Assignment 1

Tanmay Agnani B.Tech CS-B Roll no: B005 Grade:

Q1.) What is Digital image? Explain formats of digital Image files & various types of them.
Digital images are electronic representations of images that are stored on a computer in form of a matrix. Analog images have infine points and infinity values of intensity. To store them in image is sampled(Some points) and quantized(Some Intensities). Intensity values of each pixel is stored and then these values are interpreted and read by the computer to produce the analog version of the image for displaying. This is why theres a difference in our perception of real world objects(with eye) and even in HD images.

FORMATS of Digital File Images:

JPG, GIF, TIFF, PNG, BMP. These and many other file types are used to encode digital images and the choice of our extension depends on the amount of compression we want in our Image and the no. of colors we want in our image(Depends on one file type to other). TIFF is an uncompressed file format. TIFF stands for Tagged Image File Format Uncompressed means that all of the color information from your scanner or digital camera for each individual pixel is preserved when you save as TIFF .TIFF is the best format for saving digital images that you will want to print. There is a lossless compression for TIFF(A lossless compression algorithm discards no information). There is no quality loss. It support color images. JPEG is a compressed file format. JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group The amount of compression you select at the time you create the JPEG image file determines the actual file size in kilobytes and the overall visual quality of the file. Higher JPEG compression equals lower image quality since the color information in individual pixels is compressed into 'blocks' of pixels using math algorithms that methodically blend all the pixel colors in each block. Increasing the compression produces smaller computer file sizes in kilobytes or megabytes. Lower compression produces better quality but bigger computer file sizes. We can have a high resolution JPEG image with either low or high compression. This is the best format for photographs to be shown on the web or as email attachments. This is because the color informational bits in the computer file are compressed (reduced) and download times are minimized.

GIF is an uncompressed file format that supports only 256 distinct colors. Best used with web clip art and logo type images. PNG is also a lossless storage format. However, in contrast with common TIFF usage, it looks for patterns in the image that it can use to compress file size. It was designed to bypass compression patent issues with GIF.

Types of Digital Image:

Gray Scale : A gray scale image is made up of pixels each of which holds a single number corresponding to the gray level of the image at a particular location. These gray levels depends on the bits a pixel can store. Eg: 8bit can store 256 intensity values having range 0-255. Binary Images: The intensity values of each pixel is stored in binary form. Eg: 8-bit can store 256 intensity values in binary form.

Color Images A color image is made up of pixels each of which holds three numbers corresponding to the red, green, and blue levels of the image at a particular location. Red, Green, and Blue are the primary colors to create any colour. Three planes are used to store values for red, green and blue. Monochrome images: Monochrome images use only a single bit to represent each pixel. Since a bit can astore only two colors, usually black or white. Monochrome Images are type of Binary Images with a sigle bit storage capacity.

Q2.) Write notes on: 1.) Half Toning

The idea of Half-Toning is to group together the pixels in small blocks and create the same effect. We can create an apparent increase in no. of available intensities. When we view a small area from a large viewing distance only over all intensity is observed. This phenomenon of apparent increase in the no. of available intensities by considering combined intensity of of multiple pixel is known as halftoning. The halftone pattens for a 2x2 block is shown in figure.

Image source: Computer Graphic book by AP Godse. Here the first image will give a black shade and increasing the whiter shade and thus creating FIVE diff. shades instead of only black and white.

2.) Image sensing, acquisition & storage.

The process of converting a scene or any object into its digital form is known as image acquisition. This is the first thing to be done before any application of Image Processing is done. It is combination of three steps : Energy from Illumination source Reflection from the object Sensor which measures the amount of energy An image sensor is a device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal. This process is called Image Sensing. It is used mostly in digital cameras, camera modules and other imaging devices. There are three different types of digital storage that are available for digital image processing applications. The first type of storage or memory used during processing is called short-term storage. For frequent retrieval of the images the second type of storage called online storage is employed. The third type of memory is called archival storage, characterized by infrequent access. One way of providing short-term memory is by using the main memory of the computer. Another way of implementing the short-term memory is using specialized boards called frame buffers. When the images are stored in frame buffers, they can be accessed rapidly at the rate of 30 images per second. Reference:(Image Storage): Internet

3.) Brightness Discrimination and adaptation.

In Real world the range of Intensity can be considered very very high. But for Systems it is very difficult task but still visual systems can adapt to large range of intensities . This property is called brightness adaptation. The ability of eye to discriminate between different intensity levels is called brightness discrimination. Visual system can adapt to large range of intensities by changing its overall sensitivity. This property is known as brightness adaptation.

4.) Human Eye Structure

The human visual system consists of two functional parts, the eye and (part of the) brain. The brain does all of the complex image processing, while the eye functions as the biological equivalent of a camera. What our eyes perceive of a scene is determined by the light rays emitted or reflected from that scene.

The human eye is roughly spherical in shape. It consists of three layers: the outer layer (sclerotic coat), the middle layer (choroid coat), and the innermost layer (retina).

STRUCTURE:
The eye is a slightly asymmetrical globe, about an inch in diameter. The front part of the eye (the part you see in the mirror) includes: The iris (the pigmented part) The cornea (a clear dome over the iris) The pupil (the black circular opening in the iris that lets light in) The sclera (the white part) The conjunctiva (a thin layer of tissue covering the front of the eye, except the cornea) Just behind the iris and pupil lies the lens, which helps to focus light on the back of the eye. Most of the eye is filled with a clear gel called the vitreous. Light projects through the pupil and the lens to the back of the eye. The inside lining of the eye is covered by special light-sensing cells that are collectively called the retina. The retina converts light into electrical impulses. Behind the eye, the optic nerve carries these impulses to the brain. The macula is a small extra-sensitive area within the retina that gives central vision. It is located in the center of the retina and contains the fovea, a small depression or pit at the center of the macula that gives the clearest vision. Eye color is created by the amount and type of pigment in the iris.

FUNCTIONS
CORNEA: The cornea is sometimes referred to as the "window of the eye". It is composed of 5 layers of tissue. Its outer layer (the epithelium) provides protection for the eye. Most of the inner layers of the cornea provide strength to the eye. PUPIL: This is the black circle in the middle of the eye. The primary function of the pupil is to control the amount of light entering the eye. When you're in a bright environment, the pupil becomes smaller to allow less light through. When it's dark, the pupil expands to allow more light to reach the back of the eye. IRIS: This is the colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil. The primary function of the iris is to control the size of the pupil. This is achieved through contraction or expansion of the muscles of the iris. SCLERA: The sclera is the white part surrounding the iris. The sclera's purpose is to provide structure, strength, and protection to the eye. LENS: The lens is the clear structure located behind the pupil. Its primary function is to provide finetuning for focusing and reading. The lens performs this function by altering its shape.

VITREOUS BODY: This is the clear gel-like substance located inside the eye's cavity. Its purpose is to provide a spherical shape to the eye. RETINA: The retina consists of fine nerve tissue which lines the inside wall of the eyes and acts like the film in a camera. Its primary function is to transmit images to the brain. OPTIC NERVE: This nerve carries images from the retina to the brain.

Q.3) What is Aliasing of digital images? Is it a Problem for Digital Image? If YES suggest solution for the same.
Aliasing is an unwanted effect in an image that is not required for the Image Processing. Aliasing is the effect when the no. of samples are very less or the image is under-sampled. This means there are not enough pixels to capture all the details of the image. i.e. not enough pixels are available to store the data. For this reason only Higher resolution images are better in quality or . Different signals to become indistinguishable when sampled. This is sometimes required and sometimes not. In General the image gets Distorted It can be reduced with the help of anti-aliasing techniques. Anti-Aliasing is the removal of unwanted frequencies(Higher) at the time of resampling. More techniques are also there.

Q.4) Explain Webers Ratio & Aspect ratio.

The Ratio of increment of illumination object to background of illumination is called as Webers Ratio given by I/I If the ratio is small it is a good brightness discrimination while large ratio makes poor brightness discrimination. The aspect ratio of an image gives the ratio of vertical points to horizontal points necessary to produce equal length lines in both directions on the screen. In simple meaning ratio of horizontal points to vertical points. An Aspect Ratio of means that a vertical line plotted 3 points has same length as a horizontal line plotted with 4 points.