PHN 3: Thnh phn ha hc ca than v nhin liu rn

PGS.TS. Vn nh Sn Th B mn Cng ngh hu c ha du Khoa Cng ngh Ha hc i hc Bch Khoa H Ni Email : thovds-petrochem@mail.hut.edu.vn thovds@yahoo.com Tel : 097.360.4372

Thnh phn thch hc Thnh phn nguyn t Thnh phn k thut Cc tnh cht vt l

3.1 Thnh phn thch hc

Thnh phn thch hc ca than l mt phng php quan trng thm d cc va than v nh gi qu trnh to than Phng php ny c u im hn so vi phng php phn tch ho hc l sch s, phn tch nhanh v dng c v thit b n gin. Nhc im ca phng php l ph thuc vo kinh nghim ca ngi c.

C 8 du hiu quan trng nht ca mu than

1. 2. 3. 4. Khi lng ring. Cc tnh cht c l : rn, dn, do Mu sc ca than nh (nh, na nh, m, na m, nh kim, nh nha, nh gng, nh m, nh t). nh bin i c tnh quy lut. Than bin tnh thp th khng c nh, than bin tnh cao th nh tng.

5. Cu trc : Phn bit theo mt phng vung gc vi cc lp : ng nht, khng ng nht, cu trc lp 6. Vt v : thng gp dng ht, dng si, v s 7. Vt nt : Ni sinh ( do nguyn nhn bn trong quyt nh) ,Ngoi sinh do ngoi lc gy nn (do bin ng ca v tri t). 8. Xc nh cc khong c trong than v chia lm 3 loi : Phn tn th (quan st thy bng mt v c th tch d dng). Phn tn mn (tn ti nhng ht mn v kh tch, phi dng phng php tuyn) Khng th nhn thy bng mt, kh tch.

Vng Danh

Thi Bnh

U minh thng

Than c phn thnh 4 loi ln gi l v phn thch hc

Vitren (loi nh) : L mt khi ng nht dn v cng, c nh gng, mu en. Vt v c dng v s. Vitren c cu to v cu trc ng nht v nm thnh t di v d dng phn bit vi cc v phn khc. C th dng dao tch ra thnh tng mnh v nh. Vitren cha t cht khong (1-2%), c kt dnh t tv l thnh phn qu ca than.

Duren : Cng, dai, c nh m . Cu trc dng lp v c cu to chc, kh tch ra khi than. Hm lng khong ln hn so vi vitren l do t khong mang vo trong qu trnh to than. Claren (na nh) mi du hiu phn bit nm trung gian gia hai loi trn.
Fugen (m, loi si). rn thp v d v vn thnh bt nu dng tay bp. Vt v c cu trc dng si.

3.2 Thnh phn nguyn t

Nguyn t C Nguyn t H Nguyn t O Nguyn t N Nguyn t S ( hu c v v c) Nguyn t P Cc nguyn t kim loi Al, Si, Fe, Na

Nguyn t Cacbon
L nguyn t quan trng nht trong than, khi chy ta ra mt lng nhit lng ln ( Q = 8140Kcal/KgC). Cacbon nm trong than di dng lin kt do kh nng phn ng km. Trong qu trnh nhit phn ch mt lng nh cacbon thot ra dng hi v kh. Ch yu cacbon cn li sn phm rn trong qu trnh nhit phn. Khi bin tnh tng th hm lng cacbon tng v hm lng Cthm cng tng. Phng php xc nh hm lng cacbon : Cchung = Chu c + Ckhong

Nguyn t Hydro
Hydro l nguyn t quan trng trong than, khi chy to lng nhit ln ( Q=34.320Kcal/Kg).
Xc nh hm lng hydro thng tin hnh song song vi xc nh hm lng cacbon. Khi thu c hi nc bao gm c lng m ca nhin liu cng nh mui kt tinh ca cc khong do vy trong qu trnh tnh ton phi loi tr mui kt tinh ca khong Hchung = Hhu c + Hkhong Khi bin tnh tng th hm lng hydro gim dn.

Phn tch hm lng C v H

- C v H trong cc cht hu c c xc nh theo phng php Liegbig - ASTM Nguyn l :

Sn phm qu trnh chy l CO2 v nc.

Thit b - ng t ln 900oC - CuO ( ht) - ng hp ph cha MgClO4 v dung dch KOK

Quy trnh :
Mu : 0.2 to 0.3 g trn chn porcelain / platinum
t nng ng phn ng ln nhit 400o - 900oC bng oxy nguyn cht. Sn phm qu trnh chy CO2 H2O hp ph trong ng hp ph Cn mu v tnh ton lng C v H.

Khi lng mu = W g
Tng khi lng ca ng MgClO2 = W1 g

Tng khi lng ca ng KOH = W2 g Khi lng nc hnh thnh = W1 g

Khi lng CO2 hnh thnh = W2 g

Nit ca than
Nit l nguyn t duy nht nm phn hu c ca than. Khi chy khng to nhit, khi nhit phn thot ra di dng NH3, piridin hoc cc cht xyan. Hm lng nit trong than cng nhiu th trong qu trnh ch bin cng s cng nhiu.
xc nh hm lng nit dng bin tnh Kendan (i vi loi than bin tnh cao). - ASTM i vi than bin tnh thp phi dng phng php iuma. ASTM

Nit bin i khng c quy lut theo bin tnh.

Phng php Dumas

C s ca phng php l tin hnh t nng mu than 800oC vi xc tc CuO trong mi trng CO2. C v H s chuyn ha thnh CO2 v H2O. Cc kh NOx s b CuO kh thnh N2 Khi phn ng kt thc dng CO2 ui hon ton hn hp kh ra bnh hp th KOH50%. Lng kh khng b hp th chnh l nit. Xc nh th tch nit thu c v tnh ton ra hm lng nit c trong than.

 Khi lng mu = W g Th tch kh N2 thu c = V1

p sut = P mm Hg
Nhit : = T1 K

Phng php Kendan

Nguyn tc l oxy ho nit trong than bng H2SO4 m c v MnO2 c xc tc KI hoc Hg.
Khi Nit s bin thnh NH3 v phn ng vi H2SO4 theo phn ng NH3 + H2SO4 = (NH4) 2SO4 Tin hnh chun sn phm thu c s bit hm lng nit c trong than

Lu
Phng php Kjeldahl xc nh nhanh hn phng php Dumas Ch p dng cho nhng hp cht hu c m c th chuyn ha thnh ammonium sulphate khi t nng vi axit sulphuric m c. Khng p dng vi hp cht c cha pyridine, quinoline v cc hp cht c cha nhm (-NO2) v diazo (-N = N-).

Quy trnh thc hin :

Ha tch - Khi lng mu : 0.3 to 0.5 g - Ha tch vi H2SO4, ( xc tc K2SO4 v CuSO4) t 3-4h.

- Lm lnh v chuyn sang bnh chng ct thc hin phn ng ha hc vi NaOH

- Ammonia hnh thnh hp th vi dung dchHCl.

-Chun HCl cha phn ng s xc nh c lng HCl phn ng v tnh c lng N2.

Thit b Kjeldahl

Khi lng mu : W g Th tch axit cn trung ha lng NH3 thot ra : V mL Nng ca axit : N
V mL of N acid = V mL of NH3 NV milli equivalent of acid = NV milli equivalent of ammonia

Lu hunh trong than

Lu hunh dng pyrit nm trong than dng tinh th lp phng FeS2. Lu hunh sunfat (Ssul) ch yu l CaSO4 v c ln mt cht FeSO4 v mui sunfat ca cc kim loi khc. Nguyn nhn l do cc ngun nc mang vo trong than hoc do qu trnh oxy ho FeS2.

Lu hunh hu c (Shydrocacbon) ch yu nm trong than dng mecaptan hoc thiofen. Ngun gc l do lu hunh c sn trong thc vt ban u li khi to than.
Stng = Spyrit + Ssul + S hu c

Lu hunh trong than

S bin i hm lng S khng ph thuc vo bin tnh ca than m ph thuc vo iu kin to than.
xc nh c th Ssul, Sspyrit v Shydrocacbon c nhng phng php phn tch ting. Lu hunh l nguyn t c hi cho cc qu trnh s dng v khi t to ra SO2, SO3 gy n mn thit b v nhim mi trng. Nu trong than luyn cc c nhiu S th s dn n gim cht lng cc, nu than cho qu trnh kh ho th S gy ra ng c xc tc.

TS = total sulfur; IS = inorganic sulfur; OS = organic sulfur; S2 = pyrite sulfur; S = sulfide sulfur; SO4 = sulfate sulfur; CS = combustible sulfur; FS = fixed sulfur

Phng php Eska

Nguyn tc l t mu than nhit 800-850oC trn vi hn hp Eska ( MgO : Na2CO3 = 2 :1) hoc c th s dng MnO2 thay th MgO. Cht oxy ho ny s oxy ho hp cht lu hunh thnh SO2 hoc SO3 v sau s phn ng vi Na2CO3 to thnh Na2SO4. SO3 + Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + CO2
Kt ta Na2SO4 bng BaCl2 thu c BaSO4. T lng BaSO4 s tnh c lng S trong than. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 2NaCl + BaSO4

Phng php t
t mu than trong dng O2 nhit 1250oC bin S thnh SO2. Tin hnh oxy ho SO2 bng H2O2 thnh SO3 v hp th SO3 trong nc. Chun H2SO4 thu c s tnh ra hm lng S trong than.
Phng php ny khng chnh xc bng Eska v khi t mt phn S s cn li trong tro, bn cnh trong than c Cl nn s to thnh HCl trong bnh hp th H2SO4 lm sai lch kt qu.

T l H/C vs. O/C v phn loi than

3.3 THNH PHN K THUT

Trong than c hai phn : Phn hu c, phn v c.
Phn hu c : l phn c bn nht cu than gm cc nguyn t C, H, O, N, S. Phn hu c l phn quan trng nht v n c kh nng chy c v to ra mt lng nhit ln.

Phn v c : l phn khong c cha cc mui cacbonat, silicat hoc sufnua, sufnat v cn c cc nguyn t him khc nh Be, Br, Ge, Zr Phn v c khng c kh nng chy v l phn v ch ca nhin liu. Khi chy chng bin thnh tro

Phn hu c bao gm ton b C H O N v k hiu la (Organic) Phn chy gm cc nguyn t C H O N S v k hiu l (Combustion ) Phn kh l phn cht c cng vi hm lng tro ( k hiu Dry ) Phn lm vic bao gm ton b cu t c trong than trng thi ban u ( k hiu l As received ) Thnh phn O N S

K hiu
O C Dry

As recieved

Phn hu c C + H + O + N = 100% Phn chy c C + H + O + N + S = 100% Phn kh ca nhin liu C + H + O + N + S + A = 100% Phn lm vic ca nhin liu C + H + O + N + S + A + W = 100%

Thnh phn k thut ca than : - tro (ash) - Hiu sut cht bc (Volatile), - m (water), - Hm lng lu hunh S, - Nhit lng. (Q)

Da vo thnh phn k thut c th s b nh gi v gi tr cu than, bit c phng hng s dng v phn loi than. V mt l thuyt th thnh phn k thut ca than c lin quan n cu trc v bin tnh ca than.

Ch :

S phn chia trn ch mang tnh quy c tuy nhin c nhiu thiu st c th nh nhng nguyn t tn ti c trong thnh phn v c v hu c nh C, O ( dng mui CaCO3)
S tn ti nhiu dng nh S hu c, pirit th chy c tuy nhin mui sunfat th khng chy c

 M
Bt k loi vt liu no cng cha mt hm lng m nht nh.
m hay hm m l lng nc c trong than nm nhiu hnh thc khc nhau Phn m c hp ph trn b mt than Phn m ngng t trong mao qun ca than Phn m trn ln c hc vi than Phn m do nc kt tinh ca mt s mui v c trong khong Phn m lin kt

m l phn c hi trong than, n lm gim nhit chy nn loi b bt trc khi s dng.
Than khi mi khai thc trong khng kh th m s thot ra t cn bng vi m mi trng. Lng m ny gi l m ngoi ( Wng). m ngoi (ASTM D1421) . Than c lm kh nh vy gi l than kh gi. Lng m cn li tng than goi l m ni. Tng lng m ni (ASTM D3173)

Nu than c tch c m ni th gi l than kh tuyt i. mchung ( Wch = Wngoi + Wni )

n gin cho vic phn tch than ni chung W c xc nh trong iu kin m v nhit xc nh ( nhit 30oC v m 97%) gi l m phn tch Wa (Wch = Wngoi + Wa)

Cch xc nh m trong than

Phng php trc tip :
Phng php trng lng : Sy than 102-105oC trong dng kh tr ri n qua bnh hp th (v d H2SO4) s chnh lch nng trc v sau chnh l hm m trong than. Phng php th tch ( Dina Stac) : Cho vo than cn dung mi toluen hoc xylen ri un trong thit b Dina Stac. (Ch dung mi c nhit cao hn nc mt cht). Hn hp hi ca nc v dung mi s ngng sinh hn ngc v chy vo ng ong th tch. Da vo lng nc sinh ra s xc nh c hm m ca (hnh v)

Cch xc nh m trong than

Phng php gin tip :

Sy than 102-105oC trong 60pht. Cn lng than trc v sau khi sy, lng chnh lch ny chnh l hm m ca than. Phng php ny km chnh xc hn bin tnh trc tip v khi sy than c th cc mui cacbonat b phn hu thnh CO2 v H2O.
Quy lut bin i m ca than ph thuc vo bin tnh ca than. Khi bin tnh tng th m ca than gim.

HM LNG CHT BC

Cht bc l tng s kh thot ra khi nung than nhit cao trong iu kin khng c khng kh. Trong iu kin nhit cao th phn khng bn nhit s thot ra v phn hu thnh cc sn phm c phn t lng thp hn.

 Cht bc l thng s quan trng lin quan cht ch n qu trnh bin tnh than. Khi bin tnh tng th cu trc than cng cht ch, mch nhnh gim do hiu sut cht bc gim. Khi bin tnh thp, cu trc than khng cht ch, mnh nhnh nhiu do hm lng cht bc ln. bin tnh tng th hm lng cht bc gim.

Da vo hm lng cht bc s quyt nh phn loi v s dng than sau ny

Xc nh hm lng cht bc
Nung mu than 900oC trong 7 pht bng chn s kn trong mi trng kh tr. Lng chnh lch mu trc v sau khi nung chnh l lng cht bc thot ra ca than. (ASTM D3175) Trong qu trnh ny c hm lng nc thot ra do khi tnh ton hm lng cht bc phi tr i s liu ny. Ngoi hin tng thot hi nc cn c hin tng kh cacbonnat ca cc khong.

Phn cn li ca than sau khi thot cht bc gi l cn rn. Da vo tnh cht ca cn rn nh nh, tng, bn v hnh dng c th kt lun s b v kh nng luyn cc v kt dnh ca than.

Tro
Hm lng tro l hn hp cc khong cht cn li sau khi t chy hon ton phn hu c ca than.
Hm lng tro trong than l thnh phn c hi v c ch. Khi thc hin phn ng chy khng tnh ra nhit nng, tiu hao nng lng khi t.

i vi mt s loi than c nhiu tro th phn tin hnh tuyn s b trc khi t.
tro khng ph thuc vo bin tnh m ph thuc vo ngun gc, s hnh thnh v va than cng nh cc iu kin khai thc v vn chuyn.

Tro
Phn bit tro ni v tro ngoi :
Tro ni : phn sn c trong thc vt ban u, n lin kt cht ch vi than v kh tch ra bng cc phng php tuyn.

Tro ngoi : Do cc khong cht b nc cun lng ng li khi hnh thnh va than, hoc do cht khong chy theo cc mch nc ngm chy vo va than hoc b ln trong qu trnh khai thc v vn chuyn

Cc cht khong c trong than bao gm 3 thnh phn ch yu sau:

Cc loi silicat nh aluminosilicat, t st, cao lanh, muscovic (thnh phn chnh l Al2O3, SiO2), Phn ln nm km theo va than. Ngun gc l do qu trnh ngng ng ph sa ca sng, h m ly trong khu vc va than.

Loi sunfua : Ch yu l FeS2 nm dng pirit hoc macaxit nm trong than thnh nh ht nh hoc l ht ln. N c lin kt cht ch vi than nn kh tch.
Mui cacbonat MgCO3, CaCO3, FeCO3

Ba loi khong trn chim 95-98% thnh phn ca than, tuy nhin trong than cn ln thm mt t mui NaCl, KBr v mt s nguyn t him...

Cc xc nh hm lng tro (ASTM D3174) Tin hnh nung mu than trong l vi nhit 800oC trong mi trng d oxy.
Ton b phn hu c ca than s chy ht v cn li l phn v c. Tin hnh xc nh phn cn li th chnh l hm lng tro c trong than.

NHIT CHY MM CA TRO

Nhit chy mm v nhit chy lng ca tro l thng s rt quan trng i vi cng ngh s dng than.
Phng php xc nh nhit ny theo ASTM D1875. Trong phng php o c cc thut ng sau IDT ( innital deformation temperature), ST ( Softening temp.), HT ( hemispherical temp.) v FT (Fluid temp.) Nung khi tro hnh nn 3 mt trong l in v theo di qu trnh xy ra bng chp nh. Khi nhit bt u bin dng th nh hnh nn cong xung. Nhit chy mm ca tro l ton b khi to thnh hnh trn v nhit chy lng ca tro khi tro chy lng thnh mt phng.

NHIT CHY MM CA TRO

Thnh phn ho hc ca tro bao gm cc oxit SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, Fe2O3 v cc nguyn t him khc.

T l cc oxit trong tro nh hng ln n mu sc cng nh nhit chy mm cu tro. Nhit chy mm l thng s quan trng khi s dng than trong qu trnh cng nghip.

 Biu th mm cu tro dng tr s

SiO2 Al 2 O3 MgO CaO FeO Fe 2 O3

( t l ny cng nh th tro cng kh chy mm) Loi tro d chy mm : to chy mm < 1200oC Loi tro c nhit chy mm trung bnh : 1200oC-1350oC Loi tro kh chy mm : to chy mm > 1350oC

SiO2
Bc 1 : Ph hy gii mu tro bng natri cacbonat ln hn 900oC . Khi cc hp cht kh tan trong tro chuyn thnh cc hp cht d tan nh:
Al2O3 SiO2 + Na2CO3 NaAlO2 + CO2 Na2SiO3 + CO2 MgCO3 + Na2SiO3

+ Na2CO3

MgSiO3 + Na2CO3

Al2O3.3 SiO2 + 4 Na2CO3 2 NaAlO2 + 3 NaSiO3 + 4 CO2 Fe2O3 + 3 Na2CO3 Fe2(CO3)3 + 3 Na2O

Bc 2 : Sau ha tan hn hp bng axit clohydric v un si ha tan hon ton cc kim loi kh tan v ui ht CO2. Qu trnh trung ha ny s xy ra nh sau: NaAlO2 Fe2(CO3)3 Na2SiO3 MgCO3 Na2CO3 + 4 HCl AlCl3 + NaCl + 2 H2O + 6 HCl 2FeCl3 + 3 CO2 + 3 H2O + 2 HCl H2SiO3 + 2 NaCl + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H2O + CO2 + 2 HCl 2 NaCl + H2O + CO2

Bc 3 : Ta c kt ta axit silicilic dng keo, lc ly kt ta, t cn ta c

H2SiO3 SiO2

+ H2O

Ph pht x nguyn t ICP

Nguyn l ca phng php: phn tch hm lng oxit kim loi hm lng nh trong tro ta s dng phng php quang ph pht x trn my ICP. Cc nguyn t c cung cp nng lng v chuyn ln trng thi b kch thch, sau chng c chuyn v trng thi c bn v pht ra bc x in t.

Phng php phn tch quang ph pht x nguyn t da trn nguyn tc o cng vch ph pht x ca cc nguyn t c trong mu nghin cu khi b kch thch bng ngun nng lng cao. Cng bc x ( cn gi l cng vch ph) ph thuc vo hm lng cc nguyn t cha trong mu. Chng c ghi li bng cc my o chuyn dng, sau khi c khuych i v x l. Bit c cng vch ph l c th xc nh c hm lng nguyn t cn phn tch.

NHIT CHY
Nhit chy hay nhit lng ca than l nhit lng to ra khi t chy hon ton mt n v trng lng ( n v Kcal/lg hoc Cal/g). Nhit lng l thng s quan trng. Da vo Q c th bit s b nh gi cht lng ca than, tnh ton nhit lng qu trnh sn xut. Nhit lng ca than bin i c quy lut theo bin tnh v nhit lng c s dng l thng s phn loi than

Xc nh nhit chy ca than bng phng php trc tip

t chy mu than trong bom nhit lng trong mi trng oxy P = 25-40atm. Than chy hon ton v to ra 1 lng nhit v lm nng khi nc xung quanh. Da vo s thay i nhit ca nc c th tnh ra nhit chy ca than. Nhit lng ny goi l Qabom.

 Tuy nhin trong thc t qu trnh t than khc vi t trong bom.

Khi t trong bom N2 s to ra NH3 ( khi t trong l thi N2 khng phn ng). Khi NH3 hp th trong nc s to ra nhit do s lm sai s php o.

Trong bom S b oxy ho hon ton thnh SO3, tuy nhin thc t l SO2. Vy nhit chy thc t s nh hn khi o bng bin tnh bom. ( Qthc t < Qabom). Nu Qabom c s hiu chnh n nhit to thnh v nhit ho tan ca H2SO4 v HNO3 th ta thu c nhit chy thc t hay nhit chy cao (Qacao).

 Ta c Qa cao = Qabom (1,43C + 22,5Sb) Cal/g C l s mmol HNO3 to thnh Sb l % S c trong bom oxy ho thnh H2SO4.

Trong cc l t c nhit cao s lm thot hi nc, lng nc ny s bc hi nh vy cng cn mt lng nhit hm nng v lm bc hi nc c trong than cng nh hi nc to ra khi than chy, do nhit hu ch (Qhi) hoc goi l Qth (LHV) s thp hn (HHV) Qcao

 Lng nc to ra khi nhin liu chy trong bom l (W + 9H)%

( 9 l tnh ton the phng trnh chy H2 + 1/2O2 = H2O, H2O/H2 = 9) trong W l hm m v H l thnh phn ca hydro c trong than. Nhit nung nng 1kg nc t 25oC n 100oC l 75Kcal/kg, n nhit ha hi ca nc l 538,7Kcal/Kg. Lng nhit un nng v bc hi 1kg nc l 613,7Kcal/Kg. ( c th coi lng nhit cn tht bin hm m trong than thnh hi ca 1kg than c m 1% 6,137 Kcal) Qthp = Qacao 6 ,137( Wa 9Ha) Kcal/kg

Tnh nhit chy bng tnh ton

Da vo thnh phn nguyn t ca than cng nh nhit chy ca tng nguyn t ta c th tnh c nhit chy ca nhin liu. Phng php ny khng c chnh xc v nhit chy ca cht hu c cn ph thuc vo dng lin kt gia cc nguyn t vi nhau.

Cng thc tnh ton ca Medeleep Qthp = 81C + 300H 26(O - S) 6(W + 9H) Kcal/kg
Cng thc tnh ton ca hip hi k s c Qthp = 80,8C + 201(H O/8) +25S - 6,09W Dulong HHV(MJ/kg) = 33.86C + 144.4(H-O/8) + 9.428S

Comparison of proximate and ultimate analysis with carbonization assay

C, H, O, N, S = elements; T = tar; W* = decomposition water; G* = carbonization gas; VM = volatile matter

3.4Cc tnh cht khc

Ch s trng ( free swelling index) Ch s Roga Ch s Hagi Tnh cht nhit ca than

Trng lng ring

Trng lng ring thc Trng lng ring biu kin Trng lng ring rt

Trng lng ring ca than l trng lng ca 1 n v th tch.

Cng thc tnh :

a d V

d : Trng lng ring (g/cm3) a : Trng lng ca mu than (g) V : Th tch ca mu than Do V than nh th no ?

Trng lng ring thc (dth)

L trng lng ring thc ca than m khng k n phn khng kh bn trong mao qun ca than. xc nh dth dng phng php pinomet vi cht lng l ru, nc. dth ca than khng ph thuc vo bin tnh m dao ng trong phm vi nht nh v chu nh hng ca nhiu nhn t nh bin tnh, thnh phn thch hc, hm lng tro, hm lng m

Trng lng ring biu kin (dbk) : L trng lng ring ca than k c phn khng kh v phn khong chim trong cc mao qun v khe nt ca than Cn gi l trng ring th tch.

Trng lng ring rt ca than (dr) Trng lng ring rt cn gi l trng lng ring l trng lng ca mt n v th tch th ( c c ht bt k) trong trng thi rt t nhin. Lin quan n tnh ton kch thc kho bi, thit k l cc Ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh dth dbk, kch thc, thnh phn c ht, m ca than.

Nguyn liu khc

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Than Petro coke Oil sand du Biomass thc vt, Biomass ng vt Cht thi sinh hot Nha cao su ph thi