallotherloads
specifiedinthischapter.
2.6.7.3 DESIGNPRESSUREONRELIEFVENTS:
When pressurerelief vents are used, such vents shall be designed to relieve at a maximum internal
pressureof1.0kN/m
2
.
2.6.7.4 LOADSDUETOOTHEREXPLOSIONS:
Loads arising from other types of explosions, such as those from external gas cloud explosions, external
explosions due to high explosives (TNT) etc. shall be determined, for specific cases, by rational analyses
basedoninformationfromreliablereferencesorspecialistadviceshallbesought.
2.6.8 VERTICALFORCESONAIRRAIDSHELTERS
For the design of air raid shelters located in a building e.g. in the basement below ground level, the
characteristicverticalloadshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithprovisionsofSec2.6.8.1below.
2.6.8.1 CHARACTERISTICVERTICALLOADS
Buildingsinwhichtheindividualfloorsareacteduponbyatotaldistributedliveloadofupto5.0kN/m
2
,
vertical forces on air raid shelters generally located below ground level, such as a basement, shall be
consideredtohavethecharacteristicvaluesprovidedinTable6.2.30.Inthecaseofbuildingshavingfloors
thatareacteduponbyaliveloadlargerthan5.0kN/m
2
,abovevaluesshallbeincreasedbythedifference
betweentheaverageliveloadsonallstoreysabovetheoneusedastheshelterand5.0kN/m
2
.
Table6.2.30:CharacteristicVerticalLoadsforanAirRaidShelterinaBuilding
Chapter2
127

No.ofStoreys
(1)
AbovetheAirRaidShelter
VerticalLoad
kN/m
2
< 2
S 4
> 4
Builuings of paiticulaily stable constiuction
iiiespective of the numbei of stoieys
28
S4
41
28
(2)

Note :
(1)
(2)
Stoieys shall mean eveiy usable stoiey above the sheltei flooi
Builuings of paiticulaily stable constiuction shall mean builuings
having beaiing stiuctuial elements maue fiom ieinfoiceu insitu
conciete.
2.6.9 LOADSONHELICOPTERLANDINGAREAS
Inadditiontoallotherapplicableloadsprovidedinthischapter,includingthedeadload,theminimumlive
load on helicopter landing or touch down areas shall be one of the loads L
1
, L
2
or L
3
as given below
producingthemostunfavourableeffect:
i)L
1
=W
1
(2.6.4a)
ii)L
2
=kW
2
(2.6.4b)
iii)L
3
=w (2.6.4c)
where,W
1
= ActualweightofthehelicopterinkN,
W
2
= FullyloadedweightofthehelicopterinkN,
w = Adistributedloadof5.0kN/m
2
,
k = 0.75forhelicoptersequippedwithhydraulictypeshock
absorbers,and
= 1.5forhelicopterswithrigidorskidtypelandinggear.
Theliveload,L
1
shallbeappliedovertheactualareasofcontactoflanding.Theload,L
2
shallbeasingle
concentrated load including impact applied over a 300 mm x 300 mm area. The loads L
1
and L
2
may be
appliedanywherewithinthelandingareatoproducethemostunfavourableeffectsofload.
2.6.10 ERECTIONANDCONSTRUCTIONLOADS
All loads required to be sustained by a structure or any portion thereof due to placing or storage of
constructionmaterialsanderectionequipmentincludingthoseduetooperationofsuchequipmentshall
beconsideredaserectionloads.Provisionsshallbemadeindesigntoaccountforallstressesduetosuch
loads.
2.7 COMBINATIONSOFLOADS
2.7.1 GENERAL
Buildings, foundations and structural members shall be investigated for adequate strength to resist the
most unfavourable effect resulting from the various combinations of loads provided in this section. The
combination of loads may be selected using the provisions of either Sec 2.7.4 or 2.7.5 whichever is
applicable. However, once Sec 2.7.4 or2.7.5 is selected for a particular construction material, it must be
Part6
128
used exclusively for proportioning elements of that material throughout the structure. In addition to the
loadcombinationsgiveninSec2.7.4and2.7.5anyotherspecificloadcombinationprovidedelsewherein
thisCodeshallalsobeinvestigatedtodeterminethemostunfavourableeffect.
The most unfavourable effect of loads may also occur when one or more of the contributing loads are
absent, or act in the reverse direction. Loads such as F, H or S shall be considered in design when their
effects are significant. Floor live loads shall not be considered where their inclusion results in lower
stresses in the member under consideration. The most unfavourable effects from both wind and
earthquake loads shall be considered where appropriate, but they need not be assumed to act
simultaneously.
2.7.2 DEFINITIONS
ALLOWABLESTRESS DESIGNMETHOD(ASD): Amethod forproportioningstructural memberssuchthat
themaximumstressesduetoserviceloadsobtainedfromanelasticanalysisdoesnotexceedaspecified
allowablevalue.ThisisalsocalledWorkingStressDesignMethod(WSD).
DESIGNSTRENGTH:Theproductofthenominalstrengthandaresistancefactor.
FACTOREDLOAD:Theproductofthenominalloadandaloadfactor.
LIMIT STATE : A condition in which a structure or component becomes unfit for service and is judged
eithertobenolongerusefulforitsintendedfunction(serviceabilitylimitstate)ortobeunsafe(strength
limitstate).
LOAD EFFECTS : Forces, moments, deformations and other effects produced in structural members and
componentsbytheappliedloads.
LOAD FACTOR : A factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the actual load from the nominal
valueandforuncertaintiesintheanalysisthattransformstheloadintoaloadeffect.
LOADS : Forces or other actions that arise on structural systems from the weight of all permanent
constructions, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential settlement, and
restraineddimensionalchanges.Permanentloadsarethoseloadsinwhichvariationsintimearerareorof
smallmagnitude.Allotherloadsarevariableloads.
NOMINAL LOADS : The magnitudes of the loads such as dead, live, wind, earthquake etc. specified in
Sec2.2through2.6ofthischapter.
NOMINAL STRENGTH : The capacity of a structure or component to resist the effects of loads, as
determined by computations using specified material strengths and dimensions and formulas derived
from accepted principles of structural mechanics or by field tests or laboratory tests of scaled models,
allowingformodellingeffectsanddifferencesbetweenlaboratoryandfieldconditions.
RESISTANCE FACTOR : A factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the actual strength from the
nominal value and the manner and consequences of failure. This is also known as strength reduction
factor.
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD : A method of proportioning structural members using load factors and
resistance factors satisfying both the applicable limit state conditions. This is also known as Load Factor
DesignMethod(LFD)orUltimateStrengthDesignMethod(USD).
WORKINGSTRESSDESIGNMETHOD(WSD):SeeALLOWABLESTRESSDESIGNMETHOD.
Chapter2
129

D = deadloads,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Deadloadconsistsof:a)weight
of the member itself, b) weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building to be
permanentlysupportedbythemember,includingbuiltinpartitions,c)weightofpermanentequipment.
E = load effects of earthquake, or related internal moments and forces, For specific
definition of the earthquake load effect E, see Section 12.4 of ASCE705: Minimum Design Loads for
BuildingsandOtherStructures.

E = amplifiedearthquakeloadequalto(0.375R)Eorrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,
F = loadsduetoweightandpressuresoffluidswithwelldefineddensitiesandcontrollable
maximumheightsorrelatedinternalmomentsandforces.
F
a
= loadsduetofloodortidalsurgeorrelatedinternalmomentsandforces.
H = loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil, or other materials, or related
internalmomentsandforces,
L = live loads due to intended use and occupancy, including loads due to movable objects
andmovablepartitionsandloadstemporarilysupportedbythestructureduringmaintenance,orrelated
internalmomentsandforces,.Lincludesanypermissiblereduction.Ifresistancetoimpactloadsistaken
intoaccountindesign,sucheffectsshallbeincludedwiththeliveloadsL.
L
r
= roofliveloads,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,
P = rainload,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,
R = seismiccoefficientdefinedinSec2.5.3
S = selfstrainingforcesandcumulativeeffectoftemperature,creep,shrinkage,differential
settlement,andshrinkagecompensatingconcrete,orcombinationsthereof,orrelatedinternalmoments
andforces.
W = windload,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,
2.7.4 COMBINATIONSOFLOADSANDSTRESSINCREASEFOR
ALLOWABLESTRESSDESIGNMETHOD
2.7.4.1 COMBINATIONOFLOADSFORALLMATERIALSEXCEPTSTEEL:
Provisions of this section shall apply to all construction materials (except steel) permitting their use in
proportioning structural members by allowable stress design method. When this method is used in
designing structural members, all loads listed herein shall be considered to act in the following
combinations.Thecombinationthatproducesthemostunfavourableeffectshallbeusedindesign.
1. D
2. D+L
3. D+S
4. D+(Wor0.7E)
5. 0.9D+(Wor0.7E)
Part6
130
6. D+(HorF)
7. D+L+(HorF)
8. D+S+L
9. D+S+(Wor0.7E)
10. D+L+(Wor0.7E)
11. D+L+(HorF)+(Wor0.7E)
12. D+S+L+(HorF)+(Wor0.7E)
WhereloadeffectsofearthquakeEisbasedonservicelevelseismicforces,1.0Eshallbeusedinplaceof
0.7Ein(4),(5),(9),(10),(11)and(12)above.
For specific definition of the earthquake load effect E, see Section 12.4 of ASCE705: Minimum Design
LoadsforBuildingsandOtherStructures.
Whenastructureislocatedinafloodzoneorintidalsurgezone,thefollowingloadcombinationsshallbe
considered:
1.InCoastalZonesvulnerabletotidalsurges,1.5F
a
shallbeaddedtootherloadsincombinations(11)and
(12),andEshallbesetequaltozeroin(11)and(12).
2.Innoncoastal Zones,0.75Fashall beaddedto combinations(11)and(12),and Eshall be setequalto
zeroin(11)and(12).
2.7.4.2 STRESSINCREASE
ExceptasspecifiedinSec1.5.5.(b)andelsewherein this Code,the maximum permissibleincrease inthe
allowable stresses of all materials (except steel) and soil bearing capacities specified in this Code for
working (or allowable) stress design method, when load combinations (7) through (11) in Sec2.7.4.1
aboveisused,shallbe33%.
2.7.4.3 COMBINATIONOFLOADSFORSTEEL:
Loadslistedhereinshallbeconsideredtoactinthefollowingcombinations;whicheverproducesthemost
unfavorable effect in the building, foundation, or structural member being considered. Effects of one or
moreloadsnotactingshallbeconsidered.
1. D+F
2. D+H+F+L+S
3. D+H+F+(L
r
orP)
4. D+H+F+0.75(L+S)+0.75(L
r
orP)
5. D+H+F+(Wor0.7E)
6. D+H+F+0.75(Wor0.7E)+0.75L+0.75(L
r
orP)
7. 0.6D+W+H
8. 0.6D+0.7E+H
Chapter2
131

WhereloadeffectsofearthquakeEisbasedonservicelevelseismicforces,1.0Eshallbeusedinplaceof
0.7Ein(5),(6)and(8)above.
The most unfavorable effects from both wind and earthquake loads shall be considered, where
appropriate, but they need not be assumed to act simultaneously. For specific definition of the
earthquakeloadeffectE,seeSection12.4ofASCE705:MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandOther
Structures.
Increases in allowable stress shall not be used with the loads or load combinations for steel given above
unless it can be demonstrated that such an increase is justified by structural behavior caused by rate or
durationofload.
considered:
1. In Coastal Zones vulnerable to tidal surges, 1.5F
a
shall be added to other loads in
combinations(5),(6),and(7),andEshallbesetequaltozeroin(5)and(6).
2. InnoncoastalZones,0.75F
a
shallbeaddedtocombinations(5),(6),and(7),andEshallbe
setequaltozeroin(5)and(6).
2.7.5 COMBINATIONSOFLOADSFORSTRENGTHDESIGNMETHOD
When strength design method is used, structural members and foundations shall be designed to have
strengthnotlessthanthatrequiredtoresistthemostunfavorableeffectofthecombinationsoffactored
loadslistedinthefollowingsections:
2.7.5.1 LOADCOMBINATIONSFORREINFORCEDCONCRETEANDMASONRY
STRUCTURES
1. 1.4(D+F)
2. 1.2(D+F+S)+1.6(L+H)+0.5(L
r
orP)
3. 1.2D+1.6(L
r
orP)+(1.0Lor0.8W)
4. 1.2D+1.6W+1.0L+0.5(L
r
orP)
5. 1.2D+1.0E+1.0L
6. 0.9D+1.6W+1.6H
7. 0.9D+1.0E+1.6H
Exception:
1.TheloadfactoronliveloadLin combinations(3),(4), and(5)ispermitted tobereducedto0.5 forall
occupanciesinwhichminimumspecifieduniformlydistributedliveloadislessthanorequalto4.8kN/m
2
,
withtheexceptionofgaragesorareasoccupiedasplacesofpublicassembly.
2.TheloadfactoronHshallbesetequaltozeroincombinations(6)and(7)ifthestructuralactiondueto
H counteracts that due to W or E. Where lateral earth pressure provides resistance to structural actions
fromotherforces,itshallnotbeincludedinHbutshallbeincludedinthedesignresistance.
Part6
132
3.WherewindloadWhasnotbeenreducedbyadirectionalityfactor,itshallbepermittedtouse1.3Win
placeof1.6Win(4)and(6)above.
4.ForspecificdefinitionoftheearthquakeloadeffectE,seeSection12.4ofASCE705:MinimumDesign
LoadsforBuildingsandOtherStructures.
5.WhereloadeffectsofearthquakeEisbasedonservicelevelseismicforces,1.4Eshallbeusedinplace
of1.0Ein(5)and(7)above.
Each relevant strength limit state shall be investigated. Effects of one or more loads not acting shall be
investigated. The most unfavorable effects from both wind and earthquake loads shall be investigated,
whereappropriate,buttheyneednotbeconsideredtoactsimultaneously.
considered:
1. In Coastal Zones vulnerable to tidal surges, 1.6W shall be replaced by 1.6W+2.0F
a
in
combinations(4)and(6).
2. In Noncoastal Zones, 1.6W shall be replaced by 0.8W+1.0F
a
in combinations (4) and
(6).
2.7.5.2 LOADCOMBINATIONSFORSTEELSTRUCTURES
1. 1.4(B + F)
2. 1.2(B + F + S ) + 1.6(L + B) + u.S(Li oi P)
S. 1.2B + 1.6(Li oi P) + (L oi u.8W)
4. 1.2B + 1.6W + L + u.S(Li oi P)
S. 1.2B + 1.uE + L
6. u.9B + 1.6W + 1.6B
7. u.9B + 1.uE + 1.6B
Exception:
1. The load factor on L in combinations (3), (4), and (5) is permitted to equal 0.5 for all occupancies in
which minimum specified uniformly distributed live load is less than or equal to 4.8 kN/m
2
, with the
exceptionofgaragesorareasoccupiedasplacesofpublicassembly.
2.TheloadfactoronHshallbesetequaltozeroincombinations(6)and(7)ifthestructuralactiondueto
H counteracts that due to W or E. Where lateral earth pressure provides resistance to structural actions
fromotherforces,itshallnotbeincludedinHbutshallbeincludedinthedesignresistance.
3.WhereloadeffectsofearthquakeEisbasedonservicelevelseismicforces,1.4Eshallbeusedinplace
of1.0Ein(5)and(7)above.
Each relevant strength limit state shall be investigated. Effects of one or more loads not acting shall be
investigated. The most unfavorable effects from both wind and earthquake loads shall be investigated,
where appropriate, but they need not be considered to act simultaneously. For specific definition of the
earthquakeloadeffectE,seeSection12.4ofASCE705:MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandOther
Structures.
Chapter2
133

Also for buildings in Seismic Zone 3 and in Seismic Zone 2 having an Structural Importance Coefficient, I
greaterthan1.0,thefollowingadditionalloadcombinationsshallbeconsidered:
8. 1.2D+0.5L+E'
9. 0.9D+E'
considered:
1. In Coastal Zones vulnerable to tidal surges, 1.6W shall be replaced by 1.6W+2.0F
a
in
combinations(4)and(6).
2. InNoncoastalZones,1.6Wshallbereplacedby0.8W+1.0F
a
incombinations(4)and(6).
2.7.6 LOADCOMBINATIONSFORDESIGNUSINGOTHERMATERIALS:
When structural members are designed using the strength design method and using a construction
material not covered in Sec 2.7.5.1 and 2.7.5.2, any other code or standard having load combinations
applicable for that construction material may be used provided that other requirements of Sec 2.7 are
satisfied.
2.7.7 LOADCOMBINATIONSFOREXTRAORDINARYEVENTS
Where required by the applicable code, standard, or the authority having jurisdiction, strength and
stabilityshallbecheckedtoensurethatstructuresarecapableofwithstandingtheeffectsofextraordinary
(i.e.,lowprobability)events,suchasfires,explosions,andvehicularimpact.
RelatedAppendix
AppendixA ConversionofExpressionsfromSItoFPSUnits

NewBNBC - Part 6-Chap 2

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Chapter 2

L0ABS 0N B0ILBINuS ANB STR0CT0RES

and areconstantslistedinTable2.4.3andV isthebasicwindspeedinkm/h.

MainWindForceResistingSystem Method1 h 18.3m

MainWindForceRes.Sys./CompandClad. Method2 AllHeight

MainWindForceResistingSystem Method2 AllHeights

MainWindForceResistingSystem Method2 AllHeights

MainWindForceResistingSystem Method2 AllHeights

MainWindForceRes.Sys./CompandClad. Method2 AllHeight

2.75r u.7 u.7 r u.S

MainWindForceResistingSystem Method2 AllHeights

MainWindForceResistingSystem Method2 h 18.3m

u A 1.2 u.S u.S 1.2 1.2 u.S u.S 1.2

CiossSection Type of Suiface hB

Towei Cioss Section Cf

1. Steel eccentrically braced frames,

1. Special steel moment frames

1. Steel eccentrically braced frames

1. Special steel concentrically braced frames

Inteiioi Nonstiuctuial Walls anu Paititions

Teknaf to Cox's Bazai

Thana T=50years(1) T=100

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