JAWAHAR EDUCATION SOCIETYS A.C.

PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210

CNPG REPORT ON

GROUP DISCUSSION ON INSTALLATION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Respected Madam : VANDANA PANDEY Respected Sir : SMIT NIMBARTE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our great pleasure to present the CNPG group discussion on DO YOU THINK WE SHOULD BUILD MORE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT . We offer our profound gratitude to our Principal, Dr. D.G. Borse and our Head of the department, S.R Deore for creating such conductive environment in the institute and giving us opportunity to present this CNPG project report.

We wish to knowledge our indebtedness to Ms. Vandana Pandey and Mr. Smit Nimbarte our CNPG Lecturers, who guided us in doing the report. And last but not the least; we would like to thanks our classmates for their cooperation.

REPORT ON NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING S.E PREPARED BY:
ROLLNO. NAME

133309 BHATE ASHWIN 133335 KHAN RASHID 133340 MAHAJAN GIRISH 133345 MOMAYA ANANT 133355 PHALE VIVEK 133359 SAWANT MANDAR 133372 KEKAN SANJAY 133373 BHAGWAT SWAPNIL 133374 MANIAR YASH P3 SARWADE SUMIT

APPROVED BY: ---------------------

MADAM. VANDANA PANDEY SIR. SMIT NIMBARTE

INTRODUCTION
After thermal,hydroelectric and renewable sources the nuclear power is the 4th largest energy source in India. As of 2012, India has 20nuclear reactors in operation in six nuclear power plants, generating 4,780 MW while seven other reactors are under construction and are expected to generate an additional 5,300 MW. In October 2010, India drew up "an ambitious plan to reach a nuclear power capacity of 63,000 MW in 2032 but "populations around proposed Indian NPP sites have launched protests, raising questions about atomic energy as a clean and safe alternative to fossil fuels". There have been mass protests against the French-backed 9900 MW Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project in Maharashtra and the Russian-backed 2000 MW Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in Tamil Nadu. The state government of West Bengal state has also refused permission to a proposed 6000 MW facility near the town of Haripur that intended to host six Russian reactors. A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has also been filed against the governments civil nuclear programme at the Supreme Court. India's first research nuclear reactor and its first nuclear power plant were built with assistance from Canada. The 40 MW research reactor agreement was signed in 1956, and CIRUS achieved first criticality in 1960. This reactor was supplied to India on the assurance that it would not be used for military purposes, but without effective safeguards against such use. The agreement for India's first nuclear power plant at Rajasthan, RAPP-1, was signed in 1963, followed by RAPP2 in 1966. These reactors contained rigid safeguards to ensure they would not be used for a military programme.

NUCLEAR POWER GROWTH IN INDIA

India now envisages to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation capacity from 2.8% to 9% within 25 years. By 2020, India's installed nuclear power generation capacity will increase to 20,000 MW (2.01010 Watts, which is 20 GW). As of 2009, India stands 9th in the world in terms of number of operational nuclear power reactors. Indigenous atomic reactors include TAPS-3, and -4, both of which are 540 MW reactors. India's US$717 million fast breeder reactor project is expected to be operational by 2012-13. The Indian nuclear power industry is expected to undergo a significant expansion in the coming years, in part due to the passing of theU.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement. This agreement will allow India to carry out trade of nuclear fuel and technologies with other countries and significantly enhance its power generation capacity. When the agreement goes through, India is expected to generate an additional 25,000 MW of nuclear power by 2020, bringing total estimated nuclear power generation to 45,000 MW. India has already been using imported enriched uranium for light-water reactors that are currently under IAEA safeguards, but it has developed other aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle to support its reactors. Development of select technologies has been strongly affected by limited imports. Use of heavy water reactors has been particularly attractive for the nation because it allows Uranium to be burnt with little to no enrichment capabilities. India has also done a great amount of work in the development of a thorium centred fuel cycle. While uranium deposits in the nation are limited there are much greater reserves of thorium and it could provide hundreds of times the energy with the same mass of fuel. The fact that thorium can theoretically be utilised in heavy water reactors has tied the development of the two. A prototype reactor that would burn Uranium-Plutonium fuel while irradiating a thorium blanket is under construction at theMadras/Kalpakkam Atomic Power Station. Uranium used for the weapons programme has been separated from the power programme, using uranium from indigenous reserves. This domestic reserve of 80,000 to 112,000 tons of uranium (approx 1% of global uranium reserves) is large enough to supply all of India's commercial and military reactors as well as supply all the needs of India's nuclear weapons arsenal. Currently, India's nuclear power reactors consume, at most, 478 tonnes of uranium per year. Even if India were quadruple its nuclear power output (and reactor base) to

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Currently twenty nuclear power reactors produce 4,780.00 MW (2.9% of total installed base).

Power station

Operator State

Type

Units

Total capacity (MW)

Kaiga

NPCIL

Karnataka

PHWR

220 x 4

880

Kakrapar Kalpakkam Narora

NPCIL NPCIL NPCIL

Gujarat Tamil Nadu

PHWR PHWR

220 x 2 220 x 2 220 x 2

440 440 440

Uttar Pradesh PHWR

Rawatbhata

NPCIL

Kota Rajasthan PHWR

100 x 1 200 x 1 220 x 4

1180

Tarapur

NPCIL

Maharashtra

BWR (PHWR)

160 x 2 540 x 2

1400

Total

20

4780

The projects under construction are: Power station Operator State Kudankulam NPCIL Kalpakkam Kakrapar Rawatbhata Bhavini NPCIL NPCIL Type Units Total capacity (MW)

Tamil Nadu VVER-1000 1000 x 2 2000 Tamil Nadu PFBR Gujarat PHWR 500 x 1 500 700 x 2 1400 700 x 2 1400 7 5300

Rajasthan PHWR Total

ADVANTAGES
Some of the advantages of Nuclear plants are:

1 kg of fuel of uranium gives energy equivalent 3,000 tonnes of high grade coal. Therefore in nuclear power plant the amount of fuel required is very less compared to conventional thermal power plant. Transportation and storage of the fuel is easier. Fossil fuel reserves depleting at higher rate. Therefore the cost of electricity production through coal and oil reserves increases per kilowatt hour compared to nuclear power plant, i.e, operational cost of nuclear plant is cheaper Nuclear power plants does not emit green house gases in to atmosphere unlike thermal power plants. Therefore nuclear power is clean and environmental friendly Nuclear power plants require little space compared to thermal power plant for the same MW output. Thermal plants require lot of space for coal storage, handling and ash pond. The fuel storage in nuclear plant requires less space and spent fuel coming out of the reactor is stored in small water tank. Nuclear fuel is available in plenty amount all over the world. Therefore fuel supply to plants will be continuing for hundreds of years. The output efficiency of nuclear plants is higher compared to thermal power plants and cost of electricity produced per unit is cheaper. Nuclear reactors such as breeder reactors will breed the fuel in reactor, over a period of time of operation of reactor the amount of fuel provided into the reactor will be equal to the fuel given output from the reactor. This is possible by converting fertile material to fissile material inside the reactor. Nuclear plants always operate as base load plants. Therefore plant availability factor and load factor of the plant is quite high.

DISADVANTAGES
Some of the disadvantages of nuclear plants are listed below:

In Nuclear plants safety is primary concern rather producing electricity. There is significant risk of leakage of radiation in case of any accident. The fission by products released are generally radio active and pollute the land, water, atmosphere and other natural resources. The land around the plant is considered as no man land for living for at least thousands of years During shutdown of the reactor, decay heat is still produced from the reactor due to fission daughter products. This decay heat constitutes around 8 to 10% of the reactor power. For example consider reactor have a power of 500MW, decay heat generated from the reactor will be of the order of 40 to 50MW. This heat is to be continuously removed from the reactor else there is a chance of core melt down which can cause accident and radiation release. Modern plants are designed to remove decay heat through passive cooling if all the power supplies to the plant is lost which safeguard the reactor core It requires large water mass for cooling purpose. Therefore the plant should be near to sea or river Nuclear power plants always operate as base load plants and cannot support grid during transient conditions. In nuclear plant Turbine follows Reactor. Whatever may be the demand for electricity Nuclear plant does not worry. It produces the power proportional to the reactor power. Therefore it does not support electrical grid during transients. Because varying reactor power with respect to load will affect the safety and life of the plant. It requires large area around the plant to be isolated from living (almost 5 kms radius) State of art technology is required thereby increasing the cost and operators and other personnel should be highly skilled to tackle any situations

CONCLUSION
Indian President A.P.J.Abdul Kalam, stated while he was in office, that "energy independence is India's first and highest priority. India has to go for nuclear power generation in a big way using thorium-based reactors. Thorium, a non fissile material is available in abundance in our country." India has vast thorium reserves and quite limited uranium reserves. Widely used nuclear energy can be of great benefit for mankind. It can bridge the gap caused by inadequate coal and oil supply. It should be used to as much extent as possible to solve power problem. With further developments, it is likely that the cost of nuclear power stations will be lowered and that they will soon be competitive. With the depletion of fuel reserves and the question of transporting fuel over long distances. Nuclear power stations are taking an important place in the development of the power potentials of the nations of the world today in the context of the changing pattern of power.