IB MATHS SL Internal Assessment

Investigation of Shock Absorbers

Siddharth Rajendran
IB Math 12 SL/Block A
Mr. Vezzoli
December 5 2!1"
Introduction:-
#he $rinci$le o% h&dra'lic( (hock ab(orber( and ($rin)( i( o% 'tmo(t im$ortance *hile dri+in)
(ince (a%et& i( 1
(t
$riorit&. ,ith modern en)ineerin) en)ineer( ha+e made n'mero'(
contrib'tion( in the %ield o% de(i)nin) (tead& and e%%ecti+e (hock ab(orber(. #hi( e-$loration
attem$t( to in+e(ti)ate the mathematic( behind the *orkin) o% ('ch de+ice( i.e. i( dam$ed
o(cillation( in a %airl& (im$le manner.
In order to model dam$ed o(cillation the $roced're belo* ha( been %ollo*ed.

In order to demon(trate dam$ed harmonic motion the %ront $art o% the car ha( been com$re((ed
b& a$$ro-imatel& 1! centimeter( %rom the re(t $o(ition a%ter com$re((ion the hand( are
relea(ed. #he di($lacement o% the car therea%ter ha( been recorded ha( a %'nction o% time. D'e to
dam$in) the car o(cillate( '$ and do*n %or a %e* (econd( and come( back to it( ori)inal
$o(ition.
#he %ollo*in) i( a t&$ical )ra$h o% dam$ed o(cillation the back)ro'nd o% the *orkin) o% a
(hocker.
.or a ($eci%ic ca(e o% a (hock ab(orber the di($lacement /&0 %rom the 1 a-i( ha( been modeled
b& the %'nction a( a %'nction o% time.
1!
1! 2co(/1! 0 (in/1! 03
t
y e t t

+
1
4ote5 6 #he time ha( been recorded in (econd( and the di($lacement in centimeter(.
ra!hing the function
Graphimatica, a $o*er%'l )ra$hin) tool *a( '(ed to )ra$h the %'nction(.
1
Ser*a& Ra&mond A. and 7ohn ,. 7e*ett. 8Sim$le 9armonic Motion.8 Physics for Scientists and
Engineers. :aci%ic ;ro+e <A5 Brook(/<ole 2!!". 4. $a). :rint.
Siddharth
2
#he )ra$h (ketched abo+e di($la&( the be)innin) $ortion o% the )ra$h a( the car ri(e( %rom the
com$re((ed (tate / *ith = interce$t bein) 61! 0 )oe( abo+e the 1 a-i( and (to$( at the re(t
$o(ition.
#he )ra$h abo+e (ho*( the (ame )ra$h in a enlar)ed +ie*.
Siddharth
"
#he )ra$h (ho*n belo* i( a ma)ni%ication o% the car belo* the re(t $o(ition / 2
nd
time 0
"ffectiveness of the gra!h and limitations
#he )ra$h( (ho*n abo+e clearl& demon(trate the $rinci$le o% (hock ab(orber(. A dam$ed
o(cillation occ'r( *ith decrea(in) am$lit'de /+ertical o(cillation0 anal&(i( o% the element( o% the
)ra$h( %or the %'nction con%irm( *hat *e $re+io'(l& kno* abo't (hock ab(orber(.
#he main dra*back o% the %'nction i( that in order to (ho* a reali(tic model at lea(t " )ra$h(
*ere needed. D'e to the nat're o% hea+& dam$in) the decrea(e in am$lit'de i( (o di%%erent %or
each $eriod that it i( not $o((ible to re$re(ent the chan)e in +ertical di($lacement in a (in)le
)ra$h it(el%.
Anal#sis
Time taken b# the car to reach the !osition of rest $%st time&
#he (ol'tion( / root( o% the e>'ation 0 i( obtained a%ter the con(idered e>'ation ha( been e>'ated
to !.
or
1!
1! 2co(/1! 0 (in/1! 03 !
t
e t t

+
?-$onential e-$re((ion cannot be e>'al to ! Since the e-$re((ion
1!
1!
t
e

cannot e>'al zero *e

m'(t (im$li%&
2co(/1! 0 (in/1! 03 t t +
'(in) tri)onometric identitie( and (ol+e %or t. #he latter
e-$re((ion can be (ol+ed '(in) the identit& o% ('m o% t*o an)le(.
Siddharth
@
( ) (in (in- co(& co(-(in& x y t t
#here i( one an)le mi((in). #here%ore a >'antit& *hich i( e>'al to the reci$rocal +al'e( o% both
(ine and co(ine i( at @5de)ree(.
Ar
1
(in @5 co( @5
2

o o
B& m'lti$l&in) the ori)inal e>'ation *ith 2 both (ide(
1!
1 1
1! 22 co(/1! 0 (in/1! 03 !
2 2
t
e t t

+
<lo(el& e-aminin) the abo+e e>'ation i% a ('b(tit'tion o%
2
1
%or
@
(in

and
@
co(

i( '(ed
the tri)onometric identit& o% ('m or di%%erence o% an)le( can be '(ed.
1!
1! 22(in co(/1! 0 co( (in/1! 03 !
@ @
t
e t t

+
B(in) the identit& ( ) (in (in- co(& co(-(in& x y t t
56
(in co(/1! 0 co( (in/1! 0
@ @
(in/1! 0
@
(in1!/ 0
@!
t t
t
t

+
+
+
In order to calc'late %or time taken b& the car to to reach the re(t $o(ition / 1
(t
time 0 the e>'ation
ha( be to be (et a(
1!
1! 22(in1!/ 03 !
@!
t
e t

+
Settin) '$ the %ollo*in) e-$re((ion
It i( kno*n
that (in !
%or each increment in

. #h'( the %ir(t $oint *hich %'nction inter(ect( the 1 a-i( *hen(in ! .
.or (in ! the e>'ation can be (im$li%ied to
Siddharth
5
(in1!/ 0 !
@!
t

+
1! /t C 0
@!
/t C 0
@! 1!
"
!.2"5D
@!
t s

#hi( ha( been +eri%ied thro')h )ra$hin) calc'lator ha( (ho*n belo* 56
'alculating velocit# at that !oint
In order to %ind the %ind the +elocit& *hen the %ront (ection o% the car reache( at re(t $o(ition / 1
(t

time 0 the deri+ati+e ha( to be calc'lated and the calc'lated *e m'(t %ind the %ir(t deri+ati+e o%
the e>'ation and calc'late
dy
dt
at
"
@!
t

.
[ ] ( )
1!
1! 1!
1! 2co(/1! 0 (in/1! 03
1!! co(1! (in1! 1! 1!(in1! 1!co(1!
t
t t
y e t t
dy
e t t e t t
dt

+
1 + + +
]
Sim$li%&in) the e>'ation
dy
dt
(li)htl& *e obtain5
[ ] ( )
( ) ( )
1! 1!
1!
1!! co(1! (in1! 1! 1!(in1! 1!co(1!
1!! co(1! (in1! co(1! (in1!
t t
t
e t t e t t
e t t t t

1 + + +
]
1 +
]
9o*e+er *e alread& determined that ( ) co(1! (in1! (in/1! 0
@
t t t

+ + *hen the e>'ation i(
m'lti$lied b& 2 .
Moreo+er i%
Siddharth
D
1!
1!
1 1
1! 22 co(/1! 0 (in/1! 03
2 2
1! 22co( co(/1! 0 (in (in/1! 03
@ @
t
t
e t t
e t t

B& '(in) the identit&
( ) co( co( co( (in (in x y u v u v t m
.or a di%%erence o% an)le( the (im$li%ication o%
( ) co(1! (in1! co(/1! 0
@
t t t

+
#here%ore *e ha+e a (im$li%ied %orm o% the e>'ation
dy
dt
*here
1!
1!! 2 (in/1! 0 co(/1! 0
@ @
t
dy
e t t
dt

1
+ +
1
]
:'ttin)
"
@!
t

to calc'late
dy
dt
at that $oint.
[ ]
"
1!
@!
"
1!
@!
"
1!
@!
" "
1!! 2 (in/1! 0 co(/1! 0
@! @ @! @
1!! 2 (in co(
1!! 2
dy
e
dt
e
e

,
_

,
_

,
1
_ _
+ +
1
, , ]

#he +elocit& o% the car a%ter it reache( the re(t $o(ition /1

(t
time 0 i( 56
"
1!
@!
1!! 2 1".@!"E5 v e cm s
_

,

A)ain the (ol'tion ha( been +eri%ied on the calc'lator
Siddharth
F
Time taken b# the car to move belo( the rest !osition after being !ushed for the first time
:re+io'(l& (in1!/ 0 !
@!
t

+ . S'b(tit'tion o% (in ! *a( a$$lied (o that calc'latin) %or !
*ill )i+e the location *here the trajector& c't( the 1 a-i( / 1
(t
time 0. Similarl& i( a ('b(tit'tion
*a( a$$lied a( (in 2 ! the time can be calc'lated %or the 2
nd
$oint
1! /t C 0 2
@!
/t C 0
@! 5
F
!.5@EFG
@!
t s

#hi( can be matched *ith the an(*er on the )ra$hin) calc'lator.
Ho( far does it travel belo( the rest !osition)
#o %ind the di(tance tra+elled b& the car the time at *hich it )oe( belo* the re(t $o(ition ha( be
to be calc'lated. At ma-ima and minima deri+ati+e i( zero the deri+ati+e ha( been (et e>'al to
zero (o that the time can be calc'lated
1!
1!! 2 (in/1! 0 co(/1! 0
@ @
t
dy
e t t
dt

1
+ +
1
]
1!
1!! 2
t
e

cannot be e>'al to zero.

#here%ore onl& the tri)onometric e-$re((ion i( e+al'ated %'rther.
Siddharth
G
(in/1! 0 co(/1! 0 !
@ @
(in/1! 0 co(/1! 0
@ @
tan/1! 0 1
@
t t
t t
t

+ +
+ +
+
B& a$$l&in) #an)ent identit& %or ('m/di%%erence o% an)le(
( )
tan- tan&
tan
1 tan- tan&
x y
t
t
m
#here%ore
tan1! tan
@
1
1 tan1! tan
@
t
t

tan1! 1
1
1 tan1!
t
t
+

tan1! 1 1 tan1!
tan1! 1
5
t t
t
t

+

4o* *e can ('b(tit'te

5
t

into the ori)inal e>'ation
1!
1! 22(in1!/ 03
@!
t
y e t

+
1!
5
1!
5
1! 22(in1!/ 03
5 @!
E
1! 2 (in
@
y e
e

,
_

,
+

#he di($lacement o% the car there%ore i(
1!
5
E
1! 2 (in !.!1GDF
@
e cm

,

#he abo+e an(*er ha( been matched *ith calc'lation on the )ra$hic( calc'lator.
Siddharth
E
*eliabilit# of the absorber in the car
.or e+er& car the ('($en(ion $er%ormance i( calc'lated b& a %orm'la kno*n a( the rebo'nd ratio.
It i( de%ined a( the di(tance the %ront $art o% the +ehicle mo+e( di+ided b& the ori)inal
di($lacement o% the +ehicle. Ideall& a ratio belo* 1H i( acce$ted.
#here%ore
2
1
!.!1GDF
1!!H !.1EH
1!
y
y
d
cm
Rebound Ratio
d cm

Since the rebo'nd ratio i( at the lo* end o% the (cale it i( clear that the (hock ab(orber i(
acce$table.
The time taken b# the car to travel belo( the rest !osition $+
nd
time&
It *a( calc'lated that (in1!/ 0 !
@!
t

+ .
Beca'(e the car i( a$$roachin) the re(t $o(ition %or 2
nd
time it *ill act'all& be the "
rd
time the
%'nction inter(ect( the 1 a-i(. #here%ore the ('b(tation a$$lied here *ill be (in" !
1! /t C 0 "
@!
"
/t C 0
@! 1!
11
!.GD"E@
@!
t s

,ith the hel$ o% )ra$hin) calc'lator the abo+e an(*ered ha( been +eri%ied a( (ho*n in the
%ollo*in) ima)e.
Siddharth
1!
'alculation of velocit# at this !oint,
#he di%%erention o% the %'nction *ith re($ect to time
1!
1! 2co(/1! 0 (in/1! 03
t
y e t t

+ ha( been
(im$li%ied to
1!
1!! 2 (in/1! 0 co(/1! 0
@ @
t
dy
e t t
dt

1
+ +
1
]
#he +al'e nece((ar& to be calc'lated here i(
dy
dt
at the $oint
11
@!

th'( the (lo$e o% %'nction at

the $oint.
[ ]
11
1!
@!
11
1!
@!
11
1!
@!
11 11
1!! 2 (in/1! 0 co(/1! 0
@! @ @! @
1!! 2 (in" co("
1!! 2
dy
e
dt
e
e

,
_

,
_

,
1 _ _
+ +
1
, , ]

#here%ore the +elocit& at the $oint *here the %ront o% the car ri(e( to the re(t $o(ition %or the
(econd time i(5
11
1!
@!
1!! 2 .!25!" v e cm s
_

,

A)ain *e can +eri%& thi( re('lt '(in) the )ra$hic( calc'lator.
Siddharth
11
"stimating the time it takes for the front of the car to reach its lo(est !oint after it reaches
the rest !osition for the second time and also the dis!lacement belo( the rest !osition
Be%ore a $art o% the e>'ation *a( (e$arated *hich *a( 56
(in1!/ 0 !
@!
t

+
#he $eriod o% the %'nction i( calc'lated to be
5

beca'(e the $eriod o% the (ine %'nction i( e>'al

to 2 .
#here%ore )i+en that the time re>'ired %or the car to reach it( lo*e(t $oint a%ter reachin) the
re(tin) $oint the (econd time re$re(ent( t*o re$eatin) (e)ment( o% the )ra$h
2
5
t

.
.rom thi( in%ormation *e can determine the di($lacement belo* the re(t $o(ition.
2
1!
5
2
1!
5 5
2
1! 22(in1!/ 03
5 @!
1F
1! 2 (in ".@GF 1!
@
y e
e cm

,
_

,
+

#he abo+e re('lt i( calc'lated thro')h the )ra$hin) calc'lator a( (ho*n belo*.
Siddharth
12
#he +ario'( com$'tation( that ha+e been (ho*n in thi( a((e((ment ha( attem$ted to (ho* ho*
(ome )ood method( can be '(ed to anal&ze a com$le- %'nction( ('ch a( the dam$ed o(cillation
%'nction. ,ith ha+in) back)ro'nd kno*led)e on (hock ab(orber( (ome techni>'e( o%
tri)onometric %'nction( and al)ebraic mani$'lation( had been '(ed >'e(tion( con(idered abo+e
demon(trate( ho* e%%ecti+e method( can be 'tilized in the anal&(i( o% a com$le- %'nction that
relate( di($lacement to time. :lottin) he )ra$h $ro+ed to reall& hel$ and $ro+ided a more +i+id
re$re(entation o% ho* the (hocker *ork(. ,hile graphamatica *a( +er& '(e%'l the )ra$hin)
calc'lator *a( ea(il& acce((ible in calc'latin) tan)ent( or the local minim'm( o% the %'nction. A(
mentioned be%ore an entire re$re(entation o% the di($lacement %'nction *a( not $o((ible d'e to
hea+& %l'ct'ation( in the $eriod. Al(o a%ter the %ront o% the car had been com$re((ed it reached
the re(t $o(ition or the 1 a-i( in a +er& (hort time. Anal&zin) the di($lacement c'r+e the (lo$e
*a( con(tant th'( re$re(entin) %airl& con(tant +elocit&. #he car al(o chan)e( it( direction o%
motion ('ddenl& and >'ickl& adj'(t( to (tabilized motion *ith a (mall di($lacement. Al(o the
rebo'nd ratio( a (a%et& method to check *hether the (hock ab(orber( are o% to$ >'alit& (ho*ed
the $o(iti+e re('lt( *ith di($lacement *ith a rebo'nd ratio o% !.1E H *hich i( *ell *ithin the
(a%e criteria.

Siddharth
'onclusion
1"