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Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

Learning Outcome
At the end of this chapter, students able to: Analyze the small signal of single stage BJT amplifier circuits Ca Calculates cu ates t the et transistor a s sto pa parameters a ete s suc such as voltage o tage ga gain Av, current gain Ai, input impedance Zi and output impedance Zo.

Chapter 5 : AC Analysis of BJT

Norsabrina Sihab Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang Tel : 04-3823355 Email : norsabrina@ppinang.uitm.edu.my

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Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

Introduction
Increasing the power of an AC signal is called amplification. I Increase th the power l level l - make k it a weak k signal i l become b more stronger. Amplification circuit called amplifier eg. Bipolar transistor Amplifie p Amplifier properties: ope ties 1. Voltage gain, AV 2. Current gain, Ai 3 Input 3. I ti impedance, d Zi 4. Output impedance, Zo Good Amplifier: 1. High h Voltage l gain, AV 2. High Input impedance, Zi 3. Low Output impedance, Zo 4. High Bandwidth, BW
Norsabrina Sihab

Introduction
In this chapter we learn how to analyze and work with a single stage amplifier. lifi To examine ac response of BJT Amplifiers by reviewing models frequently used to represent the transistor in ac domain. A lit d of Amplitude f the th input i t signal i l will ill determine d t i whether h th to t use small signal or large signal analysis techniques.

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

Transistor Equivalent Model


A model is an equivalent circuit that represents the AC characteristics of the transistor. A model uses circuit elements that approximate the behavior of the transistor. There are two models commonly used in small signal AC analysis of a transistor: 1. Hybrid - equivalent model (will be more emphasized) 2. re-model

only this model being use in ELE232

1. Hybrid- Model

The hybrid model is most useful for analysis of high f frequency t transistor i t applications. li ti At lower frequencies the hybrid model closely approximate the re parameters, and can be replaced by them.

g mv = i b r = ( + 1)re re = 26mV IE

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

2 re model 2. d l
uses a diode and a current source to duplicate the behavior of the transistor. One disadvantage to this model is its sensitivity to the DC level level. This model is designed for specific circuit conditions. The use of re model then becomes more desirable because an important parameter of the equivalent circuit is determined by the actual operating conditions but one must still turn to the data sheets for some of the other parameters of the equivalent circuit. The re model also failed to include the feedback term, , which in some cases can be important. The re model is really a reduced version of the hybrid- model used extensively for high-frequency analysis.
BJTs BJT are basically b i ll current-controlled t t ll d devices, d i therefore th f the th re-model d l

2. re Transistor Model
b + Vbe
_

ib

c ib

re

rce=ro

e Transistor ac equivalent circuit for common emitter

e + Vbe
_

ie

c ie

re

rce=ro

b Transistor ac equivalent circuit for common base

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

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1a) Common Emitter - by passed RE


Vcc

Common Emitter - by passed RE


3. Determine the BJT model parameters : Zi, Zo, Av, and Ai
R1//R2 b rbb + V
_

1. Replace all capacitors with short circuit and set dc source to zero.
Rc

ib

gmv

rce

Rc

R1 Ci

R1

R2

Rc
Zi Zb

e Zo

Co

Simplified AC equivalent circuit


vin
vo

Simplified hybrid- equivalent circuit of a CE amplifier. Amplifier with the hybrid- equivalent circuit

R2

RE

Ce

2. Substitute BJT with hybrid- model.


rbb b + ib c gmv

Input impedance
Zi = R 1 || R 2 || Zb where Zb = Vb ib (rbb ' + r ) = = rbb ' + ( + 1)re ib ib
Updated May 2011

By passed RE
e

V r
_

rce

Hybrid- transistor model


Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

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Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

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Common Emitter - by passed RE


Voltage gain: Output impedance: Set S t Vi to t zero. Therefore V=0. gmV=0 also.
C Io + rce Rc Vo Zo

Exercise 1
For the circuit in figure below obtain the i. Emitter current, IE and re ii. Input impedance, Zi, and the output impedance, Zo iii Voltage iii. V lt gain, i Av and d th the current t gain, Ai Given that the parameters of the transistor is as follows. =100, rbb=10, rce= and VBE=0.7V. State any assumptions made.
Answer : IE=1.79mA, re=14.53, Zi=1.343k, Zo=2.7k, Av= -168.92, Ai= -90.75
+ 20V 2k7

V g V (R || r ) A v = o = m C ce Vi i b (rbb ' + r ) where g m V = ib and r = ( + 1)re ib (R C || rce ) Av = ib ( rbb ' + ( + 1)re ) (R C || rce ) = rbb ' + ( + 1)re

82k
10F

10F

Tr1

33k 120R
vin vo

18k 1k5

Zo =
Current gain without RL: Current gain with RL:

Vo = RC || rce Io

47F

Z Ai = A v i Zo

Zi Ai = A v Zo //R L
Electronics 1
Updated May 2011 Norsabrina Sihab

Zi

Zo

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

13

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

14

Exercise
A basic common emitter BJT amplifier in below has a quiescent point of the collector current, ICQ = 2 mA. Answer the following : i.Draw the ac equivalent circuit ii.Input impendance, Zi Answer : 478.9 iii.Output impedance, Zo Answer : 2.107k iv.Voltage gain, AV Answer : -151.1 v Current Gain v.Current Gain, Ai Answer : -34.35 34 35 Use VT = 26mV, = 120, rce = 50 k, rbb = 100

1b) Common Emitter un un-bypassed bypassed RE


Vcc

vo

vin
R1

Rc

Ci

Co Tr1

+20V
R2 vin RL
vo

Ac equivalent circuit

671 Ci Vi

IC

2.2 k Co Vo
Ce

1.54 k Zi
Norsabrina Sihab

CE Zo

Hybrid- equivalent circuit of the Common Emitter Amplifier.


Updated May 2011 Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

15

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

16

Common Emitter un un-bypassed bypassed RE


Input impedance
Z in = R1 // R 2 // Z b Zb = Vb i b ( rbb ' + r + ( + 1)RE1 ) = ib ib = rbb ' + r + ( + 1)RE1

Exercise 2
For the circuit below, obtain the i. Emitter current, IE and re ii. Input impedance, Zi, and the output impedance, Zo iii Voltage gain, iii. gain Av and the current gain, Ai Given that the parameters of the transistor is as follows. =100, rbb=10, rce= and VBE=0.7V. State any assumptions made. made
Answer : IE=1.79mA, re=14.53, Zi= 7.08 k, Zo=2.7k, Av= -18.35 , Ai= -52.04
+20V 2k7

Voltage gain
g mv (rce // Rc // RL ) V Av = o = Vi ib (rbb' + r + ( + 1) RE1) where g m V = ib and r = ( + 1)re Av = = ib (rce // Rc // RL ) ib (rbb' + r + ( + 1) RE1) (rce // Rc // RL ) rbb' + r + ( + 1) RE1

82k
10F

10F

Tr1

Output impedance
Set Vi to zero. Therefore V=0. gmV=0 also.

120R
vin

33k

18k 1k5
47F

vo

Current gain:
zo = vo = rce // Rc io

Ai = A v

Zi Zo //R L
Updated May 2011 Norsabrina Sihab

Zi

Zo

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

17

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

18

Exercise 3
For the circuit below obtain the voltage gain, Av, the current gain, Ai, the input impedance impedance, Zi, and the output impedance, impedance Zo, given that the parameters of the transistor is as follows. =100, rbb=75, rce=30k and VBE=0.7V. State any assumptions made.
20 V 20V

2) Common Base Amplifier


rce e ie + V
RE
_

c ib r b gmv Rc

Answer : re=10.28, Av= -14.136, Zin=8.362k, Zout=2.724k, Ai= -43.346

82k

3k3

10F

rbb b

10F
Tr 1
33k

Ac equivalent circuit of a common base amplifier.

Zi

Ze

Zo

180R

Hybrid- equivalent circuit of the Common Base Amplifier Amplifier.


vo

vin

18k

820R

47F

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

19

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

20

Common Base Amplifier


Input Impedance Output impedance
Set Vi to zero. Therefore V=0. gmV=0 also.

Exercise 4
For the circuit below, obtain the Voltage gain, Av, the input impedance, Zi and the output impedance, impedance Zo, given that the parameter of the transistor is as follows. =100,rbb=10,rce= and VBE=0.7V. State any assumptions made.
Answer : re=10.28, Av=257.14, Zin=10.27, Zout=2.7k, Ai=0.98

Zi = RE // Ze Ze = Vi i b (r + rbb ' ) (r + rbb ' ) = = ie i b ( + 1) ( + 1)

10F

Voltage gain
Av = Vo g m v (rce // Rc ) = Vi ib (rbb ' + r )
47F

where gm V = ib and r = ( + 1) re Av =

v zo = o = rce // Rc io

100F

ib (rce // Rc )
ib (rbb ' + r )

(rce // Rc )
(rbb ' + r )

Current gain, Ai

Ai = A v
Electronics 1

Zi 1 Zo//RL
Updated May 2011

A common base Amplifier Amplifier.

Norsabrina Sihab

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

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Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

22

3) Common Collector Amplifier


RE

Common Collector Amplifier


Input Impedance Voltage gain
V ie RE Av = o = Vi ib (rbb' + r ) + ie RE ( + 1)ib RE = ib (rbb' + r ) + ( + 1)ib RE = ( + 1) RE (rbb' + r ) + ( + 1) RE

R1

R2

Z i = R1 // R2 // Zb where g m V = ib and r = ( + 1)re V i (r + r ) + ( g mV + ib ) RE Z b = i = b bb' ib ib i (( + 1)re + rbb' ) + ( ib + ib ) RE = b ib ib (( + 1)re + rbb' + ( + 1) RE ) = ib = ( + 1)re + rbb' + ( + 1) RE

ac equivalent circuit of a CC amplifier.

Hybrid- equivalent circuit of a CC amplifier.


Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

23

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

24

Common Collector Amplifier


Output impedance
Set Vi to zero.
Z o = RE // Z o ' V i (r + r ) Z o ' = x = b bb' ix ie ib (r + rbb' ) = ib + g mV i (r + r ) = b bb' ib + ib r +r = bb' 1+
ib rbb r + V c e Zo ie ix gmv VX Zo=RE//Zo Vi=0 b ib rbb r + V R1//R2 gmv RE e ie + Vo
--

Exercise 5
For the circuit in figure below obtain the i. Emitter current, IE and re ii. Input impedance, Zi, and the p impedance, p , Zo output iii. Voltage gain, Av and the current gain, Ai Given that the parameters of the transistor is as follows. =100, rbb bb=10, rce= and VBE=0.7V. State any assumptions made.
Answer : IE=2.53mA, re=10.28, Zi=12.89k, Zo=10.27, Av= 0.99, Ai= 1.24k

20 V

c
bb ib rbb

82k
Ci

2k7

r + V -

ie + gmv RE Vo
--

vin

18k

1k0

vo

Current gain

Common collector Amplifier circuit.

Ai = Av
Norsabrina Sihab

zi zo // RL
Electronics 1

c Zo
Updated May 2011 Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

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Chapter 5 AC Analysis of BJT

26

Tutorial
1. Determine Zin, Zo, AV and AVS
=150,r =150 rbb=10,r rce=50k and VBE=0.7V. State any assumptions made.

Tutorial
2. Determine Zin, Zo, AV, Ai, and AVS. Vo when
Vs=25mV. 25 V =120,r 120 bb=10 10,rce= and d VBE=0.7V. 0 7V State any assumptions made.

Answer: IE=7.81mA, A 7 81 A re= 3.33 3 33, Zin = 412.2 412 2 , Zo = 1.8k 1 8k, AV = -338.27, Ai = -119.79, and AVS =-137.75. Vo = 3.45V
Vcc = +24V R1 240k RS 600R Vi Ci =120 RE 1k0 RL 3k3 RC 1k8 Co Vo

VS

CE

Zi
Norsabrina Sihab

Zo

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

Norsabrina Sihab

Electronics 1

Updated May 2011

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