ECE 526

Protection of Power Systems II

Session 42; Page 1/9
Spring 2011
ECE 526 Generator Protection Examples
Define constants and Transformations MVA 1000kW := pu 1 :=
Define transformation
a 1e
j
2
3

:=
A1
1
1
1
1
a
2
a
1
a
a
2
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.
:=
Example 1: The per unit capability curve and steady-state stability limit curve at
rated terminal voltage for a 50MVA, 13.2 kV generator are shown below.
Assume 3000:5 CTs and 13.2kV:110V VTs.
Vrated 13.2kV := Vpu
13.2kV
Vrated
:= Vpu 1 =
Srated 50MVA :=
CTR
3000A
5A
:= CTR 600 =
PTR
13.2kV
110V
:= PTR 120 =
a) Translate the steady-state stability limit to a per unit R-X diagram for a terminal voltage of 1.0 pu
Steady-State Stability Limit Capability Curve
QpuSS
0.74
0.735
0.715
0.704
0.69
0.666
0.64
0.6
0.56
0.52
0.495
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:= PpuSS
0.00000001
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.90
1.0
1.1
1.14
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:=
ECE 526
Protection of Power Systems II
Session 42; Page 2/9
Spring 2011
sSS atan
QpuSS
PpuSS
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.

:=
SpuSS PpuSS
2
QpuSS
2
+

:=
ZpuSS
Vpu
2
SpuSS e
j sSS

\
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.

:=
SpuSS
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.74
0.76
0.82
0.86
0.91
0.97
1.02
1.08
1.15
1.22
1.24
pu = sSS
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
90
74.78
60.78
54.62
48.99
43.57
38.66
33.69
29.25
25.3
23.47
deg = ZpuSS

0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1.35
1.31
1.22
1.16
1.09
1.03
0.98
0.92
0.87
0.82
0.8
pu =
Now convert Zpu to secondary ohms for part c)
Zs_SS
Vrated
2
Srated
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.
CTR
PTR
ZpuSS ( )

:=
Zs_SS

0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
23.55
22.87
21.27
20.18
19.06
18.03
17.01
16.11
15.2
14.32
14.02
=
ECE 526
Protection of Power Systems II
Session 42; Page 3/9
Spring 2011
b) Translate the 15 PSI capability curve to a per unit R-X diagram for a terminal voltage of
1.0 pu
Qpu15psi
0.705
0.7
0.67
0.6
0.51
0.49
0.4
0.33
0.2
0.12
0
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:= Ppu15psi
0.00000001
0.2
0.4
0.63
0.8
0.82
0.93
0.98
1.06
1.1
1.15
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:=
s15psi atan
Qpu15psi
Ppu15psi
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:=
Spu15psi Ppu15psi
2
Qpu15psi
2
+

:=
Zpu15psi
Vpu
2
Spu15psi e
j s15psi

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:=
Spu15psi
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.71
0.73
0.78
0.87
0.95
0.96
1.01
1.03
1.08
1.11
1.15
pu = s15psi
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
90
74.05
59.16
43.6
32.52
30.86
23.27
18.61
10.68
6.23
0
deg = Zpu15psi

0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1.42
1.37
1.28
1.15
1.05
1.05
0.99
0.97
0.93
0.9
0.87
pu =
ECE 526
Protection of Power Systems II
Session 42; Page 4/9
Spring 2011
Now convert Zpu to secondary ohms for part c)
Zs_15psi
Vrated
2
Srated
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CTR
PTR
Zpu15psi ( )

:=
Zs_15psi

0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24.71
23.93
22.33
20.03
18.37
18.24
17.21
16.85
16.15
15.75
15.15
=
c) and d) With these limits plotted on an R-X diagram, draw a distance relay-offset Mho circle
to provide protection for low or loss of excitation on this machine.
0 5 10 15 20 25
25
20
15
10
5
ImZs_SS ( )

ImZs_15psi ( )

Re Zs_SS ( )

Re Zs_15psi ( )

,
Now define a Mho unit that will enclose these
Define range of angles for the circle rel 0deg 2deg , 360deg .. :=
Define Mho unit characteristics. Key characteristics to meet: at least 25 Ohms at -90
deg, and having the SS stability limit and 15 psi capability curves inside the circle or if
they are outside the circle they will be blocked by a directional unit.
ECE 526
Protection of Power Systems II
Session 42; Page 5/9
Spring 2011
Mho_offset j 8 ohm :=
Mho_radius 17ohm :=
Note: Mho_offset jMho_radius 25i =
Create the Mho Circle: RelayChar rel ( ) Mho_offset Mho_radius e
j rel
+ :=
Add directional unit:
Zdir 22 ohm 21 ohm , 22ohm .. :=
dir acos 0.98 ( ) := dir 11.48deg = Angle can be varied to meet objective
DirLimZdir ( ) Zdir e
j dir
:=
20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20
25
20
15
10
5
5
10
ImZs_SS ( )

ImZs_15psi ( )

ImRelayChar rel ( ) ( )

ImDirLim Zdir ( ) ( )

Re Zs_SS ( )

Re Zs_15psi ( )

, Re RelayChar rel ( ) ( )

, Re DirLim Zdir ( ) ( )

,
ECE 526
Protection of Power Systems II
Session 42; Page 6/9
Spring 2011
Example 2: Loss-of-field protection for a generator using a distance relay looking
into the generator is provided for the system below.
R
o
Ef =1.414 45
13.8 kV
100 MVA
Xd=0.80pu
13.8:138 kV
100 MVA
X=10%
on 100 MVA, 138 kV
X1=X0=X2=10%
System
o
Es = 1.0 0
A. For the steady-state load condition shown in the figure, show that the
distance relay sees Z = 1.0 + j0.2 per unit (hint, what does a distance relay
measure).
Per unit equivalent circuit:
E
f
Xfmr
Xd
j0.1 j0.8 j0.1
Xline
E
sys
V
relay
Ef 1.414pue
j 45 deg
:= Es 1.0pu :=
Xd 0.8pu :=
Xt 0.1pu :=
Xline 0.1pu :=
P12
Ef Es sin 45deg ( )
Xd Xt + Xline +
:= P12 1pu =
I12
Ef Es
jXd jXt + jXline +
:=
I12 1 1.51i 10
4
+
( )
pu = I12 1pu =
ECE 526
Protection of Power Systems II
Session 42; Page 7/9
Spring 2011
Vrelay Ef I12j Xd := Vrelay 1 0.2i + ( ) pu =
Zrelay
Vrelay
I12
:= Zrelay 1 0.2i + ( ) pu = arg Zrelay ( ) 11.3deg =
B What is the per unit impedance seen by the distance relay with a complete loss of
field E
f
=0 pu)? Comment on the "direction" as compared to part A.
Ib
0 Es
jXd jXt + jXline + ( )
:= Ib i pu = Ib 1pu =
Vrelayb Es Ibj Xt Xline + ( ) + := Vrelayb 0.8pu =
Zrelayb
Vrelayb
Ib
:= Zrelayb 0.8i pu = arg Zrelayb ( ) 90 deg =
Note that the angle has changed from a small positive angle to -90 degrees. Basically
reactive current flowng into the generator.
C Will overcurrent relays located at the generator terminals provide
protection for a complete loss of field condition?
Compare the current magnitudes from parts A and B.
I12 1pu = Ib 1pu = Same current magnitude in both cases, so
ann overcurrent relay alone won't work. A directional
relay could, but it really isn't an overcurrent relay since
the current magnitude is the same as the load current.
D Sketch the X versus R characteristic for a Mho relay set to operate with a
current that is 0.8 times the value for a complete loss of field.
Ipickup 0.8Ib := Ipickup 0.8i pu =
Zpickup
Vrelayb
Ipickup
:= Zpickup i pu = Zpickup 1pu =
ECE 526
Protection of Power Systems II
Session 42; Page 8/9
Spring 2011
Margin
Zpickup Zrelayb
Zrelayb
:= Margin 25% =
Create the Mho circle (keep it very simple):
Need an estimate for X
d
" since it wasn't given.Use a typical value for a round rotor machine
X''
d
0.12pu :=
Mho_offset
Zpickup
2
j X''
d

2
:= Mho_offset 0.56i pu =
Mho_radius
Zpickup
2
:= Mho_radius 0.5i pu =
Define range of angles for the circle rel 0deg 2deg , 360deg .. :=
Create the Mho Circle: RelayChar rel ( ) Mho_offset Mho_radius e
j rel
+ :=
Add directional unit:
Zdir 22 ohm 21 ohm , 22ohm .. :=
dir acos 0.98 ( ) := dir 11.48deg = Angle can be varied to meet objective
DirLimZdir ( ) Zdir e
j dir
:=
ECE 526
Protection of Power Systems II
Session 42; Page 9/9
Spring 2011
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
ImRelayChar rel ( ) ( )

ImDirLim Zdir ( ) ( )

Re RelayChar rel ( ) ( )

Re DirLim Zdir ( ) ( )

,