Thiet Ke Qua Trinh Cong Nghe Hoa Hoc (Loc Dau) - K54BHN

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THIT K QU TRNH CNG NGH HA HC (LC DU)

Product and Process Design Principles
Ging vin: Phm Trung Kin
NI DUNG MN HC THIT K QTCN

Tng quan v thit k qu trnh cng ngh ha hc M phng trong thit k qu trnh cng ngh ha hc Heuristics cho thit k qu trnh cng ngh Thit k h thng thit b phn ng Thit k h thng phn tch hn hp Nhit v nng lng trong thit k qu trnh L thuyt v thit k ti u qu trnh Tnh ton chi ph cho mt d n thit k Thit lp mt d n thit k cng ngh
GIO TRNH & TI LIU THAM KHO

Product and Process Design Principles. Warren D. Seider, J.D.Seader, Daniel R.Lewin Chemical Engineering Design Project. Martyn S.Ray, David W.Johnston Chemical Engineering: Modelling, Simulation and Similitude. Tanase G.Dobre, Jose G.Sanchez Marcano Chemical Process Design: Computer - Aided Case Studies. Alexandre C.Dimian, Costin Sorin Bildea Chemical Process Equipment: Selection and Design. Stanley M.Walas Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants. Ernest E.Ludwig
GIO TRNH & TI LIU THAM KHO

Chemical Reactor Design, Optimization and Scaleup. E. Bruce Nauman Distillation Design and Control Using Aspen Simulation. William L.Luyben Modelling of Chemical Kinetics and Reactor Design. A. kayode Coker Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers. M.S. Peters and K.D. Timmerhaus Analysis and Design of Chemical Processes. R. Turton, R.C. Bailie, W.B. Whiting, J.A. Shaeiwitz Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes. James. M. Douglas
YU CU V NH GI MN HC
Trao i, tho lun (C1) i hc y (C2) Tiu lun (B1)_Theo nhm Thi gia k (B2)_Dch ti liu Ting Anh Bo v tiu lun (B3 )_Theo nhm Thi cui k (A)
TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

Mc ch, c hi thit k cng ngh Cc bc trong thit k cng ngh To lp v nh gi vn thit k Kim tm cht ha hc v hn hp c tnh cht ph hp vi yu cu thc t Thit lp (Khi to) qu trnh thit k Pht trin qu trnh thit k c bn Tng hp qu trnh chi tit s dng phng php thut ton Thit k, nh gi iu khin qu trnh Chi tit thit k, c tnh cu hnh thit b v ti u ha Bo co v trnh by Thit k phn xng, xy dng, khi ng v hot ng

Bo v mi trng Cc vn mi trng Cc yu t mi trng trong thit k cng ngh (gim sn phm ph c hi, ti s dng cht thi) Cc vn v thit k mi trng (theo tiu chun) Cc vn an ton trong thit k Tiu chun an ton Phng php thit k an ton o c trong thit k cng ngh ha hc Vai tr ca my tnh Bng tnh v phng php s trong thit k Gi phn mm trong thit k M phng trong thit k

Mc ch, c hi trong thit k cng ngh Hng ngn sn phm ha hc c sn xut hng nm Cc sn phm ha hc bao gm: Sn phm ha hc c bn (c sn xut t cc ngun t nhin): ethylene, acetone, vinyl cloride,, ethylene glycol, monoethyl eter, diethyl ketone,vt liu sinh hc (m cy, dc phm), vt liu polyme (PE, PVC, PolyStyrene) Sn phm cng nghip (c sn xut t cc sn phm ha hc c bn): mng, si, giy, Sn phm tiu dng (c sn xut t cc sn phm ha hc c bn v sn phm cng nghip): thit b thm tch, pin nhin liu, dc phm, cht ty ra,

Mt d n thit k xut pht t nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau. Chng bt u trong cc phng th nghim nghin cu ca cc nh ha hc, ha sinh, k s,nhm tha mn cc yu cu sn phm ca khch hng. Mt s sn phm quan trng c to ra t nhng tai nn, ngun nguyn liu r hay th trng mi xut hin, Mt d n thit k mi s cha ng rt nhiu th thch: hn hp cht ha hc cn thit cho sn phm, cu hnh sn phm, phng php sn xut, yu cu th trng, S hiu bit v qu trnh thng khng ton din, do thng ch tp trung vo thit k thit b hay qu trnh ha hc.
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S cn thit thnh lp mt i thit k (Design Team) gii quyt mt vn thit k cn mt i ng: k s ha hc, nh ha hc, ha sinh, ngi lm th trng,
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Cc bc trong thit k qu trnh Ch rng, cc vn thit k thng kt thc m v c rt nhiu gii php khc nhau v tim cn ti u. Hai nh thit k qu trnh thng khng theo chnh xc cng mt quy trnh thit k m nn hc ng dng chng khi thit k mt qu trnh hay sn phm c th. Thit k l mt hot ng sng to nht trong cc hot ng k thut.
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Nhng th thch m mt k s k thut ha hc gp phi: Xc nh thnh phn ha hc ca hn hp ban u c th to ra cc tnh cht mong mun. Thit lp s qu trnh sn xut v la chn iu kin hot ng to ra sn phm mong mun vi hiu sut v chn lc cao, t vng tun hon, chi ph thp. To ra cc sn phm tiu dng v cng nghip. Thit k qu trnh thng him khi r rng v theo quy trnh, thay vo l cc phng php phi sng to, to ra qu trnh v sn phm nhiu li nhun, an ton v bo v mi trng.
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CHI TIT XEM TRANG 7PRODUCT AND PROCESS DESIGN PRINCIPLES
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Thit lp v nh gi cc vn khi to Thit k qu trnh thng bt u vi mt vn tim nng v thng l cha r rng trong mt ca mt k s. Vn s tr nn r rng hn khi bit r yu cu ca khch hng v c trng sn phm (t trng, nht,) Thng thng mt nhm thit k (design team) s quan tm n cc vn c bn v a ra nhng tng tim nng cho sn phm p ng yu cu v la chn phng n (da trn cc vn v cc nguyn l ca nhit ng hc, ng hc, truyn nhit, truyn khi,) Trn c s , cc k s s a ra cc tng cho cc vn ban u v nh gi chng phc v cho vic nghin cu v pht trin tip theo.
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Thit lp v nh gi cc vn khi to Thng thng, ngi thit k s c rt nhiu tng tim nng cho sn phm v qu trnh. Nhng tng c th xut pht t cc khch hng tim nng, nhng ngi mun mt sn phm hay qu trnh mi hn. tng tt nht c th ban u s nhn c nhiu s ch trch nht. Tt c cc tng s c tp hp, phn loi, tho lun v nh gi cn thn. Nghin cu ti liu Khi d nh nghin cu thit k mt vn c th, nhm thit k phi ly cc thng tin nh: nhn lc cng ty, d liu cng ty, ti liu. Nhng d liu ny rt cn thit cho vn nghin cu c th.
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Nghin cu ti liu Cc thng tin khc v sn phm: tnh cht nhit ng hc, tnh cht vn chuyn, s cng ngh, m t thit b, m hnh qu trnh. Cc thng tin v nhng sn phm sn xut, thit k l im bt u tuyt vi cho cc nghin cu tip theo. Khi nghin cu thit k sn xut sn phm th h mi (next generation products) hay m rng sn xut, s c rt nhiu phng n nng cp cng ngh. V d trong chng ct c nhiu thay i trong cng ngh, c bit trong iu kin chn khng, t a sang m hot nng cao.
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Nghin cu ti liu Do vy vic nghin cu cc ti liu lin quan n thit k qu trnh l rt quan trng thu c cc d liu mi nht, s , thit b, m hnh, thu c cc sn phm tt hn v thit k ph hp hn. Mt s ngun ti liu c s dng rng ri trong thit k: Standford Design Reports Institute (SRI), bch khoa ton th (encyclopedias), s tay, ph lc, bng sng ch (patents), cc ti liu trn internet (cc bi bo-papers,), Mt s ngun ti liu nghin cu ph tr khc: tnh kh thi v cng ngh (phng php sn xut, thun li, kh khn, l do chn phng php sn xut,), th trng (cng sut, gi c nguyn liu v sn phm, lut, s dng sn phm), cc yu t thng mi, Cc yu t th trng quan trng hn nhiu yu t k thut. Rt nhiu sn phm b loi b v l do th trng.
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Nghin cu ti liu Mc ch v yu cu ca thit k: cng sut, cht lng sn phm, quy m, c kh, ngy bt u, cng sut ti a, chi ph ti a theo hm ca cng sut, s thay i yu cu theo thi k, kim k, s quay vng vn u t, Tm kim sn phm mong mun: Cc sn phm thit k phi m bo cc yu cu t ra: mng polyme, cht lnh ng, dung mi thn thin mi trng, du bi trn, protein cho dc phm, cht tan, gm s,
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Khi to qu trnh: Cc vn t ra ban u, s tip tc c pht trin theo nhng bc tip theo, cc d liu quan trng cho thit k bao gm: tnh cht nhit ng hc (cn bng lng - hi), tnh chy, tnh c hi, gi c, thng tin lin quan. Trong mt s trng hp, mt s thc nghim ban u thu c nhng d liu cn thiu, khng th c tnh, nhng nghin cu khng xut pht t phng th nghim, Qu trnh sn xut s ph thuc vo loi sn phm. sn xut cc sn phm ha hc c bn cn phi c loi phn ng ha hc, phn tch, bm, nn, Cc sn phm cng nghip gm cc qu trnh: n cht do, trn, pha, dn tem, Cht lng iu khin sn phm thay i t iu khin tnh cht ha l, lu bin hc,n tnh cht quang hc, kh nng chu thi tit, bn c kh,
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Pht trin qu trnh thit k Lin quan n s chi tit cng ngh qu trnh: cn bng vt liu, nng lng, danh mc thit b chnh, Cn bng vt liu lin quan n trng thi dng: nhit , p sut, pha, lu lng, thnh phn v nhng tnh cht khc. Cn bng vt liu v nng lng c th s dng s tr gip ca my tnh, cc phn mm m phng (ASPEN PLUS, HYSYS, PRO/II, CHEMCAD,)
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Nghin cu qu trnh mt cch chi tit s dng phng php thut ton i vi qu trnh lin tc, bao gm: Khi to v nh gi h thng thit b phn ng ( chuyn ha), h thng tch (tun hon). Xc nh v gim vic s dng nng lng, thit lp v nh gi hiu qu ca h thng trao i nhit v trao i cht (gim cht thi). i vi qu trnh gin on: Khi to v nh gi ti u chui hot ng gin on.
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nh gi cht lng iu khin qu trnh c thc hin sau khi thit k cng ngh hon thnh (cu trc iu khin). H thng iu khin s i cng vic m phng ng.
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c tnh cu hnh thit b, ti u ha, thit k sn phm theo yu cu S dng cc cng c m phng v thut ton c th (MatLab, Fluent, Hysys,) Vit bo co v trnh by Thit k phn xng, xy dng, khi ng v hot ng Trong qu trnh thit k, xy dng, cc nh thu s dng thm c cc k s in, c kh, xy dng, Thit qu trnh bao gm: bn v thit b, bn v ng ng, bn v iu khin, m hnh thit b, xy dng m hnh t l, chun b thu,
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Bo v mi trng (theo cc tiu chun v mi trng) Cc vn v mi trng: t nhin liu ha thch cho vic pht in v giao thng vn ti Cht thi cng nghip Tch t sinh hc (thuc dit c, thuc tr su, ) Khong v kim loi c hi (ch, thy ngn,) Cn phi thay th bng cc vt liu khng c, thn thin mi trng,
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Cc vn mi trng trong thit k qu trnh: Cch thc phn ng gim sn phm ph c hi Gim v ti s dng cht thi
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Ch tiu v mi trng: Cht lng khng kh (pht thi) X l nc thi (hn ch, tun hon,) Cc vn v an ton (theo quy chun ca t chc an ton quc t): Chy, n (gii hn di v trn) Pht thi c hi Phng php thit k an ton i vi nh my ha cht Ngn chn chy n Thit b gim p Xc nh v nh gi ri ro Vt liu an ton
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o c trong thit k (theo quy nh) Vai tr ca my tnh trong thit k Cc phn mm tnh ton: Excel Gi phn mm lp trnh, tnh ton: Mathematica, Matlab, Gi phn mm m phng: Aspen Plus, Hysys, Pro/II, ChemCad,
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THIT K CU TRC PHN T

Da trn cc iu kin v k thut, th trng, thng mi,cc k s thit k s thit k ra cc sn phm ha hc c nhng tnh cht theo yu cu: t trng, nhit si, nht, khi lng phn t, tan, Phng php thit k phn t da trn s hon v nguyn t hoc nhm phn t xc nh cc phn t hoc nhm phn t c tnh cht mong mun. Phng php c tnh, d on tnh cht ca phn t c s dng, bao gm phng php phn b nhm v bn kinh nghim. S dng cc thut ton thch hp v ti u Khi phng php c tnh khng hiu qu th cn phi dng n thc nghim.
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THIT K CU TRC PHN T

Mc ch ca thit k cu trc phn t: Hiu v cc vn c bn trong vic c trng tnh cht vt l, hot ng ca cc sn phm ha hc tim nng. Cch thit lp mt nghin cu v cc sn phm ha hc tha mn cc c trng v tnh cht vt l. Hiu c vai tr ca phng php phn b nhm v k thut m hnh ha phn t trong vic d on tnh cht ca sn phm. Hiu c vic s dng phng php ti u ha xc nh c cu trc phn t c nhng tnh cht theo yu cu. nh gi c vai tr ca thc nghim song song trong nghin cu. Hiu c tnh cht cc loi sn phm ha hc s dng phng php thit k cu trc phn t.
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THIT K CU TRC PHN T

Cc yu cu chnh v cc sn phm ha hc ngy nay: Nh hn Bn chc hn Phn hy sinh hc An ton trong sn xut Khng c Thn thin mi trng
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THIT K CU TRC PHN T

Phng php c tnh tnh cht phn t: Phng php l thuyt thit k cu trc phn t dng d on tnh cht vt l v tnh cht vn chuyn. Cc phng php ny bt ngun t cc nguyn tc c bn ca nhit ng lc hc, hin tng vn chuyn v m phng phn t. Cc ngun ti liu tham kho:
Properties of Gases and Liquids, Properties of Polymers Software: Hysys, Pro/II, ChemCad, Aspen Plus [Hng dn xem v d on tnh cht ca sn phm ha hc trong HYSYS]
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THIT K CU TRC PHN T

Phng php c tnh tnh cht phn t: Thng thng, cc hng s v thng s c sn trong ngn hng d liu, cc thng s khc khng c trong ngun d liu s c c tnh hoc dng phng php hi quy d liu thc nghim. Xem cc v d trong Product and Process Design Principles.
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KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

Ni dung: Hiu c cch lp rp s liu thit k v thit lp c s d liu ban u. a ra c cc bc thit k qu trnh bao gm: cc phn ng ha hc, qu trnh phn tch, hot ng theo quan h T-P. Phng php la chn thit b v thit lp qu trnh mt cch chi tit, thit lp cn bng vt cht v nng lng. Lit k cc thit b chnh. Hiu c tm quan trng ca vic xy dng phn xng pilot kim tra cc thit b chnh. Hiu c cc khi nim ban u v m phng qu trnh thu thp s liu v tnh ton cn bng vt cht v nng lng.
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Sau khi hon thnh vic nh gi vn thit k v nghin cu ti liu, k s thit k s tin hnh phn loi, tng hp d liu pht trin qu trnh thit k tip theo. Cc vn cn quan tm lc ny: nguyn liu th, sn phm mong mun, sn phm ph, cc phn ng trung gian, Cc tnh cht nhit ng hc cn thit: Khi lng phn t, nhit im si, nhit ng c. Tnh cht ti hn, enthalpy, nng lng t do Gibbs, p sut hi bo ha. T trng, nhit dung, n nhit (theo hm ca nhit ).
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Cc vn khc: tc phn ng chnh, chuyn ha, phn b sn phm,theo hm ca nhit , p sut, tc dng, Thm vo , k s thit k cng cn quan tm n nhng d liu v: Mi trng ( c hi v nh hng ca n ti con ngi v ng vt) An ton (nguy c chy n trong khng kh) nh gi tnh kinh t (gi c) Cc thng tin khc: tnh cht vn chuyn, ng hc, n mn, thng s tnh ton, thng s thit b,
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D liu v tnh cht vt l v nhit ng hc (Tham kho cc ti liu sau) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook Properties of Gases and Liquid Data for Process Design and Engineering Practice Process Simulators: Aspen Plus, Hysys, Pro/II, ChemCad, Superpro Designer, Vapor Liquid Equilibrium Data Collection
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Cc d liu v an ton v mi trng (theo cc tiu chun trong cc s tay) Gi c, chi ph cho qu trnh thit k Cc d liu v thit k lin quan n quan h cung cu, thng dao ng v kh c tnh. Chemical Market Reporter hay ngun ti liu www.chemicalmarketreporter.com www.findarticles.com
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Thc nghim Rt nhiu cc khi nim thit k l kt qu ca cc thc nghim m rng trong phng th nghim. Tuy nhin, cc thc nghim ny thng ch c thc hin trong cc thit b nh, dung mi t tin, di cc iu kin thc nghim m chuyn ha, chn lc i vi sn phm mong mun l khng ti u. Do , trong thit k, yu cu cc iu kin thc nghim ph tr vi iu kin v thnh phn, nhit , p sut, dung mi,i din hn trn quy m ln. Thc nghim gip cho qu trnh thit k, c bit khi m s c tnh tc phn ng khng ng tin cy.
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Thc nghim Nu cc phn ng ha hc c xc tc, th phi xt n kh nng ng c xc tc. Thc nghim cng gip cho vic la chn v thit k ban u ca cc qu trnh tch. S tch hn hp kh phi xem xt n cc yu t hp th, hp ph, thm kh, tm kim cc vt liu tng ng (mng, cht hp th, hp ph) Khi mt hn hp lng khng l tng, mun thc hin qu trnh tch, thc nghim chng ct trong phng th nghim phi c thc hin sm v kh nng to ng ph, gy kh khn cho qu trnh la chn thit b. Khi qu trnh c cht rn, th qu trnh nh tinh th ha, lc, lm kh l cn thit.
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Tng hp s b qu trnh thit k Trng thi ha hc ca cc cht Cc hot ng ca qu trnh Cc bc tng hp qu trnh Qu trnh gin on v lin tc V d v tng hp qu trnh (Sn xut Vinyl Chloride)
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Trng thi ha hc Bc u tin, phi xc nh r c trng nguyn liu v sn phm Cc thng s sau cn c quan tm:
Lu lng (th tch hay khi lng) Thnh phn (phn mol, phn khi lng) Pha (rn, lng, kh) Dng ca pha (i vi pha rn, cn quan tm n phn b kch thc ht, hnh dng ca ht,) Nhit p sut
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Mt s tnh cht khc cn quan tm nht Khi lng phn t Mu sc Mi Nhit dn, t trng Cn quan tm n nghin cu th trng, nhu cu ca khch hng,
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Hot ng ca qu trnh Cc loi thit b chnh trong cc qu trnh:
Thp chng ct Thp hp th Thp gii hp Thit b bay (bc) hi Thit b phn ng Thit b trao i nhit Bnh tch My lc, ly tm
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Cc hot ng chnh ca qu trnh cng ngh: Phn ng ha hc Phn tch cc hn hp ha hc Phn tch pha Thay i nhit Thay i p sut Trn hoc phn tch dng, m Cc hot ng lin quan n cht rn: tng hoc gim kch thc ht
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Cc bc tng hp qu trnh thit k
Bc tng hp 1. Loi b s khc bit trong cc loi phn t 2. Phn b cc cht ha hc 3. Loi b s khc bit trong thnh phn 4. Loi b s khc bit v nhit , p sut, pha 5. Tch hp cc nhim v: s kt ni cc hot ng qu trnh thnh mt qu trnh hon chnh, quyt nh qu trnh lm vic lin tc hay gin on Hot ng qu trnh Cc phn ng ha hc
Trn Tch Thay i nhit , p sut, pha
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Qu trnh gin on hay lin tc Quy m sn xut nh hng ln n phng thc hot ng ca qu trnh. Nu sn xut cc cht ha hc thng mi, nn s dng qu trnh v thit b lin tc Nu sn xut cc sn phm ha hc tiu dng hoc cng nghip th u tin qu trnh gin on quy m nh. La chn qu trnh lin tc, gin on hay bn lin tc l mt quyt nh quan trng.
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V d v tng hp qu trnh: Qu trnh sn xut Vinyl Clorua Vinyl clorua l mt hp cht trung gian quan trng cho qu trnh sn xut polyvinyl clorua, mt cht nha quan trng sn xut ng v cc sn phm tng t khc. Bc 1: Loi b s khc bit trong cc loi phn t
sn xut Vinyl clorua, d liu t cc phng th nghim ha hc tp trung ch yu vo cc phn ng ha hc c th xy ra. y l qu trnh c bn nn cc phn ng cng nh cc d liu ha hc khc hu nh bit.
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Bc 1: Loi b s khc bit trong cc loi phn t (Phng php sn xut) i vi cc cht khc (nu mi) cc d liu ca qu trnh phi c ly t phng th nghim. Khi thit k qu trnh phi nhanh chng, kp thi, nm bt c th trng 1. Clo ha trc tip etylen Phn ng xy ra ti vi trm C, song hiu sut to vinyl clorua khng cao, nhiu sn phm ph (diclorua etylen)
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2. Hydro clo ha axetylen: phn ng ta nhit, cho chuyn ha 98% 150oC khi c mt cht xc tc HgCl2 3. Cracking nhit DicloEtan t clo ha Etylen
Phn ng chuyn ha etylen t 98% 900C v 1 atm khi c FeCl3 Phn ng cracking xy ra 500oC, chuyn ha 65%, ta nhit u im: Khng to ra nhiu dicloetan Nhc im: To ra HCl
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4. Cracking nhit diclo etan t oxi clo ha etylen
Phn ng chuyn ha etylen 250oC, xc tc CuCl2, chuyn ha 95% 5. Kt hp qu trnh 3 v 4 (Khng to HCl, chuyn ha 2 nguyn t Clo)
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Chi ph, gi c cc nguyn liu, sn phm
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Tnh ton chi ph cho phn ng 3
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Cc chi ph cho qu trnh Chi ph ban u: xy dng nh my, mua t, Chi ph hot ng: lao ng, hi nc, in Chi ph mua nguyn liu
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Lu dng qu trnh (S cng ngh) Nng sut: 100,000 lb/hr (800 triu lb/nm, 330 ngy, h s hot ng 0.904)
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Bc 2: Phn b cc cht ha hc
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Bc 3: Loi b s khc nhau trong thnh phn
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Mt s tnh cht ca sn phm
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Bc 4: Thay i nhit , p sut v pha (t c chuyn ha v sn phm mong mun)
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Bc 5: Tch hp cc nhim v Thit b clo ha v thit b ngng t Bm Thit b bc hi L nhit phn Thit b lm mt v lm ngui bng phun sng Thit b ngng t Thit b lm mt tun hon
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Cy tng hp thit k
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Tnh ton, th nghim (Heuristics) Cc kt qu nghin cu hay tng hp qu trnh phi ph hp vi cc tnh ton, th nghim hay cc quy lut khc Mt s tnh ton, th nghim c th s c cc phng n thay th ti u hn
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Pht trin qu trnh c bn Cc loi s trong thit k BFD (Block Flow Diagram) PFD (Process Flow Diagram) P and ID (Piping and Instrumentation Diagram)
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S khi (BFD)
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S dng qu trnh (PFD)
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Cc biu tng trong s
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Cc thng s ca qu trnh
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Cc thng s khc
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Cc thng s khc
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Cc hot ng tip theo khc trong thit k Tnh ton cc lu dng ph tr Tch hp qu trnh C s d liu chi tit Th Pilot phn xng M phng qu trnh
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M PHNG KHI TO QU TRNH

Ni dung v mc ch: Hiu c vai tr ca cc phn mm m phng trong vic khi to qu trnh v vai tr ca chng trong vic c tnh cu hnh thit b, chi ph, phn tch li nhun, ti u ha, m phng ng. i vi m phng tnh, c th to c mt s m phng, bao gm la chn m hnh cho thit b, th t lp t, cc vng tun hon. Hiu c t do trong m hnh m phng, cc c trng thit k, cc vng lp trong tnh ton. Cc bc thc hin m phng trn HYSYS S dng phn mm m phng h tr trong sut qu trnh khi to. S dng m phng qu trnh gin on tnh ton cn bng vt cht v nng lng.
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Cc nguyn tc c bn ca m phng tnh S cng ngh v m phng S cng ngh m t mt qu trnh ang tn ti hoc gi nh vi cc c im v thng tin cn thit. M phng gip pht hin cc s c v d on s hot ng ca qu trnh. Tri tim ca phn tch, m phng l cc m hnh ton, cc phng trnh lin quan n cc bin qu trnh nh: Nhit , p sut, lu lng, thnh phn, din tch b mt, ci t van, cu hnh hnh hc, M phng tnh gip tnh ton cc gi tr cha bit, a ra cc gi tr nh lng xc nh.
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Cc vic m m phng tnh c th lm c: Tnh ton cn bng vt cht v nng lng c tnh cu hnh thit b Phn tch li nhun Cc phng trnh ph tr c th thm vo ti mi mc . Khi mt bin c thm vo tnh ton th thut ton gii cc phng trnh s tr nn phc tp hn.
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M phng tnh: Tht may mn l, hu ht cc qu trnh ha hc bao gm cc thit b truyn thng nh: thit b trao i nhit, bm, thp chng ct, thit b hp th,i vi cc thit b ny th phng trnh tnh ton khng khc bit nhiu trong hu ht cc qu trnh ha hc. Tnh cht vt l v nhit ng hc v hng s ng hc c th khc nhau song phng trnh tnh ton th khng. Do c th la chn mt hay nhiu thut ton gii cc phng trnh cho mi qu trnh tnh ton cn bng vt cht v nng lng, cu hnh thit b v chi ph. Do vy, trong mt qu trnh m phng tnh, c th:
La chn cc h nhit ng hc khc nhau Thut ton khc nhau (Phng php tnh ton)
Mt phn mm trong thit k gm: lp trnh (m hnh ha) hay m phng.
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S cng ngh qu trnh
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S m phng trong HYSYS
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Cc m hnh thit b trong HYSYS
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Cc m hnh thit b trong Hysys
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V d v tng hp v m phng qu trnh Hydrodeankyl ha Toluen sn xut Benzen (sn xut cyclohexan-tin cht ca nylon) Phn ng: C7H8 + H2 = C6H6 + CH4 2C6H6 = C12H10 + H2 Phn ng bt thun nghch ti 1,200-1270F; 75% mol Toluen chuyn ha thnh Benzen; 2% Benzen chuyn ha to Bi-Phenyl; * Cng sut: 274.2 lbmol/hr (Toluen); * Hot ng 330 ngy/nm; * Ti 1268F v 494 psia, nhit ca phn ng l 5.84 x106Btu/hr (Theo Aspen Plus; H nhit ng hc Phng trnh trng thi SRK)
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Phn ng
81

Phn b sn phm
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Hot ng phn tch
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Thay i nhit , p sut, pha
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Tch hp cc nhim v
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M phng qu trnh (Phn phn ng)
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M phng qu trnh (Phn phn tch)
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M phng tnh qu trnh phn tch MonocloBenzen (MCB)
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M hnh trong Aspen Plus
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Cc nguyn tc c bn ca m phng gin on Vic la chn qu trnh l lin tc, gin on hay bn lin tc l rt quan trng. Trong quy m phng th nghim, lu lng u vo nh, th vic s dng m hnh lin tc l kh khn v khng kh thi v cc qu trnh ny n gin hn v kinh t hn khi thc hin gin on theo ngy, gi, tun. Qu trnh gin on s linh ng hn khi thay i sn phm sn xut v khi qu trnh c nhiu sn phm.
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V d v qu trnh sn xut tPA (gin on) Cc m hnh gin on trong Aspen Plus
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Cc m hnh gin on trong Aspen Plus
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Cc m hnh gin on trong Aspen Plus
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Kt hp m phng lin tc v gin on Cn ch khi a qu trnh lin tc vo gin on do mt s yu t cc thit b khng tng thch nh thp chng ct v thit b phn ng.
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TNH TON TH NGHIM CHO TNG HP QU TRNH
Trong phn ny, s tm ra cc chin lc hiu qu cho tng hp qu trnh, bao gm: Phn ng ha hc Khuy trn v tun hon Phn tch Thay i nhit , p sut, pha Kt ni cc units thnh qu trnh hon chnh Hiu qu ca tnh ton th nghim cho tng hp qu trnh c th kim chng bng m phng (phn ng ha hc, chng ct,)
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TNH TON TH NGHIM CHO TNG HP QU TRNH

Mc ch: Hiu c tm quan trng ca vic la chn cc thc thc hin phn ng (khng c hi, nguy him,trong trng hp khng trnh c, c th gim thi gian lu). C th phn b sn phm mt cch hp l, to ra c mt lu vi chn lc cao vi sn phm mong mun, phn ng v phn tch c th trong cng mt thit b (chng ct phn ng). C th ng dng phng php tnh ton th nghim trong vic la chn qu trnh tch lng, hi, hn hp lng-hi. Phn b cc cht ha hc (sn phm) dng mt s phng php nh: dng tha cht phn ng, pha long cht tr, loi bt hoc tng cng nhit cho phn ng (i vi phn ng ta nhit hoc thu nhit),cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh. Hiu c s thun li ca vic bm cht lng hn l nn hi.
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NGUYN LIU TH V PHN NG HA HC

Heuristic 1: La chn nguyn liu th v cc phn ng ha hc loi b hay gim cc cht c hi v nguy him La chn nguyn liu v cc phn ng ha hc bi cc nh ha hc, sinh hc, sinh ha hoc nhng ai hiu bit v chuyn ha ha hc. Cc nguyn liu hay sn phm phi bo v mi trng v tun th cc quy tc an ton. V d, sn xut vinyl clorua t axetylen b loi b v gi thnh axetylen cao v kh khn trong tin hnh phn ng.
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Xem xt qu trnh sn xut etylen glycol (EG), mt cht chng ng quan trng trong cng nghip. Cc phn ng ha hc (sn xut):
C hai phn ng u ta nhit, nn cn thc hin cn thn. Phn ng l oxi ha C2H4 vi xc tc Ag Cn phi c cc phng n trnh vic tn cha lu etylen oxit (EO), mt hp cht trung gian c hot tnh cao.
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Cc phng n trnh vic tn cha (EO): To ra mt qu trnh ngt khng lin tc sn xut EO khi phn ng oxi ha ngng. S dng Cl2 v NaOH sn xut (u im: khng to ra EO. Nhc im: t tin)
Tn cha EO di dng an ton hn:
Thc hin phn ng 1 v 4 lin tip trn xc tc Ag bng vic cho etylen phn ng vi dng cha CO v O2
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Heuristic 2: S dng mt lng ln cc cht phn ng tiu th ht cc cht c hi, nguy him Sau khi cc hot ng phn ng trong lu c xc nh, s phn b cc sn phm phn ng theo cc lu sau:
S dng cht phn ng d trong qu trnh phn ng iu chnh cc cht tr khi a vo dng nguyn liu iu chnh cc sn phm ph khng mong mun ca cc phn ng ph
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Xt v d sn xut vinyl clorua (s 5.1)
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Nghin cu t l C2H4/Cl2 ti u cho phn ng Mt lng d C2H4 c dng phn ng ht vi Cl2 (mt cht c hi, nguy him) Cn phi tun hon C2H4 cha phn ng trong hn hp sn phm (C2H4 v C2H4Cl2) Cn phi xem xt n d ca C2H4 hay t l C2H4/Cl2 v lin quan n chi ph phn tch v tun hon (quan trng) Trong nhiu chin lc thit k, t l ny c xc nh da trn phng php tnh ton, th nghim (Heuristics) Trong m phng, t l ny s c thay i mt cch h thng Trong lp trnh ton, t l ny l mt bin thit k v c thay i trong sut qu trnh ti u ha
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Mt s ch : i vi phn ng to nhit, lng cht ha hc d l hm ca kh nng hp th nhit phn ng, do phi duy tr nhit phn ng va phi. y l phng php quan trng iu khin mt lng ln nhit ca phn ng v c nghin cu trong mt s phng n loi nhit trong cc phn ng ta nhit. Tng lng cht phn ng s lm tng chuyn ha khi phm vi phn ng b gii hn bi cn bng ha hc. ng thi cc phn ng ph cng c th b loi b
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Heuristic 3: Khi yu cu v mt sn phm sch, tinh khit th cn loi b cc tp cht (cht tr) trc khi tin hnh phn ng v khi qu trnh phn tch d dng thc hin hay cc cht xc tc b ng c bi cc cht ny nhng khng phi khi mt lng ln nhit ca phn ng b loi b. Xem xt v d sau: (a) qu trnh phn ng
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Loi b cht D trc khi phn ng (b) v loi b D sau khi phn ng (c)
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Trong qu trnh ny, r rng cn xem xt s d dng trong vic tch loi D t C (b) v D t E (cng vi A v C cha phn ng) cn c nh gi. iu ny c th c thc hin bng vic xem xt cc tnh cht vt l ca cc cht lin quan n vic phn tch: Nu qu trnh l tinh th ha, cn xem xt n s khc nhau trong nhit ng c. Nu l chng ct, lin quan n bay hi tng i ca cc cht hay h s hot ng . Nu bay hi ca cc cht khc xa nhau th d on kh nng tch cc cht s d dng hn v chi ph s thp.
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Nu qu trnh l phn tch mng, th cn xem xt n thm v khuch tn phn t. Cn xem xt n kch thc ca thit b phn ng v thit b tch. Kch thc ca thit b phn ng yu cu phi ln khi qu trnh tch khng lin tc. i vi cc phn ng ta nhit, cc cht tr s hp th mt phn nhit ca phn ng ta ra, do c th lm gim nhit u ra ca thit b phn ng.
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Xem xt v d sau:
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Solution (Gii php)
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
nh gi
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Xem xt v d sau:
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Heuristic 4: To ra mt s dng lm sch (tch) cho cc tp cht trong nguyn liu hoc c to ra do cc phn ng ph khi cc cht ny lng vt hay kh phn tch khi cc cht khc. Cc cht nh s ra dng hi, cc cht nng s ra dng lng. Xem xt phn ng tng hp amoniac nh sau:
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Nguyn liu cho tng hp amoniac: Nit (ln Ar) Hidro (ln CH4) Khi tng hp, ngoi phn ng:
Cn c phn ng:
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Xem xt t l Dng Ra/Dng Tun Hon Nu t l ny ln, kh nng mt H2 v N2 l ln, cng vi vic gim sn lng NH3 Nu t l ny nh, kh nng tch cc tp cht s km Cn phi c cc tnh ton cn bng gim t l tun hon ny dng phng php Heuristic vi s h tr ca m phng ti u ha. Cn ch rng, c nhiu phng php tch loi cc tp cht ny: hp th, hp ph, chng ct nhit thp, cng ngh mng,song c th s t hn. Cui cng th vic tch CH4 v Ar kh thi hn khi s dng cc dng tun hon hi (cc qu trnh khc th c th l dng lng).
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Nghin cu, m phng qu trnh tng hp NH3 v tch CH4+Ar ra khi hn hp iu kin phn ng:
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
M hnh m phng trn Aspen Plus
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Kt qu m phng, nghin cu m hnh
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Phn tch kt qu: S mol CH4v Ar ra khi qu trnh ln hn ng k so vi u vo. Khi gim t l Dng Ra/Dng Tun Hon, dng hi ra s giu CH4 v Ar, ngho N2 v H2 hn. Tuy nhin iu ny s lm tng ng k tc tun hon v chi ph tun hon cng nh th tch thit b phn ng. Cn c tnh chi ph v ti u ha qu trnh ny (vi s h tr ca m phng)
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Heuristic 5: Khng thi loi cc cht c gi tr hoc nhng cht c hi, nguy him ra mi trng, thm ch vi hm lng nh (theo tiu chun). Thm thit b tch thu hi cc cht c gi tr v nu c th, thm thit b phn ng x l (loi b) cc cht c hi, nguy him. Xem xt qu trnh sau:
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Heuristic 6: Sn phm ph c to ra cc phn ng thun nghch (mt lng nh), thng khng c thu hi thit b tch hay lm sch. Thay vo , chng thng c tun hon loi b. i vi phn ng ph (khng thun nghch): cc sn phm ph phi c loi b ngay lp tc (phn tch hay lm sch), nu khng chng s tch t trong sut qu trnh v c th lm qu trnh shutdown i vi phn ng ph (thun nghch): c th t c chuyn ha cn bng trng thi tnh, bng cch tun hon chng m khng cn loi b, khi m qu trnh phn tch c th lm mt cc sn phm gi tr hoc qu trnh phn tch tn km. Qu trnh ny t ra hiu qu khi m cc phn ng ph c hng s cn bng ph thuc nhit v p sut.
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Xt v d: sn xut benzen t toluen. Phn ng ph to diphenyl l phn ng thun nghch. Do vy trong lu sn xut, ta c th bt i mt thp chng ct cui (tun hon diphenyl).
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Heuristic 7: i vi cc phn ng cnh tranh (ni tip hoc song song), thay i nhit , p sut v cht xc tc thu c hiu sut cao cc sn phm mong mun. Ban u gi thit rng, cc iu kin tha mn. Sau kim tra li gi thit bng cc d liu ng hc. Xt v d: sn xut allyl clorua (B), cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh: nhit , p sut, t l nguyn liu, thi gian lu. Cc loi phn ng c th xy ra: ni tip, song song, va ni tip v song song. Trong h thng phn ng ny, gm 3 phn ng ta nhit bc 2
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Phn ng ha hc:
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
D liu ng hc
Ch rng: E1/E2>1 v E1/E3<1 nn chuyn ha i vi allyl clorua l ln nht ti nhit trung bnh. Mt khi chn lc quyt nh thnh cng ca qu trnh thit k, cn phi m rng phn tch qu trnh phn ng, s dng m phng, m hnh ha ti u qu trnh t c mc ch v kinh t.
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Hng s tc phn ng (theo nhit ) ca 3 phn ng trong qu trnh sn xut allyl clorua:
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
t c chn lc thch hp, khng n thun ch thay i nhit v p sut, yu t xc tc ng vai tr rt quan trng. Cn phi thit k c cht xc tc lm tng tc phn ng mong mun, gim nhit phn ng v gim thiu ng k cc phn ng ph. Cc cht xc tc hay gp: zeolit, kim loi qu (Pt, Pd, Rh) Cc k s thit k qu trnh cn dnh nhiu thi gian tm hiu cc thng tin (cc bng sng ch v cc bi bo khoa hc) v tc ca cc phn ng cnh tranh tm c cc cht xc tc thch hp. tm hiu v thit k thit b phn ng t c chn lc mong mun, c th tham kho: Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering (Fogler, 1986); The Engineering of Chemical Reactions (Schmidt, 1998)
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Heuristic 8: i vi cc phn ng thun nghch, xem xt thc hin chng mt thit b tch, loi b cc sn phm v iu khin phn ng chnh. Cc hot ng ny s mang ti mt s phn b cc cht ha hc rt khc bit. Xem xt qu trnh sn xut Metyl Axetat t Metanol v Axit axetic (Phn ng thun nghch), thc hin chng ct phn ng. Sn phm phn ng s ly ra di dng hi v lng, do lm cho phn ng din ra theo chiu thun v khng cn dng d cht phn ng hay iu chnh p sut. V Metanol d bay hi hn axit axetic nn n c cho vo bn di vng phn ng v Axit Axetic cho vo phn trn vng phn ng (lng). Sn phm: Metyl Axetat (Hi) ra khi nh thp chng ct phn ng v Nc (Lng) ra khi y thp (Hu nh tinh khit)
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
V d v chng ct phn ng
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PHN B CC CHT HA HC
Chuyn ha ti u: Xem xt cc phn ng ha hc n l, vi cc hng s cn bng ha hc, c th thu c mt chuyn ha hon ton. Tuy nhin, chuyn ha ti u c th khng phi l mt chuyn ha hon ton (v thng l nh vy). Thay vo , mt s cn bng v kinh t gia chi ph v thit b phn ng cao vi chuyn ha cao v chi ph phn tch cao chuyn ha thp s xc nh iu kin ti u (v mt s yu t khc nh ko di thi gian phn ng t c chuyn ha cao). Tht khng may mn l, tnh ton th nghim cho chuyn ha ti u l kh thc hin v n ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t.
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HOT NG PHN TCH

Heuristic 9: Phn tch hn hp lng s dng: chng ct, stripping, chng ct tng cng (chit, phn ng, ng ph), chit lng lng, tinh th ha, hp ph. Heuristic 10: Ngng t hoc ngng t mt phn hn hp hi, vi nc lm mt hoc tc nhn lm lnh. Sau , s dng Heuristic 9. Heuristic 11: Phn tch hn hp hi s dng ngng t mt phn, chng ct ng lnh, hp th, hp ph, phn tch mng, thng hoa.
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HOT NG PHN TCH

S tch vi sn phm l LNG
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HOT NG PHN TCH

S tch vi sn phm l HI
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HOT NG PHN TCH

S tch vi sn phm l LNG-HI
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HOT NG PHN TCH (C HT RN)

i vi mt s dng tn ti cc ht rn (tinh th ha hay kt ta) Khi mun loi b cc hp cht v c trong dung dch, dng cng ngh (sn phm) s c lm lnh hay bay hi mt phn thu hi cht rn bng vic tinh th ha, sau l lc, ly tm v lm kh. Dng cyclone cho vic tch hn hp kh-rn Tinh th ha c th xut hin di ba dng: 1) Tinh th ha dung dch 2) Kt ta 3) Tinh th ha im chy (nng chy)
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Tinh th ha dung dch: p dng i vi cc cht v c c tinh th ha t dung mi, vi nhit hot ng thp hn nhiu im chy ca cc ht tinh th. Kt ta: l phng php tinh th ha dung dch nhanh to ra rt nhiu cc tinh th nh (to ra cc ht rn t ha tan, nh AgCl). Tinh th ha theo nhit nng chy: hai hay ba cht ha hc c nhit tinh th ha khc nhau, c phn tch ti nhit trong khong nhit nng chy.
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Heuristic 12: Tinh th ha cc cht v c t dung dch bng lm lnh. Gi nhit thp hn nhit bo ha 1-2oF. Dng tinh th ha bng phng php bay hi khi tnh cht dung dch khng thay i nhiu theo nhit . Heuristic 13: Tc hnh thnh tinh th bng nhau theo mi hng song cc ht tinh th khng phi hnh cu. Tc hnh thnh tinh th v kch thc ht b gii hn bi qu bo ha: S=C/C bo ha ; C l nng ; 1.02<S<1.05; Tc hnh thnh tinh th ph thuc bi cc tp cht v cc cht thm vo.
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Heuristic 14: Phn tch cc cht hu c bng tinh th ha theo im chy vi vic lm lnh s dng tinh th ha huyn ph, sau lc, ly tm. Heuristic 15-20: c thm
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LOI BT NHIT CA PHN NG

Heuristic 21: loi bt nhit ta ra t phn ng, xem xt vic s dng tha cht phn ng, mt cht pha long tr hoc cht lm lnh. Heuristic 22: i vi phn ng ta nhit t, tun hon cht lng trong thit b phn ng ra thit b lm lnh ngoi, s dng ng xon rut g hoc bnh c v bc. Xem xt vic s dng thit b lm lnh trung gian gia cc giai on phn ng on nhit.
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V d: Cho phn ng ha hc sau: CO + 2H2 = CH3OH Tnh ton nhit ca phn ng v nhit phn ng on nhit. Nguyn liu ti 200C v 1 atm. Solution: Dng Aspen Plus (Hysys), H nhit ng PSRK, chuyn ha hon ton CO. Ta c H=-38.881 Btu/lbmol CO (ta nhit) Nhit phn ng: 1.158oC (cao hn nhiu so vi sc chu ng ca xc tc Cu v vt liu ch to thit b). Nguyn tc: phi tm ra chin lc gim nhit phn ng v loi nhit ta ra.
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t c nhit phn ng thp hn, c th dng mt s cch sau: 1. S dng d cht phn ng hp th nhit, cht d s c thu hi t thit b tch v tun hon li thit b phn ng. Nhit s b loi b trong thit b tch hay cc dng lm lnh. 2. S dng cht pha long tr. 3. S dng cc cht phn ng lnh. 4. Thc hin phn ng trong thit b phn ng c cc h thng lm lnh. 5. S dng phng php lm lnh trung gian.
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V d v dng d cht phn ng: CO+2H2 = CH3OH T l H2/CO=10; tnh ton nhit phn ng? Theo Aspen Plus, nhit dng ra l 3370C. C th tnh ton nhit dng ra l hm ca t l H2/CO
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V d v s dng cht pha long tr (Dodecan) cho phn ng: CO+2H2 = CH3OH Thm 5 lbmol/hr Dodecan vo phn ng (1 lbmol/hr CO v 2 lbmol/hr H 2). Tnh nhit dng ra?? Trong trng hp ny, nhit gim xung cn 77.6oC;
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V d v vic s dng cc cht phn ng lnh:
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V d v cc phn ng c h thng lm lnh
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V d v cc phn ng c h thng lm lnh
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V d v cc phng php lm lnh trung gian
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THM NHIT VO PHN NG

Heuristic 23: iu khin nhit ca phn ng thu nhit, xem xt vic s dng tha cht phn ng, cht pha long tr v cht lm nng. Heuristic 24: i vi cc phn ng thu nhit t, tun hon dng lng n mt thit b un nng ngoi, hoc s dng ng xon hay thit b c v bc cp nhit. Hoc s dng trao i nhit trung gian gia cc giai on on nhit.
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THIT B TRAO I NHIT V L T

Trao i nhit s dng cho qu trnh phn ng v phn tch (thay i nhit , pha). Khi tnh ton trao i nhit, cn lu n cc phng php trao i nhit: 1. Trao i nhit gia hai dng lng s dng: double pipe, shell and tube, compact heat exchanger. 2. Trao i nhit gia mt dng lng v mt dng tc nhn trao i nhit (nc lm mt, hi) s dng double pipe, shell and tube, compact heat exchanger 3. Gia nhit cho dng qu trnh nhit cao s dng nhit ta ra t qu trnh t chy (furnace hay fired heater) 4. Trao i nhit trong thit b phn ng hay bnh tch thay v trao i nhit bn ngoi nh shell and tube heat exchanger hay furnace 5. Trc tip trao i nhit bng vic trn hai dng 6. Trao i nhit c s tham gia ca cc ht rn.
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Heuristic 25: Thit k thit b trao i nhit cho cc thit b tch v phn ng un nng hay lm lnh cc dng qu trnh c th dng cc phng php khc nhau. Nu dng qu trnh yu cu gia nhit ln hn 750 oF th cn dng l t trong trng hp dng qu trnh khng b phn hy ha hc. Heuristic 26: S dng phng php nhit ti u ti thiu trong thit b trao i nhit ph thuc vo mc nhit nh sau: 10 F hoc thp hn i vi nhit thp hn nhit mi trng. 20 F i vi nhit bng nhit mi trng v n 300 F 50 F i vi nhit cao 250-350 F nu l l t
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Xt v d sau: Trao i nhit gia Toluen (lu lng 25,000lb/hr ti 100 F v 90 psia) v Styren (lu lng 25,000lb/hr ti 300F v 50 psia). Vi cc iu kin trn cc cht u l lng. S dng thit b trao i nhit shell and tube heat exchanger. Dng phng php nhit ti thiu 20F. Nhit dung ring trung bnh ca Toluen 0.43 Btu/lb-F v 0.44 Btu/lb-F i vi Styren. Gi s phng php nhit ti thiu 20 F p dng cho nhit Toluen u vo. Khi nhit Styren ra l 100 F+20F=120F. Lng nhit ti ca Styren: Q=25,000x(0.44)x(300-120)=1,980,000 Btu/hr Lng nhit ti ca Toluen: Q=1,980,000=25,000x(0.43)x(T toluen ra -100) Gii ra, nhit ca Toluen ra l 284.2F chnh nhit : 300-284.2=15.8F i vi Styren. Thp hn 20F. Do phng php ny phi p dng i vi Styren. Tnh ton tng t ta c: Ttoluen ra =280F v Tstyren ra=124.1. Nhit xp x i vi Toluen l 24.1>20. Nn chp nhn c.
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Heuristic 27: Khi s dng nc lm mt lm lnh hay ngng t dng qu trnh, gi thit nhit u vo ca nc l 90F (t thp lm mt) v nhit ti a u ra l 120F. Bi v ch dng hai pha c th xut hin trong qu trnh un nng dng lng thnh hi, cch tt nht l chia qu trnh ny thnh 3 thit b gia nhit: Gia nhit n im bt (Bubble Point) un si (Boiling Point) Ha hi (Evaporation)
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PHNG PHP TNG P SUT

Heuristic 28-33: c thm Heuristic 34: Dng qut tng p sut kh quyn ln 10,1 kPa (1.47 psig). Dng my nn cho tng p sut ln 206kPa (30psig). Dng my nn nhiu giai on tng p sut ln hn 206kPa (30psig).
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PHNG PHP TNG P SUT

Heuristic 35: Tnh ton cng sut on nhit l thuyt (THp) cho qu trnh nn kh:
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PHNG PHP TNG P SUT

V d qu trnh nn kh: Khng kh 100F, nn t 1 n 3 atm (t s nn bng 3), k=1.4; Tnh ton THp=128Hp/triu ft3 tiu chun/ngy Nhit u ra: 306F Khi s dng my nn, nhit u ra khng c vt qu 375F (gii hn ca nh sn xut). iu ny tng ng vi t s nn bng 4 v nhit T2=375F; Khi nhit vt qu gii hn, my nn mt cp s khng s dng c, thay vo s l mt h thng my nn nhiu cp vi cc h thng lm lnh trung gian. Mi my nn s lm lnh kh xung khong 100F
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PHNG PHP TNG P SUT

Heuristic 36: Tnh ton s cp ca my nn (N) theo bng s liu sau y, vi k=1. 4=Cp/Cv v t s nn ti ta cho mi giai on l 4.
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PHNG PHP TNG P SUT

V d: mun nn kh 100F v 30psia ln 569 psia. T s nn=560/30=19; Nn cn nn 3 giai on; T s nn cho mi giai on l 191/3=2.7; gim p l 2 psi cho qu trnh lm lnh trung gian. Khi ta tnh c:
Heuristic 37-39: c thm
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PHNG PHP TNG-GIM P SUT

Heuristic 40: c thm Heuristic 41: Cng sut on nhit l thuyt ca my gin kh:
Heuristic 42: c thm Heuristic 43: tng p sut ca mt dng kh, bm cht lng hn l nn kh.
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Qu trnh bm mt cht lng s tit kim hn qu trnh nn mt kh. Thng thng mt bm vi cng sut 10 Hp th my nn tng ng l 1000 Hp v t tin hn mua v lp t. Do vy mt dng hi p sut thp s u tin ngng t hi, bm v bc hi hn l nn trc tip n.
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Xt v d sau: Nguyn liu Etyl Benzen c ly t b cha 25C v 1 atm (lng). Cn a n n thit b phn ng styren dng hi 400C v 5 atm vi lu lng 100,000 lb/hr. Hai phng n sau c a ra: Bm cht lng v gia nhit: 12.5 Hp c yu cu bm cht lng v 4,67x107 Btu/hr ha hi v gia nhit hi n 400C. Ha hi cht lng (gia nhit) v nn kh: 4,21x107 Btu/hr ha hi cht lng v gia nhit n 349,6C v 1,897 Hp cn thit nn kh n 5 atm v 400C. R rng l cng sut yu cu gim ng k khi bm cht lng.
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PHN TCH CC HT RN
Heuristic 53: Dng mt thit b phn tch dng cyclone loi b cc ht rn hay git lng t kh vi ng knh ht >= 0.01 mm. Dng thit b phn tch thy lc loi cc ht rn, cc git lng khng tan trong lng vi ng knh >= 0.005mm.
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THIT K H THNG THIT B PHN NG

Thit k thit b phn ng to ra c chn lc v hiu sut va i vi cc sn phm mong mun vi vic la chn mt thit b hay mt h thng thit b phn ng. Trao i nhit i vi thit b phn ng ta nhit v thu nhit cng c cp duy tr hot ng n nh ti mc nhit mong mun. Trong chng ny s gii thiu mt s thit b phn ng thng dng v vic dng chng trong cc hon cnh c th.
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Ni dung chnh ca chng ny: Lm quen vi cc m hnh thit b phn ng trong phn mm m phng v s dng chng trong m phng qu trnh. Thit k h thng truyn nhit lin kt vi thit b phn ng duy tr phn ng ta nhit hay thu nhit ti mc nhit mong mun. Nghin cu thit k s dng m phng. Nghin cu, xem xt mt h thng phn ng v c th thit k n.
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Cc m hnh thit b phn ng: Cc thit b phn ng ha hc (qu trnh lin tc) thng lin quan n qu trnh nhiu pha: cht rn phn ng, lng, kh, cht xc tc rn Cc hnh dng khc nhau ca thit b phn ng: bnh c khuy, dng ng, vi, xon, mng. Vi ng lc, ch truyn nhit v truyn khi khc nhau (dng nht, dng chy ri, dn nhit, bc x, khuch tn v phn tn). Vi rt nhiu cu hnh khc nhau vi cc thuc tnh khc nhau to ra c cc m hnh thit b phn ng yu cu.
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Hu ht cc phn mm m phng cung cp 4 loi thit b phn ng chnh: 1. M hnh t lng, cho php c trng chuyn ha v phm vi phn ng cho 1 hay nhiu phn ng. 2. M hnh nhiu pha (rn, lng, hi) trong cn bng ha hc vi mi phn ng. 3. M hnh ng hc thit b phn ng khuy lin tc (CSTR) vi gi thit s khuy trn hon ho trong cc pha ng th (lng hay hi). 4. M hnh ng hc cho thit b phn ng dng ng (PFTR, PFR) cho cc pha ng th (lng hay hi) Nhng thit b ny s dng trong giai on u ca tng hp qu trnh. Khi chi tit v thit k thit b phn ng khng quan trng th dng ra v cng sut nhit li ng vai tr quan trng.
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Cc ti liu quan trng lin quan n phn tch v thit k thit b phn ng: Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering (H.S. Fogler, 1999) The Engineering of Chemical Reactions (L.D. Schmidt, 1998) Chemical Reaction Engineering (O. Levenspinel, 1999)
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H s t lng:
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Phm vi phn ng: Xem xt mt phn ng n l, m hnh thit b phn ng theo h s t lng, chuyn ha Xk ca cht phn ng chnh k:
Trong : 0<=Xk<=1;
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Xt v d sau: Chuyn ha CO v H2 thnh CH3OH; Phn ng: CO + 2H2 = CH3OH S mol ca CO l 100 kmol/hr; H2 l 600 kmol/hr; chuyn ha 70%CO (cu t chnh) Lu lng mol ca cc cu t c tnh nh sau:
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i vi mt h thng cc phn ng, s dng cc cng thc sau tnh ton:
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Cn bng nhit ng hc:
Xt phn ng sau: Ti 250C, nng lng t do Gibbs, Go=25,200kJ/kmol; Ti 5000C, Go=88, 000kJ/kmol
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ng hc ca phn ng:
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V d v thit b phn ng CSTR y l m hnh thit b phn ng ng hc n gin nht v c gi thit qu trnh trn l hon ho. Tc l, nhit v thnh phn l nh nhau trong ton b th tch phn ng v bng nhit v p sut ca dng ra. Tuy nhin cc yu t (cu t) lng khng c cng thi gian lu trong thit b phn ng. Khng kh a hn hp lng vo thit b phn ng tng t nh m hnh CSTR trong thc t. Dng cho cc phn ng pha lng ng th. Cc phn ng xy ra di cc iu kin on nhit hay ng nhit. Cng c tnh ton l cc phng trnh i s (c th phi tuyn).
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Xt v d: s dng m hnh CSTR cho thy phn Propylen Oxit (PO)
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Solutuion:
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V d v thit b phn ng PFR hay PFTR (Plug Flow Tubular Reactor) Dng lng chy dc theo thit b phn ng v nng thay i dc theo chiu di thit b. Khng c gradien nhit v nng theo bn knh. Truyn nhit v truyn khi quanh hng trc l khng ng k. PFR hon ton khng trn, cc cu t c thi gian lu nh nhau trong thit b phn ng. Nu thit b hot ng on nhit hoc khng ng nhit th nhit thay i dn dn dc theo chiu di thit b phn ng. Tt c cc m hnh PFR trong m phng l mt chiu v b qua s phn tn theo trc: gradien nhit , p sut, thnh phn, khuch tn, dn nhit, Hot ng phn ng c th l: on nhit, ng nhit, khng on nhit, khng ng nhit.
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Thit b PFR on nhit cho qu trnh HydroDealkyl ha Toluen
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177

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Solution
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i vi cc cu hnh thit b phn ng phc tp: iu khin nhit l vn quan trng trong thit k thit b phn ng. Qu trnh on nhit thng c xem xt u tin v thit b phn ng n gin, r tin. Khi phn ng l ta nhit hay thu nhit th cn thit phi iu khin nhit . Mt s phng php truyn nhit nh sau: a) truyn nhit qua tng, lm lnh ngoi hay s dng tc nhn trao i nhit b) s dng cht tr hay phn ng mang nhit c) cc lp trao i nhit trong thit b phn ng d) cht phn ng lnh hay nng (chia thnh nhiu phn a vo cc giai on khc nhau)
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Cc phng thc trao i nhit trong Reactor
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Hnh 6.1a l anhydrit phtalic bng phng php oxi ha orthoxylen vi khng kh, xc tc Vanadi Pentoxit (rn), nhit phn ng 375C, p sut 1.2 atm. tng nhit phn ng on nhit l 1,170C (ta nhit), thm ch c N2 lm cht pha long. Thc hin hot ng on nhit l khng kh thi. Thit b phn ng ging nh mt thit b trao i nhit ng ng. Hng trm ng ng knh nh a vo gn st vi cc ht xc tc rn. Mi trng truyn nhit l cc mui Natri Nitrit v Kali Nitrat nng chy tun hon bn ngoi ly nhit ca phn ng. Nc khng c s dng trong trng hp ny v yu cu p sut rt cao.
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Styren c sn xut bng phng php hydro ha Etyl Benzen 575C v 1.2 atm. Phn ng thu nhit. gim nhit -460C. Khi tc phn ng s gim rt ln, lm cho th tch thit b tng ln nhiu (Hnh 6.1b). Do phi a vo thit b phn ng mt lng nhit (hi nc, Hi nc/Styren=20) gia nhit cho nguyn liu ln n 625C trc khi vo thit b phn ng. Hi nc l tr v d dng thu hi bng ngng t. S c mt ca hi s lm cho tc phn ng gim v nng Styren s gim song qu trnh li hot ng tt hn.
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SO3(sn xut H2SO4) c sn xut bng oxi ha SO2 vi s c mt ca xc tc Vanadi Pentoxit 1.2 atm v 450C (ta nhit). tng nhit (Adiabatic Temperature Rise, ATR)=710C, thm ch c N2 trong khng kh lm cht pha long. Qu trnh on nhit s khng kh thi. Do , h thng phn ng s bao gm 4 lp on nhit, cng ng knh nhng chiu cao khc nhau (Hnh 6.1c). Dng sn phm qua lp xc tc 1 s c lm lnh trc khi qua lp xc tc 2. Khi ATR cao hn (sn xut amoniac t kh tng hp), khuyn co phng php hnh 6.1d.
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TNH TON THIT K H THNG TCH

S tng qut ca mt qu trnh vi mt h thng thit b phn ng:
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TNH TON THIT K H THNGTCH

H thng tch nguyn liu: Mt s qu trnh ha hc yu cu phi tch nguyn liu: Sn xut polypropylen t propylen (nguyn liu l hn hp Propan v Propylen) Sn xut axetaldehyt bng vic dehydro ha ethanol (tch nc trong ru n 89.4%mol ethanol, gn im ng ph) Sn xut formaldehit bng phng php oxi ha methanol (xc tc Ag) trong khng kh. Phi loi CO2 v SO2 trong khng kh v n lm ng c xc tc (dng kim hydroxit loi). Sn xut Vinylclorua (t axetylen v HCl) xc tc HgCl2; Phi loi nc bng phng php hp ph ngn chn n mn thit b phn ng v to axetaldehyt.
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Phn tch pha trong dng ca thit b phn ng:
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Cc thit b phn tch pha
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H thng phn ng v phn tch pha
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Trng hp 1: Phn tch lng-hi Nghin cu qu trnh Hydrodealkyl ha sn xut benzen ti 1,150F v 520 psia Tnh ton cn bng pha s dng phng trnh trng thi SRK, c cc kt qu sau:
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Cc phng n sn xut Benzen t Toluen bng phng php Hydrodealkyl ha
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Cc phng n sn xut Benzen t Toluen bng phng php Hydrodealkyl ha
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Trng hp 2: Hi - Lng 1 - Lng 2 Sn xut Styren:
Phn ng ph: Methanol + Toluen = EthylBenzen + Nc Hn hp sn phm th kh 425C v 330kPa Khi h nhit xung 38C v 278kPa bi cc thit b trao i nhit s to ra mt pha hi nm cn bng vi mt pha lng giu cht hu c v mt pha lng giu nc. Tnh ton cn bng Flash ba pha dng h nhit ng NRTL c tnh cc h s hot ng pha, ta c kt qu sau:
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Kt qu tnh ton cn bng ba pha:
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Trng hp 3: cn bng Rn-Hi Sn xut Anhydrit Phtalic bng vic oxi ha Orthoxylen vi khng kh d trong thit b phn ng tng c nh. 80% Orthoxylen c oxi ha to ra Anhydrit Phtalic 20% Orthoxylen cn li b oxi ha to ra CO2 v nc. iu kin phn ng: 660K v 25 psia (phn ng ta nhit, phi ly bt nhit bng cc mui nng chy). Lm lnh sn phm xung 70C v 20 psia, khi Anhydrit Phtalic ha rn (nhit nng chy 131C). Hi nc s cha ngng t khi p sut ring phn ca n trong hi bng p sut hi ca n. S dng phng trnh p sut hi Clausius-Clapeyron ca Crooks v Feetham:
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Kt qu tnh ton cn bng:
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Trng hp 4: Cn bng Rn-Lng-Kh (c thm) Cc hot ng phn tch trong cng nghip H thng thu hi Buten
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Th t cc thit b tch trong cng nghip
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200
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Solution
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THIT K THIT B TRAO I NHIT

Ni dung: Hiu c nhit v pha ca dng c thay i nh th no khi s dng thit b trao i nhit. C kh nng c trng mt thit b trao i nhit. La chn cc loi thit b trao i nhit chnh. Hiu c tm quan trng ca ng cong lm lnh v un nng. Tnh ton c h s truyn nhit tng (U). Hiu c gii hn trong truyn nhit un si. Thit k c thit b trao i nhit vi s tr gip ca m phng.
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Cng sut nhit (Heat Duty):
Trong :
Q l cng sut nhit (tc truyn nhit) m l lu lng ca dng (mol hay khi lng) H(in, out): Enthalpy ca dng vo v ra (trn mt n v khi lng hay mol). M hnh thit b trao i nhit mt pha (ch xem xt mt trong hai dng trao i nhit)
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Xt v d sau y (tnh ton trao i nhit)
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V d qu trnh sn xut Vinyl Clorua
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Solution
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S m phng trong Aspen Plus
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ng cong lm lnh cho v d 13.1(a-E1)
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ng cong lm lnh cho v d 13.1(b-E2)
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Mi trng truyn nhit Cc tc nhn truyn nhit: Nc lm mt (nhit vo khng qu 90F, u ra khng qu 120F). Thp lm mt s lm mt nc xung 90F bng vic cho nc tip xc vi khng kh (c th mt mt do bay hi nc). Khi nh my t cnh ngun nc (sng hay bin) c th khng cn thp lm mt tun hon nc. Khi ngun nc m him th lm mt bng khng kh, nhng khng kh ch c th lm mt dng qu trnh mt cch kinh t nht n 120F. Hi nc Sn phm ca qu trnh chy (khi l)
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Cc loi cht ti nhit
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Trao i nhit 2 chiu (2 pha)
U l h s truyn nhit tng A l din tch truyn nhit Tm l hiu s truyn nhit trung bnh
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Thit b cho qu trnh trao i nhit
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gim p sut
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Thit b trao i nhit (Double Pipe Heat Exchangers)
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Thit b trao i nhit (Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers)
217

Thit b trao i nhit (Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers)
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Cc m hnh thit b trao i nhit
219

220

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Cc loi ng ph bin nht
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D liu ng thit k thit b trao i nhit
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D liu ng thit k thit b trao i nhit
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Cch thc lp t ng
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Reboiler dng Kettle
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Trao i nhit vi h thng qut ph tr
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Trao i nhit dng khi (Compact Heat Exchangers)
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Trao i nhit dng khi (Compact Heat Exchangers)
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Thit k thit b trao i nhit (Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers) V d:
230

Solution
231

V d 13.8
Solution
232

Solution
233

Thit b trao i nhit cho v d 13.8
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Thit b trao i nhit cho v d 13.8
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c trng thit b trao i nhit
236

c trng thit b trao i nhit
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TI U HA QU TRNH (OPTIMIZATION)
Ni dung: Hiu c cc vn c bn v ti u ha Thit lp vn ti u ha (nonlinear program, NLP) ti u ha hm mc tiu Hiu c bn cht ca cc thut ton ti u Hiu c s thun li v kh khn ca vic chuyn i cc c trng thit k, lin kt vi m hnh m phng S dng m phng gii quyt cc vn NLP
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Cc vn khi gii cc bi ton ti u Loi 1: S phng trnh bng vi s bin Loi 2: S bin t hn s phng trnh (overspecified) Loi 3: S bin nhiu hn s phng trnh (underspecified)_Chng ta s quan tm n vn ny trong qu trnh ti u ha.
Vn t ra y l chn trong s cc bin x mt b bin nh Nvariables-NEquations = ND gi l cc bin quyt nh (d). Thay i cc bin ny tm c gii php ti u ha cho tng mc ch c th.
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Cng thc chung ca cc vn ti u: Thit lp mt b cc bin x (Nvariables) La chn cc bin quyt nh d trong s cc bin x Thit lp hm chc nng f(x) Thit lp cc phng trnh c(x)=0 Thit lp cc bt phng trnh g(x)<=0 Thit lp iu kin bin cho cc bin XL =< X <= XU
240
Vn ti u ha c th tm lc li nh sau:
241
Phn loi cc vn ti u ha Vng kh thi (feasible region): tha mn cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh, iu kin bin trong mt b cc bin kh thi. Gii php ti u a phng (local optimal solution): gii php lm cc i hay cc tiu hm mc tiu. Gii php ti u trn ton min (global optimal solution): tn ti nhiu cc tr a phng.
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S dng cc phng php s gii cc bi ton ti u. S la chn cc phng php gii cc bi ton ti u ph thuc vo bn cht hm ton ca vn ti u. Phn loi cc vn ti u nh sau: Khi cc hm mc tiu, phng trnh, bt phng trnh l tuyn tnh i vi bin x th gi l vn ti u tuyn tnh (linear programming, LP) Khi cc hm mc tiu, phng trnh, bt phng trnh l phi tuyn tnh i vi bin x th gi l vn ti u phi tuyn tnh (nonlinear programming, NLP)
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Cc vn ti u ha n gin nht l ti u ha khng c cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh hay cc iu kin bin rng buc, gi l ti u ha khng rng buc (unconstrained optimization) Ngc li, nu c cc iu kin rng buc th gi l (constrained optimization)
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Cc dng ca vn ti u ha
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V d: Tm cc tr (khng rng buc) ca hm s sau: f(x1, x2) = y = (x12 +x2-11)2 + (x1 +x22 -7)2 Solution
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V d v Linear Programming (LP) Ti u ha hm s sau (cc tiu) S = 6.4VA + 5VB + 0VW Trong : 0.045VA + 0.037VB + 0VW = 4 (% yu cu) VA + VB + VW = 100 10=<VA; 0=<VB; 0=<VW Bin i li cc phng trnh trn, ta c: S = 1.4VA - 5VW + 5 (Min) 0.008VA - 0.037VW = 0.3 (*) VB=100-VA-VW 10=<VA; 0=<VB; 0=<VW T (*) ta c: VA= 4.625VW + 37.5
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Do : VA=37.5 khi VW = 0; Mt im cc tr (VA=37.5; VW=0) Mt im cc tr khc (VA=10; VW=0)_iu kin bin im cc tr th 3 (VA=88.89; VW =11.11)
T bng trn ta thy, phng n 1 l ti u v chi ph thp nht v tha mn cc rng buc.
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Biu m t cc rng buc v chi ph
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i vi cc LP ln, c th ln n 10,000 bin, vn s phc tp hn, c th s dng cc phng php sau: Phng php n hnh (Dantzig, 1949): Dng phng php lp vi mt gi tr ban u tha mn cc rng buc ti mt trong cc im cao nht (vertex) Sau phng php ny i tm cc vng ln cn, lin k, st ngay tm ra cc vng kh thi v cui cng l im cc tr. C th dng Excel, Matlab gii quyt cc vn ny.
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i vi cc LP ln, c th ln n 10,000 bin, vn s phc tp hn, c th s dng cc phng php sau: Khi s vng lp tng ln theo hm s m cng vi cc bin, th dng phng php Kamarkar 1984 sau l Vanderbei 1999. Phng php ny cng dng cc vng lp song hiu qu hn v t vng lp mc d trong mi vng lp, s lng tnh ton nhiu hn. Phng php ny gi l phng php im trung gian. Khc phng php n hnh ch, tt c cc vng lp khng nht thit phi tha mn cc rng buc. Cc phn mm cho 2 phng php ny c sn trn Internet v cc phn mm ton hc nh Lingo, Matlab, Excel, Mathematica,
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Non Linear Programming (NLP) NLP vi mt bin qu trnh (c th gim n mt bin) Nu hm mc tiu khng b rng buc th c th dng cc cng c i s hoc gii tch gii bi ton ti u. Nu hm mc tiu b rng buc, ta dng cc phng php s.
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Cc bi ton ti u (mt bin) trong k thut ha hc Chiu dy ti u ca lp cch nhit cho ng ng dn hi (chi ph cch nhit cn bng vi mt mt nhit gy ra ngng t hi) T l hi lu ti u trong thp chng ct (chi ph ct v thit b trao i nhit cn bng vi chi ph lm lnh hay un nng ca cc thit b condenser hay reboiler) Lu lng hp th ti u (thp chit, hp th, ) ca cht hp th, s a cn bng vi ng knh ct, chi ph hp th. ng knh ng ti u cho vn chuyn lng, chi ph ng ng v bm cn bng vi chi ph hot ng ca bm. Chiu di (cao) v ng knh vi th tch xc nh ti u chi ph ch to.
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Cc bi ton ti u (mt bin) trong k thut ha hc S giai on ti u trong h thng bc hi, chi ph vn ban u cn bng vi chi ph dng hi gia nhit. p sut trung gian ti u ca h thng my nn vi cc thit b lm lnh trung gian, yu cu nng lng l ti thiu. Nhit u ra ti u ca nc lm mt trong thit b trao i nhit, chi ph thit b trao i nhit cn bng vi chi ph nc lm mt. Chiu dy ti u ca lp cn (cake) trong thit b lc, tc lc cn bng vi chi ph loi cn. Ti u ha s thit b CSTR trong mt h thng phn ng ha hc, trong chi ph l ti thiu.
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Phng php t l vng (t=0.61803)
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Phng php t l vng (1 bin, unimodal) Xut pht t hai bin a (di) v b (trn) v tnh hiu sb-a=L(1) v chn gi tr t Khi im cch a 1 on tL(1) l a+tL(1) im cch xa b 1 on tL l b-tL hay [a+(1-t)L(1)] Gi s ti thiu ha gi tr hm mc tiu, im gn a c gi tr thp nht ca hm mc tiu, th gi tr x ti u khng th nm bn phi im gn b hn. Khi vng gia im gn b v b b loi b. Chuyn sang vng th 2, L(2)=tL(1); vi im cn li l [a+(1-t)L(1)] khi s l a+tL(2) hay a+t2L(1) Khi (1-t)2=t, nn t=0.16803
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Thit k thit b trao i nhit vi ti thiu chi ph hng nm (annual costs)
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Solution
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Solution
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Solution
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Solution
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Solution
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Ti u ha li nhun trong qu trnh sn xut Ethyl clorua
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267
Solution
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Ti u ha qu trnh chng ct (c sn phm sn)
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Ti u ha qu trnh chng ct (c sn phm sn)
270
Solution
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THIT K QU TRNH V IU KHIN

Mc ch: Xc nh cc vn iu khin tim nng trong mt lu qu trnh (PFD) Phn loi v la chn cc bin iu khin Thit lp cu trc iu khin
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Qu trnh trao i nhit
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Thit b phn ng
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Cu hnh h thng iu khin Thit k h thng iu khin cho cc qu trnh cng ngh ha hc vi mc ch l ti u ha li nhun v tha mn c trng sn phm, an ton hot ng v bo v mi trng. Phn loi v la chn cc bin qu trnh ( hc)
276

Phn tch t do trong iu khin
Trong : ND l t do, Nvariables l s bin qu trnh, Nequations l s phng trnh c lp. S bin iu khin thng t hn t do nn ta c: ND = Nmanipulated (bin vo) + Nexternally defined(nhiu) Do :
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V d (20.1):
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V d (20.1)
Nh vy s c hai bin iu khin, hai bin tim nng ny l F2 v F3 Mc ch iu khin T3, 2 v 4 Gii php iu khin (Hnh 20.5)
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V d (20.1) Khi c bypass, khi s c thm mt phng trnh c lp theo cn bng nng lng.
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Cu hnh iu khin cho thit b phn ng CSTR c v bc
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Cu hnh iu khin cho thit b phn ng CSTR c v bc
Bin c iu khin: CA, T, h Bin iu khin: cc lu lng F i
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Cu hnh iu khin cho thit b tch (Flash Drum)
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Cu hnh iu khin cho thit b tch (Flash Drum)
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Cu hnh iu khin cho thit b chng ct 2 cu t
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286

287

288

289

Cc bc trong thit k iu khin cng nghip Bc 1: Thit lp mc ch iu khin Bc 2: Xc nh t do iu khin Bc 3: Thit lp h thng qun l nng lng (iu khin nhit trong thit b phn ng ta hay thu nhit) Bc 4: Ci t cng sut sn xut Bc 5: iu khin cht lng sn phm, mi trng, an ton trong sn xut. Bc 6: C nh mt lu lng cc vng tun hon v iu khin lng-hi (mc hay p sut trong thit b) Bc 7: Kim tra s cn bng v cu t (thnh phn) trnh s tch t, c bit trong cc vng tun hon vt cht Bc 8: iu khin cc thit b n l Bc 9: Ti u ha kinh t v tng cng iu khin ng hc.
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Thit k h thng iu khin cng nghip
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296

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BO CO QU TRNH THIT K
Ni dung ca mt bo co thit k Phn m u 1. Th chuyn giao thit k (c k bi cc thnh vin trong nhm thit k) 2. u ca trang thit k (ngn gn, ngha) 3. Mc lc (Ni dung chnh) 4. M t ngn gn (abstract) Phn cn li ca bo co thit k 5. Gii thiu chung M t sn phm Kho st cc phng php sn xut Gii thch phng php sn xut la chn Tho lun vic la chn quy m sn xut, v tr nh my Tho lun l do sn xut a ra th trng ti thi im thit k Tng quan v cc vn mi trng (c hi, an ton sn xut)
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Ni dung ca mt bo co thit k 6. Lu dng qu trnh v cn bng vt liu S dng phn mm Microsoft VISIO v PFD V bng tay (C th chp nhn) 7. M t qu trnh 8. Cn bng nng lng v cc tin ch km theo (un nng, lm lnh, in,) 9. Danh sch thit b v m t chng 10. M t chi tit (bao gm c mua, chn nh thu)_Hnh 22.1 11. Tng kt chi ph thit b 12. Tng kt u t vn c nh 13. Cc vn quan trng khc (mi trng, an ton, sc khe, lu P&ID, khi ng qu trnh, thit b ph tr, chi ph, s nh my)
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Ni dung ca mt bo co thit k 14. Chi ph hot ng v phn tch kinh t 15. Kt lun v kin ngh 16. Acknowledgments (Li cm n) 17. Ti liu tham kho (References) 18. Ph lc (Appendix) Tin trnh thit k, tnh ton chi tit qu trnh v thit b Cc chng trnh my tnh Cc phn lin quan ca cc s liu u ra ca chng trnh my tnh Cc ti liu lin quan khc (chi tit v cc thit b ca cc nh thu, cung cp thit b)
301
Phn cn li ca bo co thit k (tin trnh khc) 5. Gii thiu chung 6. Cc sn phm tng t ang tn ti 7. c trng sn phm 8. Cc tng v khi nim cho sn phm mi 9. La chn cc tng tt nht 10. Thit k cu trc sn phm 11. Pht trin m hnh sn phm, kim tra tin trnh v nh gi tnh cnh tranh ca sn phm so vi cc sn phm cnh tranh khc. 12. Phng php sn xut 13. Cc yu t con ngi (cc tc ng ca sn phm ti mi trng v con ngi) 14. Th trng v cc c tnh chi ph.
302
Trnh by vn thit k theo cc bc sau y: Gii thiu vn thit k Cung cp tng quan v sn phm v qu trnh thit k (nhn mnh cc qu trnh b loi b) Tho lun v qu trnh c la chn ( di ca thit k, sn phm) Gii thiu kt qu phn tch kinh t Tho lun cc vn , kha cnh khc Tng kt thit k v a ra cc kin ngh Thng thng mi sinh vin/nhm trnh by khong 10-15 pht, c th chia ra cc phn (6-7) mi thnh vin trnh by phn mnh thc hin hay hiu su sc nht.
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THIT LP MT D N THIT K
Yu cu: Thit lp mt d n thit k mt qu trnh cng ngh ha hc trong thc t (lc du, ha du, ch bin kh, cc qu trnh ha hc)_Theo nhm Cc bc thit lp: To lp v nh gi vn thit k Nghin cu, thit k sn phm cho qu trnh Khi to v pht trin qu trnh thit k Xy dng s cng ngh v cc chin lc thit k c th (phn ng, trao i nhit, phn tch hn hp) Thit k iu khin cho qu trnh M phng tnh nh gi qu trnh thit k (Hysys) M phng ng (Khuyn khch) c tnh cu hnh thit b, ti u ha, tnh ton kinh t (Khuyn khch)
305
HN NP BI DCH V PROJECT
Np bn dch ti liu Ting Anh (Theo nhm) trc ngy 20/11/2013. Yu cu: nh my file WORD hoc PDF In np theo lp, Lp Trng tp hp gi ln B mn trc ngy quy nh. Np Project trc ngy 25/11/2013. Yu cu: nh my file WORD hoc PDF In np theo lp, Lp Trng tp hp gi ln B mn trc ngy quy nh. Bo v trn lp (PowerPoint)_Theo nhm
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THIT K QU TRNH CNG NGH HA HC
THE END

Thiet Ke Qua Trinh Cong Nghe Hoa Hoc (Loc Dau) - K54BHN

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THIT K QU TRNH CNG NGH HA HC (LC DU)

Ging vin: Phm Trung Kin

NI DUNG MN HC THIT K QTCN

GIO TRNH & TI LIU THAM KHO

GIO TRNH & TI LIU THAM KHO

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

CHI TIT XEM TRANG 7PRODUCT AND PROCESS DESIGN PRINCIPLES

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

TNG QUAN V THIT K CNG NGH

THIT K CU TRC PHN T

THIT K CU TRC PHN T

THIT K CU TRC PHN T

THIT K CU TRC PHN T

THIT K CU TRC PHN T

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

Trn Tch Thay i nhit , p sut, pha

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K

KHI TO QU TRNH THIT K