Doko - VN 215894 Cong Nghe San Xuat Chat Ket Dinh Vo Co

TRUNG I HC BCH KHOA NNG
KHOA HA - NGNH cnhh & VT LIU
Ths.GVC NGUYN DN
2007
1
Thac si- GVC NGUYN DN
Chng 1
PHN LOAI CHT KT DNH V C VA PHU GIA

1.1 Phn loai cht kt dnh va lanh vc s dung.
Cn c vao tnh cht va muc ch s dung cua cht kt dnh v c, ngi ta chia
chung thanh 3 loai:
1.1.1 Cht kt dnh khng kh.
o la nhng cht kt dnh khi tac dung vi nc se tao thanh h deo,va trong
khng kh sau mt thi gian se rn chc lai nh a. Loai a nay ch bn trong mi
trng khng kh hay nhng ni thoang mat, kh rao. Loai cht kt dnh nay gm
co: Cht kt dnh vi khng kh, cht kt dnh thach cao, cht kt dnh manhdi,
cht kt dnh lmit.
1.1.2 Cht kt dnh thuy lc.
Ngc lai vi cht kt dnh khng kh, loai nay co kha nng ong rn trong mi
trng khng kh, mi trng m va ca trong nc. Khi rn chc nh a se co
bn nc, bn sulfat cao hn. Loai cht kt dnh nay gm co: xi mng portland, xi
mng alumin, xi mng portland puzoland, vi thuy, xi mng La Ma ...
1.1.3 Cht kt dnh chu axt, chu nhit.
Loai cht kt dnh nay thu c t mt loai xi mng gc nao o, sau o tuy thuc
yu cu s dung ngi ta chon loai phu gia hoc hoa cht pha vao vi nhng ham
lng khac nhau va ng nht chung.
1.2 Khai nim va phn loai phu gia trong cng ngh san xut xi mng.
1.2.1 Khai nim v phu gia.
Hoa cht hay nguyn liu dung pha vao phi liu hay cho vao nghin chung vi
clinker xi mng, nhm muc ch cai thin cng ngh nghin, nung hay tnh cht cua
san phm c goi chung la phu gia. Ngoai ra con gop phn ha gia thanh san phm
va tng san lng ( v du khi s dung phu gia y chng han).
1.2.2 Phn loai phu gia.
Phu gia trong cng ngh san xut ximng portland co th chia lam hai loai: Phu gia
cai thin cng ngh gia cng va chun b phi liu hay nung luyn, phu gia cai
thin tnh cht cua xi mng (nh tnh bn nc, bn sulfat, bn nhit)
1.2.2.1 phu gia cai thin cng ngh.
Phu gia tr nghin: o la hoa cht hay nguyn liu cho vao thit b nghin
va nghin chung vi hn hp nguyn liu ( nghin phi liu ) hay clinker nhm
muc ch tng nng sut may nghin va giam tiu hao nng lng in.
Phu gia khoang hoa: o la hoa cht hay nguyn liu cho vao thit b nghin
va nghin chung vi hn hp nguyn liu. Do s co mt cua no nn khi nung phi
2
liu se giam c nhit nung, tng tc cac phan ng hoa hoc trong qua trnh tao
khoang. Ngoai ra no con co tac dung giam nht, tng tnh linh ng pha long.
Do vy tng kha nng thm t cua pha long cao ( do nhit cao cht khoang
hoa pha v hay lam yu cu ni cu truc pha long). T o pha long tng tnh hoa
tan va C2S va CaO d dang khuch tan vao pha long tip xuc nhau tao thanh
khoang C3S. V du: khi chun b phi liu cho lo nung ta cho vao may nghin phi
liu mt lng < 1%: CaF2 hay Na2SiF6 ...va c ch:
Ca(OH)2 + 2HF
CaF2 + H2O hi
SiO2 hoat tnh + H2O + SiF4
HF + SiO2 tinh th
SiO2 hoat tnh + HF
H2O +SiF4
nhit cao
CaO + H2O
Ca(OH)2
CaO hoat tnh + CaF2 + CO2 + H2O
HF + CaCO3
Nhn xet: s co mt F se tao ra cac CaO ht va SiO2 ht . Ngoai ra F- con co kha nng
nh hng tao khoang C3S co hiu sut cao t C3A va C4AF:
FC5A3 + CaO ht
C3A
CaOht + C2S
Hoc C4AF
F-
CaOht + C2S
C3S
C5A3 + C6A F2 + CaOht
C3S
Cung co th s dung cac loai phu gia khoang hoa tng hp.
V du: Dung phospho, thach cao ( lng < 6% ) va mui florua (< 1%).
CaSO4 se tac dung vi C3A (C3A tao thanh zn phan ng pha rn ) thanh
3C3A.Al2O3..CaSO4 ( cht trung gian gia bn ) va 3C3A.Al2O3..CaSO4 se bao boc
hat C3A va lam hat C3A khng phat trin kch thc c. Do do CaO con lai tip
tuc phan ng vi C2S tao C3S . con 3C3A.Al2O3..CaSO4 se b phn huy thanh C5A3 ,
CaOht va CaSO4 . Nh vy a tao thm CaOht tac dung vi C2S tao thanh
C3S..Thc ra v c ch cung ging phu gia hkoang hoa CaF2 .
Khi co mt CaSO4 va P2O5 con lam cu truc cua C3S va C2S bn vng kho b phn
huy khi lam lanh.
Phu gia giam m: phi liu( bun) trong san xut xi mng theo phng phap
t thng co m cao (W>32%). Do o khi nung luyn tn nhiu nhit cho qua
trnh bc hi va lam giam nng sut lo. Bin phap lam giam m nhng vn
bao am nht cua bun thng s dung cac loai phu gia sau:
3
+ (0.2 - 0.5 )% S SB m cua bun giam (2 - 4)% tng tng giam lng nc
trong bun 7%.
+ Hn hp ( SSB va Na2CO3 ) ham lng t (0,2 - 0,5)% se giam nc trong bun 8%.
+ Hn hp thuy tinh long va NaOH hoc soa bun giam (3 - 6)% .
1.2.2.2 phu gia cai thin tnh cht cua xi mng.
- Phu gia thuy: Phu gia thuy la mt cht khi nghin mn trn vi vi cho ta
mt cht co tnh kt dnh va ong rn, con khi trn vi ximng portland no se kt
hp vi vi t do va vi thoat ra cua cac phan ng thuy hoa cac khoang xi mng
trong qua trnh ong rn ximng tao ra cac khoang bn nc va bn sulfat. Do o
lam tng c bn nc, bn sulfat cua ximng portland .
Ban thn phu gia thuy khi nghin mn trn vi nc khng co tnh cht kt
dnh, o la c im c ban khac vi x lo cao.
Thanh phn hoa hoc chu yu cua phu gia thuy la SiO2 hoat tnh va mt lng
nc lin kt nht nh, ngoai ra con co cha mt lng xit nhm hoat tnh, xit st.
Cht lng cua phu gia thuy hoat tnh phu thuc vao hoat tnh hut vi
hoc mc hoat tnh thuy lc cua no.
Hoat tnh hut vi ( hoat tnh ): c xac nh bng s miligam vi do
mt gam phu gia hp thu trong thi gian 30 ngay m sau 15 ln chun. Lng vi
b mt gam phu gia hp thu cang nhiu thi hoat tnh cua phu gia thuy cang
cao. hoat tnh cua phu gia thuy c phn loai nh sau:
Bang 1
hoat tnh cua phu gia
Xp phu gia vao loai
[mg CaO/1 gam phu gia]
Rt manh
>150
Manh
100 - 150
Trung bnh manh
70 - 100
Trung bnh
50 - 70
Yu
30 -50
Hoat tnh thuy lc con goi la ch s hoat tnh: Chnh la t s mac ( Rnen 28
ngay) cua mu xi mng co pha phu gia 20% (PCB) vi mac ( Rnen 28 ngay) cua mu
xi mng khng pha phu gia [ xi mng PC = (95% - 97%) clinker + (3% - 5%)
thach cao thin nhin].
I=
R PCB
.100
R PC
4
Hin nay anh gia cht lng phu gia thng thin v s dung ch s hoat tnh.
V anh gia cht lng phu gia theo hut vi mc chnh xac thp hn. L do
kha nng hut vi cua phu gia co hai phn: phn hp thu vt l thun tuy vao mao
quan va l rng cua cac hat phu gia va phn phan ng hoa hoc 2 dang sau:
= CaO.SiO2.H2O tao gen CSH
Ca(OH)2 + SiO2 ht
= 2CaO.Al2O3.2H2O (C2AH2 ) kt tinh va
2Ca(OH)2 + Al2O3 ht
C2AH2
+ Ca(OH)2 +3H2O = C3AH6 kt tinh.
Bang 2 phn loai phu gia theo ch s hoat tnh
TT
T l phu gia %
Cp hoat tnh
Phn loai
1
< 10
Khng hoat tnh
Phu gia tr
2
10-12
Hoat tnh yu
Loai 3
3
12-15
Hoat tnh trung bnh
Loai 2
4
>15
Hoat tnh cao
Loai 1
- Phn loai phu gia thuy
Cn c vao ngun gc hay thanh phn hoa hoc cua cac loai phu gia (thng hay cn
c vao ngun gc) phu gia thuy c phn loai nh sau:
Bang 3
Phu gia thuy thin nhin
Phu gia thuy nhn tao
Ngun gc t nui la
Ngun gc trm tch
(loai phun xut)
(cu tao t vo trai t)
+ Tro nui la
+ iatmit
+ t set nung non la
+ Puzlan
+ Trpen
+ Silic hoat tnh ph liu
+ Tup
+ Opaka
+ Tro, x nhin liu
+ Trax
+ Khoang set
+ Tro tru
+ a bot
- Phu gia thuy thin nhin co ngun gc t nui la: La loai a thin nhin do nui
la tao thanh, thanh phn hoa hoc gm xt Silc hoat tnh, xt nhm hoat tnh, tap
cht t set va mt lng nc hoa hoc. hoat tnh cua no phu thuc chu yu vao
ham lng xt Silc hoat tnh va nc hoa hoc, ngoai ra con phu thuc vao qua
trnh lam lanh khi tao thanh no.
- Phu gia thuy thin nhin co ngun gc trm tch: Do cu tao vo trai t la nhng
khoang nhe, d nghin, xp, kh, d hut m, thanh phn hoa hoc chu yu la xt
Silc v nh hnh. Trong lng ring cua loai phu gia thuy nay rt nho v du:
iatmt: 0,75 g/cm3 , Trpen: 0,85 g/cm3 , Opaka: 0,14 g/cm3 . Trong lng ring
cang nho xp cang ln, hoat tnh cang cao.
- Phu gia thuy nhn tao gm co:
5
Silc hoat tnh ph liu: la ph liu cua nganh san xut phen nhm t t set, co
hoat tnh cao, s dung lam phu gia thuy rt tt.
- t set hoat hoa: t set nung co th s dung lam phu gia thuy c, nhng cn
chon loai t set co cha nhiu khoang Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O c gia cng nhit
(600 - 800)0C va lam lanh nhanh.
Theo cac cng trnh nghin cu th hoat tnh cua phu gia thuy loai t set
phu thuc nhiu vao nhit nung va loai t set s dung lam phu gia thuy.
hoat tnh cua t set nung do khoang Caolinhit nhit (600- 800)0C tao thanh
mta caolinhit hoat tnh la chu yu va mt lng nho xt Silc hoat tnh, xt nhm
hoat tnh. Nn chung d dang tac dung vi vi tao khoang bn nc. Do o co th
chon t set gia nhit lam phu gia thuy rt tt.
- Tro, x nhin liu rn: Tro x nhin liu rn co th s dung lam phu gia thuy
c, v thanh phn hoa hoc cua no gn ging nh thanh phn hoa hoc cua t set
nung. Mun s dung lam phu gia thuy th nhin liu phai t nhit thp, nu
t nhit cao th hoat tnh cua no giam.
- X lo cao hat hoa: la ph liu cua nganh san xut gang. V qung dung luyn
gang co cha cac tap cht: t set, cat, a vi. Cac tap cht nay se tac dung vi tro
nhin liu tao thanh nhng silicat, aluminat canxi. Cac khoang nay se b nong chay
nhit 1300oC n 1500oC tao thanh x. Do trong lng ring cua x nho hn
gang nn ni ln trn, c thao ra ngoai va lam lanh nhanh tao thanh nhng hat
nho goi la x lo cao hat hoa.
Ban thn x lo cao khi nghin mn em trn vi nc se co tnh kt dnh, co
kha nng ong rn va phat trin cng .
Thanh phn hoa hoc cua x phu vao thanh phn cua qung va tro nhin liu.
Cac xt chnh co trong x CaO, SiO2., Al2O3 , MgO va tng ham lng cua chung
chim t 90% n 95%. Ngoai ra con co mt lng nho cac xt khac: TiO2, MnO,
Fe2O3, P2O5.
Thanh phn khoang cua x lo cao chu yu phu thuc vao tc lam lanh x.
V du: Nu lam lanh chm se co: C2AS, CAS2, C2MS2 , , C2S, C3S2 , CMS ,
MA, CM, M2S va cac khoang aluminat canxi CA, C5A3 . Song cac khoang trn kt
tinh ln chim ham lng 90% va pha thuy tinh 10%, va lai ch co khoang C2S,
CA, C5A3 la co tnh dnh kt nhng ham lng cua nho, nn cng cua x khng cao.
Nu lam lanh nhanh cac khoang trong x se kt tinh dang tinh th nho, ham
lng thuy tinh trong x rt ln :95% co hoat tnh cao va co tnh kt dnh ln. Nn
c coi la nguyn liu quy dung san xut cac loai cht kt dnh bn nc.
X lo cao c phn lam hai loai: x kim va x axt . c trng cho tnh
cht cua x dung moun thuy lc k hiu Mo va:
6
Mo = %( CaO + MgO)/ %( SiO2. + Al2O3)

Mo > 1 goi la x kim
Mo < 1 goi la x axt.
Ngoai ra con s dung mun hoat tnh k hiu Ma c trng cho hoat tnh cua x:
Ma = % Al2O3/ %SiO2
Ma tng th hoat tnh cua x tng va ngc lai.
Chu y: Khi pha phu gia thuy hoat tnh vao xi mng gc san xut xi mng hn
hp, thi gian ng kt cua xi mng hn hp bao gi cung ln hn thi gian ng
kt cua xi mng gc. Do qua trnh hp thu CaO cua va xi mng bi phu gia thuy
hoat tnh lam cho pH cua va xi mng giam, mt khac co s ngn can do s bam
dnh cua cac hat phu gia va lp mang mong cua san phm khi phu gia tac dung vi
cac san phm thuy hoa cua xi mng trn b mt cac hat xi mng.
Mt trong nhng bin phap khc phuc hin tng trn thng tng mn xi mng.
Khi s dung phu gia cn y n ham lng kim (R2O) co trong phu gia, v
ham lng cua chung ln hn 1.5% se gy ra n mon xi mng va ct thep.
- Phu gia iu chnh
iu chnh tc ong rn cua ximng ngi ta thng dung thach cao 2
nc (CaSO4.2H2O) hoc mt s mui nh: CaCl2; NaCl; ... pha vao ximng.V ban
thn clinker khi nghin mn ong rn rt nhanh khi tac dung vi nc, khng bao
am thi gian nhao trn, vn chuyn va thi cng. Cac loai phu gia iu chnh trn
pha vao ximng vi mt ty l thch hp se co tac dung keo dai thi gian ong rn
cua ximng.( v c ch xem phn qua trnh hoa l khi xi mng ong rn).
-Phu gia li Con goi la phu gia y, co th s dung nh: cac loai a vi cht
lng thp, cat nghin mn, v.v... muc ch pha vao ximng lam tng san lng, ha
gia thanh san phm. Khi pha cac loai phu gia li vao ximng cn chu y ty l
am bao cht lng san phm.
-Phu gia bao quan Ximng khi bao quan trong kho thng b giam cht lng v
cac hat ximng d hut m va kh CO2 trong khng kh. Do o cac hat ximng b
hyrat hoa, cacbonat hoa va chung dnh lai vi nhau tao thanh cuc goi la xi mng
b cht gio trc khi s dung. khc phuc hin tng trn khi nghin clinker
ngi ta con pha vao cac loai phu gia bao quan nh: Du lac, du lap, v.v...cac phu
gia nay tao mt mang mong bao boc bn ngoai hat ximng, lam cho ximng co kha
nng chng m tt.
1.3 Cac bin phap kim soat ham lng phu gia thuy hoat tnh pha vao xi mng.
kim tra ham lng phu gia pha vao PCB thng s dung 3 phng phap sau:
1.3.1 Phng phap c l.
7
Thng qua va so sanh cac tnh cht c l cua PC va PCB nh: lng nc tiu
chun, thi gian ng kt, mac xi mng ...trong o ch tiu mac xi mg c s dung
nhiu nht. Thng thng mac PCB sau 28 ngay nho hn mac PC sau 28 ngay. Nhng
thc t, co trng hp nu chon ham lng phu gia ti u th mac PCB co th bng
hoc ln hn mac PC. Do o phng phap nay t s dung; hn na khi th nghim va
kim tra Mac xi mng mt nhiu thi gian, nn khng ap ng hiu chnh kp thi
trong san xut.
1.3.2 Phng phap o dung trong.
o dung trong cua PC va dung trong cua PCB, sau o so sanh gia tr chnh
lch gia chung. u im cua phng phap nay so vi phng phap c l thi gian
kim tra ngn hn, song kt qua cung thiu chnh xac. L do co mt s phu gia co
khi lng th tch co th gn bng khi lng th tch clinker.
1.3.3 Phng phap hoa hoc.Phng phap nay so vi hai phng phap trn th
chnh xac cao hn va co u im ap dung cho moi loai phu gia khng phn bit
mc hoat tnh, mau sc, phu gia n hay phu gia hn hp.
Nguyn tc cua phng phap nay la so sanh thanh phn hoa cua PCB va thanh
phn hoa cua cac nguyn liu chu yu san xut ra no la clinker va cac loai phu gia.
Cng thc tnh t l phu gia pha vao PC (xi mng gc: gm clinker va t 3% n 5%
thach cao thin nhin). Goi:
C1 , S1 , A1 , F1 , K1 k hiu thanh phn CaO, SiO2 , Al2O3 , Fe2O3 va cn khng tan cua clinker
ang dung san xut PCB.
C2 , S2 , A2 , F2 , K2 k hiu thanh phn CaO, SiO2 , Al2O3 , Fe2O3 va cn khng tan cua phu gia
C3 , S3 , A3 , F3, K3 k hiu thanh phn CaO, SiO2 , Al2O3 , Fe2O3 va cn khng tan cua PCB.
Ctc , Stc , Atc , Ftc , Ktc k hiu thanh phn CaO, SiO2 , Al2O3 , Fe2O3 va cn khng tan cua thach cao
trong xi mng PCB.
Chu y: Cac cng thc trn s dung khi ham lng SiO2 , Al2O3 , Fe2O3 va cn khng tan
cua thach cao ang k.
100[(C 3 C tc ) C1 ]
C 2 C1
100[(S3 S tc ) S1 ]
%PG ( theoS) =
S 2 S1
100[(A 3 A tc ) A 1 ]
%PG ( theoA) =
A 2 A1
%PG ( theoC) =
%PG ( theoF) =
100[(F3 Ftc ) F1 ]
F2 F1
%PG ( theoK ) =
100[(K 3 K tc ) K 1 ]
K 2 K1
Chng 2
CNG NGH SAN XUT XI MNG PORTLAND.

2.1 Khai nim va nh ngha.
Xi mng portland la kt dnh thuy lc, khi trn no vi nc se tao h deo co
tnh kt dnh va ong rn c trong mi trng khng kh, mi trng nc. H
deo trong qua trnh ong rn se phat trin cng .
Xi mng portland la san phm nghin mn cua clinker vi thach cao thin
nhin, i khi con pha thm vao mt vai loai phu gia khac nhm cai thin mt s
tnh cht cua xi mng va tng san lng, ha gia thanh.
Clinker san xut bng cach nung n kt khi phi liu a c nghin mn
va ng nht gm: a vi, t set hoc a vi, t set, qung st ... hoc a vi, t
set vi cac ph liu cua cac nganh cng nghip khac (bun nhephelin, x lo cao...).
Trong phi liu trn thng thng a vi chim t l t: 75% - 80%.
Hin nay trn thi trng co hai loai xi mng ph dung: PC va PCB.
- PC vit tt cua Portland Cement: san xut xi mng nay bng cach
nghin chung clinker vi (3%- 5%) thach cao thin nhin. Tuy theo cht
lng cua clinker, co th s dung phu gia khoang hoat tnh va phu gia
cng ngh khac. Tuy nhin, tng lng phu gia khng c vt qua
15%. Trong o, phu gia hoat tnh khng c vt qua 10%.
Ximng portland gm co cac mac sau: PC30; PC40; PC50; PC60
- PCB vit tt cua Portland Cement Blended: San xut xi mng nay bng hai
cach nghin chung va nghin ring. Tuy theo cht lng cua clinker ximng
portland va phu gia. Tng lng cac phu gia khoang (khng k thach cao)
trong ximng portland hn hp, tnh theo khi lng ximng khng vt
qua 40%. Trong o, phu gia y khng c vt qua 20%. Phu gia cng
ngh khng c vt qua 1%.
- Ximng portland hn hp tuy theo mac c ky hiu: PCB30, PCB40.
Cach nghin chung: Cho clinker, thach cao thin nhin ((3%- 5%) va cac loai phu gia
khac vao chung trong thit b nghin nghin.
Cach nghin ring: Nghin clinker va thach cao thin nhin ring co PC, cac loai phu
gia khac nghin ring. Sau o tuy theo yu cu ta nh lng PC va phu gia, ri trn va
ng nht chung. V du:
PC40 c hiu la xi mng pooclng co mac 40 N/mm2.
PCB30 c hiu la xi mng pooclng hn hp co mac 30 N/mm2.
9
Bang 2.1 Ch tiu cht lng ca xi mng poc lng theo TCVN 2682:1999
Mc
Tn ch tiu
PC 30
PC 40
PC 50
16
21
31
30
40
50
1. Cng chu nn, N/mm2, khng nh hn, sau:

3 ngy 45 pht
28 ngy 8 gi
2. Thi gian ng kt, pht:
- Bt u, khng sm hn
45
- Kt thc, khng mun hn
375
3. nghin mn, xc nh theo:

- Phn cn li trn sng 0,08mm, %, khng ln hn
15
12
- B mt ring, phng php Blaine, cm2/g, khng nh hn
2700
2800
4. n nh th tch, xc nh theo phng php Le

Chatelier, mm, khng ln hn
10
5. Hm lng SO3, %, khng ln hn
3,5
6. Hm lng MgO, %, khng ln hn
5,0
7. Hm lng MKN, %, khng ln hn
5,0
8. Hm lng CKT, %, khng ln hn
1,5
Cac ch tiu cht lng cua ximng portland hn hp theo TCVN 6260 -1997
Bang 2.2
Tn ch tiu, n v , quy nh
Mc
PCB30
PCB40
14
30
18
40
1. Cng nen, N/mm2, khng nho hn

-
72 gi 45 phut
Sau 28 ngay 2gi
2. nghin mn:
12
Phn con lai trn sang 0,08 mm, %, khng ln hn
B mt ring xac nh phng phap Blaine, cm2/g, khng
2700
10
nho hn
3. Thi gian ng kt:
- Bt u, phut, khng sm hn
- Kt thuc, gi, khng mun hn
45
4. n nh th tch, c xac nh theo phng phap

Le Chatelier, mm, khng ln hn
10
5. Ham lng Anhydric Sunfuric (SO3), %, khng ln hn
3,5
10
2.2 Thanh phn hoa hoc cua clinker

Bn xit chnh trong clinker xi mng la:CaO,SiO2 ,Al2O3, Fe2O3.. Tng ham
lng cua chumg t 95%-97%. Ngoai ra con co mt s xit khac co ham lng
khng ln lm: MgO, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, Mn2O3, SO3, P2O5.. .
CaO : 63 - 67%
Mn2O3: 0 - 3% SO3 : 0.1 - 1%
SiO2 : 21 - 24%
MgO : 1 - 5%
P2O5 : 0.0 - 0.1% R2O: 0 - 1%
Al2O3: 4 - 8%
TiO2 : 0 - 0.5%
MKN: 0.5 - 3%
Fe2O3: 2 - 4%
CaO: Thanh phn chnh th nht trong clnker xi mng. Mun clinker co
cht lng tt th CaO phai lin kt ht vi cac xit khac tao ra cac khoang
co tnh kt dnh va cho cng cao.Trng hp ngc lai, lng CaOt do se
nhiu. Khi CaO t do nhit cao (1450o) th CaO b gia la, tao tinh th
ln va cu truc st c lam cho san phm xi mng kem n nh v th tch v
qua trnh hyrat CaOt do kem theo s toa nhit va trng n th tch. Qua
trnh nay co th din ra trong thi gian dai. Clinker cha nhiu CaO nu kt
hp tt vi SiO2 va cac xt khac se tao nhiu dung dch rn alt. iu nay
lam cho h xi mng ong rn nhanh, mac se cao, toa nhiu nhit. Nhng xi
mng kem bn trong mi trng nc va sulfat.
SiO2: Thanh phn chnh th 2. No tung tac vi CaO tao ra cac khoang
silicat (C3S,C2S). Nu tng ham lng SiO2 th tng khoang silicat se
tng(C2S tng tng i nhanh hn C3S). San phm ong rn va phat trin
cng trong nhng ngay u chm(1 , 3,7ngay u), toa nhit t. Do o xi
mng bn trong mi trng nc va mi trng sulfat.
Al2O3: No se lin kt vi CaO tao ra cac khoang aluminat canxi C3A, C5A3..
.va lin kt vi Fe2O3 tao khoang alumoferit canxi. Nu tng ham lng
Al2O3 th trong clinker ximng se cha nhiu C3A. Ximng se ong rn
nhanh, toa nhiu nhit, kem bn trong mi trng nc, mi trng sulfat.
ng thi no lam nht pha long tng gy can tr qua trnh tao khoang
C3S. Mt khac khi lam lanh cac khoang aluminat d b phn huy va tao CaOt do.
11
Fe2O3: No lin kt vi CaO va Al2O3 tao ra ferit canxi, alumoferit canxi lam
giam nhit kt khi cua clinker va nht pha long. San phm ong rn
chm giai oan u, co bn trong mi trng nc, mi trng sulfat
cao. Nu tng ham long Fe2O3 th d b an clinker trong lo quay,va d b
dnh , gy s c treo lo trong lo ng (khi Fe2O3>5%).
MgO: No la thanh phn co hai trong clinker ximng ging nh CaOt do .Khi
nhit 1450oC nu MgO khng lin kt se b gia la tao thanh khoang
chu la periclaz co kch thc ln, tr va khng co tnh kt dnh. Qua trnh
hyrat co th din ra vai nm, lam san phm khng n nh th tch.Cn
khng ch lng MgO <5% trong qua trnh nung luyn. Thc t MgO co
trong clinker xi mng tn tai 3 dang: khoang periclaz, dung dch rn vi
cac khoang (C54S16AM), va nm trong pha thuy tinh.
Khi MgO dang periclaz vi ham lng > 3%, kch thc tinh th > 10 m,
tac dung vi nc chm, khi ong rn ximng khng n nh th tch, anh
hng n cht lng san phm. Con khi MgO nm trong dung dch rn hoc
pha thuy tinh clinker th khng gy anh hng n cht lng san phm.
TiO2: Do t set mang vao, no ln trong clinker mt ham lng rt nho
0.3%.Ngi ta nghin cu thy rng nu thay SiO2 bng TiO2 t 4%-5%
khng lam anh hng n cht lng san phm ximng. Con nu tng ham
lng >5% se lam giam cng c hoc cua ximng.
Mn2O3: No co mt trong clinker khoang 1.5% lam ximng co mau nu hung
nhng khng lam anh hing n cht lng clinker. Co th thay th Fe2O3
bng Mn2O3 n 4%, khi nung luyn Mn2O3 se kt hp vi cac xit khac
nh: CaO,Al2O3 se tao ra cac khoang 4CaO.Al2O3.Mn2O3 co tnh cht tng
t nh C4AF.
P2O5: Trong clinker no chim mt lng khng ln lm 1% - 2% co tac dung
lam chm qua trnh ong rn san phm. Hin nay ngi ta co th a P2O5 co
ham lng < 1% vao phi liu lam phu gia khoang hoa.
K2O+Na2O: Lun lun co trong clinker v do t set mang vao. Khi nung
luyn nhit cao cac xit kim d b bay hi, va mt phn tan trong pha
long tao thuy tinh hay tham gia phan ng tao khoang cha kim, nn trong
clinker ch con 0.5% - 1%. S co mt xit kim lam tc ong rn kem n
nh, tao ra cac vt loang trn b mt san phm. Ham lng kim cho phep
trong clinker < 0.5%. Cn nh rng ham lng cac xt kim ln khi bay hi
se gy s c thap phn giai: ong tang trong cac cyclon trao i nhit, cac
gazoxog lam tr lc cua h thap tng ln sinh ra hin tng di ap rt nguy
12
him. Nht la khi dung cac loai t set cha nhiu kim va nhin liu cha
nhiu lu huynh. iu nay co th giai thch nh sau:
R2SO3 +H2O
R2O + H2SO3
2.3 Thanh phn khoang clinker ximng pooclng
Clinker ximng pooclng khng phai la san phm ng nht, no la tp hp
cua nhiu khoang khac nhau, cac khoang chnh la: khoang silicat canxi, khoang
aluminat canxi, khoang alumoferit canxi, cac khoang chnh trn con goi la khoang
alit, blit, cht trung gian hay cht m, ngoai ra con mt s khoang khac. Tng
ham lng 4 khoang chnh (C3S, C2S, C3A, C4AF) chim t 95% n 98%.
C3S, C2S
Nhom khoang silicat.
C3A, C4AF Nhom khoang nong chay.
C3A, C4AF va pha thuy tinh goi chung la cht trung gian hay con goi la cht
m. Thanh phn khoang cua clinker xi mng.
Bang 2.3
Tn cac khoang
iu kin
Cng thc
K hiu
C 3S
Tricanx silicat (alt)
3CaO.SiO2
icanxi silicat (blt)
2 CaO.SiO2
C 2S
3CaO. Al2O3
C3A
Tricanxialuminat
Al2O3> Fe2O3
Al2O3> Fe2O3
CaO. Al2O3. Fe2O3
C4AF
Ttracanxi alumofert
C2(A, F)
Al2O3< Fe2O3 2CaO(Al2O3, Fe2O3)
Alumofert canxi
R2O > SO3
R2O.8CaO.3 Al2O3
R.C8A3
Aluminat kim
R2O < SO3
R2SO4
Sulfat kim
R2O < SO3
CaSO4
Sulfat canxi
Alit: Alit la khoang silicat quan trong cua clinker ximng pooclng cho ta
cng cao, ong rn nhanh va toa nhiu nhit Trong clinker alit chim
45- 60%, gn y mt s tac gia cho rng alit tinh khit co cng thc hoa
hoc 3CaO.SiO2, loa nay iu ch c trong phong th nghim, con trong
clinker ximng pooclng trong san xut alit la mt dung dch rn cua C3S va
1 lng nho MgO, Al2O3, P2O5, Cr2O3, ... khoang 2-4%, tuy ham lng cac
oxit nay khng ln lm nhng no cung co anh hng n tnh cht va cu
truc cua khoang alit. Tuy nhin mt s nha nghin cu xem alit nh mt
khoang cht co cng thc: 54CaO.16SiO2.MgO. Al2O3, vit tt la (C54.S16.
MA ) . Thanh phn cua khoang cht nay va alit tinh khit khng khac nhau
nhiu lm.
%Al2O3
%MgO
Khoang
%CaO
%SiO2
13
C3S
73,69
26,31
C54. S16. MA
73,29
23,27
2,47
0,97
Trong cng thc C54. S16. MA co t l phn t CaO: SiO2:Al2O3 :MgO la 54:16:1:1.
Trong o ion Al3+ thay th ion Si4+ theo quan h 4 Al3+ bng 3 Si4+ . Con ion Mg2+
lam nhim vu bu tr in tch hay thay th vao v tr ion Ca2+ .
Alit tinh khit bn trong khoang nhit 1200- 1900 0C, khi nhit thp
hn 12000C th alit se phn huy thanh 2CaO. SiO2 va CaO t do, con nhit ln
hn 19000C th alit b chay long. Trong thc t nung luyn, clinker c lam lanh
nhit 1200- 12500C th C3S co kha nng b phn huy thanh C2S va CaO. Mun
tranh hin tng phn huy C3S trn ta ap dung phng phap lam lanh nhanh
clinker qua nhit gii han nay. Hn na trong alt co ln mt t xt nhm, xt
st chung tao thanh dung dch rn co hoat tnh cao va lam cu truc alt bn vng.
Alit c cu trc dng tm hnh lc gic, mu trng, c khi lng ring 3,15
3,25 g/cm3, c kch thc 10 250 m.
Belit: Belit la khoang chnh th hai trong clinker ximng pooclng, ong rn
tng i chm, cng ban u khng cao lm, sau mt thi gian cng
phat trin tt hn, bn trong mi trng nc va nc khoang .
Blit cung nh alit la mt dung dch rn cua 2CaO. SiO2 va mt lng khng
ln cac xit Al2O3, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, ..vv..khoang 1-3%. Trong clinker ximng
pooclng belit chim khoang 20-30% va dang 2CaO. SiO2 vit tt la C2S. Blt
co 4 dang thu hnh C2S, C2S, C2S, C2S.
- C2S bn trong khoang nhit t 14250C- 21300C. nhit thp hn
14250C th C2S chuyn thanh C2S. V vy thc t trong clinker ximng
pooclng khng tn tai C2S.
- C2S: bn trong khoang 830-14250C, nhit thp hn 8300C trong iu
kin lam lanh chm C2S tinh khit se chuyn thanh C2S, nu lam lanh nhanh
6700C th C2S se chuyn thanh C2S. Hin nay ngi ta cung chng minh c
C2S tn tai hai dang H va L. S chuyn hoa t H sang L nhit 1160oC.
- C2S: khng bn tt ca cac nhit va d chuyn thanh C2S, c bit
0
525 C va thp hn, s chuyn hoa t C2S sang C2S va tng 10% th tch nn lam
cho khoang v vun thanh bt, goi la hin tng ta clinker anh hng n cht lng
san phm. Co th han ch c bng cach lam lanh nhanh clinker khi qua nhit
nay hoc a vao phi liu khoang 1-3% phu gia n nh. Co th dung Al2O3,
Fe2O3, MgO, R2O, Cr2O3 ... Thc t thng kt hp ca hai. Do o C2S n nh cu
truc n nhit thng.
- C2S: khng co tnh cht kt dnh, khng tac dung vi nc, thc t ch
mt s iu kin c bit th C2S mi co tnh cht kt dnh nhng rt yu.
14
Khoang Alit (C54S16AM)
Khoang Belit (-C2S)
Cht trung gian: con goi la cht m.

Cht trung gian nm gia cac tinh th alit va blit, no la nhng alum pherit
canxi, aluminat canxi va pha thuy tinh clinker. Tt ca cac khoang nay khi nung
nhit cao se chuyn thanh trang thai long.
Celit: con goi la alum pherit canxi.
Celit la dung dch rn cua cac alum pherit canxi co thanh phn khac nhau phu
thuc vao thanh phn hoa hoc cua phi liu va iu kin nung luyn v v ...No co
th la mt tp hp dung dch rn gm: C8A3F, C6A2F, C4AF, C6AF2, C2F. Trong
clinker ximng pooclng thng th khoang alum pherit canxi chu yu la C4AF.
Trong clinker C4AF chim 10-18%, la khoang ong rn tng i chm, cho cng
khng cao lm nhng bn nc va bn trong mi trng sulphat, C4AF la
khoang nng nht trong clinker ximng pooclng, co = 3,77 g/cm3 .
Aluminat canxi: Cung la cht trung gian nm gia alit va blit, trong clinker
ximng pooclng co th gp 2 dang la 3CaO.Al2O3 va 12CaO.7Al2O3. Trong
clinker thng vi ham lng CaO trong phi liu cao th dang 12CaO.7Al2O3
khng co ma tn tai chu yu la dang 3CaO.Al2O3, vit tt la C3A. C3A co tnh cht
kt dnh, ong rn nhanh, toa nhit nhiu, kem bn nc va nc khoang, trong
clinker ximng pooclng thng C3A chim 5-15%. Thc t C3A chim < 10%.
Thuy tinh clinker: La cht trung gian trong clinker ximng pooclng, c
tao thanh trong qua trnh lam lanh cht long trong clinker, ham lng pha thuy tinh
trong clinker chim nhiu hay t phu thuc chu yu vao tc lam lanh cht long
trong clinker, pha thuy tinh clinker cha mt lng ln Al2O3, Fe2O3 ngoai ra con
mt lng nho CaO, MgO.
Cac khoang cha kim: Trong clinker pooclng dang K2O. 23CaO.
12SiO2
15
no chnh la 2CaO. SiO2 ma thay 1 phn t CaO bng 1 phn t K2O va dang Na2O.
8CaO. 3Al2O3 no chnh la 3CaO. Al2O3 ma thay 1 phn t CaO bng 1 phn t
Na2O. Cac khoang nay khng co li v no lam tc ong rn cua ximng khng
n nh, b mt san phm co vt loang.
xit canxi t do: Trong clinker ximng pooclng thng tn tai 1 lng
CaO
t do, no la nhng hat nho khng mau, ng hng, ch s chit sut la 1.83, ham
lng CaO t do trong clinker ch cho phep t 0,5-1%, nu ham lng CaO t do
cao se anh hng ti cht lng san phm.
xit Manh: a trnh bay trn.
2.4 Cac h s c ban cua clinker xi mng pooclng KH hay LSF, n, p.
anh gia cht lng clinker, tnh phi liu ngi ta s dung cac h s c
ban KH (LSF), n, p da trn c s ham lng ( tnh theo % ) cac xit chnh co trong
clinker ximng pooclng. Sau y xet cu th tng h s trn.
2.4.1 Mun thuy hoc
u tin c trng cho thanh phn clinker ngi ta dung mun thuy hoc
( hay thuy lc) ky hiu la m. m la ty s gia lng CaO kt hp vi cac xit acid
vi tng ham lng cac xit acid sau khi a kt hp ht vi CaO.
m=
%(CaOt CaOtd )
%( SiO2t SiO2td ) + % Fe2 O3 + % Al 2 O3
i vi clinker ximng pooclng thng m = 1,7-2,4.

2.4.2 Mun silicat: k hiu la n hay MS hay SR (silicat ratio)
Mun silicat la ty s ham lng xit silic tham gia phan ng vi cac xit
khac va tng ham lng xit nhm va xit st co trong clinker.
n=
%( SiO2t SiO2td )
%( Fe2 O3 + Al 2 O3 )
Trong clinker ham lng SiO2 t do khng ln lm do o khi tnh toan cho
phep s dung cng thc n gian va xem nh: %( SiO2tng -SiO2 t do ) SiO2
tng. Ta co cng thc n gian sau:
n=
%( SiO2 )
%( Al 2 O3 + Fe2 O3 )
Mun silicat trong clinker ximng pooclng con xac nh ty s gia cac khoang
silicat va cac khoang nong chay. Vi clinker ximng pooclng thng th n = 1,7 3,5; mt vai loai ximng khac n 4 hoc n 7.
Nu nng cao n th phi liu kho kt khi khi nung luyn, con trong clinker
ham lng cac khoang silicat tng ln va cac khoang nong chay giam xung.
16
Nu giam n xung th cac khoang nong chay trong clinker tng ln, cac
khoang silicat giam xung, do o nhit nong chay cua phi liu giam xung.
2.4.3Mun alumin: k hiu la p hay MA hay AR (aluminat ratio).
Mun alumin la ty s gia ham lng phn trm xit nhm va xit st co trong clinker.
p=
% Al 2 O 3
% Fe 2 O 3
Mun alumin con xac nh ty l gia khoang C3A va khoang cha st.
i vi ximng pooclng thng p = 1-3.
Khi p 0.64 trong clinker ch co khoang C2F.
Nu tng p ln cao th clinker ximng se cha nhiu khoang C3A va t
khoang C4AF, ximng se ong rn nhanh, toa nhiu nhit, kem bn nc. Nu giam
p xung th clinker se cha nhiu khoang C4AF va t khoang C3A, ximng se ong
rn tng i chm, cng khng cao lm nhng bn nc tt hn.
2.4.4 H s bao hoa k hiu KH
Kiun cho rng tnh cht cua ximng cang tt khi tt ca CaO trong clinker
ximng tac dung ht vi cac xit khac tao thanh cac khoang chu yu sau:
3CaO. SiO2 ; 3CaO. Al2O3 ; 2CaO. Fe2O3. Ngha la cac khoang nay bao hoa vi
cao nht khi p < 0.64.
+ C3S co t l phi hp trong lng phn t gam gia xit canxi va xit silc
la:CaO:SiO2= 2,8:1
+ C3A co ti l phi hp trong lng phn t gam gia xit canxi va xt nhm la:
CaO:Al2O3=1,65:1
+ C2F co ti l phi hp trong lng phn t gam gia xit canxi va xt st
la:CaO:Fe2O3 = 0,7:1
Kiun goi clinker nay la clinker ly tng va nh vy cac xit trong clinker ly
tng phai thoa man phung trnh sau:
CaO=2,8SiO2+1,65Al2O3+0,7Fe2O3.
Trong thc t kho san xut c loai clinket ly tng nay v khi nung luyn
clinker bao gi cung con 1 lng CaO t do, do o lng CaO kt hp se t hn so
vi tng lng CaO co trong clinker ly tng: v vy biu thc trn se vit nh sau:
CaO = CH ( 2,8 SiO2 + 1,65 Al2O3 + 0,7 Fe2O3 ) suy ra:
CH =
CaO
2,8SiO2 + 1,65 Al 2 O3 + 0,7 Fe2 O3
CH < 1 y la cng thc tnh toan mc bao hoa vi cua Kin ma mt s

nc a s dung tnh phi liu san xut clinker ximng pooclng trc y.
Tip sau Kin a lp lun: cac xit trong clinker ximng pooclng nh SiO2,
Al2O3, Fe2O3; khi nung luyn thc t ch co Al2O3, Fe2O3 kt hp va bao hoa vi
17
CaO con SiO2 kt hp khng ht vi CaO, v vy cng thc tnh mc bao hoa
cua Kin cha hoan chnh.
Sau Kin la Kiun a lp lun rng: trong cac hp cht cha Fe cua clinker ximng
pooclng thng khng phai dang C2F ma dang C4AF , v vy trong cng thc
trn t l phi hp trong lng phn t gam gia CaO va Fe2O3 nh sau:
4CaO. Al2O3. Fe2O3 = 3CaO. Al2O3 + CaO. Fe2O3
Vy: CaO : Fe2O3 = 0,35 :1.
Trong thc t khi nung clinker vn con 1 lng CaO t do va SiO2 t do, t o co:
CaOt = KH.2,8 ( SiO2t -SiO2t d ) + CaOt d +1,65 Al2O3 + 0,35 Fe2O3 + 0,7 SO3
Rut ra:
KH =
(CaOt CaOtd ) 1,65 Al 2 O3 0,35Fe2 O3 0,7 SO3

1
2,8( SiO2t SiO2td )
Trong o:
CaOt; SiO2t: tng ham lng xit canxi va xit silic co trong clinker.
CaOtd; SiO2td : ham lng xit canxi va xit silic t do trong clinker .
n gian dung cng thc:
KH =
CaO 1,65 Al 2 O3 0,35 Fe2 O3 0,7 SO3

2,8SiO2
trong o: (CaO - 1,65 Al2O3 - 0,35 Fe2O3 -0,7 SO3 ) la tng lng vi con lai trong
clinker sau khi tac dung bao hoa Al2O3; Fe2O3; SO3 thanh C3A; C4 AF; CaSO4.
2,8 SiO2 la lng vi cn thit bao hoa hoan toan lng SiO2 thanh C3S.
T cng thc trn rut ra nh ngha h s bao hoa:
H s bao hoa la t l gia phn trong lng vi con lai sau khi a hoan
toan tac dung vi cac xit Al2O3; Fe2O3; SO3 trong clinker ximng pooclng
thanh C3A; C4AF va CaSO4 trn lng vi cn hoan toan bao hoa SiO2 trong
clinker ximng pooclng thanh C3S.
Khi tnh toan phi liu san xut clinker ximng pooclng thng dung cng
thc n gian sau (xem lng CaOt d va SiO2 t d khng ang k):
KH =
CaO 1,65 Al 2 O3 0,35Fe2 O3

2,8SiO2
i vi ximng pooclng thng KH = 0,85 -0,95.

+ Nu tng KH ln th ham lng khoang alit trong clinker tng ln, ximng co
cng cao, ong rn nhanh nhng kho nung luyn v nhit kt khi cao va se
giam tui tho gach chu la lot lo.
+Nu giam KH xung th ham lng khoang alit trong clinker giam, cht lng
ximng giam, nhit kt khi giam, nung luyn d.
18
sn xut xi mng poc lng theo cng ngh l quay phng php kh,
cc thng s ch to clinker sn xut PC50 (theo TCVN 4240-2002) theo tng
kt ca ti liu cc nc v kinh nghim thc t c th la chn nh sau:
KH = 0,90 - 0,95;
n = 2,2 - 2,7; p = 1,0 - 1,7
v khng ch tng hm lng cht chy 1400 0C (L1400oC) trong gii hn 23 n 27%.
y: L1400 oC = 2,95 . %Al2O3 + 2,2 . %Fe2O3 + %MgO + %Na2O + %K2O
Hin nay mt s nha may lai s dung h s LSF.
LSF =
CaOt.100
2.8SiO2 + 1.18 Al 2 O3 + 0.65 Fe2 O3
CaOt: lng vi tng hay CaO ly thuyt. Gia tri LSF < 100%
Nu lng vi t do ang k dung h s FCC
FCC =
CaOlk .100
CaOlt
CaOlk : CaO lin kt = CaOly thuyt - CaO t do.

CaOlt : CaO ly thuyt = 2.8.SiO2 + 1.18Al2O3 + 0.65Fe2O3.
Ngoai ra con s dung cac cng thc thc nghim cua But tnh phi liu.
tnh thanh phn khoang cua clinker theo ly thuyt co th da vao thanh phn
KH =
C 3 S + 0.8838C 2 S
C 3 S + 1.3250C 2 S
n=
C 3 S + 1.3250C 2 S
1.4341C 3 A + 2.0464C 4 AF
p=
1.15.1C 3 A
+ 0.6383
C 4 AF
hoa hoc cua 4 xt chnh trong clinker hoc theo 3 h s dc trng KH, n, p.
Cach tnh theo h s KH c lp:
Theo nghin cu cua Kin goi CO la mc hoat tnh: o la s phn t CaO tac
dung vi 1 phn t SiO2 , va Nu tt ca CaO phan ng ht tao C3S th h s hoat
tnh CO bng 3 ln h s bao hoa vi KH (CO = 3KH.). Nh vy 1% SiO2 tham
gia lin kt vi 2.8%CaO se c 3.8%C3S ( a l lum muc 2.4.4), tng t khi
CO = 2 th 1% SiO2 tham gia lin kt vi 1.87%CaO se c 2.87%C2S. Do o:
%C3S = 3.8S.( CO - 2) = 3.8S.(3KH - 2).
%C2S = 2.87S.(3 - CO) = 2.87S.(3- 3KH) = 8.61S.(1- KH).
Cach tnh theo 3 h s KH, n, p:
Theo cng thc thc nghim cua Kin:
%C 3 S =
3.8n.( p + 1)(3KH 2).100

n( p + 1)(2.8 KH + 1) + 2.65 p + 1.35
%C 2 S =
8.6n( p + 1)(1 KH ).100

n( p + 1)(2.8 KH + 1) + 2.65 p + 1.35
19
Cach tnh theo ham lng 4 xt chnh CaO, SiO2 , Al2O3 , Fe2O3:
Lng CaO co trong C3S bng 73.69% , ( V 3M (CaO)/ M (C3S) = 73.69%)
Lng SiO2 co trong C3S bng 26.31% ( V M (SiO2)/ M (C3S) = 26.31% )
Tng t ta tnh lng CaO, SiO2 , Al2O3 , Fe2O3 co trong C2S , C3A , C4AF
C2S (x)
C3A (y)
Tn cac xt
C3S (w)
CaO (a)
0.7369
0.6512
0.6227
SiO2 (b)
0.2631
0.3488
0
Al2O3 (c)
0
0
0.3773
Fe2O3 (d)
0
0
0
Ta co cac h phng trnh sau:
. a = 0.7369w + 0.6512x + 0.6227y + 0.4616z
. b = 0.2631w + 0.3488x
. c = 0.3773y +0.2098z
. d = 0.3286z
Suy ra:
C3S = 4.071CaO - 7.6SiO2 - 6.718Al2O3 - 1.430Fe2O3
C2S = 8.602 SiO2 + 5.068 Al2O3 + 1.078 Fe2O3 - 3.071 CaO
C4AF (z)
0.4616
0
0.2098
0.3286
C3A = 2.650 Al2O3 - 1.692 Fe2O3 = 2.65(Al2O3 - 0.64 Fe2O3 )

C4AF = 3.043 Fe2O3 nu p > 0.64
C2 (A, F) = 1.1 Al2O3 + 0.7 Fe2O3 nu p < 0.64 khng tao khoang C3A, ma
ch tao cac khoang sau: C4AF, C6AF2 , C2F ...
Cach tnh ham lng pha long:
L = 1.12C3A + 1.35 C4AF.
Thc ra, nu cn c vao nhit tao pha long cua cac h nh sau:
Bang 2.4
H cua cac cu t
Nhit tao pha long ( OC)
C -S
2065
C -S -A
1458
C-S -A - F
1338
C - S -A -F-M
1300
C - S - A - F - M - R ( R: xt kim)
1280
20
Ham lng cua pha long tnh theo nhit va h s p nh sau:

Bang 2.5
Nhit ( OC) Ham lng pha long
1338
p> 1.38: L = 6.1F + M + R2O
p< 1.38: L = 8.5A - 5.22F + M + R2O
1400
L = 2.95A +2.2F + M +R2O
1450
L = 3A + 2.25F + M + R2O
Tt cua phi liu (T) = 1.785 CaO + 2.09MgO.
CaO va MgO la thanh phn cua phi liu.
2.5 Phn loai clinker ximng da vao thanh phn khoang:
Tnh cht cua clinker ximng phu thuc chu yu vao thanh phn khoang
cha trong clinker , da vao nhng khoang chnh ta phn loai clinker thanh 2 loai:
Theo t l cac khoang silicat: 3CaO. SiO2 va 2CaO. SiO2.
Theo t l cac khoang nong chay: 3CaO. Al2O3 va 4CaO. Al2O3. Fe2O3
Cac khoang chnh trong clinker thng chia thanh 2 nhom:

75-82%
Nhom khoang Silicat % (C3S + C2S )
=
25-18%
Nhom khoang nong chay %( C3A +C4AF)
+ Nu nng cao ham lng khoang nong chay > 25% th khi nung luyn d tao
vong an i vi lo quay va dnh thanh lo i vi lo ng, nhit kt khi giam,
nhng cng ximng khng cao lm.
+ Nu giam ham lng khoang nong chay xung < 18% th nhit kt khi cua
phi liu phai cao, anh hng ti bn cua lo, nhng cht lng clinker tt.
+ Cac khoang C3S ; C2S trong nhom khoang silicat hoc C3A, C4AF trong nhom
khoang nong chay cung giao ng trong 1 khoang rt rng, 1 vai trng hp c
bit co khi ch co 1 loai khoang trong 1 nhom khoang ma thi.
Sau y ngi ta phn loai clinker theo tng nhom khoang
Phn loai clinker theo nhom khoang silicat.
Tn cua
C3S / C2S
KH
C3S+ C2S = 75%
clinker
C2S
C3S
Alit
>4
> 0,92
> 60
< 15
Thng
4 -1
0,92 - 0,81
60 - 37,5
15 - 37,5
Blit
<1
< 0,81
< 37,5
> 37,5
21
Phn loai clinker theo nhom khoang nong chay:

C3A +C4AF =25%
Tn cua
C3A /C4AF
P
clinker
C4AF
C3A
Aluminat
> 1,5
> 2,3
> 15
< 10
Thng
1,5 - 0,4
2,3 - 1,1
15 - 7
10 - 18
Celit
< 0,4
< 1,1
<7
> 18
Mi quan h gia thanh phn khoang va cac h s c ban KH, n, p, cua clinker.
Biu 1:
oan AB - ximng alit
A
75
70
0
5
B
60
15
50
25
40
35
C
30
45
20
55
10
65
75
1
0 .9 5
0 .9
0 .8 5
0 .8
0 .7 5
0 .1
oan BC - ximng thng

oan CD - ximng blit
Khi KH thay i t (1-0,67) th ham lng khoang C2S, C3S, cung thay i.
Biu 2
S thay i khoang C3A va C4AF phu thucvao h s
22
20
18
16
14
3CaO.Al2O3
12
10
8
4CaO. Al2O3.Fe2O3
6
4
2
P =
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
p.
22
Biu 3:
H s n cang ln th tng ham lng khoan g ( C2S + C3S ) trong clinker cang ln
va tng ham lng khoang (C3A va C4AF) trong clinker cang nho.
30
70
25
75
20
80
85
15
90
10
95
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
2.6 Cac phng phap san xut clinker ximng Pooclng.

Qua trnh san xut clinker ximng gm 3 giai oan:
Giai oan 1: Gia cng, ng nht nguyn, nhin liu va chun b phi liu.
Giai oan 2: Nung hn hp phi liu thanh clinker va lam lanh clinker.
Giai oan 3: Gia cng, u va nghin clinker vi cac phu gia khac.
Co 2 phng phap san xut ximng la phng phap t va phng phap kh, 2
phng phap nay khac nhau chu yu giai oan 1 va giai oan 2.
Giai oan 1: Co th gia cng phi liu theo phng phap t hay phng phap kh.
Giai oan 2: Co th nung hn hp phi liu trong lo ng hoc trong lo quay.
i vi lo ng, khi phi liu dang bt mn va c lam m (10-12)%
sau o v vin co ng knh (10-12)mm ri nap va lo: phng phap ban kh.
Vic la chon phng phap san xut phu thuc vao nhiu iu kin ma chu
yu la tnh cht c ly, tnh cht hoa hoc cua nguyn liu, iu kin in nng, nhit
nng, thit b ..t o ngi ta quyt nh chon phng phap san xut nay hay
phng phap san xut khac, nung clinker trong lo ng hay lo quay.
Mt s s cng ngh san xut ximng Pooclng:
S cng ngh san xut ximng theo phng phap kh lo quay, phi liu vao lo
dang bt co m 1%.
23
S DY CHUYN CNG NGH SAN XUT XI MNG

THEO PHNG PHAP KH - LO QUAY
S cng ngh cng oan chun b nguyn liu.
24
S cng ngh cng oan nghin phi liu va ngnht.
S cng ngh cng oan chunb nhin liu.
25
S cng ngh nung philiu thanh clinker.
26
S cng ngh nghin clinker ximng
S cng ngh ong bao ximng

27
THEO PHNG PHAP T - LO QUAY

w = 5%
d =3040mm
Kh
thi
Ben ngom
Phu
Qut
Lc bi ti
Bng ti xch
My p ba
vi w = 5%
d =150300mm
t st w = 62%
lng sng
Ben ngom
X lan
Phu
Gu mc
Bng ti xch
Phu
B nc
My p ba
Bng ti
Bm
Bng ti cao su
Bng tai cao su
Gu nng
Gu nng
Bunker cha
Bunke cha
Cn bng nh
lng
ba B bn
Thu tinh
lng
Bm
B cha bn
B nc
Bng ti nh lng
Bng ti cao su
Bng ti cao su
Rc,
Bm
Kh nn
My nn kh
Bm
B tn tr bn
Kh nn
Gu mc nh lng
Phu
Nc
MY NGHIN BI T
Sng phn loi
Vt ti sn
Kho
B cha
Bm
My nn
Kh nn
B ng nht phi liu

h h
1
28
X lan du
Bn du MO
nh lng du
Bm
ng khi
Bung t ph
Sy, lc
Cn
Khng kh
Quat
B cha
Bc t
Qut
nh lng
L NUNG
Bung lng
Lm lnh kiu
ng chm
Lc bi in
My nghin bi t
Mng hng Clinker

My p hm
Sng
Bng ti xch
Kho ph gia
PUZOLAND w = 5%
Kho thch cao w = 4%
Kho Clinker
Ben ngom
Ben ngom
Ben ngom Clinker
Phu
Phu
Phu
My p hm
My p hm
Bng ti cao su
Bng ti cao su
Gu nng
Bng ti cao su
Gu nng
Xe bn
Gu nng
Bunke cha Clinker

Cn bng nh lng
Bun ke cha
Cn bng nh lng
Bng ti chung
Cn bng nh lng
Ph gia tr nghin
Phu np liu
Bun ke cha
Nc lm mt
MY NGHIN BI NGHIN CLINKER

29
Kh thi
Mng trt kh ng
Phn ly tnh
Loc bi in
Qut
ng khi
Gu nng
Qut
Bi
Mng trt kh ng
Lc bi tay o
Ht th
Qut
Phn ly hiu sut cao
Ht mn
Mng trt kh ng
Qut
Gu nng
Sil cha ximng
Mng tho
Xe bn
Gu nng
Sng rung
Xi mng cht
Bunke cha
My ng bao
Bng ti cao su
Kho sn phm
30

THEO PHNG PHAP BAN KH - LO NG
M vi
Bi vi
nguyn liu
Np vo phu
cp
ng khi
Bng ti xch
Kh thi
M t st
Than
ong
Vn chuyn
Vn chuyn
Vn chuyn
kho
Cha ti
kho nh my
Gia cng th
kho
Phu
Gia cng th
Qut
Kh thi
Qut
My kp hm
Phu
Bng ti cao su
Lc
My cn trc
bi
ti
Bng ti
cao su
Lc bi
tnh in
Lc
bi
ti
Bng ti cao su
Phu
Kp hm
Cyclon
Cyclon
Kh thi
My p ba
Gu ti
My sy
thng quay
Gu ti
Bng ti
Gu ti
Ca hai nhnh
Lc
bi
ti
Sil cha vi
Sil 1,2
Sil t st v than
nh lng
nh lng
nh lng
Sil
ong
nh lng
Bng ti chung
31
1
Phu
ng khi
My nghin bi
Qut
Gu ti
Ht th
Vt ti
My phn ly
Lc bi dien
Vt ti
ng khi
Gu ti
Qut
Cc sil bt liu 1,2,3
Lc bi ti
Tho liu cnh quay

Vt ti
Sil bt liu ng nht
Tho liu hai trc vt xon
Vt ti
Gu ti 1
Gu ti 2
Bunke trung gian
Vt ti
2
32
My trn m
My v vin
Bng ti cao su
My ri liu
Vt ti
kh thai
ng khi
Quat
L nung clinker
Bung lng
Bi thu hi
Lc bi xung
Ghi quay
Qut
ng tho clinker
kh thai
Kh thai
Qut
Lc bi ti
Bng ti xch
My kp hm
Gu ti
Khi thai
Bng ti co
Quat
Sil clinker
Loc bui tui
33
Ph gia
Thch cao
Bi cha
Bi cha
My kp hm
Gu ti
3
Ca hai nhnh
Sil cha
thch cao
Sil ph gia
Cn bng
nh lng
Sil clinker
Cn bng
nh lng
Cn bng nh lng
Bng ti chung
My nghin bi
Gu ti
kh thai
Qut
ht th
Vt ti
My phn ly ng
ht mn
Lc bi dien
Xi mng bt
34
4
Vt ti
Gu ti
Vt ti
Sil xi mng
Khi thai
Loc bui tui
Quat
Tho liu cnh quay

Vt ti
Khi thai
Vt ti
Quat
Gu ti
Lc bi ti
Sng rung
kh thai
Vit tai
Bunke
Qut
My ng bao
Lc bi ti
Bng ti cao su
Kho xi mng
KCS
Xut kho
Bang 2.6 Mt s ch tiu kinh t ky thut so sanh gia cac phng phap san
xut
Cac ch tiu
Lo quay phng phap t Lo quay phng phap kh
Nhit tiu tn cho1 kg
1350 - 1600
< 800
clinker (Kcal / kg )
in tiu tn cho
55
79 - 83
1 tn clinker ( KWh /T)
Kch thc lo
Dai
Ngn
35
S lng thit b
Din tch san xut
ng nht phi liu
Cht lng san phm
V sinh cng nghip
t
Ln
Tt
am bao
Tt
Ch tiu
n v tnh
Nhit nng
in nng
Gch chu la
VL nghin
NS lao ng
Kcal/kg Clinker
kWh/T cement
Kg/T Clinker
Kg/T cement
T cement/ngi/nm
Nhiu
Nho
Tng i tt
am bao
Tt
t mc
Phng php kh
Phng php t
Trc 1990 Sau 1990
1450 -1700
780 - 820
730
120 - 130
115 - 125
90 - 100
2 - 2.5
1 - 1.5
0.5 - 0.8
1.5 - 2
0.3 - 0.6
0.2 - 0.5
200 - 600
1000 - 1500
2500 - 3800
Nng bi
mg/m3 kk
100 - 150
50 - 100
C s la chon phng phap san xut:
La chon phng phap san xut la mt trong nhng vn quan trong, no anh
hng n cac ch tiu kinh t ky thut cua nha may. Sau y la mt s c s la
chon phng phap san xut.
m t nhin cua nguyn liu.
Tnh cht ly hoa cua nguyn liu.
iu kin nhit nng, in nng.
iu kin thit b.
iu kin v sinh cng nghip.
iu kin din tch san xut va m rng.
Khi la chon phng phap san xut cn so sanh cac ch tiu kinh t ky thut vi
nhng nha may co cung nng sut nh nhau, lo co cung nng sut, cung s dung
mt loai nhin liu, cung san xut ra mt loai san phm.
La chon phng phap san xut nao cung cn xut phat t hoan canh cu th cua
tng nc, tng a phng va nht thit phai at nhng yu cu sau:
- Rut ngn qua trnh san xut, nng cao hiu sut s dung may moc va thit b.
- Nng cao san lng va cht lng san phm, ha gia thanh san phm.
- Ha ch tiu tiu tn nng lng, nguyn vt liu.
- Nng cao trnh c kh hoa, t ng hoa, giam bt lao ng nng nhoc.
- am bao v sinh an toan lao ng.
2.7 Nguyn liu, nhin liu san xut clinker ximng.
36
2.7.1 Nguyn liu: Trong thin nhin rt him loai nguyn liu co thanh phn hoa
hoc ging thanh phn hoa hoc cua clinker ximng. Noi chung hu ht cac nha may
ximng trn th gii u san xut ximng t hn hp phi liu nhn tao.
am bao thanh phn hoa hoc cua clinker ngi ta thng dung hn hp t
hai nguyn liu chnh la a vi va t set, ngoai ra con 1 vai nguyn liu phu na
nh qung bxt, lactert, qung st, Trepen, iatomit ...
2.7.1.1 a vi.
San xut clinker ximng pooclng ngi ta thng dung cac loai a vi, a
phn ... Cac loai a nay thanh phn chu yu cua no la cacbonat canxi, 1 lng nho
MgCO3 va mt t tap cht khac.
Mun san xut c clinker ximng th a vi phai am bao:
Theo TCVN 6072-1996, vi dng lm nguyn liu sn xut xi mng
portland phi tho mn yu cu v hm lng ca cc cht l: CaCO3 85%;
MgCO3 5%; K2O + Na2O 1%.
Cc nh my xi mng nc ta s dng vi c hm lng CaCO3 = 90 98%
(CaO = 48 54%), MgO < 5% v xit kim khng ng k. SiO2 dang quartz
cang nho cang tt.
2.7.1.2 t set
La loai nham thach trm tch, o la nhng alumo silicat ngm nc co rt nhiu
trong thin nhin. Thanh phn chu yu cua t set la SiO2. , Fe2O3, Al2O3. Ngoai ra
trong t set con ln cat, soi, san va cac tap cht hu c. t set san xut clinker
cn co thanh phn hoa hoc nh sau:
Theo TCVN 6071-1996, st dng lm nguyn liu sn xut xi mng portland
phi c hm lng cc xit trong khong sau:
SiO2 = 55 70%, Al2O3 = 10 24%, K2O + Na2O 3%.
Cc nh my xi mng nc ta hu ht u s dng st i c hm lng:
SiO2=58 66%, Al2O3 = 14 20%, Fe2O3= 5 10 %, K2O+Na2O = 2 2,5%.
Ngoi st i, mt s ni c th dng st rung hoc st ph sa. Nhng
loi st ny thng c hm lng SiO2 thp hn, Al2O3 v kim cao hn, nn phi
c ngun ph gia cao silic b sung SiO2. Vic ny tr nn kh hn khi cn sn
xut xi mng yu cu hm lng kim thp.
Ph gia iu chnh
Ph gia giu silic: iu chnh m un silicat (n), trong trng hp
ngun st ca nh my c SiO2 thp, c th s dng cc loi ph gia cao
silic. Cc ph gia thng s dng l cc loi t hoc cao silc c SiO2 >
80%. Ngoi ra, nhng ni khng c ngun t cao silic c th s dng ct
mn nhng kh nng nghin mn s kh hn v SiO2 trong ct nm dng
quczit kh phn ng hn nn cn phi s dng km theo ph gia khong ho
gim nhit nung clinker.
37
Ph gia giu st: iu chnh m un aluminat (p) nhm b sung hm

lng Fe2O3 cho phi liu, v hu ht cc loi st u khng c Fe2O3 theo
yu cu. Cc loi ph gia cao st thng c s dng nc ta l: X pirit
Lm Thao (ph thi ca cng nghip sn xut H2SO4 t qung pyrit st)
Fe2O3: 55 68%, qung st ( Thi Nguyn, Thanh Ho, Qung Ninh, Lng
Sn) Fe2O3: 65 85% hoc qung Laterit ( cc tnh min Trung, min Nam)
cha Fe2O3: 35 50%.
Ph gia giu nhm: Cng dng iu chnh m un aluminat (p) nhm b
sung hm lng Al2O3 cho phi liu trong trng hp ngun st ca nh my
qu t nhm. Ngun ph gia cao nhm thng l qung bxit ( Lng Sn,
Cao Bng, Lm ng) Al2O3: 44 58%. Cng c th s dng cao lanh hoc
tro x nhit in lm ph gia b sung nhm, nhng t l dng kh cao v
hiu qu kinh t thp.
Ph gia khong ho
gim nhit nung clinker nhm tit kim nhin liu v tng kh nng
to khong, tng hot tnh ca cc khong clinker, c th s dng thm mt s
loi ph gia khong ho nh qung fluorit, cn gi l hunh thch (cha CaF2),
qung phosphorit (cha P2O5), qung barit (cha BaSO4), thch cao (cha CaSO4).
Cc loi ph gia ny c th dng ring mt loi hoc dng phi hp vi nhau
dng ph gia hn hp, khi tc dng khong ho s tt hn. Tuy vy, trong sn
xut nu cng s dng nhiu loi nguyn liu v ph gia th cng ngh pha trn
phi liu cng phc tp, tn km.
2.7.1.3 Cac loai nguyn liu khac.
+ Bun nhephelin: ngi ta con goi la bun trng, la ph liu cua nganh san xut
nhm, thanh phn hoa hoc nm gia clinker va x lo cao.
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
xit kim
25 - 30%
2 -5%
3 -5%
50 - 58%
1,5 - 3%
Dung bun nhephelin san xut clinker ximng rt co li. Ch cn b sung vao phi
liu 15% -20% a vi hoc vi nung, khi nung luyn tiu tn t nhit va nng sut
lo cao nhc im la ham lng kim cao.
+ X lo cao: X lo cao la ph liu cua nganh san xut gang, thanh phn hoa hoc gn
ging thanh phn clinker ximng ch khac nhau v ham lng.
Al2O3
CaO
MgO
MnO
SiO2
28-38%
8-24%
40-50%
1-18%
1-3%
X lo cao co th dung lam phu gia san xut ximng hoc dung lam nguyn liu san
xut clinker ximng, thay th mt phn t set.
2.7.2 Nhin liu san xut clinker ximng.
+ Nhin liu dung cho lo quay .
38
Nhin liu dung cho lo quay la nhin liu rn, long, kh. Mun am bao nng sut
lo cao cn cung cp y u nhin liu cho lo at c nhit yu cu, mun
vy th nhin liu cn phai am bao:
- Cung cp nhiu nhit cho lo.
- Nhin liu phai chay hoan toan vi lng khng kh d nho nht.
- Dung khng kh nong a vao tng iu kin chay.
La chon nhin liu cho lo quay cn chu y 3 yu cu chnh:
- Nhit tr thp.
- Ham lng tro va cht bc, ham lng lu huynh.
- Kinh t.
Trong cac loai nhin liu trn th nhin liu kh s dung cho lo quay la tt
nht, v no co nhit nng cao, khng co tro ln vao clinker va d t ng qua trnh
t chay. Thc t khng s dung nhin liu kh v no gop phn nng cao gia thanh
san phm. Sau y xet cu th tng loai nhin liu.
2.7.2.1 Nhin liu rn: Nhin liu rn dung san xut clinker ximng la than a.
Yu cu nhin liu rn dung cho lo quay la: than phai co cht bc cao, ngon la dai,
tro nhin liu t, thng ngi ta s dung loai than co:
Nhit tr thp 5500 Kcal/ kg
Cht bc = (15 - 30)%
Ham lng tro = (10 - 20)%
Ham lng lu huynh < 1%.
Nu co 1 loai than at yu cu ky thut trn th tt, nu khng th phai phi hp 2
hay nhiu loai than co 1 loai hn hp than mn am bao yu cu ky thut trn.
Than dung cho lo quay la phai sy kh nghin mn, mn yu cu con trn sang
4900 l /cm2 la 8-12%, m cua than mn la W 3%. mn cua than con phu
thuc vao ham lng tro va cht bc. Thng th than co tro t, cht bc nhiu,
nghin th hn than co tro nhiu cht bc t.
S dng than lm nhin liu phc tp hn du hoc kh v than phi c nghin
tht mn v c phun vo l. Mt khc, lng tro than cn li sau khi chy cng tham
gia vo phn ng to khong clinker nn khi tnh phi liu phi coi n nh 1 cu t.
i vi cng ngh sn xut xi mng bng l quay phng php kh, cn s
dng loi than c hm lng tro t, nhit lng cao v hm lng lu hunh cng
thp cng tt. Hin nay hu ht cc nh my u quy nh ch s dng than cm c
cht lng tt, v d nn dng than cm Hn Gai c mc cht lng t 3C- HG tr
ln (c s nhit tr phn kh Qk > 6500 kcal/kg, hm lng tro Ak < 20%, cht bc
kh trung bnh Vk 6 - 8%, lu hunh Sk < 0,8%).
2.7.2.2 Nhin liu kh thin nhin.
39
Kh thin nhin c khai thac t di cac lp t su, no la nhng hp cht cua

cac loai cacbuahydro hu han khac nhau, chu yu la kh mtan, ngoai ra con 1 s
kh khac nh: tan, propan, butan, pentan va 1 lng nho kh CO2, N2 .
u im cua kh thin nhin dung cho lo quay nung clinker la d t ng
hoa, clinker khng b ln tro nhin liu, trc khi s dung khng cn qua giai oan
gia cng ,lng loc, gan.
Bang 2.7 Thanh phn va tnh cht cua 1 s kh thin nhin bang sau
Q pn
TT
T Gii han n
THANH PHN KH KH
CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 CO2 N2 H2S Kcal Trong Thp Cao
1 93,2 4,4 0,8 0,6 0,3 0,1 0,8
- 8550 0,800 5
14
2 85,0 3,1 1,0 0,4 0,1 0,1 9,4
- 7970 0,804 5
15
3 98,0 0,3 0,1 0,1
0,3 1,2
- 8950 0,800 5
14
4 77,7 4,5 1,7 0,8 0,6 0,2 13,5 1 8080 0,889 5 51,0 6,0 8,0 4,0 0,3 0,7 30,0 - 8230 1,108 2.7.2.3 Nhin liu long.
Nhin liu long c s dung i vi lo quay dang mazut. Mazut thu c t san
phm sau khi a chng ct du mo. Mazut cung la 1 loai nhin liu tt dung cho lo
quay nung clinker.
u im cua mazut la t tap cht, ham lng tro rt nho khoang 0,1-0,3%,
m 1-4% , nhit nng kha cao thng la > 8000 Kcal/kg, mazut c phn loai da
vao ham lng lu huynh.
Mazut t lu huynh : Sptng 0,5%
Mazut lu huynh trung bnh : Sptng =0,5-1%
Mazut nhiu lu huynh : Sptng = 1-3%
Ngi ta con phn loai mazut theo mac da vao nht va nhit . Mazut co
trong lng ring t 1 - 1,06g/cm3, trong mazut co cha 1 s cht khng hoa tan,
trc khi phun mazut vao lo cn qua qua trnh gia cng sau:
t nong mazut chu yu giam nht, vn chuyn trong ng ng va
phun c d dang va a vao thit b gan loc loai bo tap cht tranh tc ng va bm.
Tuy nhin vic s dung nhin liu long la mazut cung co nhng nhc im:
+ Khng thun tin khi vn chuyn, rot va cha ng bao quan.
+ Khi bao quan ham lng tap cht c hoc tng ln rt cao, co khi ti 2,5% ,
m co th tng ln 5 - 10% va hn. c trng cua 1 s mazut bang 2.8 sau:
40
Bang 2.8
CAC THNG S
0
20
2,5-5
+5
80
MAC CUA MAZUT

40
60
80
5-8
8 - 11
11 - 13
+10
+15
+20
100
110
120
100
13 - 15,5
+25
125
nht 80 C tnh theo

Nhit ng c 0C
iu kin bc chay trong mi
trng h 0C
Trong lng ring 0C
0,961
0,992
1,010
1,058
0,962
0
Trong lng ring 100 C
0,905
0,938
0,962
1,018
0,900
0
0,112
H s dn nhit Kcal/m.h C
0
70 C
Nhit dung Kcal/kg 0C
0,45 - 0,49 0,45 - 0,49 0,45 - 0,49 0,45- 0,49
Thanh phn cua mt s nhin liu long bang sau.
THANH PHN NGUYN T
Mac cua nhin liu long
QP H
P
HP
SP SP+OP AP
WP
C
Mazut mac 20
87,2 11,7
0,5
0,6
0,1
2,0
9650
Mazut mac 40
87,4 11,2
0,5
0,9
0,2
3,0
9420
Mazut mac 60
87,6 10,7
0,7
1,0
0,2
3,0
9320
Mazut mac 80 -100
87,6 10,5
0,9
1,0
0,3
4,0
9240
+ Nhin liu dung cho lo ng: Co th dung c ca nhin liu kh, long, rn,
nhng ph bin va thun li nht la dung nhin liu rn . Nhin liu rn dung cho lo
ng co yu cu ky thut sau:
Ham lng cht bc nho 3 - 6%
Nhit tr thp khoang 5500 - 7000 Kcal/kg
Ham lng tro < 15%
Nhin liu rn co th nghin chung vi phi liu ri tao vin ( i than trong) hoc
nap vao lo 1 lp than, 1 lp phi liu khi san xut clinker mau (i than ngoai).
2.7 Chun b, gia cng va ng nht s b nguyn, nhin liu.
Vic chun b nguyn liu va hn hp phi liu san xut clinker ximng
pooclng la mt khu quan trong, no anh hng trc tip n cht lng san phm.
Mun cht lng san phm tt cn am bao nhng yu cu sau:
am bao u thanh phn hoa hoc.
am bao mn cn thit.
am bao ng nht cao.
am bao m thch hp.
am bao hnh dang va kch thc vin phi liu.
41
Chun b nguyn vt liu phai qua cac giai oan sau.

Khai thac va vn chuyn nguyn liu
Khai thac va vn chuyn a vi:
Mo a vi hu ht la l thin v vy vic khai thac d dang thun li, trc
khi khai thac cn chu y loai bo nhng va a lmi va tap cht.
Ngi ta thng khai thac a bng phng phap khoan n mn. Sau o dung
may xuc xuc ln t, xe goong , tau hoa a v nha may, cung co trng hp
p s b tai cng trng ri mi chuyn v nha may bng thit b vn chuyn.
Vn chuyn nguyn liu v nha may co th dung nhiu phng tin va thit
b khac nhau, phu thuc chu yu vao nng sut nha may, khoang cach t cng
trng khai thac v nha may.
Khai thac va vn chuyn t set
Trc khi khai thac cn loai bo nhng lp t mau, mun soi . . . mo t set co
th la l thin hoc ngm di nc, ngi ta co th dung tau cuc, may xuc
khai thac ri chuyn ln t, tau hoa a v nha may.
i vi nha may xi mng san xut theo phng phap t dung thit b khai
thac t set bng c kh thuy lc la nng sut cao va hin ai nht, tc la dung may
phun nc co ap sut ln phun vao cac va t set, bin t set thanh bun long, co
m 60 - 70%, sau o dung bm, bm bun vao ng ng dn v nha may.
Phng phap khai thac t set bng c kh thuy lc ch ap dung vi nha may
ximng nng sut cao, t set loai mm, ti.
Gia cng s b nguyn liu.
Gia cng a vi: a vi la nguyn liu rn, c chuyn v nha may t cng
trng khai thac, a thng co kch thc 600 - 800mm, do o cn c gia cng
s b bng may p ham n kch thc 60 - 80mm, sau o a vao may p bua.
a ra khoi may bua co kch thc 5 - 25mm, c a vao ket cha hoc sil. Hay
s dung may p bua2 truc ch p 1ln co kch thc (20-25)mm.
Gia cng t set: t set la loai nguyn liu mm co th qua may can truc, ri
a vao ket cha, nu t set co m thp; ri a vao may nghin bi nghin
chung vi a, nc ( nu san xut theo phng phap t ) hoc a vao may sy
nghin lin hp phi liu ( nu san xut theo phng phap kh). Nu t set co
m cao th sau khi qua may can truc c a vao b ba bun, bun ra khoi b ba
bun co m 60 - 70% c a vao b cha ri vao may nghin bi nghin chung
vi a.
42
CNG ON GIA CNG S B V VN CHUYN VI VO

KHO CHA
Vn chuyn ti kho ng nht
111 - TRAM P A VI
Trong :
111-AC1: Cp liu tm
111- HP1: Phu cp liu
111-CA1: Palang in n ray
111-BF1: Lc bi tnh in
111-FN1: Qut ht
111-BW1: Cn bng nh lng
111-BC1: Bng ti cao su
111-VF1: Cp liu rung.
111-CR1: My p xung lc kiu thanh
111-FG1: Van quay kn kh
43
Hnh 4.3. Cu to my p xung lc kiu thanh

1- B l xo iu chnh tm phn hi
2- Tm phn hi
3- Tang quay (rto)
4- Thanh p
CNG ON GIA CNG V VN CHUYN T ST
Vn chuyn ti kho ng nht
113 - TRAM P SET

113 01 HP1 - Phu cp liu, 113 02 AC1 - Bng ti tm, 113 02 SP1 Xch co liu
44
113 03 CR1 - My cn t st, 113 05 BW1 - Cn bng nh lng, 113 04 BC1

Bng ti cao su, 113 06 RF1 - Van quay kn kh, 113 06 FN1 - Qut, 113 06 BF1
Lc bi tnh in, 113 CA1 - Palang in n ray.
H nh 4.7. Cu to my cn p hai trc c rng

1- Thn my
2- cn p
3- Trc cn p
4- Rng trn trc cn
Sy nguyn nhin liu: Khi san xut ximng theo phng phap kh, nu nguyn
liu, nhin liu co m t nhin cao cn phai sy n m at yu cu trc khi
vao may nghin, cung co th sy nghin lin hp.
Yu cu ky thut cua nguyn liu trc khi vao may nghin:
Tn nguyn liu
(%) m t nhin (%) m vao may
a vi
3 - 7%
< 2%
t set
5 - 25%
< 2%
X lo cao
15 - 25%
< 2%
Than
10 - 15%
< 2 - 3%
45
ng nht s b nguyn liu ( tin ng nht ).

Ch gii thiu vai phng phap hay s dung trong cng nghip san xut xi mng.
Phng phap Chevron
Cac lp vt liu c t bi chuyn ng i i, lai lai cua thit b cht ng
trn mt lung vt liu cho n khi chiu cao tran cua ng tam giac at c. Sau
o vt liu c lam v theo nhng lat ngang cua ng nh cac thit b lam v tac
dung mt. y la phng phap cht ng thng thng i vi cac ng liu dai
cac thit b lam v b mt. c ng dung rng rai trong cac nha may ximng.
nh
a
ng
Hnh 2.2.Phng phap cht ng chervon
2
1- Cn ri liu, 2 Cu rt liu
46
Kho trn ng nht vi

1- Cu rt liu
2- ng dn liu trung tm
3 - Cn ri liu
Xch cao thao a vi trong kho tron ng nht. 1thit b v mt 2.xch cao liu
47
48
- Phng phap Windrow

c im cua phng phap nay la cac lp vt c cht ng song song trn toan
b b rng ng liu. Cac lp vt liu c phn theo cac ng chiu doc, canh
vi canh va trn co mt lp khac. C nh vy cho n khi vt liu tran ng at
c. Phng phap cht ng nay mun lam v vt liu thng dung cac may co
tacdungmt.
n
a
lam v
Hnh 2.3.Phng phap cht ng Windrow
2.8 Tnh phi liu san xut clinker ximng pooclng
Phi liu san xut clinker ximng pooclng i t nhiu phng phap tnh khac nhau:
+ Phng phap toan hoc da vao h s c ban KH, n, p, va thanh phn hoa hoc cua
nguyn liu.
+ Phng phap th.
+ Phng phap hiu chnh v.v . . .
Trong giao trnh nay gii thiu tnh phi liu theo phng phap toan hoc
tng i ph bin va kha chnh xac so vi cac phng phap khac. Con cac phng
phap khac gii thiu tham khao.
Muc ch cua vic tnh phi liu la xac nh t l pha trn gia cac cu t
khi nung luyn co clinker cht lng ung yu cu.
C s tnh phi liu cua phng phap nay la cac h s c ban KH, n, p va thanh
phn hoa hoc cua cac cu t nguyn liu a c phn tch.
2.8.1 Nguyn tc tnh toan:
2.8.1.1 Chon s h s
T yu cu cht lng xi mng, ta da vao thc t chon ham lng cac khoang va
dung cng thc thc nghim cu But tnh cac h s c ban KH, n, p.
49
S cac cu t nguyn liu bao gi cung ln hn s cac h s a la chon. V

du : s cac cu t la n th s cac h s la ( n -1) cu th nh sau:
+ Nu tnh phi liu 2 cu t th s dung 1 h s c ban la KH.
+ Nu tnh phi liu 3 cu t th s dung 2 h s c ban la KH va p hoc KH va n.
+ Nu tnh phi liu 4 cu t th s dung ca 3 h s c ban la KH, n, p.
2.8.1.2 Chon cac cu t phu.
+ Trng hp tnh phi liu 2 cu t th bao gi cung s dung 2 nguyn liu chnh
la a vi va t set.
+ Trng hp tnh phi liu 3 cu t th ngoai 2 nguyn liu chnh la a vi va t
set ra con 1 nguyn liu phu na la qung st (nu 2 cu t chnh co ham lng xit
st nho ) la Trepen hay iatomit ... nu 2 cu t chnh co ham lng xit Silic nho )
+ Trnh hp tnh phi liu 4 cu t th ngoai 2 nguyn liu chnh la a vi va t
set con dung 2 nguyn liu phu na la qung st va Trepen hay iatomit, cat ... nu
cac cu t chnh co ham lng xit st va xit Silc nho.
+ Khi tnh toan giai cac phng trnh toan hoc, mi cu t nguyn liu chim 1 t l
nht nh ( phn trm hoc phn trong lng ), nu 1 trong 2 cu t phu khi giai ra
co gia tr 0, th loai tr ngay cu t phu o, xem nh bai tnh phi liu khng cn
cu t th 3 hoc th 4.
2.8.1.3 Tro nhin liu.
Tro nhin liu ln vao clinker ximng pooclng phu thuc vao phng phap
san xut, loai lo, kch thc lo...
+ i vi phng phap t lo quay:
- Nu L/D = 30 - 50 ln co mc xch trao i nhit th tro ln vao clinker la 100%.
- Nu L/D < 30 ln co xch trao i nhit th tro ln vao la 80%, khng co xch trao
i nhit th th tro ln vao clinker 50%.
- Vi lo quay co thit b c c bun ( bc hi m ) cua bun th tro ln vao la 70%.
+ i vi phng phap kh lo quay.
- Loai khng co thit b tn dung nhit kh thai, tro ln vao clinker la 30 - 40%.
- Co thit b tn dung nhit kh thai, tro ln vao clinker la 100%
- Lng tro nhin liu ln vao clinker ximng c xac nh theo cng thc sau:
q =
P . A .n
(%)
100 . 100
Trong o:
P: Lng nhin liu tiu tn ring ( % ) va P = q / Q thp (kg nhin liu/kg clinker)
A: Ham lng tro co trong nhin liu ( % )
n : lng tro ln vao clinker so vi tng ham lng tro trong nhin liu, phu thuc
vao loai lo, phng phap san xut.
50
Chu y: lo ng i than ngoai th n = 70-80%.vd: san xut xi mng trng. d

dang trong khi tnh toan quy nh 1 s ky hiu nh sau:
CU T
Cu t 1
Cu t 2
Cu t 3
Cu t 4
Hn hp phi liu
Clinker
SiO2
S1
S2
S3
S4
S0
S
Al2O3
A1
A2
A3
A4
A0
A
Fe2O3
F1
F2
F3
F4
F0
F
CaO
C1
C2
C3
C4
C0
C
2.8.2 Trnh t tnh toan.

Bc 1: Cn c vao cht lng xi mng da vao thc t chon ham lng bn
khoang cho hp l va tng cua chung lun nho hn 100%. Sau o dung cng thc
thc nghim cua But tnh KH, n, p.
Bc 2: Thanh phn hoa hoc cua cac nguyn liu cn tnh toan a phn tch, nu
tng thanh phn hoa hoc cha u 100% hay ln hn 100% phai quy i v 100%.
- Nu tnh phi liu khng co tro nhin liu th sau khi quy i v 100% la bt u
tnh theo cng thc hng dn.
- Nu bai tnh phi liu co tro nhin liu ln vao, sau khi quy i v 100% lai tip
tuc chuyn t nguyn liu cha nung sang bang thanh phn hoa hoc cua nguyn
liu a nung tin vic tnh toan ( ngha la tr i mt khi nung: MKN )
Bc 3: n nh s h s c ban KH, n, p, ( da vao yu cu bai tnh phi liu co
my cu t ma chon s cac h s).
Bc 4: Thit lp cac phng trnh va tin hanh tnh theo cac cng thc hng dn.
Bc 5: Giai h phng trnh tm t l % cua cac cu t chnh, phu. Tnh thanh phn
% cac xt co trong phi liu, trong clinker, ham lng cac khoang chnh, lng pha
long trong clinker va tt phi liu.
Bc 6:Tnh xong phai kim tra lai cac h s a n nh ban u nh KH, n, p,
ham lng cac khoang chnh co sai s trong gii han quy nh (< 1%).
2.8.3 Tin hanh tnh vi cac h cu th.
2.8.3.1 H 2 cu t khng ln tro nhin liu.
- Thanh phn hoa hoc cua cac nguyn liu quy v 100% .
Chon s cac h s c ban va n nh cac h s o, tnh phi liu 2 cu t, chon 1 h
s c ban la KH.
Thit lp cac phng trnh.
51
C 1 phn trong lng cu t th 2 cn phi hp x0 phn trong lng cu t th 1 ta

se co cac biu thc sau
x 0 C1 + C 2
(1)
x0 + 1
x S + S2
(2)
S0 = 0 1
x0 + 1
x A + A2
A0 = 0 1
(3)
x0 + 1
x F + F2
(4)
F0 = 0 1
x0 + 1
C (1,65 A0 + 0,35 F0 )
KH = 0
2,8S 0
C0 =
(5)
Thay gia tr C0, S0, A0,F0 phng trnh (1,2,3,4) vao phng trinh (5) va giai ta co:
(2,8S2KH + 1,65A2+0,35F2) - C2/
Cu t 1
=
x0 =
C1 - (2,8S1KH + 1,65A1 + 0,35F1)
Cu t 2
- Kt qua: x0 phn trong lng cu t 1/ 1 phn trong lng cu t 2
- i ra % ta co:
x0
100 (%)
x0 + 1
1
100 (%)
% cu t 2 =
x0 + 1
% cu t 1 =
Kim tra lai h s KH, n, p nu sai s cho phep th c.

Tnh thanh phn khoang, lng pha long trong clinker va tt phi liu.
Thanh phn khoang clinker.
% C3S = 3,8 (3KH -2 ) S
%C2S = 8,6 ( 1 - KH ) S
Ham lng khoang nong chay co th tnh theo cng thc:
+ Khi p =
Al 2 O3
0,64
Fe2 O3
%C4AF = 3,04F
%C3A = 2,65( A - 0,64F )
+ Khi p =
Al 2 O3
0,64
Fe2 O3
%C4AF = 4,77A
%C2F = 1,7 ( F - 1,57A )
+ Ham lng (%) CaSO4 tnh nh sau:
% CaSO4 = 1,70SO3
+ Lng pha long trong clinker :
52
L= 1,12 C3A + 1,35C4AF

+ Tt cua phi liu :
T = 1,785C + 2,09 MgO
2.8.3.2 H 3 cu t khng ln tro.
+ Quy i thanh phn hoa hoc cua nguyn liu v 100%.
+ n nh cac h s KH, n hoc KH, p.
+ Thit lp cac phng trnh tnh toan:
C 1 phn trong lng cu t th 3 cn phi hp vi
x0 phn trong lng cu t th 1va
y0 phn trong lng cu t th 2 th ta co cac biu thc sau:
x0 C1 + y 0 C 2 + C 3
(7)
x0 + y 0 + 1
x F + y 0 F2 + F3
F0 = 0 1
(8)
x0 + y 0 + 1
x S + y0 S 2 + S 3
S0 = 0 1
(9)
x0 + y 0 + 1
x A + y 0 A2 + A3
A0 = 0 1
(10)
x0 + y 0 + 1
C 1,65 A0 0,35 F0
KH = 0
2,8S 0
C0 =
n=
S0
A0 + F0
p=
A0
F0
(12)
Thay cac tr s cua C0, F0, A0, S0, phng trnh (7,8 ,9,10) vao (11,12) hoc
(11,13) se co :
x0[(2,8S1KH + 1,65A1+ 0,35F1) - C1] + y0[(2,8S2KH + 1,65A2+ 0,35F2) - C2] = C3(14)
(2,8S3KH + 1,65A3 + 0,35F3)
Va
(15)
x0[n(A1 + F1) - S1] + y0[n(A2 + F2) - S2] = S3 - n(A3 + F3)
Hay
x0(pF1 - A1) + y0(pF2 - A2) = A3 - pF3
(15)
t :
a1 = (2,8KHS1 + 1,65A1 + 0,35F1) - C1
b1 = (2,8KHS2 + 1,65A2 + 0,35F2 ) - C2
c1 = C3 - (2,8KHS3 + 1,65A3 + 0,35F3)
a2 = n(A1 + F1) - S1
53
b2 = n(A2 + F2 ) - S2
c2 = S3 - n(A3 + F3)
hay
a2 = pF1 - A1
b2 = pF2 - A2
c2 = A3 - pF3
Thay a1; a2; b1; b2; c1; c2; vao phng trnh (14,15) co h phng trnh bc nht 2 n
s:
a1x0 + b1y0 = c1
a2x0 + b2y0 = c2
(16)
Giai h phng trnh (16) ta co x0, y0, tnh ra phn trong lng
c1b2 c 2 b1
a1b2 a 2 b1
a c a 2 c1
y0 = 1 2
a1b2 a 2 b1
x0 =
( phn trong lng )

( phn trong lng )
i x0, y0, ra (%) ta co :
x0 100
(%)
x0 + y 0 + 1
y 100
% cu t 2 = 0
(%)
x0 + y 0 + 1
1 100
(%)
% cu t 3 =
x0 + y 0 + 1
% cu t 1 =
+ Kim tra lai cac h s KH,n ,p .

+Tnh thanh phn khoang , lng pha long trong clinker, tt phi liu nh bai tnh
h 2 cu t trn.
2.8.3.3 H 4 cu t
+ Quy i thanh phn hoa hoc cua nguyn liu v 100%.
+ n nh cac h s c ban KH, n, p.
+ Thit lp cac phng trnh tnh toan :
C 1 phn trong lng cu t th 4 cn phi hp vi
x0 phn trong lng cu t th 1 va
y0 phn trong lng cu t th 2 va
z0 phn trong lng cu t th 3 , ta se co cac phng trnh tnh toan sau:
x 0 C1 + y 0 C 2 + z 0 C 3 + C 4
x0 + y 0 + z 0 + 1
x S + y S +z S +S
S0 = 0 1 0 2 0 3 4
x0 + y 0 + z 0 + 1
C0 =
(17)
(18)
54
x 0 A1 + y 0 A2 + z 0 A3 + A4
x0 + y 0 + z 0 + 1
x F + y F + z F + F4
= 0 1 0 2 0 3
x0 + y 0 + z 0 + 1
A0 =
(19)
F0
(20)
C 0 (1,65 A0 + 0,35 F0 )
2,8S 0
S0
n=
A0 + F0
A
p= 0
F0
KH=
(21)
(22)
Thay tr s cua A0; F0; S0; C0 phng trnh (17, 18, 19, 20) vao (21) ta co:
x0[(2,8KHS1 + 1,65A1 + 0,35F1) - C1] + y0[(2,8KHS2 + 1,65A2 + 0,35F2) - C2] +
(24)
z0[(2,8KHS3 + 1,65A3 + 0,35F3) - C3] = C4(2,8KHS4 +1,65A4 +0,35F4
Thay tr s cua S0,A0, F0 phng trnh (18, 19, 20) vao phng trnh (22) ta co:
x0[n(A1 + F1) - S1] +y0[n(A2 + F2) - S2 ] + z0[n(A3 + F3) - S3]= S4 -n(A4+F4) (25)
Thay tr s A0, F0 phng trnh (19,20) vao (23) ta co: x0(pF1 - A1) + y0(pF2 - A2)
+ z0(pF3 - A3) = A4 - pF4
(26)
t:
a1 = (2,8KHS1 + 1,65A1 + 0,35F1) - C1
b1 = (2,8KHS2 + 1,65A2 + 0,35F2 ) - C2
c1 = (2,8KHS3 +1,65A3 + 0,35F3 ) - C3
d1 = C4 - (2,8KHS4 + 1,65A4 + 0,35F4
a3 = pF1 - A1
a2 = n(A1 + F1) - S1
b3 = pF2 - A2
b2 = n(A2 + F2) - S2
c3 = pF3 - A3
c2 = n(A3 +F3) - S3
d2 = S4 - n(A4 + F4)
d3 = A4 - pF4
Ta co h 3 phng trnh bc nht 3 n s.
a1x0 + b1y0 + c1z0 = d1
(27)
a2x0 + b2y0 + c2z0 = d2
a3x0 + b3y0 + c3z0 = d3
Giai h phng trnh (27) ta co:
d1 (b2 c3 b3 c 2 ) d 2 (b1c3 b3 c1 ) + d 3 (b1c 2 b2 c1 )
D
a1 (d 2 c3 d 3 c 2 ) a 2 (d1c3 d 3 c1 ) + a3 (d1c 2 d 2 c1 )
y0 =
D
a (b d b3 d 2 ) a 2 (b1 d 3 b3 d1 ) + a3 (b1 d 2 b2 d1 )
z0 = 1 2 3
D
x0 =
(phn trong lng)
55
Trong o :
D = a1(b2c3 - b3c2) - a2(b1c3 - b3c1) + a3(b1c2 - b2c1)
i x0, y0, z0, ra phn trm ta co:
% cu t 1 =
% cu t 2 =
% cu t 3 =
% cu t 4 =
x0
x0
x0
x0
x 0 100
+ y0 + z0
y o 100
+ y0 + z0
z 0 100
+ y0 + z0
1 100
+ y0 + z0
+1
+1
=1
+1
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
+ Kim tra lai cac h s KH, n, p.

+ Tnh thanh phn khoang va lng pha long clinker , tnh tt phi liu nh bai h 2
cu t trn .
2.8.3.4 H hai, ba, cu t co ln tro.
+ Quy i thanh phn hoa hoc cua nguyn liu va tro nhin liu v 100%.
+i thanh phn hoa hoc cua nguyn liu cha nung v a nung ( tr i MKN).
+ n nh cac h s c ban.
+ Xac nh ham lng tro ln vao clinker theo cng thc q =
P. A.n
(%) (28)
100.100
+ Tnh phi liu h 2 cu t ln tro:

C 100 phn clinker ( hay phi liu a nung ) th co :
x phn trm cu t 1 a nung.
y phn trm cu t 2 a nung.
q phn trm tro nhin liu ln vao.
Ta thit lp c phng trnh:
x + y + q = 100
(29)
Co cac biu thc sau:
xC1 + yC 2 + qC3
(30)
x+ y+q
xS + yS 2 + qS 3
(31)
S= 1
x+ y+q
xA + yA2 + qA3
(32)
A= 1
x+ y+q
xF + yF2 + qF3
(33)
F= 1
x+ y+q
C (1,65 A + 0,35F )
(34)
KH =
2,8S
C=
56
Thay C, S, A, F phng trnh (30, 31, 32, 33) vao (34) va giai ra ta co phng
trnh bc nht 2 n s.
(35)
a1x + b1y = c1
Trong o:
a1 = (2,8KHS1 + 1,65A1 + 0,35F1) - C1
b1 = (2,8KHS2 + 1,65A2 + 0,35F2) - C2
c1 = [C3 - (2,8KHS3 + 1,65A3 + 0,35F3)] q
T phng trnh (29), (35) co h phng trnh bc nht 2 n s:
a1x + b1y = C1
x+ y = 100 - q (36)
Trong o: a2 = b2 = 1
c2 = 100 - q
c1b2 c 2 b1
(%)
a1b2 a 2 b1
a c a 2 c1
(%)
y= 1 2
a1b2 a 2 b1
x=
(36a)
(36b)
Gia tr(%) x, y la nguyn liu a nung, cn phai chuyn v dang nguyn liu cha nung.
x.100
(phn trong lng ) (36.c)
100 ( MKN ) x
y.100
y0 =
(phn trong lng ) (36.d)
100 ( MKN ) y
x0 =
Trong o:
(MKN)x; (MKN)y la lng mt khi nung cua cu t 1 va 2 .
i x0, y0, ra phn trm
x0
(phn trong lng ) [%]
( x0 + y 0 )
y0
% y0 =
( phn trong lng ) [%]
( x0 + y 0 )
% x0 =
Kim tra cac h s c ban KH, n, p.

Tnh thanh phn khoang, ham lng pha long cua clinker va tt phi liu nh cac h
khng tro trn.
Tnh phi liu h 3 cu t co ln tro
C 100 phn clinker (hay phi liu a nung ) th co:
x phn cu t th nht a nung.
y phn cu t th hai a nung.
z phn cu t th ba a nung.
57
q phn tro nhin liu ln vao.

T o thit lp c phng trnh :
x + y + z + q = 100
(37)
Co cac biu sau:
xC1 + yC 2 + zC3 + qC 4
x+ y+z+q
xA + yA2 + zA3 + qA4
A= 1
x+ y+z+q
xS + yS 2 + zS 3 + qS 4
S= 1
x+ y+z+q
xF + yF2 + zF3 + qF4
F= 1
x+ y+z+q
C (1,65 A + 0,35F )
KH =
2,8S
S
n=
A+ F
C=
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
(43)
hay
p=
A
F
(44)
Thay tr s C, A, F, S, (38, 39, 40, 41) vao (42, 43) . Co h 2 phng trnh bc
nht 3 n s.
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
(45)
a3 x + b 3 y + c 3 z = d 3
T phng trnh (37, 45) co h 3 phng trnh bc nht 3 n s .
a1x + b1y + c1z = 100 - q
(46)
a2x +b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
Trong o: a1 = b1 = c1 = 1
d1= 100 - q
a2 = (2,8KHS1 + 1,65A1 + 0,35F1) - C1
b2 = (2,8KHS2 + 1,65A2 + 0,35F2) - C2
c2 = (2,8KHS3 + 1,65A3 + 0,35F3) - C3
d2 = [ C4 - (2,8KHS4 + 1,65A4 + 0,35F4) ]q
a3 = n (A1 + F1 ) - S1
b3 = n (A2 + F2 ) - S2
c3 = n (A3 + F3 ) - S3
d3 = q[S4 - n(A4 + F4)]
Giai h phng trnh (46) ta co:
58
d1 (b2 c3 b3 c 2 ) d 2 (b1c3 b3 c1 ) + d 3 (b1c2 b2 c1 )

D
a (d c d 3 c 2 ) a 2 (d1c3 d 3 c1 ) + a3 (d1c 2 d 2 c1 )
y= 1 2 3
D
a1 (b2 d 3 b3 d 2 ) a 2 (b1 d 3 b3 d1 ) + a3 (b1 d 2 d1b2 )
z=
D
x=
[%]
Trong o:
D = a1(b2c3 - b3c2 ) - a2(b1c3 - b3c1) + a3( b1c2 - b2c1)
Chuyn x, y, z, v dang nguyn liu cha nung nh bai 2 cu t co ln tro trn.
Kim tra cac h s c ban nh cac bai trn.
Tnh thanh phn khoang, lng pha long cua clinker va tt phi liu nh cac bai trn.
2.8.3.5 Mt s v du
Bai 1:
TNH BAI PHI LIU H HAI CU T KHNG LN TRO
Chon thanh phn khoang

C3S: (45 60)%
C2S : (18 30)%
Lp bang
C 2S
C3S
C3A : (5 15)%
C4AF : (10 18)%
C3A
C4AF
TNG
56.000
23.000
Quy i v 100%
7.000
12.400
98.400
%C2S
%C3S
56.911
23.374
Cac h s c ban nh sau
%C3A
7.114
%C4AF
12.602
TNG
100
KH
n
P
0.850.95
1.73.5
13
Tnh cac h s c ban theo cng thc thc nghim cua But nh sau:
KH =
C3 S + 0.8838 * C2 S
= 0.883
C3 S + 1.3250 * C2 S
n=
C3 S + 1.3250 * C2 S
= 2.442
1.4341* C3 A + 2.0464 * C4 AF
p=
1.1501* C3 A
+ 0.6383 = 1.288
C4 AF
59
BANG1 Thanh phn hoa cua nguyn liu cha nung

Ng.liu
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
a vi
7.84
1.66
1.05
49.09
set
60.00
16.00
14.00
0.13
Quy i v 100% v cac h s chuyn i nh sau:
MgO
MKN
TNG
0.92
0.80
40.03
7.17
100.59
98.10
a vi
K1 = 0.994
t set
K2 =1.019
BANG 2 Thanh phn hoa cua nguyn liu cha nung quy v 100%
Ng.liu
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
MKN
TNG
a vi
7.79
1.65
1.04
48.80
0.92
39.80
100.00
set
61.16
16.31 14.27
0.13
0.82
7.31
100.00
Goi X la phn trong lng cua cu t 1(A VI)
Theo quan h c 1 phn cu t 2 (T SET ) kt hp vi X phn cu t 1
T quan h trn ta xac nh c:
X=
CTu1 (2.8 * S 2 * KH + 1.65 * A2 + 0.35 * F2 ) C2

=
= 6.920
CTu 2 C1 (2.8 * S1 * KH + 1.65 * A1 + 0.35 * F1 )
% cac cu t trong clinker

%A VI =(X*100)/(X+1)
=
87.374%
%TSET =(1*100)/(X+1)
=
12.626%
TNG
=
100.000%
Kim tra sai s cac h s a chon
Tnh theo phn trm (%) cua cac cu t trong clinker
BANG 3
Thanh phn hoa hoc cua phi liu
Ng.liu
a vi
SiO2
6.810
Al2O3
1.442
Fe2O3
0.912
CaO
42.640
MgO
0.799
MKN
34.770
TNG
87.374
tset
phi liu
7.723
14.533
2.059
3.501
1.802
2.714
0.017
42.657
0.103
0.902
0.923
35.693
12.626
100.000
clinker
22.599
5.444
4.221 66.333
Ki = 100/(100-MKN) =1.555
1.403
0.000
100.000
H s bao hoa: KH =
C (1.65 A + 0.35F )
= 0.883
2.8S
H s KH xac nh theo ly thuyt phu hp vi cng thc thc nghim cua But
Kim tra h s silicat, alumin
60
Mun alumin p =
A
= 1.290
F
Sai s p = 0.186%
Mun silicat
n=
S
= 2.338
(A+ F)
Sai s n = 4.240%
Cac khoang chnh va ham lng pha long trong clinker
C3S=3.8*(3*KH-2)*S =55.733%
Sai s C3 S = 2.070%
C2S =8.6*(1-KH)*S =22.739
Sai s C2 S = 2.717%
C3A = 2.65(A-0.64*F) =7.269%
Sai s C3 A = 2.183%
C4AF = 3.04*F =12.830%
Sai s C4 AF = 1.813%
Tng thanh phn % cua 4 khoang chnh trong clinker
TNG = %C3S + %C2S + %C3A + %C4AF = 98.571%
Cac khoang khac = (100 - TNG) =1.429%
Ham lng pha long
L = 1.12C3A + 1.35C4AF = 25.463
Tt phi liu
T = 1.785*C0 + 2.09*M0 =78.028
Gii han : T = 79 1, L = (25 30)%
Bai 2
BAI TNH PHI LIU 3 CU T KHNG LN TRO
Cung tng t nh bai tnh phi liu 2 cu t khng ln tro than ma y ch thm
mt cu t phu v du la a ong b sung thm xt st.
BANG 1 Thanh phn hoa cua nguyn liu cha nung
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
Ng.liu
SiO2
a vi
0.79
0.85
0.54
53.40
t set
63.34
15.44
5.56
5.33
a ong
13.20
5.10
70.45
1.50
Quy i v 100% vi cac h s chuyn i nh sau:
a vi
K1 =1.016
t set
K2 =1.002
MgO
0.45
0.07
0.65
MKN
42.40
10.11
3.20
TNG
98.43
99.85
94.10
61
a ong
K3 =1.063
BANG 2 Thanh phn hoa cua nguyn liu cha nung quy v 100%
Ng.li
u
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
MKN
a vi 0.80
0.86
0.55
54.25
0.46
43.08
tset 63.44
15.46
5.57
5.34
0.07
10.13
a
ong
14.03
5.42
74.87
1.59
0.69
3.40
Tng t nh bai tnh phi liu 2 cu t ta chon cac thanh phn khoang
KH
0.85 0.95
n
1.7 3.5
TNG
100.00
100.00
100.00
p
1 3
Thanh phn khoang

C3S
56.300
Quy i v 100%
C2S
19.500
C3A
9.650
C4AF
12.900
TNG
98.350
%
C3S
%C2S
%C3A
%C4AF
TNG
57.245
19.827
9.812
13.116 100.000
KH =
C3 S + 0.8838 * C2 S
= 0.895
C3 S + 1.3250 * C2 S
n=
C3 S + 1.3250 * C2 S
= 2.041
1.4341* C3 A + 2.0464 * C4 AF
p=
1.1501* C3 A
+ 0.6383 = 1.499
C4 AF
Thit lp phng trnh tnh toan phi liu

X phn trong lng cu t 1 (a vi)
Y phn trong lng cu t 2 (t set)
Z phn trong lng cu t 3 (a ong).
Theo quan h: c 1 phn cu t 3 co x va y phn cu t 1 va 2
62
Bang ky hiu cac xit

Ng.liu
SiO2
Al2O3
a vi
S1
A1
t set
S2
A2
a ong
S3
A3
Clinker
S0
A0
Phi liu
S
A
T a co cac biu thc tnh sau
Fe2O3
F1
F2
F3
F0
F
CaO
C1
C2
C3
C0
C
MgO
M1
M2
M3
M0
M
C0 =( x.C1+y.C2+C3)/ (x+y+1) (a)

So = (x.S1+ y.S2+S3)/(x+y+1) (b)
Ao =(x.A1 + y.A2+A3)/(x+y+1) (c)
Fo = (x.F1+ y.F2+F3)/(x+y+1) (d)
KH = Co-((1,65.Ao+0,35F0)) / (2,8.So) (e)
p
= A0/ F0 (f)
Thay cac gia tr phng trnh (a,b,c,d) vao phng trnh (e) va (f) ta co h :
x [(2,8.S1.KH+1,65A1+0,35F1) - C1] + y [(2,8.S2.KH+1,65A2+0,35F2) - C2]=
=C3 - (2,8.S3.KH+1,65A3+0,35F3)
x(p.F1 -A1) + y(p.F2-A2) = A3- p.F3
t :
a 1= (2,8.S1.KH+1,65A1+0,35F1)- C1 = -50.623
b1 = (2,8.S2.KH+1,65A2+0,35F2)-C2 = 181.142
c1 = C3 - (2,8.S3.KH+1,65A3+0,35F3) = 68.715
a2 =
pF1-A1
= - 0.041
p.F2-A2
= -7.118
b2 =
A3-p.F3
= -106.780
c2 =
thay cac h s trn vao phng trnh (g) va (h) ta co h phng trnh bc nht 2 n:
a1.X+b1.Y = c1
a2.X+b2.Y =c2
Dung nh thc Cramer giai h:
-50.623
181.142
=
-0.041
-7.118
= 367.849
63
x=
68.715
181.142
-106.780
-7.118
x=18853.080
y =
-50.623
68.715
-0.041
-106.780
y = 5408.349
x = x/ = 51.252PTL
y = y/ = 14.703PTL
z =
1.000PTL
i x , y, z ra % cac cht: t set, a vi, a ong trong phi liu:
%a vi= x.100/(x+y+z) =
76.547%
%t set = y.100/(x+y+z) =
21.959%
%a ong = 100 / (x+y+z) =
1.494%
Tng
=
100.000%
BANG 3 BANG THANH PHN HOA CUA PHI LIU VA CLINKER
Al2O3
Ng.liu
SiO2
a vi
0.61
0.66
tset
13.93
3.40
ong
0.21
0.08
phi liu 14.75
4.14
Clinker
22.79
6.39
Tinh kim tra cac h s :
Fe2O3
0.42
1.22
1.12
2.76
4.26
CaO
41.53
1.17
0.02
42.72
65.98
MgO
0.35
0.02
0.01
0.38
0.58
MKN
32.97
2.22
0.05
35.25
TNG
76.55
21.96
1.49
100.00
100.00
KH = (C0-1.65.A0-0.35.F0)/2.8.S0 = 0.886
KH = 1.071%
(Thoa man)
n = S0/(A0+F0) = 2.139
n = 4.771%
(Thoa man)
= 1.499
p = A0 / F 0
p = 0.000%
(Thoa man)
Tnh kim tra cac khoang
%C3S = 3.8(3.KH-2).S0 = 59.376%
( thoa man)
C3S = 3.724%
%C2S = 8.6(1-KH).S0 = 20.525%
(thoa man)
C2S = 3.518%
64
%C3A = 2.65(A0-0.64.F0) = 9.702%

(thoa man)
C3A=1.122%
%C4AF = 3.04.F0 = 12.962%
C4AF =1.178% ( thoa man)
Sai s gia thanh phn khoang chon va tnh < 5% chp nhn c
Tnh lng pha long
(Thoa man)
L=1.12.C3A+1.35.C4AF = 28.365
Tnh Tt phi liu: T =1.785.C+2.09.M = 77.047
Cac gia tr trn phu hp do L=2530 va T=79 1
Bai 3
BAI TNH PHI LIU 4 CU T KHNG TRO
Tng t nh tnh bai phi liu 2, 3 cu t ch khac la y ta s dung ca 3 h s
c ban KH, n, p do o s lng phng trnh tng ln va giai h phc tap hn.
BANG 1 Bang thanh phn hoa nguyn liu cha nung
Ng.liu
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO MKN TNG
a vi
0.44
0.22
0.02
54.51
1.30
43.48
99.97
t set
62.33
18.13
5.80
0.85
1.02
9.02
97.15
X qung
15.03
2.79
75.90
0.00
0.00
5.04
98.76
Cat vang
95.08
1.30
1.00
0.52
0.02
0.00
97.92
Quy i v 100% i vi cac h s chuyn i nh sau:
a vi
K1 =1.000
t set
K2 =1.029
X qung
K3 =1.013
Cat vang
K4 =1.021
BANG 2 Bang thanh phn hoa nguyn liu cha nung quy v 100%
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
Ng.liu
SiO2
a vi
0.44
0.22
0.02
54.53
t set
64.16
18.66
5.97
0.87
X qung
15.22
2.83
76.85
0.00
Cat vang
97.10
1.33
1.02
0.53
Chon thanh phn khoang va h s KH, n, p
KH
0.850.95
Thanh phn khoang
n
1.7 3.5
MgO
1.30
1.05
0.00
0.02
MKN
43.49
9.28
5.10
0.00
TNG
100
100
100
100
P
13
65
C3S
55.0
Quy i v 100%
C 2S
19.0
C3A
11.0
C4AF
9.5
TNG
94.5
%C3S
%C2S
%C3A
%C4AF
TNG
58.20
20.11
11.64
10.05
100.00
KH =
C3 S + 0.8838 * C2 S
= 0.895
C3 S + 1.3250 * C2 S
n=
C3 S + 1.3250 * C2 S
= 2.277
1.4341* C3 A + 2.0464 * C4 AF
p=
1.1501* C3 A
+ 0.6383 = 1.970
C4 AF
Thit lp phng trnh tnh toan phi liu

x phn trong lng cu t 1 (a vi)
y phn trong lng cu t 2 (t set)
z phn trong lng cu t 3 (x qung).
C 1 phn cu t 4 kt hp vix phn cu t 1, y phn cu t 3 va z phn cu t 3
Bang ky hiu cac xit
Al2O3
Fe2O3
Ng.liu
SiO2
a vi
S1
A1
F1
t set
S2
A2
F2
X qung
S3
A3
F3
Cat vang
S4
A4
F4
Clinker
S0
A0
F0
Phi liu
S
A
F
T a co cac biu thc tnh sau:
C0 =( x.C1+y.C2+zC3+C4 )/ (x+y+z+1) (a)
So = (x.S1+ y.S2+zS3 +S4)/(x+y+z+1) (b)
(c)
Ao =(xA1+yA2+zA3+A4 )/(x+y+z+1)
(d)
Fo = (xF1+yF2+zF3+F4)/(x+y+z+1)
KH = Co-((1,65.Ao+0,35F0))/ (2,8.So) ( e )
(f)
p = A0/ F0
n = S0/A0+F0
CaO
C1
C2
C3
C4
C0
C
MgO
M1
M2
M3
M4
M0
M
66
Thay cac gia tr phng trnh (a,b,c,d) vao phng trnh (e) va (f) ta co h:
x [(2,8.S1.KH+1,65A1+0,35F1) - C1] + y [(2,8.S2.KH+1,65A2+0,35F2) - C2]
+z[(2,8.S3.KH+1,65A3+0,35F3) -C3] = C4-(2.8KHS4+1.65A4+0.35F4)
Va
x[n(A1+F1)-S1] + y[n(A2+F2) - S2] + z[n(A3+F3)-S3] = S4 - n (A4 + F4)
x(pF1 - A1) + y(pF2 - A2) + z(pF3 - A3) = A4 - pF4
t:
a1= (2,8.S1.KH+1,65A1+0,35F1)- C1 = -53.053
b1= (2,8.S2.KH+1,65A2+0,35F2)-C2 = 192.868
c1= (2,8.S3.KH+1,65A3+0,35F3) - C3 = 69.717
d1=(C4-(2.8KHS4+1.65A4+0.35F4) = 130.637
0.106
a2 = n(A1+F1)-S1 =
b2 = n(A2+F2) - S2 =
-8.080
166.182
c2 = n(A3+F3)-S3 =
91.752
d2 = S4 - n (A4 + F4) =
=
-0.181
a3 = (pF1 - A1)
=
-6.901
b3 = (pF2 - A2)
=
148.575
c3 = (pF3 - A3)
d3 = A4 - pF4
=
-0.684
T o ta co h phng trnh 3 n:
a1x +b1y+c1z = d1
a2x +b2y+ c2z = d2
a3x+b3y+c3z = d3
-53.053.x + 192.868 y
+ 69.717 z
= 130.637
0.106 x + - 8.080 .y
+ 166.182 z
= 91.752
-0.181. x + -6.901 y
+ 148.575 z = -0.684
Dung nh thc crame giai h
130.637
192.868
69.717
Dx =
91.752
-8.080
166.182
-0.684
-6.901
148.575
Dx
=
-2702649.052
-53.053
130.637
69.717
Dy =
0.106
91.752
166.182
-0.181
-0.684
148.575
Dy
=
-734087.736
-53.053
192.868
130.637
67
Dz
0.106
-8.080
91.752
-0.181
-6.901
-0.684
Dz
=
-37353.266
-53.053
192.868
69.717
D
=
0.106
-8.080
166.182
-0.181
-6.901
148.575
D
=
-6146.919
x = Dx/D =439.675 PTL
y = Dy/D =119.424 PTL
z = Dz/D =6.077 PTL
i x, y, z, t ra phn trm a vi, t set, x qung, Cat vang trong phi liu:
%a vi
x = x.100/x+y+z+1 = 77.657
%t set
y = y.100/x+y+z+1 = 21.093
%X qung z = z.100/x+y+z+1 = 1.073
%Cat vang t =
100/x+y+z+1 = 0.177
TNG
= 100.000
BANG 3 Bang thanh phn hoa cua phi liu va clinker
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
Ng.liu
SiO2
a vi
0.34
0.17
0.02
42.34
t set
13.53
3.94
1.26
0.18
X qung
0.16
0.03
0.82
0.00
Cat vang
0.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
Phi liu
14.21
4.14
2.10
42.53
Clinker
22.13
6.45
3.27
66.23
Tinh kim tra cac h s :
KHt = (C0-1.65.A0-0.35.F0)/2.8.S0 = 0.879
Sai s
= 1.865%
nt = S0/(A0+F0) = 2.277
Sai s
n
= 0.000%
pt = A0 / F0 = 1.970
Sai s
p
= 0.000%
Tnh kim tra cac thanh phn khoang
3.8(3.KH-2).S0
= 57.715
%C3S =
= 0.835 %
Sai s C3S
%C2S = 8.6(1-KH).S0
= 19.898
= 1.031 %
Sai s C2S
MgO
1.01
0.22
0.00
0.00
1.23
1.92
MKN
33.78
1.96
0.05
0.00
35.79
TNG
77.66
21.09
1.07
0.18
100
100
68
%C3A =2.65(A0-0.64.F0) = 11.535

= 0.906%
Sai s C3A
= 9.949
%C4AF =3.04.F0
Sai s C4AF = 1.032%
Sai s gia thanh phn khoang chon va tnh < 5% chp nhn c
Tnh lng pha long
= 26.350 Thoa man
L=1.12.C3A+1.35.C4AF
Tnh Tt phi liu: T =1.785.C+2.09.M = 78.488 Thoa man
Bai 4
BAI TNH PHI LIU 2 CU T CO LN TRO
BANG 1
Thanh phn hoa cua nguyn nhin liu

Al2O
Ng.liu
SiO2
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO MKN TNG
3
a vi
2.22
0.40 1.29
53.28
1.10 41.83 100.12
t set
56.00
18.09 6.87
1.74
2.27 6.46
91.43
Tro than
38.50
25.40 19.00
5.58
1.45 0.00
89.93
Quy i v 100%vi cac h s chuyn i nh sau
K1 =0.999
K2 =1.094
K3 =1.112
BANG 2
Thanh phn hoa hoc cua nguyn nhin liu quy v 100%
Ng.liu
SiO2
Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO MKN TNG
a vi
2.22
0.40
1.29 53.2
1.10
41.78 100.00
t set
61.25 19.79 7.51 1.90
2.48
7.07 100.00
Tro than
42.81 28.24 21.13 6.20
1.61
0.00 100.00
C3A : (515)%
C3S : (45 60)%
C2S : (18 30)%
C4AF : (1018)%
Lp bang
C2S
C3A
C4AF
TNG
C3S
48.00
20.00
10.20
11.00
89.20
Quy i v 100%
69
%C3S
%C2S
53.81
22.42
%C3A
11.43
%C4AF
12.33
TNG
100.00
KH
n
p
0.850.95
1.73.5
13
KH =
C 3 S + 0.8838 * C 2 S
= 0.882
C 3 S + 1.3250 * C 2 S
n=
C3 S + 1.3250 * C2 S
= 2.006
1.4341* C3 A + 2.0464 * C4 AF
p=
1.1501* C3 A
+ 0.6383 = 1.705
C4 AF
i vi bai nay ta ch s dung mt h s c ban la KH

Chuyn thanh phn hoa hoc ban u cua nguyn nhin liu cha nung sang thanh
phn hoa hoc a nung bng cach tr i phn mt khi nung. Ta co bang sau
BANG 3
Thanh phn hoa hoc cua nguyn nhin liu a nung
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
TNG
Ng.liu
SiO2
a vi
3.81
0.69
2.21
91.41
1.89
100.00
t set
65.91
21.29
8.09
2.05
2.67
100.00
tro than
42.81
28.24
21.13
6.20
1.61
100.00
Goi: x la phn trm cu t th 1(a vi) trong clinker
y la phn trm cu t th 2(t set) trong clinker
t la phn trm tro than trong clinker ta co
x + y + t = 100%
(a)
TNH t:
Lng tro nhin liu ln vao clinker cement c xac nh theo cng thc:
t=
P. A.n
(%)
100.100
Trong o:
P la lng nhin liu tiu tn ring (kg nhin liu /kg clinker)
A la ham lng tro co trong nhn liu (%)
n la lng tro ln vao clinker cement so vi tng ham lng tro co trong
nhin liu, phu thuc vao loai lo va phng phap san xut.
70
Thanh phn cua than nh sau

Cd
79.000
Hd
Od
Nd
Sd
Wd
2.940
1.250
1.420
0.800
3.170
Ad
11.42
0
TNG
100.00
0
q
P=
Qt
Vi : q la lng nhit tiu tn ring (kcal/kg clinker)

Qt la nhit tr thp cua nhin liu (kcal/kg clinker)
Ta chon q = 730 kcal/kg clinker
ap dung cng thc tnh nhit tr thp cua Nhin liu ta co
Qt = 81.Cd+246.Hd-26(Od - Sd) - 6.Wd = 7091.520(kcal/kg clinker)
p =0.103(kg nh.liu/kg clinker)
t=
Vy:
P. A.n *100
= 0.940(%)
100.100
Bang ky hiu cac xit

Al2O3
Fe2O3
Ng.liu
SiO2
a vi
S1
A1
F1
at set
S2
A2
F2
tro than
S3
A3
F3
phi liu
S0
A0
F0
Clinker
S
A
F
Cac cng thc tnh thanh phn khoang nh sau
C0 =( x.C1+y.C2+tC3)/ (x+y+t)
So = (x.S1+ y.S2+tS3)/(x+y+t)
Ao =(x.A1 + y.A2+tA3)/(x+y+t)
Fo = (x.F1+ y.F2+tF3)/(x+y+t)
KH =
CaO
C1
C2
C3
C0
C
MgO
M1
M2
M3
M0
M
C3 S + 0.8838 * C2 S
= 0.882
C3 S + 1.3250 * C2 S
T o ta co phng trnh bc nht 2 n:

(b)
a1x + b1y = c1
Trong o:
a1= (2.8*KH*S1+1.65*A1+0.35*F1) - C1 = -80.097
b1= (2.8*KH*S2+1.65*A2+0.35*F2) - C2
=198.589
c1= [C3 - (2.8*KH*S3+1.65*A3+0.35*F3)] * t = -144.328
Kt hp phng trnh (a) va (b) ta co:
-80.097 x + 198.589 y
= -144.328
71
1.000 x
+ 1.000
= 99.060
198.589 -144.328
Dx =
1.000
99.060
Dx = 19816.472
-144.328
-80.097
Dy =
99.060
1.000
Dy = 7790.078
198.589
-80.097
1.000
1.000
D =
D = 278.686
Vy
x =71.107
y =27.953
Nh vy thanh phn clinker gm:
a vi a nung:
71.107%
t set a nung: 27.953%
Tro ln vao
: 0.940%
TNG
=
100.000%
T thanh phn hoa cua nguyn nhin liu a nung ta chuyn sang thanh phn cua
nguyn nhin liu cha nung ta co:
x0 = x*100/(100-MKN1) = 122.134(phn trong lng )
y0 = y*100/(100-MKN2) = 30.078 (phn trong lng )
i sang thanh phn phn trm ta c:
= 80.239 (%)
%x0 = x0*100/(x0 + y0)
%y0 =y0*100/(x0 + y0) = 19.761 (%)
TNG
= 100.000 (%)
BANG 4
Bang thanh phn hoa trc khi nung
Ng.liu SiO2
Al2O3 Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
MKN TNG
a vi
1.779 0.321
1.034 42.70
0.882
33.524 80.239
set
12.10 3.910
1.485 0.376
0.491
1.396 19.761
phi liu 13.88 4.230
2.519 43.07
1.372
34.920 100.00
72
BANG 5
Thanh phn hoa clinker
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
Ng.liu
SiO2
a vi
2.708
0.488
1.574
64.995
set
18.422 5.951
2.260
0.572
tro than
0.403
0.266
0.199
0.058
Clinker
21.533 6.705
4.032
65.626
Tnh kim tra lai cac h s c ban:
KH =(C-(1.65*A + 0.35*F))/(2.8*S) =0.882
sai s
KH =0.000%
n = S /A + F
= 2.006
sai s
n
=0.026%
p = A/F
=1.663
sai s
p
=2.466%
MgO
1.342
0.747
0.015
2.104
TNG
71.107
27.953
0.940
100.00
Kim tra ham lng cac khoang

%C3S = 3.8*(3*KH -2)*S =52.751
sai s
C3S =1.971%
=21.934
%C2S = 8.6*(1 - KH)*S
sai s
C2S =2.175%
%C3A = 2.65*(A - 0.64*F) =10.929
sai s
C3A =4.429%
=12.258
%C4AF = 3.04*F
sai s
C4AF =0.595%
Vy tng ham lng cac khoang trong clinker la:
TNG =%C3S + %C2S + % C3A + %C4AF = 97.872%
Ham lng cac khoang khac la: 100 - 97.872 = 2.128%
Kim tra ham lng pha long va tt phi liu
L = 1.12C3A + 1.35C4AF =28.789%
Gii han L = (25 30) %
T = 1.785CaO + 2.09MgO =79.759
T = 79 1
73
Bai 5
BAI TNH PHI LIU 3 CU T CO LN TRO
BANG 1
Thanh phn hoa cua nguyn nhin liu
Ng.liu
SiO2
Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO
MgO
MKN
TNG
a vi
6.00
0.56
0.60 49.50
1.02
39.60
97.28
tset
54.00
17.00 11.00 1.50
0.30
6.70
90.50
a ong
25.00
11.20 44.50 1.50
1.50
10.50
94.20
tro than
60.00
18.00 15.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
93.00
Quy i v 100%vi cac h s chuyn i nh sau
K3 =1.08
K1 =1.03
K4 =1.08
K2 =1.10
BANG 2 Thanh phn hoa hoc cua nguyn nhin liu quy v 100%
Ng.liu
SiO2
Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO
MgO
MKN
TNG
a vi
6.17
0.58
0.62 50.88
1.05
40.71
100.00
atset
59.67
18.78 12.15 1.66
0.33
7.40
100.00
a ong
26.54
11.89 47.24 1.59
1.59
11.15
100.00
Trothan
64.52
19.35 16.13 0.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
C3S : (4560)%
C2S : (2030)%
C3A : (515)%
C4AF : 1018)%
Lp bang
C 3S
54.00
Quy i v 100%
C2S
23.00
%C2S
%C3S
56.02
23.86
C3A
7.00
C4AF
12.40
TNG
96.40
%C3A
7.26
%C4AF
12.86
TNG
100.00
KH
n
P
0.850.95
1.7 3.5
13
KH =
C 3 S + 0.8838 * C 2 S
= 0.88
C 3 S + 1.3250 * C 2 S
74
n=
C3 S + 1.3250 * C2 S
= 2.39
1.4341* C3 A + 2.0464 * C4 AF
p=
1.1501* C3 A
+ 0.6383 = 1.29
C4 AF
i vi bai nay ta s dung hai h s c ban la KH, p

Chuyn thanh phn hoa hoc ban u cua nguyn nhin liu cha nung sang thanh
phn hoa hoc a nung bng cach tr i phn mt khi nung. Ta co bang sau:
BANG 3 Thanh phn hoa hoc cua nguyn nhin liu a nung
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO TNG
Ng.liu
SiO2
a vi
10.40
0.97
1.04
85.82
1.77
100.00
t set
64.44
20.29
13.13
1.79
0.36
100.00
a ong
29.87
13.38
53.17
1.79
1.79
100.00
Tro than
64.52
19.35
16.13
0.00
0.00
100.00
C 100 phn clinker (phi liu a nung ) th ta co:
x phn cu t 1 a nung
y phn cu t 2 a nung
z phn cu t 3 a nung va t phn tro nhin liu ln vao ta co phng trnh:
x + y + z + t = 100
Lng tro nhin liu ln vao clinker cement c xac nh theo cng thc:
t=
P. A.n
(%)
100.100
Trong o:
P la lng nhin liu tiu tn ring (kg nhin liu /kg clinker)
A la ham lng tro co trong nhin liu (%)
n la lng tro ln vao clinker cement so vi tng ham lng tro co trong
nhin liu, phu thuc vao loai lo va phng phap san xut
Thanh phn su dung cua than nh sau
Cd
79.00
Hd
2.94
Od
1.25
Nd
1.42
P=
Sd
0.80
Wd
3.17
Ad
11.42
TNG
100.00
q
Qt
Vi : q la lng nhit tiu tn ring (kcal/kg clinker)

Qt la nhit tr thp cua nhin liu (kcal/kg clinker)
Ta chon q = 1350 kcal/kg clinker
ap dung cng thc tnh nhit tr thp cua Nhin liu ta co
75
Qt = 81.Cd+246.Hd-26(Od - Sd) - 6.Wd= 7091.65(kcal/kg clinker)

p = 0.19(kg nh.liu/kg clinker)
Vy
t=
P. A.n.100
= 2.17(%)
100.100
Al2O3
Fe2O3
Ng.liu SiO2
a vi
S1
A1
F1
set
S2
A2
F2
ong
S3
A3
F3
Tro than S4
A4
F4
Clinker S0
A0
F0
Philiu S
A
F
Cac cng thc tnh thanh phn khoang nh sau
C0 =( x.C1+y.C2+zC3+tC4/ (x+y+z+t)
So = (x.S1+ y.S2+zS3+tS4)/(x+y+z+t)
Ao =(x.A1 + y.A2+zA3+tA4)/(x+y+z+t)
Fo = (x.F1+ y.F2+zF3+tF4)/(x+y+z+t)
KH = Co-((1,65.Ao+0,35F0))/ (2,8.So)
p = A0/ F0
n = S0/A0+F0
CaO
C1
C2
C3
C4
C0
C
MgO
M1
M2
M3
M4
M0
M
Ta co h phng trnh 3 n
a1x +b1y+c1z = d1
a2x +b2y+ c2z = d2
a3x+b3y+c3z = d3
a1 = b1 = c1 = 1.00
d1 = 100 - t = 97.83
Trong o
a2= (2,8.S1.KH+1,65A1+0,35F1)- C1 = -58.22
b2= (2,8.S2.KH+1,65A2+0,35F2)-C2 = 195.03
c2= (2,8.S3.KH+1,65A3+0,35F3) - C3 = 112.48
d2=(C4-(2.8KHS4+1.65A4+0.35F4))*t = -427.24
= 0.37
a3 = (pF1 - A1)
= -3.39
b3 = (pF2 - A2)
= 55.07
c3 = (pF3 - A3)
d3 =( A4 - pF4)*t = -3.07
t o ta co h phng trnh
76
1.00x + 1.00y + 1.00z = 97.83

-58.22 x + 195.03 y + 112.48 z = -427.24
0.37 x + -3.39 y + 55.07 z = -3.07
ap dung nh thc cramer
97.83
1.00
1.00
x
= -427.24
195.03
112.48
-3.07
-3.39
55.07
=1113227.92
1.00
97.83
1.00
-58.22
-427.24
112.48
0.37
-3.07
55.07
1.00
1.00
97.83
-58.22
195.03
-427.24
0.37
-3.39
-3.07
1.00
1.00
1.00
-58.22
195.03
112.48
0.37
-3.39
55.07
y =294896.46
z =9871.56
=14495.08
Giai h phng trnh ta c:

x
= x / = 76.80%
= y/
= 20.34%
= z/
= 0.68%

77
a vi a nung:
76.80%
t set a nung:
20.34%
a ong a nung:
0.68%
Tro ln vao:
2.17 %
TNG
=
100.00%
x0 = x*100/(100-MKN1) = 129.527 (phn trong lng)
y0 = y*100/(100-MKN2) = 21.971 (phn trong lng)
(phn trong lng)
z0= z * 100/(100-MKN3) = 0.77
i sang thanh phn phn trm ta c:
%x0 = x0*100/(x0 + y0 + z0) = 85.067 (%)
%y0 =y0*100/(x0 + y0 + z0) = 14.430 (%)
%z0= z0*100/(x0 + y0+z0) = 0.50 (%)
TNG
= 100.00 (%)
BANG 4 Bang thanh phn hoa trc khi nung
Al2O3
Fe2O3
Ng.liu
SiO2
a vi
5.247
0.490
0.525
tset
8.610
2.711
1.754
a ong 0.134
0.060
0.238
phi
liu
13.99
3.26
2.52
BANG 5 Thanh phn hoa clinker
CaO
43.286
0.239
0.008
MgO
0.892
0.048
0.008
MKN
34.628
1.068
0.056
TNG
85.067
14.430
0.503
43.53
0.95
35.75
100.00
Ng.liu
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
a vi
7.989
0.746
0.799
t set
13.110
4.127
2.671
a ong
0.203
0.091
0.362
tro than
1.40
0.42
0.35
Clinker
22.705
5.385
4.182
KH = (C-(1.65*A + 0.35*F))/(2.8*S)
sai s
= 0.000%
n = S /A + F
= 2.373
sai s
n
= 0.005%
CaO
65.909
0.364
0.012
0.00
66.285
MgO
1.358
0.073
0.012
0.00
1.443
TNG
76.800
20.345
0.68
2.174
100.000
= 0.880
78
p = A/F
= 1.288
sai s
p
= 0.000%
%C3S = 3.8*(3*KH -2)*S = 55.186
C3S = 0.015%
= 23.456
%C2S = 8.6*(1 - KH)*S
C3S = 0.017%
%C3A = 2.65*(A - 0.64*F) = 7.177
C3S = 0.012%
= 12.714
%C4AF = 3.04*F
C3S = 0.012%
TNG = %C3S + %C2S + % C3A + %C4AF
= 98.532%
Ham lng cac khoang khac la:
100 - 98.532 = 1.468%
L = 1.12C3A + 1.35C4AF = 25.201%
Gii han:
L = (25 30) %
T = 1.785CaO + 2.09MgO = 79.687
T = 79 1
Bai 6
TNH BAI PHI LIU 4 CU T CO LN TRO
La chon thanh phn khoang
C3S
C2S
C3A
C4AF
TNG
54
20
8.6
11.5
94.1
Quy i v 100%
C2S
C3A
C4AF
TNG
C3S
57.39
21.25
9.14
12.22
100
T ham lng cac khoang chnh trn , ap dung cng thc thc nghim cua But
tnh cac h s KH , n , p .
KH =
C 3 S + 0.8838 * C 2 S
= 0.89
C 3 S + 1.3250 * C 2 S
79
n=
C3 S + 1.3250 * C2 S
= 2.24
1.4341* C3 A + 2.0464 * C4 AF
p=
1.1501 * C 3 A
+ 0.6383 = 1.5
C 4 AF
BANG 1
Nguyn liu
a vi
t Set
Qung St
a Cao
Silic
BANG 2
Nguyn liu
a vi
t Set
Qung St
a Cao Silic
BANG 3
Bang thanh phn hoa nguyn liu

SiO2
0.2
50
24
Al2O3
1.06
20.23
11.25
Fe2O3
0.12
10.54
50.04
CaO
55.62
0.19
0.13
MgO
0.29
0.54
0.35
TPK
0.15
4.32
2.21
MKN
43.3
7.21
7.93
TNG
100.74
93.03
95.91
88
4.76
1.39
0.21
0.14
1.53
1.33
97.36
Chuyn i v 100%
Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO
SiO2
0.20
1.05
0.12
55.2
0.29
53.75
21.75
11.33 0.20
0.58
25.02
11.73
52.17 0.14
0.36
90.39
4.89
1.43
0.22
0.14
Bang thanh phn hoa sau khi nung
TPK
0.15
4.64
2.30
1.57
Nguyn liu
SiO2
Al2O3 Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
TPK
a vi
0.35
1.85
0.21
96.83
0.50
0.26
t Set
58.26
23.57
12.28
0.22
0.63
5.03
Qung St
27.28
12.79
56.88
0.15
0.40
2.51
a Cao Silic
91.64
4.96
1.45
0.22
0.15
1.59
Tro Than
59.66
26.40
5.75
0.48
1.13
6.59
Tnh lng tro ln vao trong qua trnh nung Clinker
Goi t la ham lng tro ln vao trong qua trnh nung Clinker
Ta co :
t=
P.n. A
100.100
MKN
42.98
7.75
8.27
1.37
MKN
0
0
0
0
0
TNG
100
100
100
100
TNG
100
100
100
100
100
(%)
trong o :
P: la lng nhin liu tiu tn ring (kg nhin liu/kg clinker)
A: La ham lng tro co trong nhin liu (%)
n : ham lng tro ln trong Clinker so vi ham lng tro co trong nhin liu (vi lo
quay phng phap kh thit b trao i nhit th n = 100%)
80
Ta co bang thanh phn su dung cua than:

Cd
81.15
Hd
1.66
P=
Od
1.25
Nd
0.98
Sd
1.46
Wd
1
Ad
12.5
TNG
100
q
Qt
Trong o
q: La lng nhit tiu tn ring (Kcal/kg.clinker)
Qt:Nhit tr thp cua nhin liu (Kcal/kg.clinker)
ap dung cng thc tnh nhit tr thp cua nhin liu ta co:
Qt = 81*Cd + 246*Hd - 26(Od - Sd) - 6*Wd
Qt = 6980.97(Kcal/kg clinker)
Ta chon
q = 730 (Kcal/kg.clinker)
P = 0.10457(kg nhin liu /kg Clinker)
t=
P.n. A.100
= 1.307%
100.100
Goi:
x la phn khi lng cu t a vi a nung .
y la phn khi lng cu t t set a nung .
z la phn khi lng cu t qung st a nung .
m la phn khi lng cu t a cao silic a nung .
t la ham lng tro than.
x + y + z + m + t
= 100
Ta thit lp c h phng trnh sau :
a1.x + b1.y + c1.z + d1.m = e1
a2.x + b2.y + c2.z + d2.m = e2
a3.x + b3.y + c3.z + d3.m = e3
a4.x + b4.y + c4.z + d4.m = e4
a1 , b1 , c1 , d1 =1
e1 = 100 - t = 98.6929
Vi :
a2 = (2.8.KH.S1 + 1.65.A1 + 0.35.F1) - C1 = -92.8
b2 = (2.8.KH.S2 + 1.65.A2 + 0.35.F2) - C2 = 188.2
c2 = (2.8.KH.S3 + 1.65.A3 + 0.35.F3) - C3 = 108.9
d2 = (2.8.KH.S4 + 1.65.A4 + 0.35.F4) - C4 = 236.9
e2 = [C5-(2.8.KH.S5+1.65.A5+ 0.35.F5)].C5 = -93.61
81
a3
b3
c3
d3
e3
a4
b4
= n.(A1 + F1) - S1
= 4.263
= n.(A2 + F2) - S2
= 22.218
= n.(A3 + F3) - S3
= 129.09
= n.(A4 + F4) - S4
= -77.26
= [S4 - n.(A4 + F4)].t = 100.99
= p.F1 - A1 = -1.5324
= p.F2 - A2 = -5.1703
c4 = p.F3 - A3 = 72.435
d4 = p.F4 - A4 = -2.7879
e4 = A5 - F5.p = 17.79
Thay cac gia tr trn vao ta c h phng trnh sau:
1.00x +1.00y + 1.00z
+1.00m
= 98.69
-92.85x +188.21y + 108.86z + 236.90m = -93.61
4.26x
+ 22.22y + 129.09z + -77.26m = 100.99
-1.53x + -5.17y
+ 72.44z
+ -2.79m
= 17.79
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
-92.85
188.21
108.86
236.90
4.26
22.22
129.09
-77.26
-1.53
-5.17
72.44
-2.79
98.69
1.00
1.00
1.00
-93.61
188.21
108.86
236.90
22.22
129.09
-77.26
17.79
-5.17
72.44
-2.79
D =2302830.9
Dx =
100.9
82
Dx =155758471
1.00
98.69
1.00
1.00
-92.85
-93.61
108.86
236.90
4.26
100.99
129.09
-77.26
-1.53
17.79
72.44
-2.79
1.00
1.00
98.69
1.00
-92.85
188.21
-93.61
236.90
4.26
22.22
100.99
-77.26
-1.53
-5.17
17.79
-2.79
1.00
1.00
1.00
98.69
-92.85
188.21
108.86
-93.61
4.26
22.22
129.09
100.99
-1.53
-5.17
72.44
17.79
Dy =
Dy =35654214
Dz
Dz =7497229.6
Dm =
Dm =28363093
Giai h phng trnh ta co:
Dx/D =67.64
Dy/D =15.48
Dz/D =3.26
Dz/D =12.32
a vi a nung
67.64%
83
t set a nung
15.48%
Qung st a nung
3.26%
a cao Silc a nung
12.32%
Tro ln vao
1.31%
TNG
=
100%
x0 = x*100/(100-MKN1) = 118.625 (phn trong lng )
y0 = y*100/(100-MKN2) = 16.784 (phn trong lng )
z0= z * 100/(100-MKN3) = 3.55 (phn trong lng )
m0= m * 100/(100-MKN4) = 12.49 (phn trong lng )
i sang thanh phn phn trm ta c
%x0 = x0*100/(x0 + y0 + z0+m0) =
78.329 (%)
=
11.082 (%)
%y0 =y0*100/(x0 + y0 + z0+m0)
=
2.34 (%)
%z0= z0*100/(x0 + y0+z0+m0)
.25 (%)
%m0= m0*100/(x0 + y0+z0+m0) =
TNG
= 100 (%)
BANG 4
Bang thanh phn hoa trc khi nung
Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO
MgO TPK MKN TNG
Nguyn liu
SiO2
a vi
0.16
0.82
0.09
43.25
0.23
0.12
33.67
78.33
t Set
Qung St
a Cao Silic
5.96
0.59
7.45
2.41
0.27
0.40
1.26
1.22
0.12
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.51
0.05
0.13
0.86
0.19
0.11
11.08
2.34
8.25
Phi liu
BANG 5
14.15
3.91
2.69
43.29
0.31
Bang thanh phn hoa clinker
0.81
34.83
100
Nguyn liu
a vi
t Set
SiO2
0.24
9.02
Al2O3
1.25
3.65
Fe2O3
0.14
1.90
CaO
65.49
0.03
MgO
0.34
0.10
TPK
0.18
0.78
MKN
0
0
TNG
67.6
15.5
Qung St
0.89
0.42
1.85
0.00
0.01
0.08
3.26
a Cao Silic
11.29
0.61
0.18
0.03
0.02
0.20
12.3
0.01
65.567
0.01
0.48
0.09
1.32
1.31
100
Tro than
0.78
0.35
0.08
Clinker
22.21 6.27
4.15
KH = (C-(1.65*A + 0.35*F)) / (2.8*S)
= 0.855
84
sai s
= 4.009%
n = S /A + F
= 2.132
sai s
n
= 5.017%
p = A/F
= 1.512
sai s
p
= 0.879%
%C3S = 3.8*(3*KH -2)*S = 56.62
C3S =1.33%
= 20.95
%C2S = 8.6*(1 - KH)*S
C3S =1.41%
%C3A = 2.65*(A - 0.64*F) = 9.58
C3S = 4.82%
%C4AF = 3.04*F
= 12.61
C3S = 3.18%
= 99.768%
TNG =%C3S + %C2S + % C3A + %C4AF
Ham lng cac khoang khac la: 100 - 99.768 = 0.232%
L = 1.12C3A + 1.35C4AF =27.753%
Gii han
L = (25 30) %
T = 1.785CaO + 2.09MgO =77.921
T = 79 1
PHNG PHAP HIU CHNH
Tnh theo nguyn tc dung cac cu t iu chnh ln nhau at ung cac h s a chon.
Yu cu:
- Co y u thanh phn nhin liu, tro than a iu chnh v 100%.
- Se tnh chuyn v dang nguyn liu a nung tron 100%.
- Chon thanh phn khoang clinke tnh ra cac h s KH, n, p.
- Dung cac phu gia iu chnh h s p khng i sau o mi iu chnh h s
n va ngc lai.
- Phng phap nay ch dung cho phi liu 4 cu t khng ln tro than hay 3
cu t ln tro than tnh tng i chun xac.
Cng thc tnh iu chnh
iu chnh cho nguyn liu co gia tr p khng i
85
( ta co p = A / F
pF = A
A - pF = 0 )
Phu gia iu chnh la qung st hoc nguyn liu cha nhiu Fe2O3 nh x pirt.
- Qung st/a vi = A1 - pF3/pF3 - A3 = phn qung st/1 phn a vi.
- Qung st/t set
= A2 - pF2/pF3 - A3 = phn qung st/1 phn t set.
- Qung st/Tro than = A4 - pF4/pF3 - A3 = phn qung st/1 phn tro than.
- Qung st/cao silc = A5 - pF5/pF3 - A3 = phn qung st/1 phn cao silc.
A1 , A2 , A3 ham lng xt nhm cua a vi, t set, tro than ...
F1 , F2 , F3 ham lng xt st cua a vi, t set, tro than ... va p la gia tr cn iu chnh
Cu t 5 co th la a cao silc hoc trpen hoc cat... Co ham lng SiO2 cao dung
iu chnh SiO2.
iu chnh cho nguyn liu co gia tr n khng i
n = S/ ( A+ F)
n (A+F) = S
S - n (A+F) = 0
Phu gia iu chnh la: cu t 5 trn. Cng thc iu chnh:

- Cao silc/a vi = S1-n(A1 + F1)/n(A5+F5)-S5 = Phn cao silc/1 phn a vi.
- Cao silc/t set = S2-n(A2+F2)/n(A5+F5)-S5 = Phn cao silc/1 phn t set.
- Cao silc/Qung st =S3-n(A3+F3)/n(A5+F5)-S5= Phn cao silc/1 phn qung st.
- Cao silc/Tro than = S4-n(A4+F4)/n(A5+F5)-S5 = Phn cao silc/1 phn tro than.
Nu u tin iu chnh p bng qung st ma bai phi liu vn cha hp ly (h
s n khng at yu cu) th luc o ta tnh thm bai phi liu iu chnh thm n.
Tt ca cng thc iu chnh n phai ly thanh phn hoa hoc nguyn liu a nung
sau khi a iu chnh xong p tnh iu chnh n.
Tnh iu chnh bai phi liu 3 cu t co ln tro than
S liu ban u:
Nhin liu:
A = 24,4%.
n= 80%.
P = 29kg than/ 100kg clinker
t=
P. A.t
0.29.24,4.80
=
= 5.66%
100.100
100.100
Chon cht lng clinker

86
C 3S
C2S
C 3A
C4AF
TNG
54
23
14
98
Tnh cac h s theo cng thc thc nghim cua But

KH =
C 3 S + 0.8838C 2 S 54 + 0.8838 23
=
= 0,88
54 + 1.33 23
C 3 S + 1.33C 2 S
n=
C 3 S + 1,33C 2 S
54 + 1,33 23
=
= 2,2
1,434C 3 A + 2,046C 4 AF 1,434 7 + 2,046 14
p=
1,1501.C 3 A
1,1501 7
+ 0,64 =
+ 0,64 = 1,2
14
C 4 AF
Bang thanh phn hoa nguyn liu sau khi a quy i v 100% nguyn liu cha nung:
Al2O3
Fe2O3 CaO
CK MKN TNG
Nguyn liu SiO2
a vi
1,77
1,17
0,74
53,61 0,96 41,75
100
t set
64,73
14,6
7,28
2,37
6,2
4,82
100
Qung st
19,5
4,03
65,26
3,08
5,44
2,69
100
Tro than
56,10
28,04
4,55
7,03
4,28
0
100
Cao silc
81,04
7
2,14
3,45
1,01
5,36
100
Bang thanh phn hoa hoc nguyn liu quy i v 100% dang nguyn liu a nung:
Al2O3
Fe2O3 CaO
CK
MKN TNG
Nguyn liu
SiO2
a vi k1=1,72
3,04
2,01
1,27
92,03 1,65
100
t set k2=1,05
68,01
15,34
7,65
2,49
6,51
100
Qungst k3=1,03 20,04
4,14
67,06
3,17
5,59
100
Tro than k4=1
56,10
28,04
4,55
7,03
4,28
100
Cao silc k5=1,06
85,63
7,40
2,26
3,64
1,72
100
iu chnh nguyn liu a nung v p = 1,2:
Ap dung cac cng thc trn ta co:
Qung st / a vi =
a vi =
2,01 1,2 1,27

= 0,0064 phn qung st / 1 phn a vi
1,2 67,06 4,14
100 1
= 99,36 (%)
1 + 0,0064
Qung st = 100 - 99,36 = 0,64 (%)

Nh vy, mun iu chnh a vi co h s p = 1,2 th c 1 phn a vi cn phai
b sung 0,0064 phn qung st hay 99,36% a vi cn b sung 0,64% qung st.
87
Qung st / t set =
15,34 1,2 7,65

= 0,0807 Phn qung st/1 phn t set
76,33
(1,2*67,06-4,14 = 76,33 la mu s chung)
100 1
= 92,56 (%)
t set =
1 + 0,0807
Qung st = 100 - 92,53 = 7,47 (%)

Mun iu chnh t set co h s p = 1,2 th c 1 phn t set cn phai b sung
0,0807 phn qung st hay 92,53% t set cn b sung 7,47% qung st.
Qung st / Tro than =
Tro than =
28,04 1,2 4,55

= 0,29 Phn qung st / 1 phn tro than
76,33
100 1
= 77,17 (%)
1 + 0,29
Qung st = 100 - 77,17 = 22,83 (%)

Mun iu chnh tro than co h s p = 1,2 th c 1 phn tro than cn phai b sung
0,29 phn qung st hay 77,17% tro than cn b sung 22,83% qung st.
Qung st / Cao silc =
Cao silc =
7,40 1,2 2,26

= 0,06 Phn qung st / 1 phn cao silc
76,33
100 1
= 94,22 (%)
1 + 0,06
Qung st = 100 - 94,22 = 5,78 (%)

Mun iu chnh a cao silc co h s p = 1,2 th c 1 phn a cao silc cn phai
b sung 0,06 phn qung st hay 94,22% a cao silc cn b sung 5,78% qung st.
Bang thanh phn hoa hoc nguyn liu a nung sau khi iu chnh cho tt ca co p =
1,2
N.liu
S
A
F
C
CK
MK
TN
n
P
N
G
a vi
3,02
2
1,26 91,44 1,64
93,36 0,93 1,58
99,36%
Q.st
0,13 0,03
0,43
0,02 0,04
0,64
0,28 0,06
0,64%
a vi 1 3,15 2,02
1,69 91,46 1,68
100
0,85
1,2
t set 62,93 14,19 7,08
2,30 6,02
92,53 2,96 2,01
92,53%
Q.st
1.5
0.31
5.01
0.24 0.42
7,47
0.28 0.06
7,47%
t set 1 64,43 14,5 12,09 2,54 6,44
100
2,42
1.2
Tro than 43,29 21,64 3,51
5,43
3,3
77,17 1,72 6,16
77,17%
88
Qungst 4,58 0,95 15,31 0,72 1,28

22,83 0,28 0,06
22,83%
Tro
47,87 22,58 18,82 6,15 4,58
100
1,16
1,2
than1
Cao silc 80,68 6,97
2,13
3,43 1,01
94,22 8,87 3,27
94,22%
Q.st
1,16 0,24
3,88
0,18 0,32
5,78
0,28 0,06
5,78%
Cao
81,84 7,21
6,01
3,62 1,33
100
6,19
1,2
silc1
Xac nh ty l trong lng gia cac nguyn liu a iu chnh xong p = 1.2
Sau khi a iu chnh xong p = 1,2 chung ta cn xac nh ty l trong lng gia
cac nguyn liu trn c s phai thoa man iu kin KH = 0,88.
Ap dung cng thc ta co:
(2.8 S 2 KH + 1.65 A2 + 0.35 F2 ) C 2
C1 (2.8 KH S1 + 1.65 A1 + 0.35 F1 )
(2,8 64,43 0,88 + 1,65 14,5 + 0,35 12,99) 2,54
=
91,46 (2,8 3,15 0,88 + 1,65 2,03 + 0,35 1,69)
184,37
= 2,31 phn a vi(1) / 1 phn t set(1)
=
79,74
(2.8 S 3 KH + 1,65 A3 + 0.35 F3 ) C 3
a vi(1) / Tro than(1) =
C1 (2,8 S1 KH + 1,65 A1 + 0,35 F1 )
a vi 1 / t set 1 =
= 1,98 phn a vi(1) / 1 phn tro than(1)

Xac nh lng tiu hao nhin liu a nung cho 100kg clinker
Qung iu chnh tro than ban u:
5,66 * 0,29 = 1,674 (kg)
Tng lng tro than (1) gm co:
Tro than + Qung iu chnh = 5,66 + 1,674 = 7,33 (kg)
Lng a vi (1) bu tr cho tro than(1):
7,33 * 1,98 = 14,51 (kg)
Lng clinker do tro than (1) tao nn
14,51 + 7,33 = 21,84 (kg)
Lng clinker do t set (1) va a vi (1) tao nn
100 - 21,84 = 78,16 (kg)
Lng t set (1) theo ty l
(1*78,16) / (1 + 2,31) = 23,6 (kg)
Lng a vi (1) tac dung vi t set (1) la
89
23,61 * 2,31 = 54,36 (kg)

Tng lng a vi (1)
bu tr cho than:
14,51 (kg)
phan ng vi t set: 54,56 (kg)
Tng
: 69,07 (kg)
Tnh tng lng qung st:
- Qung st co trong thanh phn a vi (1)
69,07 * 0,0064 = 0,442 (kg)
- Lng a vi thc t co trong a vi (1)
69,07 * 0,9936 = 68,62 (kg)
- Qung st co trong thanh phn t set (1)
23,61 * 0,0747 = 1,763 (kg)
- Lng t set thc t co trong thanh phn t set (1)
23,61 * 0,9253 = 21,84 (kg)
- Tng lng qung st cn iu chnh nguyn liu v thanh
p = 1,2 la:
iu chnh a vi(1):
0,442 (kg)
iu chnh t set(1):
1,763 (kg)
iu chnh tro than(1): 1,674 (kg)
Tng cng
:
3,878 (kg)
- Ty l phi liu ch tao 100kg clinker la:
a vi:
68,62 (kg)
21,84 (kg)
t set:
Qung st: 3,88 (kg)
Tro than:
5,66(kg)
Tng:
100(kg)
Tnh ra % nguyn liu iu ch 100kg clinker nh sau
Nguyn liu
Lng nguyn liu co trong
Lng nguyn liu
100kg clinker(dang a
cha nung co trong
nung)
phi liu
kg
%
a vi k1 = 1,72
68,62
118,03
81,42
t set k2 = 1,05
21,84
22,93
15,82
Qung st k3 = 1,03
3,88
4
2,76
Tro than k4 = 1
5,66
Tng
100
144,95
100
90
Theo ty l % cua a vi, t set, qung st va tro than. Ap dung cng thc thc
nghim cua I.M.But tnh ra c tt phi liu nh sau:
T = (95,73*%a vi + 4,23*%t set + 5,5*%qung st) / 100
T = 0,9573*81,4 + 0,0423*15,82 + 0,055*2,76 = 78,77
Trn c s ty l phi liu cha nung, ta nhn vi thanh phn tng cu t ring
tm ra thanh phn hoa hoc cua phi liu co cha a vi, t set, qung st khng co
tro than va thanh phn phi liu a nung khng co tro than. Sau o mi tnh thanh
phn hoa hoc cua clinker co ln tro than.
Bang tng hp thanh phn hoa hoc phi liu va clinker
N.liu
S
A
F
C
CK MKN TNG n
p
a vi
1,44 0,95 0,6
43,65 0,78 33,99 81,42
0,93
1,58
81,4%
t set
10,24 2,31 1,15 0,37 0,98 0,76
15,82
2,96
2,01
15,8%
Qung st 0,54 0,11 1,8
0,09 0,15 0,07
2,76
0,28
0,06
2,8%
PL cha 12,22 3,37 3,55 44,11 1,91 34,83 100
1,76
0,95
nung
100%
PL a
18,75 5,18 5,45 67,68 2,94 0
100
1,76
0,95
nung100
%
Th.phn
17,69 4,88 5,14 63,85 2,77 0
94,34
1,76
0,95
hoa hoc
clinker
94,34%
phi liu
a nung
Tro than
3,18 1,59 0,26 0,4
0,24 0
5,66
1,72
6,16
5,66%
Clinker
20,87 6,47 5,4
64,25 3,01 0
100
1,76
1,2
Tnh lai h s KH va thanh phn khoang
KH =
C 1,65 A 0,35 F
=
2,8 S
0,88
%C3S = 4,07*C-7,6*S 6,72*A -1,42*F = 51,76

%C2S = 8,6*S +5,07*A +1,07*F -3,07*C = 20,78
91
Tng (C3S + C2S)

= 72,55 %
= 7,99
%C3A = 2,65*(A -0,64*F)
= 16,42
%C4AF = 3,04*F
= 24,41 %
Tng (C3A + C4AF)
Ta thy n =1,76 la qua nho so vi clinker chon ban u. Do o, khoang silicat
giam va khoang Aluminat tng:
Khoang silicat
Khoang Aluminat
Chon
Tnh
Chon
Tnh
C3S = 54
C3S = 51
C3A = 7
C3A = 8
C2S = 23
C2S = 21
C4AF = 14
C4AF = 16
TNG : 77
73
21
24
Mun bao am thanh phn clinker va cac h s KH = 0,88, p = 1,2 va n = 2,2. Ta
phai tip tuc iu chnh n bng a cao silc trn c s a tnh iu chnh KH =0,88
va p = 1,2. Tc la ta phai ly thanh phn a vi (1), t set (1), a cao silc (1) va
tro than (1) tnh iu chnh tip h s n = 2,2.
Ap dung cng thc trn ta co:
-Cao silc (1) / a vi (1) = = 0,095 Phn cao silc(1) / 1 phn a vi (1)
-a vi(1) =
100 * 1
= 91,29 %
1 + 0,095
-Cao silc (1) = 100 - 91,29 = 8,71 (%)

Nh vy mun iu chnh a vi (1) co h s n = 2,2 th c 1 phn a vi cn phai
b sung 0,095 phn a cao silc (1) hay 91,29% a vi (1) cn b sung 8,71% a
cao silc(1)
Cao silc (1) / Tro than(1) = = 0,82 phn cao silc(1) / 1 phn tro than(1)
-Tro than (1) = 54,97 (%)
- Cao silc (1) = 45,03 (%)
Nh vy mun iu chnh tro than (1) co h s n = 2,2 th c 1 phn tro than cn
phai b sung 0,82 phn a cao silc (1) hay 54,97% tro than (1) cn b sung
45,03% a cao silc(1)
- a vi(1)/ t set (1) =
64,43 2,2 * 26,59

= 1,18 phn a vi(1)/1 phn t set (1)
2,2 * 3,71 3,15
- a vi(1) = 54,13 (%)

- t set (1) = 100-54,13 = 45,87 (%)
Bang thanh phn nguyn liu a iu chnh v p = 1,2 va n = 2,2
N.liu
S
A
F
C
CK MKN TNG
n
a
2,87 1,85 1,54 83,5 1,53
91,29
0,85
vi(1)91,29%
0
P
1,2
92
Cao
silc(1)8,71%
a vi(2)
7,13
0,63
0,52
0,32
0,12
8,71
6,19
1,2
10
2,48
2,07
1,65
100
2,2
1,2
tset(1)45,91
%
avi(1)54,09%
29,5
8
1,7
6,66
5,55
83,8
1
1,17
2,96
45,91
2,42
1,2
1,09
0,91
0,91
54,09
0,85
1,2
t set(2)
31,2
8
26,3
1
36,8
5
7,75
6,46
3,86
100
2,2
1,2
12,4
1
3,26
10,3
5
2,7
49,4
7
50,6
4
3,38
2,52
54,97
1,16
1,2
1,63
0,6
45,03
6,19
1,2
Tro
than(1)54,97%
Cao
silc(1)45,03%
Tro than (2)
63,1 15,6 13,0 5,01 3,12

100
2,2
1,2
6
6
5
T bang trn tnh ra ty l trong lng a vi(2), t set(2) va tro than(2) theo KH =
0,88
(2,8 KH S 2 + 1.65 A2 + 0.35 F2 ) C 2
C1 (2,8 KH S1 + 1.65 A1 + 0.35 F1 )
(2,8 * 31,28 * 0,88 + 1,65 * 7,75 + 0,35 * 6,46) 50,64
=
83,81 (2,8 * 10 * 0,88 + 1,65 * 2,48 + 0,35 * 2,07)
a vi(2) / t set(2) =
= 0,76 phn a vi(2) / 1 phn t set(2)

a vi(2) / Tro than(2) =
(2.8 S 3 KH + 1,65 A3 + 0.35 F3 ) C 3

C1 (2,8 S1 KH + 1,65 A1 + 0,35 F1 )
= 3,33 phn a vi(2) / 1 phn tro than(2)

Xac nh lng tiu tn nguyn liu nung ra 100kg clinker:
Qung iu chnh tro than ban u:
5,66 * 0,29 = 1,674 kg
Tng lng tro than (1) gm co:
Tro than + Qung iu chnh = 5,66 + 1,674 = 7,33 kg
Lng a coa silc (1) iu chnh cho tro than (1) v n = 2,2
7,33 * 0,82 = 6,01 kg
Tng lng tro than (2) gm co
Tro than (1) + Cao silc iu chnh = 7,33 + 6,01 = 13,34 kg
93
Lng a vi (2) bu tr cho tro than (2) co KH = 0,88 la

13,34 + 3,33 = 44,46 kg
Lng clinker do a vi (2) va tro than (2) tao nn
13,34 + 44,46 = 57,8 kg
Lng clinker do t set (2) va a vi (2) tao nn
100 - 57,8 = 42,2 kg
Trong o gm co
a vi (2) =
42,2 * 0,76
= 18,28 kg
1 + 0,76
t set (2) = 42,2 - 18,28 = 23,92 kg

Tng lng a vi (2)
bu tr cho tro than (2) : 44,46 kg
phan ng vi t set (2) : 18,28 kg
Tng
: 62,74 kg
- Lng a vi (1) co trong a vi (2)
62,74 * 0,9129 = 57,3 kg
- Lng a vi (1) co trong t set (2)
23,92 * 0,5409 = 12,9 kg
Tng lng a vi (1)
Trong a vi (2): 57,3 kg
Trong t set (2): 12,9 kg
Tng
: 70,2 kg
- Lng t set (1) co trong t set (2)
23,92 * 0,4591 = 11 kg
Tng lng a cao silc (1)
iu chnh a vi (2) :
5,5 kg
iu chnh tro than (2) :
6,01 kg
Tng
: 11,51 kg
Tnh thanh phn phi liu ban u
Qung st trong a vi (1) :
0,45
a vi trong a vi (1) :
69,75
Qung st trong t set (1):
0,82
t set trong t set (1) :
10,18
Qung st trong a cao silc (1) :
0,66
a cao silc trong a cao silc (1) :
10,84
1,67
Qung st trong tro than (1):
Tro than co trong tro than (1) :
5,66
94
Tng lng qung st

:
3,61
Tnh thanh phn phi liu ch nung sau khi a iu chnh xong
p = 1,2 ; n = 2,2 va KH = 0,88
Nguyn liu
Lng nguyn liu co trong

100kg clinker
(dang a nung )
a vi k1 = 1,72
69,75
t set k2 = 1,05
10,18
Qungst k3 = 1,03
3,61
Cao silc k4 = 1,06
10,84
Tro than k5 = 1
5,66
Tng
100
Tnh toan phi liu bng phng phap th
Lng nguyn liu cha

nung co trong phi liu
kg
%
119,74
82,61
10,7
7,38
3,71
2,56
11,49
7,93
0
146
100
Noi chung tnh toan phng phap nay khng chnh xac nh cac phng phap trn
nhng co u im la nhanh, do o co th dung kim tra trong san xut tt v kp
thi.
Ta coi h xi mng portland la mt h tam nguyn:
+ 3CaO.SiO2 vit tt C3S
+ 2CaO.SiO2 vit tt C2S
+ Pha long trong clinker gm co (C3A, C4AF va pha thuy tinh)
H nay ta co th biu din trn mt truc toa Descartes nh sau:
Truc tung biu din lng CaO kt hp vi SiO2 va pha long trong clinker:
im A
0 % CaO
100 % pha long
im B
100 % CaO
0 % pha long
Truc hoanh biu din lng SiO2 va pha long trong clinker
im A
0 % SiO2
100 % pha long
im C
100 % SiO2
0 % pha long
95
Hnh ve s 1
100%
B
D
E
M
N
15
K
L
30
Lo
Lo
ng
ng
0A
100%
+ ng BC se biu din tt ca cac hp cht do CaO va SiO2 lin kt vi nhau

theo cac thanh phn khac nhau. Trn BC ta co im D va E.
+ im D co toa la 73,6% CaO va 26,3% SiO2. Nh vy im D c trng
cho 3CaO.SiO2. Cung nh th im E c trng cho 2CaO.SiO2 vi 65,12%CaO va
34,88%SiO2.
+ oan DE biu din cho tng lng 3CaO.SiO2, 2CaO.SiO2 va pha long.
i vi xi mng portland no cha 3CaO.SiO2, 2CaO.SiO2 va t 15-30% pha long.
Nh vy cac hp cht c trng cho xi mng portland se nm trong t giac MNKL.
ng MN gii han 15% pha long va ng KL gii han 30% pha long. Noi cach
khac mi im trong t giac MNKL c trng cho mt loai xi mng portland co cha
3CaO.SiO2, 2CaO.SiO2 va t 15-30% pha long.
96
Ta biu din cac nguyn liu trn th, yu cu la nguyn liu a chuyn v dang
a nung (ngha la kh tuyt i, a bo mt khi nung (MKN) va qui i thanh phn hoa
cua cac nguyn liu sao cho tng cua chung la 100%.)
Mi nguyn liu co toa CaOtoa va SiO2 toa tnh ring cua tng nguyn liu nh sau:
Toa CaO
CaO toa = CaO tng - 1,65 Al2O3- 0,35 Fe2O3
Toa SiO2
SiO2
= SiO2 tng
toa
u tin ta biu din 2 nguyn liu ln th

V du : Trong phi liu co hai cu t a vi va t set.
Trn th se co 2 im : P c trng cho a vi va T c trng cho t set
im P:
CaO toa v = CaOv - 1,65 Al2O3v- 0,35 Fe2O3v
SiO2 toa v = SiO2 v
im T:
CaO toa s = CaOs -1,65 Al2O3s - 0,35 Fe2O3s
SiO2toa s = SiO2s
Cac thanh phn u tnh bng thanh phn phn trm (%). Ta thy PT se biu din tt ca
cac loai hn hp gia a vi va t set. y ta co my trng hp:
+ Trng hp1: (hnh 2)
Nu PT khng ct qua t giac MNKL co ngha la: tt ca cac hn hp gia a vi va t
set y khng phu hp san xut xi mng: Cht lng cua hai nguyn liu y khng
at yu cu nn khng dung san xut c. Phai chon lai cht lng cua cac nguyn liu.
+ Trng hp 2:(hnh 3)
Nu PT ct qua NMKL va lai ct qua S c trng cho mt loai xi mng nht nh. Nh
vy ch cn cht lng cua a vi va t set y thi cung u thu c mt loai xi
mng co c trng la S. Ta co th tnh ra t l phi liu bng qui tc on by theo h
thc sau:
PS
Luongdatset
=
PT Luongdavoi + Luongdatset
ST
Luongdavoi
=
PT Luongdavoi + Luongdatset
Mi n v chiu dai (mm) tng ng mt n v trong lng.

+ Trng hp 3: (hnh 4)
Nu PT ct qua MNKL ma khng ct qua S. Nh vy la cht lng cua a vi va t
set khi phi trn vi nhau co th nung xi mng c, nhng phai b sung vao phi liu
97
thm cu t na iu chnh cho no co c trng la S: ngha la ta phai s dung cu t

th 3 na.
100%
B
N
L
100%
Hnh 2
M
S
N
L
Hnh 3
98
B
P
M
V
N
L
Hnh 4
V du: Tnh phi liu san xut xi mng bit thanh phn cua a vi, t set va
qung st cho bang sau:
Ngliu
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO SO3
MKN
Tng
a vi
1.38
0.22
0.20
53.99
0.79
0.0
43.42
100
t set
67.62
17.77
5.65
2.03
1.54
0.76
4.63
100
Qst
14.93
0.72
75.47
1.47
1.40
2.74
3.27
100
Chuyn nguyn liu v dang a nung

Ngliu
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
SO3
MKN Tng
a vi
2.44
0.35
0.39
95.42
1.40
0.00
0.00
100
t set
70.90
18.63
5.92
2.13
1.62
0.8
0.00
100
Q st
15.44
0.74
78.02
1.52
1.45
2.83
0.00
100
Va chon ham lng cac khoang va pha long nh sau (chon im S):
C3S = 57%, C2S = 19%, Pha long = 24%
Thanh phn nguyn liu nh sau:
99
im P biu din cho a vi

CaO = 95,42 - (1,65 0,35 + 0,35 0,39) = 94,70
SiO2 = 2,44
im T biu din cho t set
CaO = 2,13 - ( 1,65 18,63 + 0,35 5,92) = -30,68
SiO2 = 70,90
im R biu din cho qung st
CaO = 1,52 - (1,65 0,74 + 0,35 78,02) = -27,01
SiO2 = 15,44
t cac im P,T, R ln biu .
im S trong MNKL c trng cho cac loai xi mng trn la giao im cua cac
ng pha long 24% va trn ng ni gc toa vi im chia C3S va C2S theo t
l 57 :19.
Biu din cu t th 3 o ln biu cung ging phng phap 2 cu t trc
ngha la no c c trng cho bng toa CaOtoa va SiO2 toa cua no.
V du :
Goi no la im R va im R co toa sau :
im R
CaOtoa ct3 = CaOct3-1,65 Al2O3 ct3- 0,35 Fe2O3 ct3
SiO2toa ct3 = SiO2ct3
Ta ni RS se ct PT V. Trong MNKL va ta co th tnh t l phi liu 3 cu t
nay theo cac h thc sau:
SV
Luongcautu3
=
RV Luongdavoi + Luongdatset + Luongcautu3
RS
Luongdatset + Luongdavoi
=
RV Luongdavoi + Luongdatset + Luongcautu3
Luongdatset
PV
=
PT Luongdavoi + Luongdatset + Luongcautu3
TV
Luongdavoi
=
PT Luongdavoi + Luongdatset + Luongcautu3
Chu y :oan PTva RV co th o cung mt n v chiu dai hoc khng cung mt

dai cung c
* Mi n v chiu dai (mm) tng ng mt n v trong lng.
Sau y la th ve trng hp trn:
100
B
D (73,69 ; 26,31)
M
K
V
S
L
E (65,12 ; 34,88)
N
100%
o cac oan ta co :
PV = 42,5mm
TV = 103,5mm
SV =
4,5mm
RS = 82,0mm
T y ta tnh ra t l nguyn liu pha ch theo t l cac oan thng o c.
Goi x, y, z ln lt la t l cua a vi, t set, va qung st a nung ta co:
4,5
SV
z
=
=
= 0,052 (1)
RV 86,5 x + y + z
82
RS
x+ y
=
=
= 0,948 (2)
RV 86,5 x + y + z
PV 103,5
x
=
=
= 0,709
PT
x+ y
146
(3)
TV 42,5
y
=
=
= 0,291
PT 146 x + y
(4)
0,052
z
=
x + y 0,948
(5)
101
x 0,709
=
y 0,291
(6)
Chia (1) cho (2) va chia (3) cho (4) ta c (5) va (6)
T (5) va (6) ta tnh c:
Lng a vi( tng ng TV)
= 67, 2%
Lng t set (tng ngvi PV)
= 27, 6%
Lng qung st (tng ng SV)
= 5,20%
i ra nguyn liu cha nung ta co:
*a vi
77,58 %
*tset
18,91 %
*Qung st 3,51 %
Lp bang thanh phn hoa hoc ta co:
Ngliu
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3
77.58%a vi
MKN
Tng
1.071 0.171 0.155 41.885 0.613 0.000 33.685 77.58
18.91%t set
12.787 3.360 1.068
0.384 0.291 0.144
0.876 18.91
3.51% Q st
0.524 0.025 2.649
0.052 0.049 0.096
0.115
3.51
100%Phi liu 14.382 3.556 3.873 42.321 0.953 0.240 34.676 100
100%Clinker
22.016 5.444 5.928 64.786 1.459 0.367 0.000
KH =
100
64,786 (1,65 5,444 + 0,35 5,928

2,8 22,016
KH = 0,871
Tnh KH theo thnh phn khoang t cng thc thc nghim cua But ta co:
KH =
K + 0,8838
K + 1,3256
Vi
K = C3S/C2S
KH = 0,897
Sai s tng i:
=
(0,897 0,871) 100

= 2,898 (%)
0,897
102
Nh vy ta thy co sai s tng i nm trong gii han cho phep. Do o

phep tnh nay ch dung kim tra cho nhanh chong.
2.9 Nghin mn hn hp nguyn liu.
Sau khi a tnh toan va nh ty l phi liu, cac nguyn liu c chun b
y u, am bao yu cu ky thut c a vao may nghin. am bao ng
nht cao thng nghin chung hn hp phi liu trong may nghin.
mn cua hn hp phi liu co anh hng rt ln n qua trnh nung luyn
va cht lng clinker, mn cang cao b mt tip xuc gia cac nguyn liu cang
ln, qua trnh nung cang nhanh, cang co iu kin nng cao h s KH va cht lng
clinker .
Ngi ta a th nghim thy rng:
mn phi liu: lng sot sang 5 - 8% trn sang 4900 l/cm2.
H s KH = 0,87 - 0,89; n = 2 ximng co th at mac (30 - 40) N/mm2.
Nu mn phi liu con 5 - 8% trn sang 10.000l /cm2.
H s KH = 0,9 - 0,95 ; n = 2,5 th ximng co th at mac (70 - 80) N/mm2.
2.10 ng nht va iu chnh phi liu.
Phng phap t lo quay
Hn hp nguyn liu va nc nghin chung trong may nghin thanh bun vi W =
30 - 32%. May nghin ngoai nhim vu nghin mn hn hp phi liu con co nhim
vu khuy trn u hn hp phi liu. Sau khi phi liu ra khoi may nghin bi c
a ln h thng b iu chnh, kim tra va iu chnh m, thanh phn hoa hoc
va tt phi liu, ng thi khuy trn lin tuc chng lng va am bao ng nht
cua phi liu, sau o bun c a ln b cha va nap vao lo nung qua thit b cp bun..
Phng phap kh lo quay phi liu vao lo dang bt
Khi bt phi liu ra khoi may sy nghin lin hp c a ln h thng sil
khuy trn bng kh nen am bao ng nht va iu chnh m, tt va thanh
phn hoa hoc cua phi liu. Sau o chuyn sang h thng sil cha ri a vao h
thng xycln trao i nhit ( thap phn giai), precalciner, vao lo nung. Bt phi
liu vao h xycln trao i nhit phai co W = 0,5 - 1%.
2.10.1.Muc ch ng nht bt liu
ng nht bt liu la mt trong nhng phng phap dung trn u liu
sng sao cho am bao ng nht va n nh thanh phn cua phi liu la tt nht.
Phi liu ra khoi may nghin vn cha am bao ng nht va n nh.
V vy bt liu phai cho qua cac thit b ng nht (Sil) c trn u, am
bao c nhng ch tiu yu cu ky thut va c ng nht trc khi a vao lo .
2.10.2 Nguyn tc ng nht
103
Khac vi phng phap san xut cement h t, vic ng nht bt liu h

kh din ra phc tap hn nhiu. c bit la khu xung kh trong sil ng nht.
Trong qua trnh ng nht cn khng ch cht che dong va ap lc cua dong kh.
Nguyn tc cua vic ng nht phi liu la da vao ap lc nht nh cua kh
nen tin hanh trn u bt liu, trn tm ay sil lp t cac kiu thit b xung
kh. Sau khi xung kh, trc tin lam long bt liu, sau o tin hanh trn theo trang
thai dong chay lam cho thanh phn bt liu ng u. Do thit b xung kh co
khac va cach b tr cung khac, dn n s khac nhau v phng phap ng nht va
cu tao sil ng nht cung khac nhau.
Cng oan ng nht bt liu la thao tac cui cung chun b a liu vao
lo. Hiu qua ng nht tai y dao ng khoang nho hn 20%. S % con lai chu
yu tp trung vao cac cng oan u nh:
+ Cac nguyn liu c khai thac ban u bai a v kho cha. Tai y
ngi ta a tin hanh ng nht tng nguyn liu mt cach s b at c
ng nht v thanh phn hoa v nguyn liu khai thac tng khu vc khac nhau co
dao ng thanh phn cung khac nhau.
+ Cng oan nghin phi liu cung cp liu cho lo hoat ng co nhiu y
ngha ln. Hiu qua ng nht cua bt liu ra khoi may nghin vao khoang hn 70 90% , o la vung ng nht c hat va ng nht phi liu.
+ Phi liu y qua nhiu thit b vn chuyn trung gian nh: mang trt
kh ng trang thai tng si, gu nng . . . tng s ng nht ln mt phn trc khi
vao sil ng nht.
*Tom lai s ng nht bt liu co y ngha chnh trong cng ngh san xut
clinker xi mng. No phu thuc vao cac yu t sau:
-Kch thc hat.
- m bt liu.
-Thit b may moc vn chuyn va suc kh trung gian.
-Thi gian ng nht.
-ng i cua bt liu.
- Kt cu sil va phng phap suc kh nen ay sil.
Thng s c trng qua trnh ng nht
- Tt phi liu (T)
Tt phi liu la thng s c trng cho qua trnh ng nht phi liu. Thng
qua no ngi ta bit c qua trnh ng nht at hay khng at. Tt phi liu c xac
nh bng tng ham lng hai xit CaO va MgO co trong phi liu :
T = ( CaO + MgO)
104
Hoc : T = (CaCO 3 + MgCO 3 )

Trong o : % CaO va % MgO la thanh phn hoa co trong phi liu .
CaCO 3 va MgCO 3 la thanh phn hoa co trong phi liu.
Cng thc xac nh:
Hay s dung: T =1.875 CaO + 2.09MgO
Trong o: Cac h s 1.875va 2.09 la hng s chun axit
Gii han : 77 < T < 80
- lch chun (S)
lch chun la mt khai nim toan hoc. Tr s chnh lch gia liu vao vi
liu ra tai sil ng nht la biu th ch tiu ng u tr s ( %) cacbonat canxi va
cacbonat magi cua vt liu . Tr s nay cang nho chng to thanh phn cang ng nht
i vi phi liu san xut ximng. Nu goi X la tr s quy nh cua
CaCO 3 trong a vi, X i la tr s thc nghim cua CaCO 3 trong a vi mu th i th
lch chun S co th biu th bng cng thc di y:
S=
( X i X )2
i =1
n 1
n: S mu thc nghim ( thng thng n> 30)

Hiu qua ng nht
Hiu qua ng nht bt liu la ty s lch chun gia liu vao ( S i ) va liu ra
khoi sil( S 0). Ty s nay cang ln chng to hiu qua ng nht cang tt.
e=
Si
S0
Trong o: e: hiu qua trn u.

S i : lch chun thanh phn liu vao.
S 0: lch chun thanh phn liu ra.
105
2.10.3 Phn loai cac phng phap ng nht bt liu

Co 2 phng phap ng nht bt liu
Sil ng nht bt liu kiu gian oan
*Khai nim: Sil ng nht kiu gian oan la loai sil ma khi tin hanh ng
nht phai chia bc gian oan khi vao liu va ra thanh phm liu sng.
* Pham vi ng dung: Sil ng nht kiu gian oan s dung khi nha may san
xut ximng co khu tin ng nht nguyn liu cha c tt va thanh phn nguyn
liu kho n nh ( co bin ng ln ).
Co 3 loai sil:
+Loai sil 2 tng.
+Loai sil xp sanh i.
+Loai sil trn n thun.
Sil ng nht bt liu kiu lin tuc
*Khai nim: Sil ng nht kiu lin tuc rt phu hp vi s phat trin hin ai va
qui m cua nganh cng nghip ximng. Cac loai sil nay tin hanh hoat ng cac
bc vao liu, ng nht, ra liu va tn tr mt cach rt hp l. Co quy trnh cng ngh
n gian, chim din tch t t, b tr cht che, thao tac tin li, ngi vn hanh t, d
thc hin iu khin t ng, vn u t c ban t .
So vi h thng ng nht kiu gian oan th dung sil kiu lin tuc co th tit
kim c 20 % vn u t ban u, hao ph in nng t, chi ph cho thao tac bao
dng thit b thp ...Tuy nhin nhc im cua phng phap nay la oi hoi thanh
phn nguyn liu u vao tng i ng nht hoc phai co cng ngh ng nht s
b. Nu khng thanh phn liu sng ra khoi may nghin se co dao ng ln, anh
hng n qua trnh nung va cht lng cua clinker ra khoi lo ( y la nhc im cua
h thng ng nht lin tuc ). Thay v ng nht bng cach suc kh vao theo phng
phap ng nht gian oan, qua trnh trn xay ra nh mt phu vt liu c hnh thanh
trong thi gian vt liu c thao ra khoi sil.
Hiu qua ng nht y u ch at c khi chiu cao y trong sil c duy
tr. Khi mc y thp, hiu qua ng nht thp. V hiu qua ng nht phu thuc
vao dong chay cua bt liu khi thao liu. Qua trnh thao liu y nh vao trong lng
cua khi bt liu, do o phu thuc vao chiu cao ( mc y) cua bt liu trong
sil. Chiu cao bt liu cang ln th khi lng bt liu cang tng, dn n tc dong
chay bt liu tng, qua trnh ng nht cang tt. Nu duy tr mc bt liu trong sil n
nh th qua trnh thao liu se n nh, am bao qua trnh ng nht tt. Do o ngi ta
yu cu gi mc y trn mc ti thiu la 30%.
Co cac loai sil:
+Sil trn u bt liu kiu lin tuc khoang hn hp.
+Sil trn u kiu nhiu dong im.
106
+Sil trn u kiu khng ch dong lin tuc.

+Sil kiu bung trn cua Claudius Petes.
+ Sil bung ng nht cua Claudius Petes.
+Sil ng nht lin tuc cua Polysius.
+Sil ng nht kiu a dong cua Polysius.
+ Sil ng nht kiu im a dong cua LSF.
+ Sil bung trung tm cua IBAU.
+ Sil ng nht lin tuc cua PARTER.
SIL TRN U LIU SNG KIU GIAN OAN
Sil hai tng

Hai sil ng nht nm pha trn, y la ni ng nht bt liu sau khi ra khoi
may nghin bt sng, bt liu co c s ng u v thanh phn hoa va m. S
dung kh nen cua cac may nen kh cung cp ng nht bt liu cac sil. ay sil
co gn cac tui vai polyeste, cac tm vai b tr theo tng mui, kh nen suc vao sil qua
cac tui nay c thc hin theo chu trnh ng nht nh trc. Bt c thao xung
sil tn tr qua ca ay cua sil theo hai hng: thao thng hoc thao cheo theo mang
trt. Trn nh sil co lp mt loc bui tay ao tao ap m cho h thng sil.
Ngoai ra nh sil co lp mt thc o nh mc kim tra chiu cao bt
trong mi sil, va b bao mc cao. Khi bt n mc nay th b bao mc cao lam vic
va mach lin ng t ng dng ng nap liu cho sil va chuyn qua nap liu cho
sil khac. Con hai sil tn tr th nm pha di. y la ni tn tr bt liu cung
cp cho lo nung. Hai sil tn tr co chiu cao ln hn hai sil ng nht. Hai sil nay
cung s dung kh nen do cac may nen kh cung cp lam long bt sil tn tr
thun tin cho vic thao bt liu ra khoi sil. ay sil co gn cac tm vai polyeste, cac
tm vai nay c b tr theo dang mui va kh nen suc vao sil theo cac mui nay lam
long hoa bt va thao bt lin tuc. ay mi sil co hai ca thao bt, di ca thao
bt la ca quay, tuy theo nng sut cung cp cho lo nung ma ta co th m van theo
m khac nhau. Di cac van ca quay la cac mang trt vn chuyn bt ti mang
trt khac ri n cp liu cho lo nung .
107
SIL HAI TNG

3
1
Sil
ngnht
Sil
ngnht
Sil
tn tr
Sil
tn tr
8
7
5
6
CHU THCH:
1-Kh nen
2-Mang trt kh ng
3- Loc bui tui
4-Thit b bao y
5- Suc kh nen
2
6-Kh cao ap
7- Bnh bm cao ap
8- Cp liu sng
9- Van cp liu
Hnh : 2.1 : Sil hai tng

Nguyn tc lam vic
Bt liu a ln mang trt nh bnh bm Aeropol. T mang trt liu ri
vao hai sil ng nht. Khi liu vao sil nay th sil kia tin hanh qua trnh trn
u, ly mu phn tch va thao liu. Khi mt trong hai sil co chiu cao bt at max th
ta tin hanh ng nht phi liu bng cach suc kh t may kh nen. Ngoai ra phi liu
co tt theo yu cu khng at ta cung tin hanh hiu chnh tai hai sil nay, ngha la xac
nh t l cp phi vao may nghin. C hat phi liu co th gy ra s phn lp trong
sil anh hng ti hiu qua ng nht phi liu.
hai sil tn tr th qua trnh thao va nap liu cung tng t nh trn. Liu
t hai sil ng nht co th i xung trc tip hoc co th i cheo qua sil kia tng
108
hiu qua ng nht tt hn. Cung tng t nh hai sil ng nht, qua trnh suc kh
nen i qua cac tui vai polyeste va khi mt trong hai sil at c mc max th qua
trnh thao liu c tin hanh. Khi sil nay thao liu xong thi tin hanh thao liu sil
kia va ngc lai. H thng kh nen se lam cho bt liu c linh ng hn va cung nh
o qua trnh thao liu c d dang hn. Ngoai ra qua trnh thao liu nh trong lc nn
co th thao rt nhanh.
u nhc im cua phng phap:
*u im:
+Chim t t
+Thit b t
+Thao tac quan ly n gian
+Tiu hao in nng thp
*Nhc im:
+Chim khng gian ln
+Qua trnh ng nht khng at hiu qua cao.
+Pha di chu tai trong ln
y la kiu sil c nhiu nha may san xut xi mng ap dung, trong o co nha may
xi mng Ha Tin 2.
V du thc t :
Quy trnh cng ngh ng nht bt liu nha may xi mng Ha Tin 2 :
Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh
dy chuyn san xut phng phap kh nay co 4 sil: hai sil ng nht
(H1, H2 ) va hai sil tn tr ( S1 , S2 ). Cu tao va nguyn tc hoat ng ging nh
loai sil hai tng trn .
Thng s ky thut:
* Sil ng nht
+ ng knh sil: 16 m
+ Chiu cao hu dung: 16m.
109
Hnh : 2.2: S ng nht bt sng tai nha may ximng Ha Tin 2

+ Dung lng hu dung:2900 m 3
* Sil tn tr
+ ng knh sil: 16 m
+ Chiu cao hu dung: 33m
+ Dung lng hu dung:5800 m 3
+ Cng sut cua mi ng c may kh nen:220KW.
+ in ap: 6.6 KV.
+ Ap lc kh nen:2 bar
+ Lu lng kh nen:65.5 m 3 / phut
* Vn hanh sil
+ Nap liu: cho bt liu trong cac sil khng b nen do trong lng cua bt
cha trong sil, chiu cao cha ti a cho phep cua sil la 70% chiu cao hu dung cua
110
KD17
KD16
KD40
KD 37
KD19
KD18.14
5,2 m
11 m
240 T/h
KE02
E08.12
KG02
KH07.03
KG01: Bnh bm Aeropol
KE06: Mang trt hoi lu may nghien

KM01: Loc bui tnh ien
KD18.24: nh lng cat

KD40: nh lng a o
KK01: Mang trt kh ong
S1, S2: 2 silo ton tr bot lieu
H1, H2: 2 silo ong nhat bot lieu

KE03.05, 06: ong c chnh may nghien
KD18.14: nh lng a voi
KM02: Quat kh thai
T KK15
KG01
KM10: Thap lam mat
KG03
E08.02
KE02: May nghien bot song
KD19, KD21: Bang tai chung
D
L
Q
E08.22
E08.52
M02.02
E08.42
M02.03
KE02: May nghien bot song
KE03.06
KE03.05
KD21
KM 08.03
e n KK02
KM10
KD17: nh lng at set
CHU THCH
E08.82
E08.62
KE06
KM09
KM01
E08.72
KD16: May cat set
KD18.24
KE05
E08.32
S O NGHIEN BOT SONG

NG NHT BT SNG
KK01
S2
16 m
33 m
H
V 5.800 m3
S1
16 m
33 m
H
V 5.800 m3
H2
16 m
H
16 m
V 2.900 m3
H1
16 m
H
16 m
V 2.900 m3
KH08
e n KK02
KH07.04
KH06
KH08.33
KH08.32
no. i vi sil (H1, H2) qua trnh ng nht bt liu c tt, thng thng ch
nap liu n (10 -11) m th tin hanh nap qua sil khac va cho ng nht sil va y.
Chu y : + Khng c nap liu vao sil (H1, H2) qua chiu cao ti a cho phep.
+ Khi nap liu xong sil H th tin hanh cho chay may nen suc kh vao sil
ng nht ngay, khng nn lu lam nhit ha thp, bt se hut m von cuc va tao
vong trong vach sil gy nn s tt nghen cac ca thao bt.
+ ng nht: Khi ng 3 may kh nen, theo doi dong cua no. Qua trnh ng
nht at yu cu sau thi gian khi ng 60 phut th dong ng c cua 3 may kh nen
ln khoang 16-18A va n nh trong sut qua trnh ng nht.
Sau thi gian 1.5 gi k t khi bt u ng nht, nhn vin th nghim se tin
hanh ly mu ln th nht phn tch thanh phn hoa cua phi liu, sau 30 phut k
tip se ly mu ln 2 phn tch. Thi gian ng nht ti thiu cho mt sil la 2h.
+ Thao liu: Vic thao liu tai 2 sil phai c kim tra cht che h thng cac mang
trt, ca thao. Kim tra ca thao ay sil (H1, H2) co m ung theo ng thao bt
: thng hoc cheo khng. Mach iu khin t ng se lam vic theo chu ky 30 phut
bt nong t sil H1 hoc H2 c cp xung u n cho 2 sil tn tr (S1,S2) ng
thi tao s ng u v phi liu cho 2 sil nay. Thi gian thao ht khoang 3-4 gi .
Vic thao liu ra khoi sil S1, S2 phu thuc vao yu cu v phi liu chay lo va
phai chu y n vic thao liu gia hai sil, tranh trng hp thao 1 sil S1 con sil con
lai (S2) dng lu lam bt hut m, von cuc gy tc nghen cac ca thao ay sil.
Trong hai ca quay di ay sil th 1 van t ch iu khin bng tay,
m khoang 40- 60 %, con van kia iu khin ch t ng, m van tuy theo
hng cua bt liu trong phu cn.
Trng hp phi liu ang thao t 1 sil H1 hoc H2 xung khng at yu cu
: cac h s LSF, MA, MS .chnh lch nhiu so vi yu cu ky thut th nhn vin vn
hanh trung tm thao kt hp ca hai sil S1 va S2 co phi liu chp nhn c.
m van cua mi sil tn tr khi thao kt hp phu thuc vao kt qua phn tch thanh
phn hoa phi liu vao lo cua b phn th nghim, nhn vin vn hanh trung tm iu
chnh m van cua 2 sil cho thch hp co phi liu vao lo at yu cu ra .
.Sil xp sanh i
c tao thanh bi hai sil ng nht va hai sil tn tr xp sanh i nhau.
Thc cht loai sil nay cung tng t loai sil hai tng nhng cac sil khng xp
chng ln nhau ma chung c xp song song nhau, hai sil ng nht va hai sil tn
tr c tach ra ma thi.
Hai sil ng nht co kch thc nho hn hai sil tn tr. ay sil cung co gn
cac tui vai polyeste, cac tm vai c b tr theo tng mui, kh nen t cac may kh nen
suc vao sil qua cac tui nay. Trn nh cac sil cung co thit b loc bui tay ao tao ap
m cho h thng cac sil. Trong cac sil co mt thc o kim tra chiu cao bt
111
trong mi sil, va co b bao mc cao, khi bt n mc nay th b bao mc cao lam

vic va mach lin ng t ng dng ng nap liu cho sil.
SIL XP SANH I
SILO
SILO
SILO
TRON
TRON
SILO
TN TR TN TR
CHU THCH :
1-Gau nng
2-Mang trt
3-Thit b bao y
Hnh : 2.3 : Sil sanh i
112
.Nguyn tc lam vic

Liu sau khi ra khoi may nghin qua h thng phn ly sau o a n gu nng
a ln cho vao mang trt kh ng vao mt trong hai sil ng nht. Khi liu
vao sil nay th sil kia tin hanh qua trnh trn u, ly mu phn tch va thao liu.
Khi mt trong hai sil co chiu cao bt at max th ta tin hanh ng nht phi liu
bng cach suc kh t may kh nen. Kh nen se i qua cac tui vai polyeste tao cho lp
liu mt linh ng nht nh va liu se ng nht hn.
hai sil tn tr th qua trnh thao va nap liu cung tng t nh trn. Liu t mt
trong hai sil ng nht se c thao xung mang kh ng vao gu nng da ln
cho vao sil tn tr. Cung tng t nh hai sil ng nht, qua trnh suc kh nen i qua
cac tui vai polyeste va khi mt trong hai sil at c mc max th qua trnh thao liu
c tin hanh. Khi sil nay thao liu xong thi tin hanh thao liu sil kia va ngc lai.
H thng kh nen se lam cho bt liu c linh ng hn va cuing nh o qua trnh
thao liu c d dang hn. Ngoai ra qua trnh thao liu nh trong lc nn co th thao
rt nhanh.
u nhc im cua phng phap
* u im:
+Chim din tch khng gian thp.
+Vic xy dng sil n gian hn.
+t chu tai trong hn.
*Nhc im:
+Chim din tch t nhiu hn loai trn.
+Thit b vn chuyn tn kem v phai thm mt thit b nng liu la gu nng.
+Qua trnh thao tac cung tng ln theo.
+Tiu tn nng lng cao hn.
+Hiu qua ng nht cung khng cao
CAC PHNG PHAP SUC KH CUA SIL NG NHT GIAN OAN
H thng ng nht hoa cua Polisius.
* H thng nay co hai khu vc i din nhau va co mt vung tron nho ay cua
sil c suc kh cung mt luc.Trong loai sil kiu nay c chia lam 5 khu vc nho,
mi khu vc co th c cung cp vi nhng lng khng kh co lu lng khac nhau.
Khi khu vc 5( hnh ve) c suc kh lin tuc, trong sut thi gian nay, nhng khu vc
con lai khng c suc kh. Sau khoang mt thi gian th nhng khu vc con lai bt
u suc kh .
113
1,3: Khu vc suc kh yu

2, 4: Khu vc suc kh manh
5: Vung suc kh lin tuc
6: Ca nap liu
7 : Ca thao liu
7
A
4
1
A-A
5
3
Hnh 2.4 H thng suc kh cua Polisius

Ngoai ra h thng ng nht hoa kiu Polisius co co kiu suc kh kiu 1/8. ay cua
sil c chia lam 8 phn, khi hoat ng th ch co 2 phn cung c suc kh cung mt
luc. Co ngha la 1/4 din tch ay c suc kh ng thi, no chim khoang 60 %
lng khng kh, con 3/4 din tch ay con lai ch c suc khoang 40% tng lng
khng kh. Ngoai ra phn c suc kh chu yu con c chia ra thanh cac phn nho,
c suc kh vi lng khac nhau. C cach 7-10 phut tuy theo thi gian cai t se
chuyn i sang phn suc kh k tip. Thi gian ng nht, mt chu ky khoang 40 phut
114
liu vao
Phn suc kh trn

(aerated)
Phn suc kh yu
(non aerated)
A-A
Hnh 2.5 H thng suc kh 1/8 cua Polisius
SIL NG NHT BT LIU KIU LIN TUC
SIL KIU BUNG TRN CUA CLAUDIUS PETES
Vi phng phap kiu bung trn, qua trnh trn c thc hin mt cach lin tuc
trong sut qua trnh thao va cp liu hoc ch khi vt liu c thao t sil. Vt liu
khi vao sil c phn phoi rt ng ng u tao thanh nhng lp vt liu nm
ngang. ay cua sil c chia lam 12 phn co cac tm m suc kh va mt bung trn
co h thng suc kh 1/4. Vic cung cp khng kh vao hoat ng cua bung trn xay ra
mt cach ng thi va lun chuyn theo vong tron. thao vt liu ra khoi sil, mt
phn ngoai va 1/4 hoat ng cua bung trn c suc kh ng thi, nh vy mt phu
vt liu c tao ra bn trn phn c suc kh. Hiu qua ng nht at c do:
+ S tao thanh cac phu xen ke gy ra bi trong lng cua vt liu thao, v vy cac
lp bt liu nm ngang c trn ln vi nhau .
+Tao ra mt dong liu xoay trong bung trn do s giam ap sut va s suc kh tng cng.
115
- Sil bung trn c lp t vi nng sut xp x 10.000 tn.

-Ty l ng knh va chiu cao thng nm trong khoang 1 - 1.5.
- Tiu hao nng lng ring 0.3 Kwh/t hoc thp hn.
- Hiu sut ng nht thng la 1:2 n 1:5 ( sil c y ti thiu 30% ).
1234-
Loc bui tui.

ng cp liu.
Bung trn.
Phn t suc kh .
Hnh 2.6 Sil kiu bung trn cua Claudius Peter
116
MT CT HNH KHI SIL TRN

U LIN TUC KIU BUNG TRN
1
1 Loc bui tui

2 H thng nap liu .
3 Bung trn
trung tm
4 Thit b thao liu.
5 Suc kh nen .
3
4
Hnh 2.7 Mt ct sil trn u bt liu lin tuc kiu bung trn cua Claudius
Peter
117
Hnh 2.8 S nguyn l ng nht phi liu bng kh nn
Nhng s c trong vn hanh sil ng nht lin tuc

Nhng s c thng xut hin trong vn hanh sil ng nht lin tuc la vic giam
dn dn hoc t ngt hiu qua ng nht cung nh nhng ri loan khi thao bt liu.
Nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy ra nhng ri loan trn co th la: m, s suc kh va sil
dng hoat ng.
m
Bt liu co m qua cao, co khuynh hng dnh lai vi nhau va mt kha nng
chay cua no. Do o mt vai khu vc con vt liu trong sil la nhng khu vc suc kh
qua yu n ni khng di chuyn vt liu i c. Ngoai ra, vt liu m con lam nghet
nhng b phn suc kh.
m nguyn liu
Gii han trn cua m bt liu thng <1%. Thng thng gii han nay b
vt qua do qua trnh sy bt liu cha u. c bit nguy him khi bt liu qua m,
c san xut trong thi gian dai. Nht la trong mua ma, cn co s giam sat thng
xuyn v m bt liu. Tuy nhin, mt s c a xut hin th sil phai c lam
trng va sach.
m t tng
Trc y ngi ta quan sat thy rng: Sil sau khi xy dng mt thi gian nht
nh se b giam hiu qua ng nht. Nguyn nhn nay do vic sy sil khng c tt
sau khi xy dng. Trng hp nay sil phai c lam trng va lam sach.
118
Nc xm nhp vao sil

Cung co th xay ra hin tng nc xm nhp vao sil theo cac khe nt hoc nhng
ch ro trn mai do khi lp b phn nap liu khng c lam kn tt. Khi xay ra hin
tng nay phai khc phuc ngay va phai lam trng va lam sach sil.
S c suc kh
Vic suc kh bt liu bng cac b phn ay sil la rt quan trong. V vy vic
phn phi kh cung nh lu lng va ap sut phai ung theo yu cu.
Thng thng ap sut ngo vao cua b phn suc kh la 0.6-0.8bar, lu lng kh ngo
vao la 1-2 m3 / phut cho mt 1 m2 b mt suc kh. Trong trng hp ap sut kh khng
u, mt phn vt liu con lai trong mt thi gian dai se b nen cht do anh hng cua
ap lc cac lp vt liu nm pha trn.
H thng suc kh cn kim tra thng xuyn bng cach theo doi ap sut kh trong
ng dn, v no biu hin chnh cho cac s c v suc kh. Nu ap sut qua thp co th la
may kh nen lam vic khng tt hoc co mt vai ch ro trong h thng. Trong trng
hp ap sut qua cao, co kha nng la ng dn, van, b phn phn phi kh b nghet.
Phng phap kh lo ng phi liu vao lo dang vin

Bt phi liu a am bao yu cu ky thut c a sang thit b lam m tao
vin ri a vao lo nung. Vin phi liu cn co yu cu ky thut sau:
m vao lo
m vin phi liu vao lo cang nho cang tt. V giam c nhit bc hi
m, nng sut lo cao. Tuy vy nu m nho qua khng am bao c bn cua
vin phi liu, d v thanh bt, anh hng n qua trnh nung luyn va nng sut
lo. m thch hp nht la W = 10 - 12%.
bn vin phi liu
Vin phi liu sau 1 ngay phai am bao cng > 0,5 kg /cm2, ngi ta co th
tng bn bng cach pha thm cht hoa deo nh: aluminic, sulphnic, ..vv..
khng anh hng n tnh cht clinker va ximng.
xp cua vin phi liu
Vin phi liu vao lo cn am bao xp nht nh, nu vin phi liu co xp
nho th co bn tt, nhng s chay xay ra trong vin phi liu tr nn kho khn,
co th chay khng hoan toan, anh hng n nng sut lo va cht lng clinker.
tng xp ngi ta co th trn thm 2% mun ca vao phi liu.
Kch thc vin phi liu:
Kch thc vin phi liu co anh hng trc tip n qua trnh nung va cht lng
san phm. Nu vin phi liu ln qua, nung lu, qua trnh chay xay ra khng hoan
toan d b sng, anh hng n nng sut va cht lng clinker. Nu vin phi liu
119
nho qua th anh hng n thng gio cua lo va s vn chuyn nguyn liu trong lo
nht la i vi lo ng. Kch thc vin phi liu thng t (5 - 12)mm.
2.10 Qua trnh nung luyn clinker ximng
Gii thiu s lc cac loai lo nung clinker ximng.
Lo quay nung clinker theo phng phap t.
Lo quay nung clinker theo phng phap t con goi la lo quay co thit b
trao i nhit bn trong. No la 1 ng kim loai hnh tru rng bng thep day 20 70mm mac CT3 va c lot gach chu la bn trong. Theo hnh dang vo lo chia lam
hai loai: ng knh ng u va khng ng u. Lo t nghing 1 goc so vi
mt phng ngang, goc nghing cua lo = 3 - 50. S vong quay dao ng t 0.5 n
4 vong / phut. T l gia chiu dai va ng knh lo: L/D = (30 - 40) ln. Lo quay
phng phap t thng co cac loai sau: D L = 3 100m; 3,6 120m ; 4 150m
5 185m ; 7 270m. Tuy theo lo co kch thc khac nhau, se co nng sut khac
nhau. Toan b chiu dai lo c t trn h thng b co con ln t trn cac tru
lo bng b tng ct thep. S tru lo nhiu hay t phu thuc vao chiu dai va ng
knh lo. Bc tru lo t 20m n 25m.
Lo quay lam vic theo nguyn tc ngc chiu, phi liu vao u cao ( u
lanh ) cua lo, clinker ra u thp ( u nong ) cua lo, nhin liu va khng kh i vao
u thp cua lo. Qua trnh chay va s trao i nhit xay ra theo chiu dai cua lo,
cui cung kh thai c i ra pha u cao cua lo. Do nhin liu c t chay va
phi liu i ngc chiu nhau, kt qua nguyn liu c t nong t nhit
thng n nhit kt khi, con kh nong co nhit giam dn theo chiu dai lo
ra ng khoi, nhit kh thai khoang 200 - 3000C.
Da vao chiu dai lo quay, nhit vt liu va dong kh ngi ta phn chia
lo thanh 6 hoc 8 dn la: dn sy (hay zn xch), dn t nong, dn phn giai (hay
zn thu nhit hay zn cacbonat), dn toa nhit (hay zn phan ng pha rn), dn
kt khi (hay zn nung), dn lam lanh. Chiu dai tng dn khng hoan toan c nh
ma thay i phu thuc vao iu kin phi liu, nhin liu, trnh vn hanh cua
cng nhn, thng ngi ta phn chia nh sau:
Dn sy va t nong chim 50 - 60% chiu dai lo.
Dn phn giai cacbnat chim 20 - 23 % chiu dai lo.
Dn toa nhit chim 5 - 7% chiu dai lo.
Dn kt khi chim 10 - 15% chiu dai lo.
Dn lam lanh chim 2 - 4% chiu dai lo.
am bao tui tho cua lo va giam tn tht nhit ra mi trng xung quanh, trong
lo thng tao mt lp c la ( lp tram ) day t 100- 150mm trn b mt gach chu
120
la va lam mat vo lo bng nc hay khng kh. Tuy theo tnh cht ky thut cua tng
dn ma s dung cac loai gach chiu la lot khac nhau.
tng hiu qua trao i nhit trong lo ngi ta thng b tr cac thit b
trao i nhit bn trong nh: xch trao i nhit, cac tm bng kim loai, gm trao
i nhit cac dn nh dn sy, dn t nong. S dung ph bin la xch trao i
nhit v no co nhng tac dung sau:
Tng b mt trao i nhit, b mt bc hi m cho vt liu.
Can bui mang ra ngoai.
Va p va tao vin phi liu.
Vn chuyn phi liu vao cac zn tip theo u n.
Lo quay nung clinker ximng theo phng phap kh
Lo quay nung clinker ximng theo phng phap kh v cu tao thn lo va
nguyn tc lam vic ngc chiu nh lo quay phng phap t. Tuy nhin cung co
nhng im khac nhau: kch thc lo rt ngn so vi lo phng phap t, t l L/D
= 15 - 17 ln, ph bin la loai lo co kch thc: D L =3,5 50m ; 4 60m ;5
75m ; Lo quay phng phap kh co nhng loai sau:
Phi liu vao lo dang bt mn: Bt phi liu t ket cha hoc sil cha co W = 0,5 1% vao h thng xyclon trao i nhit ( thap trao i nhit) nh thit b chuyn
vn, kh nong t trong lo i vao bung khoi ri ln cac xyclon, vt liu va dong kh
chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau. Song qua trnh trao i nhit gia chung la cung
chiu. Do tac dung cua dong kh vt liu trong xyclon lun lun trang thai l
lng, v vy s tip xuc gia dong kh va vt liu tt hn, qua trnh trao i nhit
gia kh va vt liu tt hn.
H thng xyclon trao i nhit t pha u cao cua lo, co th la xyclon 3 bc, 4
bc hoc nhiu bc. Hin nay cu tao thap phn giai co th:
+ Mt nhanh 5 bc mt dong.
+ Mt nhanh 5 bc hai dong.
+ Mt nhanh 5 bc mt dong - Precalciner
+ Mt nhanh 5 bc hai dong - Precalciner
+ Hai nhanh 5 bc hai dong - Precalciner
+ Hai nhanh 5 bc hai dong - Precalciner - by pass. ...
mi bc xyclon vt liu va dong kh co nhit xac nh, nhit vt liu c
tng dn t trn xung di, nhit dong kh giam dn theo chiu t di i ln.
Kt qua bt phi liu vao u lo co nhit 950 - 10000C con nhit kh thai ra la
300 - 3100C, phi liu vao lo tip tuc qua trnh nung luyn. Hin nay nh thit k
thm bung t phu ( precalciner), nn mc phn giai a vi co th ln mc t
90% n 97% trc khi vao lo.
121
Phi liu vao lo dang vin.

Phi liu trc khi vao lo phai qua thit b lam m tao vin ( nu phi liu dang
bt ) hoc qua thit b sy, ep loc ( nu phi liu dang bun ); vin phi liu vao lo
phai am bao W = 10 - 12%.
Lo ng nung clinker ximng.
Lo ng la 1 ng hnh tru ng rng, ngoai la gach thng (hin nay lp vo
bng thep), trong lot vt liu cach nhit va gach chu la. Chiu cao va ng knh
lo thng co t l xac nh H / D= 3,5 - 4 ln. Tuy theo kch thc lo ma co nng
sut khac nhau, tng hiu qua sy ngi ta thng m rng dn sy.
Lo ng c kh hoa cao thng co thit b nap liu, thao clinker hoan toan t
ng, bt phi liu t sil cha vao thit b lam m sau o vao thit b tao vin,
chuyn xung thit b nap liu vao lo va qua trnh nung luyn c tin hanh trong
lo ng tng t nh trong lo quay.
Da vao chiu cao lo, nhit nung ma phn chia lo ng thanh 3 hoc 4
dn. Ph bin hn la 3 dn: dn sy, dn nung va dn lam lanh. tng cng qua
trnh nung trong lo ng ngi ta thng a gio nong hoc gio giau xy vao khu
nung ( thng gio phu).
2.11 Qua trnh hoa ly khi nung luyn clinker trong lo quay
2.11.1 Qua trnh ly hoc
Lo quay nung clinker lam vic theo nguyn tc ngc chiu, s chay xay ra
trong khoang 20 - 30m chiu dai lo. Tc dong kh trong lo tng khu vc khac
nhau th khac nhau, va thay i trong gii han 6 - 13m/s, tc dong kh ln nht
la sat truc lo, tc nho nht la gn lp gach lot thn lo, xch trao i nhit co kha
nng lam tc dong kh phn b u theo tit din lo dn xch.
Vt liu chuyn ng theo chiu dai cua lo rt phc tap, chu yu la trt trn
b mt lp tram hay gach chu la vi tc khac nhau cua nhng hat vt liu co
kch thc khac nhau. Thi gian lu vt liu trong lo phu thuc vao nhiu yu t va
co th trong khoang 3 - 6 gi. Do tac dung c hoc cua man xch va cac thit b trao
i nhit ma h s y vt liu cua lo tng khu vc khac nhau th khac nhau.
dn sy do s tac dung cua man xch va cac thit b trao i nhit ma vt liu
chuyn ng iu hoa, vin phi liu cung c tao thanh khu vc nay. dn
cacbonat 1 lng ln CO2 c tach ra nn tc cua vt liu chuyn ng tng
ln. dn kt khi co s xut hin pha long, ng thi co s dnh kt cac hat
clinker nho thanh hat clinker ln, do o tc chuyn ng cua vt liu b giam.
Tom lai do nhiu yu t tac dung ma vt liu trong lo chuyn ng theo dang hnh
sin ( dang song ).
122
Vic xac nh nhit cua vt liu theo chiu dai lo quay mt cach chnh
xac la mt kho khn ln, cho n nay vn con tn tai va tip tuc nghin cu.
V du: Lo quay co L = 135m, c trng cho s thay i nhit cua vt liu va
dong kh nh sau:
Trong khoang 40m chiu dai lo ( u lanh cua lo), nhit vt liu thay i
khng ln lm (khoang 1000C) con nhit dong kh thay i kha ln t 8000C 2500C, khu vc nay nhit cung cp chu yu la bc hi m cua phi liu, sau
khu vc nay th nhit vt liu bt u tng nhanh. Khi vt liu at nhit
9000C th bt u qua trnh phn giai CaCO3. Khi cac phan ng toa nhit xay ra
manh th nhit vt liu tng rt nhanh n 1200 - 13000C, 1400 - 14500C th
nhit vt liu tng chm lai. S chnh lch nhit cua vt liu va dong kh t
nht la dn kt khi, con cac dn khac th chnh nhau 400 - 6000C. Nhit ti
a cua dong kh trong lo quay phng phap t la 1700 - 19000C, con lo quay
phng phap kh th nhit cao hn mt chut.
2.11.2 Qua trnh hoa hoc
V du: San xut clinker ximng phng phap t lo quay phi liu W = 29 - 32%.
Dn sy : Phi liu vao dn sy dang bun long, nh co xch trao i nhit ma
cng sy tng l, m phi liu giam dn, nht tng ln, vt liu von thanh
cuc. Do tac dung va p cua xch va s quay cua lo ma vt liu c tao vin co
kch thc khac nhau. m vt liu ra khoi dn xch khng c thp hn 8 10%. V d xay ra hin tng chay man xch va bui mang ra ngoai nhiu. Cui dn
xch nhit vt liu at khoang 2000C khi o t set mt mt phn tnh deo, hat
vt liu co kch thc tng i nho.
Dn t nong : Nhit vt liu at 200 - 6500C .
450 - 5000C chu yu la mt nc hoa hoc cua t set, khi o t set mt hoan
toan tnh deo, cng hat phi liu b giam.
Dn phn giai: Nhit vt liu at 650 - 11000C.
dn nay CaCO3 va MgCO3 c phn huy hoan toan, ng thi cac khoang cua
t set cung b phn huy thanh cac xit ring bit va hoat tnh nh SiO2, Al2O3,
Fe2O3, khi o CaO kt hp vi cac oxit nay tao thanh cac khoang nh C2F, CA,
C2S. Qua trnh tao cac khoang trn phu thuc nhit va mn phi liu.
Dn phan ng toa nhit : Nhit vt liu 1200 - 13500C.
Cac khoang c tao thanh dn nay la : C3A, C4AF, C5A3, san phm ra khoi dn
toa nhit la cac khoang : C2S, C2F, C3A , C4AF, C5A3 va 1 lng CaO t do, MgO,
hat vt liu co kch thc 2 - 10mm.
Dn kt khi : Nhit vt liu at 13500C - 14500C - 13500C
123
13500C mt phn vt liu b nong chay tao cht long, san phm i vao khu vc
kt khi gm: C3A, C4AF, C5A3, C2S, C2F, MgO va 1 lng CaO t do. Khoang chu
yu c tao thanh dn kt khi la alit do s tac dung cua C2S va CaO t do khi
co mt pha long trong clinker.
Qua trnh tao alit c hoan toan trong khoang 15 - 25phut. i vi phi liu
co thanh phn hoa hoc khac nhau th nhit kt khi khac nhau thng khoang
1400 - 15000C va ham lng pha long khoang 15 - 30%. Nu nhit nung qua
cao, ham lng pha long qua ln th clinker co th tao thanh nhng cuc ln hoc rt
ln, ng thi co th tao an trong lo, anh hng n s chuyn vn cua vt liu
trong lo va nng sut lo. Cht lng clinker c anh gia s b da vao kch
thc hat clinker, mau sc va dung trong cua no.
Trong thc t phi liu nung clinker d kt khi khi h s KH thp va ham
lng pha long trong phi liu cao, nhng cht lng clinker kem. Ngc lai khi h
s KH cao, ham lng pha long trong clinker thp th phi liu kho kt khi, nhit
nung phai cao, thu c clinker cht lng tt.
Dn lam lanh : Nhit clinker t 1350 - 10000C.
Mt phn pha long c kt tinh, con C2S, C3A, C4AF, MgO, CaO t do va 1
lng nho C3S tach ra khoi pha long dang tinh th, mt phn pha long ong cng
lai thanh thuy tinh clnker.
Qua trnh hoa ly khi nung clinker trong lo ng
Trong thi gian hin nay, vic s dung lo ng nung clinker ximng han
ch hn lo quay v:
Nng sut lo thp.
Cht lng san phm kho am bao va t n nh.
Phi liu nung trong lo ng cung tng t nh trong lo quay ch khac la ham
lng cht chay trong phi liu cn khng ch thp hn lo quay, nu ham lng
cht chay cao gy dnh lo, anh hng n nng sut va thit b, y cung la 1 trong
nhng nguyn nhn han ch vic s dung lo ng nung clinker ximng.
Thun li hn la dung phi liu trong lo ng co n cao va KH thp hn lo
quay, con p = 1,3 - 1,5. Kch thc vin phi liu vao lo t 5 - 12mm, tng h s
y lo th vin phi liu phai co kch thc khac nhau.
V du: Khi vin phi liu co kch thc u nhau, h s y th tch lo dn
canxi hoa at 55%, nu vin phi liu co kch thc 5 - 12mm th h s y tng
ln n 65 - 70%, khi o kha nng chuyn ng xoay cua dong kh lai cang tng, va
s truyn nhit t dong kh cho vt liu la tt nht, nu giam kch thc vin phi
liu xung t 2 - 4mm th qua trnh thng gio khng tt. Hin nay i vi lo ng
ngi ta s dung vin phi liu co kch thc thch hp la 5 - 12mm. Nhit ti
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a cua dong kh trong dn nung la 15000C, tc tao clinker trong lo ng phu

thuc vao nhiu yu t:
Tc dong kh trong lo.
Kch thc cuc vt liu.
Nhit nung trong lo ...
Toan b thi gian lu vt liu trong lo ng khoang 10 - 12gi, thi gian lu vt
liu trong dn kt khi khoang 10 - 25 phut. Nu tng tc dong kh, giam kch
thc vin phi liu va hat nhin liu th s chay xay ra dn nung manh lit va
nhit nung at c ti a.
Da vao chiu cao lo, nhit nung va qua trnh hoa ly xay ra trong lo ng
ta chia thanh 3 dn :
Dn sy: Nhit vt liu at 6000C - 10000C, hn hp phi liu mt nc c hoc,
hoa hoc, cht bc trong nhin liu bt u chay khu vc thiu xy, nhit chay
cang tng, vt liu chuyn dn xung dn nung th s chay xay ra cang y u xy
hn, s phn giai a vi, phn huy t set c tin hanh va cac phan ng trang
thai rn xay ra vi tc tng dn.
Dn nung: Nhit vt liu at 1350 - 14500C - 1350, cac phan ng trang thai
rn tip tuc hoan thanh, pha long trong phi liu xut hin CaO va C2S khuch tan vao
pha long va phan ng tao C3S.
Dn lam lanh : nhit clinker t 13500C - 12000C - 1000C.
Clinker t dn kt khi i xung tip xuc vi khng kh lanh t di i ln va
clinker ngui dn. Tc lam lanh clinker trong lo ng chm hn lo quay. V vy
d co hin tng chuyn hoa mt s khoang lam giam cht lng clinker.
Nhng yu t anh hng n qua trnh nung luyn va cht lng clinker.
Co nhiu yu t anh hng n qua trnh nung va cht lng clinker, y
ch xet n mt s yu t c ban.
Thanh phn hoa hoc cua phi liu
Trong phi liu nung clinker ximng nu tng ham lng CaO ln ngha la
tng h s bao hoa KH, clinker se cha nhiu khoang C3S, cht lng clinker tng
ln. Tuy nhin nhit nung phai cao, thi gian lu vt liu trong lo phai lu hn,
tiu tn nhit ln, anh hng n bn gach chu la lot lo va nng sut lo.
Nu tng ham lng SiO2 trong phi liu nung clinker tc la tng h s
silicat, do o trong clinker ham lng khoang silicat (C3S + C2S ) tng ln va ham
lng khoang nong chay (C3A + C4AF ) giam xung, phi liu kho kt khi trong
khi nung luyn, ngi ta thng khng ch n = 1,5 - 2,5; va p = 1,4 - 1,8.
Nu tng h s p ln trong clinker xut hin nhiu CaO t do, nht pha
long tng, gy kho khn cho vic tao khoang alit.
125
mn cua ph liu:
Phi liu co mn cang cao, cac phan ng xay ra khi nung luyn clinker
cang nhanh, cang trit , cht lng clinker cang tt. Nu phi liu co mn >
100 - 120 K va ng nht kem th qua trnh phan ng hoa hoc xay ra khng
hoan toan, trong clinker se co nhiu CaO t do, khoang C3S t, C2S nhiu.
Ch nung luyn clinker
Khi nung clinker trong lo quay, thi gian lu vt liu trong dn kt khi
khoang 20 - 25 phut vi nhit nung 13000C - 14500C - 13000C th qua trnh tao
khoang xay ra hoan toan. Nu lu vt liu trong dn kt khi vi thi gian qua
ngn, qua trnh tao khoang se xay ra khng hoan toan, trong clinker se xut hin
nhiu CaO t do, cht lng clinker giam. Nu keo dai thi gian lu vt liu trong
dn kt khi qua nhiu th mt s khoang se b phn huy trong khi nung, nng sut
lo giam, thu c clinker kho nghin, tn nhit nng.
tng qua trnh tao alit trong dn kt khi ngi ta thc hin phng phap
nung nhanh bng cach pha vao phi liu mt lng phu gia khoang hoa hoc dung
bin phap tng nhit nung.V du: phi liu nung clinker gm a vi va t set co
h s KH = 0,95 khi nung cac nhit sau:
t0 = 16000C kt thuc vic tao khoang sau 5 - 10 phut.
t0 = 1700 - 18000C kt thuc vic tao khoang sau 1 phut.
Tuy nhin trong thc t ngi ta khng nung nhit qua cao nh trn, v mt s
khoang d b phn huy giam cht lng clinker, thu c clinker kho nghin, tn
nhiu nhit nng , anh hng n bn cua lo va cac thit b khac .
Anh hng cua nhit va thi gian lu ln mc lin kt vi %
1415 oC
1450 oC
1520 oC
Thi gian lu (phut) 1350oC
1
25
66
72,5
75,5
2
57,5
77
80,5
82,5
3
70
80,5
83
84,5
4
72,7
82
84
85,5
5
74
83
85
86,3
8
76,5
84,5
86,2
87,5
20
79
86,5
88,3
88,8
Lam lanh clinker xi mng pooclng
Qua trnh lam lanh clinker: Lam lanh clinker la mt giai oan quan trong
trong qua trnh san xut clinker, no anh hng n cht lng san phm.
Khi lam lanh clinker t 14500C - 13000C trong clinker vn con 1 lng pha
long va vn tip tuc co phan ng tao khoang C3S.
126
2CaO . SiO2 + CaO
3CaO .SiO2
ng thi tinh th C3S tach ra khoi pha long.

Khi lam lanh clinker n nhit < 13000C pha long trong clinker mt phn
c kt tinh lai thanh nhng tinh th C3A, C4AF, C3S va MgO, con mt phn pha
long ong cng lai thanh pha thuy tinh clinker. Tc lam lanh clinker co anh
hng n s kt tinh cac khoang va ham lng pha thuy tinh trong clinker .
Nu lam lanh chm: trong clinker se cha cac tinh th MgO co kch thc
ln ( 30 - 40 K) hydrat hoa rt chm khi ximng ong rn, san phm ong rn se
khng n nh th tch. Mt khac lam lanh clinker chm se co hin tng chuyn
hoa khoang C2S C2S va C3S phn huy thanh C2S va CaO t do, hai hin tng
trn u lam giam cht lng clnker.
Nu lam lanh nhanh: clinker se cha tinh th MgO co kch thc nho ( 8 10K) con 1 lng MgO nm trong pha thuy tinh clinker. MgO dang tinh th nho
d dang hydrat hoa khi ximng ong rn, san phm ong rn n nh th tch hn,
ng thi khi lam lanh nhanh clinker tranh c hin tng chuyn hoa
khoangC2S C2S va C3S t b phn huy thanh C2S va CaO t do, v vy cht
lng clinker tt kn.
Thanh phn khoang clinker phu thuc tc lam lanh.
Tn khoang Thanh phn (%) cac khoang clinker khi lam lanh vi tc
Chm
Trung bnh
Nhanh
Rt nhanh
C3S
59,8
65,2
65,2
70,0
C2S
18,5
14,5
9,2
3-4
C3A
12,8
8,0
0
0
C4AF
6,1
6,1
0
0
Thuy tinh
0
0
22,4
20,6
clinker
U, nghin clinker va thao san phm.
U clinker: Clinker ra khoi thit b lam lanh c a ra kho u t 7 - 10 ngay nhm
muc ch:
+ Tip tuc lam lanh clinker n nhit thng.
+ Tao iu kin cho CaO t do trong clinker tac dung vi hi nc trong khng kh,
lam cho san phm sau nay n nh th tch khi ong rn.
+ Clinker don, d nghin.
at c nhng muc ch trn ngi ta con phun nc dang sng mu
vao clinker mi ra lo, nh vy hiu qua lam lanh clinker nhanh hn, rut ngn thi
gian u, giam din tch kho.
127
Ngoai nhng ly do trn khng cho phep nghin clinker nong v thu c san
phm co nhit qua cao, anh hng vic ong bao giao hang, mt khac nghin
clinker qua nong, nng sut may nghin se giam, anh hng n thit b trong may
nghin va thach cao hai nc co th b hydrat hoa ngay trong may nghin, lam
giam tac dung iu chnh tc ong rn ximng.
p clinker va phu gia
Trc khi nghin clinker va phu gia trong may nghin cn tin hanh gia cng
s b bng cach p th clinker va phu gia trong may p ham n kch thc at
yu cu, ngi ta co th p clinker ngay sau khi ra khoi lo nung ri a vao kho u.
p clinker va phu gia trc khi nghin rt co li:
+ Tng nng sut may nghin.
+ Tranh c nhng ach tc s c khi nghin.
Thc t cho thy kch thc cuc clinker vao may t 8 - 10 mm, nng sut may
nghin tng ln 10 - 15%, nu kch thc cuc clinker 2 - 3mm nng sut may
nghin tng 25 - 30 %.
2.12 Nghin clinker va phu gia trong may nghin.
Trong may nghin gm: clinker, cac loai phu gia nh phu gia thuy, phu gia
iu chnh, phu gia li... May nghin ngoai tac dung nghin mn hn hp trn con
co tac dung trn u.
Cng ximng, tc ong rn phu thuc nhiu vao nghin mn cua bt
ximng. Ximng nghin cang mn qua trnh ong rn cang nhanh, cng cang cao.
Thc nghim a thy rng:
+ ln cua hat ximng 0,005mm hydrat hoa hoan toan sau 2 - 3 tun.
+ ln cua hat ximng 0,005mm - 0,02mm, hydrat hoa hoan toan sau 1 - 2 thang
.+ ln cua hat ximng 0,04 - 0,06mm, hydrat hoa bn ngoai.
+ ln cua hat ximng 0,06 - 1mm, b tr khng hydrat hoa.
tng hiu qua nghin ngi ta co th pha thm 1 s phu gia hoat tnh b
mt ( phu gia tr nghin) hoc nghin t clinker trong may nghin. Tuy nhin
nghin ximng co mn cao th lng nc trn va cang ln, khi ong rn toa
nhiu nhit, gy hin tng bin dang co cua san phm.
mn cua ximng con phu thuc vao thanh phn khoang clinker. Clinker cha
nhiu khoang C3S va C3A th kho nghin mn hn clinker cha t khoang C3S va C3A.
nghin mn clinker ximng ngi ta s dung may nghin loai nghin kh
la ph bin, va co th:
+ Nghin theo cng ngh nghin chung.
+ Nghin theo cng ngh nghin ring.
128
Lam lanh va vn chuyn ximng bt v sil

Ximng bt t may nghin ra co nhit thng la 800C - 1300C cung co khi
cao hn, ximng c tip tuc lam lanh trong cac sil cha, qua trnh lam lanh nay
xay ra rt chm. V vy cn phai nhiu sil th mi ap ng yu cu cua nha may.
giam bt s sil cha ximng, trc y mt s nc ngi ta lam lanh
ximng bng thit b lam lanh kiu vt nm, vt ng, may khuy co nc lam lanh
bn ngoai, ximng va nc i ngc chiu nhau, cui cung nhit ximng ra khoi
thit b lam lanh la 300C - 500C. Ximng bt sau khi lam lanh c vn chuyn ln
sil cha bng cac thit b vn chuyn nh: vt tai, bng tai, gu nng, kh nen ...
2.13 Qua trnh hoa l khi xi mng ong rn
2.13.1 Qua trnh ly hoc khi ong rn ximng
a co rt nhiu thuyt noi v qua trnh ong rn cua ximng cung vi nhng
ly giai v lin kt hyr, lin kt phi tr v.v ...V du nh thuyt Le chatelier, thuyt
Bai - cp. Tuy nhin n nay thuyt Bai - cp vn c s dung cho moi cht kt
dnh. Thuyt nay cho rng khi ong rn cht kt dnh chia lam 3 giai oan.
+ Giai oan 1: Goi la giai oan chun b.
+ Giai oan 2: Goi la giai oan keo hoa hay con goi la chu ky ninh kt.
+ Giai oan 3: Goi la giai oan kt tinh hay con goi la chu ky ong rn
Giai oan 1
Nc tip xuc vi cac hat ximng va ngay lp tc tham gia phan ng hoa hoc vi
vt cht trn lp b mt cua hat. Nhng san phm hoa tan cua phan ng (kim, vi,
thach cao, khoang clinker khng bn b phn huy) ngay tc khc chuyn vao dung
dch va cac lp tip theo cua hat ximng lai tip tuc phan ng vi nc. Phan ng
xay ra lin tuc cho ti khi pha long tr nn bao hoa bi san phm phan ng.
Giai oan 2
La giai oan trc tip tao thanh san phm phan ng trang thai rn ma khng
cn thng qua s hoa tan trung gian cua cac san phm ban u. San phm cua phan
ng giai oan nay nm trang thai rn khng th b hoa tan trong pha long a
bao hoa. V vy, chung trc tip tach ra thanh san phm dang cht rn co kch thc
hat v cung nho - trang thai phn tan mn tao nn h keo di dang cac gel. Trong
sut qua trnh nay, ban tnh linh ng cua h nhao ximng dn dn b ninh kt
nhng cha tao cho h ximng co cng . Bi vy giai oan nay con c goi la
chu ky ninh kt, con giai oan 1 goi la qua trnh hoa hoc.
129
Giai oan 3
Nhng hat keo dang gel dn dn mt nc, st cht lai tao nn va bt u phat
trin cng nhng con yu. T gel mt nc, hat vt cht v cung nho tr thanh
tm cua nhng mm tinh th vt cht mi b kt tinh va phat trin kch thc tao
nn vt liu ximng co cng phat trin theo thi gian va s kt tinh toan khi
vt liu. Khi vt liu kt tinh ht th kt thuc qua trnh ong rn lam cho ximng
hoa a co bn rt cao. Co th tom tt nh sau:
Hydrat hoa (sol)
Gel
Keo tu
Kt tinh
Va linh ng
Bt u ninh kt
Kt thuc ninh kt
ong rn
Qua trnh ninh kt
Qua trnh ong rn
2.13.2 Qua trnh hoa hoc khi ong rn ximng
Ximng co nhiu thanh phn hoa va thanh phn khoang. V vy, khi ximng
phan ng hoa hoc vi nc th no cung xay ra rt phc tap. Khi trn ximng vi
nc, cac thanh phn khoang ring bit ng thi tac dung vi nc song song vi
nhau. Sau o cac san phm hydrat lai tac dung vi nhau hay san phm hydrat cua
ximng phan ng vi nhng thanh phn hoat tnh trong phu gia luc nghin v.v ...
Theo I.un, qua trnh hoa hoc xay ra hai giai oan :
Giai oan u: Goi la phan ng s cp. Chu yu cac khoang ximng phan ng
thuy phn hay thuy hoa vi nc.
Giai oan th hai: Goi la phan ng th cp. Cac san phm thuy phn, thuy hoa
cua ximng tac dung tng h vi nhau hay tac dung vi cac phu gia hoat tnh
trong ximng.
i vi ximng portland thng, giai oan u la giai oan chu yu. u giai
oan hai la qua trnh ong rn ximng Portland. Qua trnh phan ng gia phu gia
nghin trong ximng vi cac san phm hydrat khoang ximng ch xay ra i vi
ximng portland x, ximng portland puzlan, ximng portland cacbonat. Nu
ximng portland pha 10% n 15% cac loai phu gia hoat tnh th vn co qua trnh phan
ng. I.un a phn tch va tom tt qua trnh hydrat hoa cua tng khoang ximng nh sau:
Khoang 3CaO.SiO2 (C3S)
C3S phan ng thuy phn vi nc tao thanh hydrosilicat canxi co t l phn t
CaO/SiO2 < 3
130
3CaO.SiO2 + nH2O = x Ca(OH)2 + y CaO.SiO2.mH2O

Trong o:
x +y = 3
m = n - 2.x
a s tai liu cho rng san phm hydrosilicat canxi do C3S thuy phn la
2CaO.SiO2.mH2O. Tr s m thc t rt giao ng. Theo Trpp va Blakin, m co
th t 1 n 4 mol H2O cho 1 mol 2CaO.SiO2.
Mt s tai liu nghin cu s thuy phn C3S thanh hydrosilicat canxi co t l
CaO/SiO2 = 3/2
2[3CaO.SiO2] + nH2O
3CaO.2SiO2.2H2O + 3Ca(OH)2
3CaO.2SiO2.2H2O vit tt la C3S2H2 goi la aprinit

Co rt nhiu tranh cai v trang thai cua san phm thuy phn C3S .Co tac gia cho
rng hydrosilicat canxi tao thanh trang thai keo, cung co tac gia lai cho rng
hydrosilicat canxi tach ra dang tinh th . Tuy nhin, kch thc cua chung thuc
h keo, v vy ngi ta a kt lun la: Hydrosilicat canxi tach ra co kch thc trang thai keo.
Khi nghin cu bng knh hin vi in t cung cho kt qua khng nht quan. Mt
s tac gia quan sat thy hydrosilicat canxi trang thai 2CaO.SiO2.mH2O th hin ro
rang cu truc tinh th la nhng hat tm hnh thoi tp hp dnh kt lai vi nhau. Tuy
nhin, cung co mt s tac gia quan sat thy hydrosilicatcanxi trang thai
2CaO.SiO2.mH2O la hnh cu dang gel keo, con cu truc tinh th tm hnh thoi
thc cht la tinh th CaCO3 do cacbonat hoa Ca(OH)2. V vy, ta tam chp nhn
2CaO.SiO2.mH2O tach ra dang keo hay nhng hat phn tan mn co kch thc
v cung nho thuc trang thai keo.
Theo Vet, tuy iu kin mi trng khi hydrat, iu kin ong rn va nng
vi trong pha long ma cac khoang C3S, C2S thc hin phan ng thuy phn hay
thuy hoa.
Khoang C3S va C2S thuy phn toan phn khi co d nc.
3CaO.SiO2 + nH2O
3Ca(OH)2 + SiO2.(n - 3)H2O
2CaO.SiO2 + nH2O
2Ca(OH)2 + SiO2.(n - 2)H2O
131
Trong thc t 2 phan ng trn khng xay ra n cung, v pha long dn dn bao
hoa lam cho phan ng ngng hay chm lai. Do o tuy theo nng vi trong pha
long ma C3S xay ra cac phan ng khac nhau.
Tao thanh CaO.SiO2.H2O (CSH) la khoang bn. Khi t l CaO/SiO2 = 0,8
n 1,5 ng vi nng vi trong pha long bng 0,08 (1,1 gam CaO/lt )
Khi nng vi la 1,1 g/l tnh theo CaO th hydrosilicat canxi co cng thc la:
2CaO.SiO2.2H2O (C2SH2)
Tng hp qua trnh nh sau:
+ Nng CaO < 0.08 g/l phan ng xay ra nh sau:
H2O
C3 S
3Ca(OH)2 + SiO2.nH2O
+ Nng CaO = 0.08 g/l phan ng xay ra nh sau:

C3 S
H2O
CSH (bn) + Ca(OH)2
+ Nng CaO =1,1 g/l phan ng xay ra nh sau:

H2O
C3 S
C2SH2 + Ca(OH)2
iu kin thc t se theo s sau:

C3 S
H2O
C2SH2 + Ca(OH)2
CSH (bn)
Cung co mt s tac gia nu ln h s cu th la:
132
3CaO.SiO2 + 3H2O
Hoc: 3C3S + 5H2O
1,5Ca(OH)2 + C1,5S1,5H2O
3Ca(OH)2 + C3S2.2H2O
Tom lai phan ng hoa hoc gia C3S vi nc lun co Ca(OH)2 trong pha rn. y
chnh la tnh cht ring bit cua C3S khi tac dung vi nc bao gi cung sinh ra
phan ng thuy phn.
Khoang 2CaO.SiO2 (C2S)
Theo I.un khoang nay chu yu thuy hoa.
2CaO.SiO2 + nH2O
2CaO.SiO2.nH2O
Nhiu tac gia u thng nht rng: Nu thuy hoa khi cho t nc th khng thy
Ca(OH)2 tit ra. Nu ta lc lin tuc C2S trong nc vi co ham lng CaO la 0,4
g/l th vi trong kt tua khng tan ra dung dch, nu tng nng vi trong dung
dch ln 0,6 g/l va cung lc C2S lin tuc th vi trong se b kt tua hp thu lng
ong lai.
Theo Vet, C2S khi tac dung vi nc cung tng t nh C3S, ngha la nu nh
nhiu nc va lc lin tuc th chung cung se b thuy phn.
2CaO.SiO2 + nH2O
2Ca(OH)2 + SiO2.(n - 2)H2O
Thng thng, vi nng CaO nht nh trong dung dch th co th co theo s
C2S
H2O
C2SH2
CSH (bn)
Hydrosilicat canxi la mt trong s nhng vt cht tao nn tnh cht dnh kt bao
am cho a ximng phat trin cng va co bn vnh cu.
Khoang aluminat canxi (C3A).
Theo I.Un, kt qua hydrat C3A tao nn hydroaluminatcanxi khac hn hydrosilicat
canxi ch hydroaluminat canxi rt nhay dn n kt tinh tao tinh th mi. Cu
truc tinh th cua chung co 2 nhom .
133
Nhom tm Hecxa va nhom tm gia Hecxa. V vy, tuy iu kin co th co

hydroaluminat canxi nh sau:
4CaO.Al2O3.nH2O. Trong o n = 12 -14
3CaO.Al2O3.nH2O. Trong o n = 6 - 12
2CaO.Al2O3.nH2O. Trong o n = 5 - 9
Ngoai 2 cu truc Hecxa noi trn con co cu truc khi lp phng
3CaO.Al2O3.6H2O.
Khi nghin cu cu truc bng Rnghen, nhiu tac gia phat hin thy
hydroaluminatcanxi ch co 2 loai cu truc tm gm co 2 lp Hecxa cua Ca(OH)2 va
Al(OH)3.
2Ca(OH)2. 2Al(OH)3.3H2O
4Ca(OH)2. 2Al(OH)3.6H2O
Khi nghin cu h CaO -SiO2- H2O, ngi ta thy rng nhit 210C - 900C,
pha bn vng chu yu la Gipxit (Al2O3.3H2O), khi nng CaO la 0,33 g/l. Nu
nng CaO ln hn 0,33 g/l th co dang 3CaO.SiO2.6H2O kt tinh dang tinh th
khi lp phng tach ra pha rn va Ca(OH)2 tach ra pha rn.
Hydroaluminat 2canxi hay 4 canxi trong h nay la hp cht khng bn.V vy,
thanh phn hydroaluminat canxi phu thuc vao nhiu yu t nh: T l pha rn C3A
va pha long la nc, nng CaO trong dung dch rn, nhit thc hin qua
trnh.v.v...
nhit thp < 250C, dang hydroaluminat thu c chu yu la hnh tm.
nhit cao > 250C hydroaluminat dang hnh khi C3AH6 con dang Hecxa la gia
bn se mau chong chuyn sang dang khi .
Khoang C5A3 co th co trong clinker ximng (co tai liu goi la C12A7) khi tac
dung vi nc se b thuy phn tao nn hydroaluminat kim cao CaO/Al2O3 > 5,3 va
thoat ra Al(OH)3. Cu truc hydroaluminat C5A3 luc thuy phn la dang khi C3AH6.
C5A3 + 42H2O = 5C3AH6 + 8Al(OH)3
134
Trong qua trnh xay ra ong rn bt ximng, Al(OH)3 co th phan ng vi

Ca(OH)2 do qua trnh hydrat hoa khoang silicat tao ra tng hp thanh
hydroaluminat2canxi hay 4 canxi.
2Ca(OH)2 + 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2O
2Ca(OH)2.2Al(OH)3.3H2O
4Ca(OH)2 + 2Al(OH)3 + 6H2O
4Ca(OH)2.2Al(OH)3.6H2O
Khoang alumopheritcanxi (C4AF)

Trong clinker ngoai C4AF co th co C2F. Cac khoang nay va tham gia phan ng
thuy phn va tham gia phan ng thuy hoa tao thanh hydroaluminat canxi va
hydropherit canxi
C4AF + nH2O
C3AH6 + CaO.Fe2O3.H2O
CaO.Fe2O3.H2O + 2Ca(OH)2 + xH2O

2CaO.Fe2O3 + 2H2O
3CaO.Fe2O3.6H2O
2CaO.Fe2O3.nH2O
2CaO.Fe2O3.nH2O + Ca(OH)2 + xH2O
3CaO.Fe2O3.6H2O
Kt qua nghin cu trong h
Thanh phn cac

hydrosilicat canxi khi cac khoang
CaO - SiO2 - H2O cua cac tac gia sau
silicat tac dung vi nc
Bog
Taylor
CaO.SiO2.1,1H2O
CSH( A)
CSH
(0,8 -1,5). CaO.SiO2.(0,5 2,5)H2O
CSH( B)
CSH(I)
(1,7 -2). CaO.SiO2.(2 - 4)H2O
C2SH8
CSH(II)
C2SHA
CS
(1,8-2,4).CaO.SiO2.(1
1,25)H2O
135
Giai oan 2: Cac san phm thuy hoa trn tac dung vi cac loai phu gia:
CaSO4.2H2O, SiO2 ht ...
C3AH6+ + CaSO4.2H2O + nH2O
Ca2+
C3A. CaSO4.(10-12)H2O (1)

C3A..3CaSO4.(30-32)H2O (2)
(1) Tao thanh khi nng vi va nng SO42- cha bao hoa. C3A.CaSO4.(1012)H2O dang keo st c.
(2) Tao thanh khi nng vi va nng SO42- bao hoa. C3A.CaSO4.(30-32)H2O
co tn ettringt, no trng n the tch t ( 2 - 7,5) ln so vi dang 1.
Ca(OH)2
+ SiO2 ht
2Ca(OH)2 + Al2O3 ht
=
+ Ca(OH)2 +3H2O =
C2AH2
C3AH6 + H2O + SiO2
CaO.SiO2.H2O tao gen CSH

2CaO.Al2O3.2H2O (C2AH2 ) kt tinh va
C3AH6 kt tinh.
C3A.CaSiO3.12 H2O
C3A.CaSiO3.31 H2O
C2SH2 + SiO2 + H2O
Al2O3.2SiO2 + Ca(OH)2
CSH
C3S2.nH2O (apvint)
2.14 Cac dang n mon va bin phap bao v a xi mng

Tui tho cua cac cng trnh phu thuc vao rt nhiu yu t. Cac nha xy dng
thng tm moi cach keo dai tui tho cua cng trnh. V trong cac cu kin b
tng, ximng chim mt t l rt nho nhng lai co gia thanh rt t. Thng thng
no ch chim 1/7-1/8 khi lng b tng nhng lai chim trn 2/3 tng gia thanh vt
liu ch tao b tng. Mt trong nhng bin phap o la ngn chn va km ham cac
yu t n mon va xm thc b tng, b tng ct thep.
Qua trnh n mon nay thng do cac nhn t n mon (cac cht kh, cht long) co
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trong mi trng tac dung ln cac b phn cu thanh a ximng, b tng hay b
tng ct thep. tng bn vng cua a ximng portland trong cac mi trng
ngoai vic cho thm phu gia ngi ta con khng ch thanh phn khoang cua
ximng portland cho thch hp.
V du: Trong mi trng sulphat se giam ham lng C3A, C3S va cho thm cac
cht n chng thm nc ng thi khi san xut b tng cn dm ky bng may va
cach ly mt ngoai bng cac cht khng thm nc nh: nha ng, bitum v.v ...
Tuy nhin thi gian co han nn vi nhim vu c giao ti ch cp n loai
phu gia thuy a vao ximng va xet anh hng cua chung n bn v xm thc
va n mon trong cac mi trng khac nhau.
2.14.1 n mon dang 1
n mon dang 1 c xac nh bng qua trnh nha vi. San phm hydrat hoa ca
ximng thng b hoa tan trong nc, c bit la Ca(OH)2. V vy hoa tan cua
cac san phm th hin kha nng n mon a ximng.
Ham lng CaOtd va ham lng nhng khoang khi thuy phn tach ion Ca2+ se anh
hng trc tip n cng cua qua trnh nha vi. Do o, s chng lai n mon
dang nay c xac nh bi bn khi thuy phn cua cac khoang trong a ximng.
Vao u th ky XX, cac nha bac hoc a c bit chu y n s nguy him cua n
mon do qua trnh nha vi.
Tt ca cac cng trnh b tng t ximng portland khng th tranh khoi s nha vi,
n mt khoang thi gian nao o cac lin kt se mt, cng trnh se b pha huy. Thc
t a co nhiu cng trnh b pha huy nh vy, s pha huy nay c th hin bng s
hoa tan vi xay ra t ban cht ximng Portland. Qua trnh hoa tan nay xay ra kha
lu v trong t nhin lun co mt s yu t lam ham mt cach bt thng cac qua
trnh nha vi.
Co th noi, da vao ve b ngoai cua cac cng trnh b n mon ma ngi ta noi
rng n mon dang nay la s cht trng cua b tng. V thc t, b mt b tng co
mau trng. o la do Ca(OH)2 tach ra t bn trong tac dung vi CO2 cua mi trng
tao nn kt tua co mau trng. iu nay chng to qua trnh pha hoai xay ra trong su
cua cu truc. anh gia mc nguy him cua qua trnh pha huy ngi ta phn
tch iu kin tng tac cua nc vi b tng, cng thm cua nc s thay i
tc thm theo thi gian chiu day cu kin va nhng tnh hung khac.
2.14.2 hoa tan cua a ximng va s cn bng trong h nhng san phm
thuy hoa - nc
a ximng khng phai la vt th ng nht, no khng cung cu truc, tnh cht nn
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khi tip xuc vi Ca(OH)2 bao hoa th ng thi nhng san phm thuy hoa, nhng
hat clinker khng thuy hoa cung tn tai. H phc tap nay trang thai cn bng
khng bn. Trong o din ra nhng thay i khng ngng. Di tac dung cua nc
nhng phn t nao o b pha v va tt ca h chu s thay i nht nh se chuyn
sang trang thai cn bng mi, ng vi nhng iu kin cn bng mi.
Xet qua trnh n mon a ximng tao thanh t nhng san phm hydrat hoa cac
khoang clinker ximng portland va t mt phn cac hat clinker khng hydrat hoa.
hoa tan cua Ca(OH)2 trong nc ct 200C bng 1.18 g/l tnh theo CaO. Con
trong cac khoang th Ca(OH)2 co hoa tan ln nht, y chnh la c s iu
chnh s cn bng cua h: a ximng - nc. S lng Ca(OH)2 trong a ximng
portland sau mt thang ong rn chim 9 11% con sau mt thang at 15% khi
lng ximng.
Nc co th tac dung ln a ximng tao dung dch qua bao hoa vi nng
1,6 - 1,7 g/l va co th ln n 1,9 g/l.
S co mt cua cac mui trong dung dch gy anh hng ang k n hoa tan
cua Ca(OH)2, cac ion Ca2+, OH - lam giam hoa tan, con nhng ion la nh: SO42-,
Cl-, Na+, K+ lam tng hoa tan cua Ca(OH)2.
V du: + Trong 1 lit dung dch Na2SO4 1% co 2,14 gam CaO b hoa tan.
+ Trong 1 lit dung dch Na2SO4 2% co 3 gam CaO b hoa tan.
+ Trong 1 lit dung dch NaOH 5 gam/lit co 0.18 gam CaO b hoa tan.
Ca(OH)2 va nhng thanh phn khac cua a ximng cang d b hoa tan th cng
n mon dang 1 cang tng va tc pha huy b tng cang ln.
Qua trnh nha vi t a ximng nh sau: u tin CaOtd chuyn vao dung dch n
khi at c mt nng u ln th s thuy phn cac hydrosilicat va hydroaluminat
bt u kem theo s tach Ca(OH)2. Tuy theo mc tng nng CaO trong dung
dch tip xuc vi a ximng ma din ra s thuy phn cac hydrat khac. Nhng san
phm hydrat va cac khoang clinker ximng portland ch tn tai bn trong dung dch
co nng Ca(OH)2 nht nh.
Thng thng i vi dung dch co cung mt nng CaO th cac
hydrocanxisilicat va hydrocanxialuminat co basit cao se kem bn hn so vi cac
hydrocanxisilicat va hydrocanxialuminat co basit thp. Chung d b phn huy
thanh cac hydrocanxisilicat va hydrocanxialuminat co basit thp
V du: + Khi nng CaO < 1.1 gam/lit cac hydrocanxisilicat co basit cao se
chuyn thanh cac hydrocanxisilicat co basit thp.
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+ Khi nng CaO <1.08 gam/lit thi hydrocanxialuminat co basit cao

(C4AHn) se chuyn thanh hydrocanxialuminat co basit thp (C3AH6)
Mi khoang no ch bn trong mt dung dch Ca(OH)2 co nng nht nh, nu
giam nng cua dung dch Ca(OH)2 th cac khoang nay se b phn huy va thng
thng kem theo s tach Ca(OH)2.
V du: + T hydrosilicat t bn nht trong qua trnh hydrat hoa ximng,
hydratsilicat c tao thanh (C2S)aq thng gp trong thin nhin dang khoang
xlnit. No hoan toan ch bn trong dung dch Ca(OH)2 bao hoa, khi giam nng ,
no b hoa tan phn huy va tach Ca(OH)2
+ Khoang (C3S2)aq bn trong dung dch co nng CaO > 1,1 gam/lit.
Khi nng dung dch giam th no cung thuy phn tach Ca(OH)2. nu ta tip tuc
giam nng Ca(OH)2 na th hu ht cac silicat b phn huy, trong pha rn ch con
lai gel Si(OH)4. Tuy nhin con rt lu mi n trang thai nay v luc o b tng a
hoan toan mt bn c hoc va b pha huy.
Nng cua CaO ng vi trang thai bn cua cac hydroaluminat nh sau:
+ (C2A)aq : 0,17 0,315 (gam/lit)
+ (C3A)aq : 0,315 1,15 (gam/lit)
> 1,15 (gam/lit)
+ (C2A)aq :
Nhng s liu so sanh bn cua t hp a ximng i vi tac dung hoa tan cua
nc cn c da trn c s gia tr bn i vi n mon dang 1.
2.14.3 Anh hng cua thanh phn ximng ln bn cua b tng i vi n
mon dang 1
Tc pha huy a ximng do n mon dang 1 khng ch do ham lng CaO hay
Ca(OH)2 trong ximng gy ra ma no con phu thuc vao rt nhiu yu t nh:
+ Thanh phn khoang cua clinker ximng va thanh phn cac cht khac (ham
lng phu gia).
+ Vi cu truc cua clinker - yu t nay lai do iu kin san xut ximng (tc
lam lanh, mn khi nghin.v.v...) quyt nh n.
Cu truc va mt a ximng anh hng rt ln n n mon dang 1. Do o, khi
so sanh bn cac loai b tng phai chu y n nhng nhn t vt ly va hoa hoc
trong lin kt cua chung.
tng bn cua a ximng i vi vic nha vi ngi ta thm vao thanh phn
ximng portland phu gia thuy hoat tnh. y la hng c ban trong 30 nm lai y
nhm tng bn vng cho b tng trong cac cng trnh ky thut thuy li.
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Th nghim v bn cua b tng bng phng phap loc, c tin hanh i vi

cac mu t va ximng, ncva dung dch Na2SO4 0,1% (Tc la cho nc hay dung
dch Na2SO4thm qua mu ri phn tch lng nc sau khi a i qua mu). Kt qua
cho thy. Khi pha ximng portland vi cat a gia cng th s nha vi tng, con khi
thm vao thanh phn ximng phu gia thuy hoat tnh th bn tng.
Phu gia khng nhng thay i thanh phn hoa hoc cua a ximng, lam no bn
hn i vi tac dung cua nc ma con tng mt b tng (giam hut nc).
2.14.4 Anh hng cac nhn t ky thut san xut ln bn b tng.
Nh ta a bit bn cua b tng i vi n mon dang 1 c xac dnh bi ham
lng Ca(OH)2 khng lin kt va bi mt a ximng. iu nay lai c quyt
nh bi rt nhiu yu t nh thanh phn khoang cua clinker, iu kin va thi gian
ong rn ...
Qua trnh tng tac gia Ca(OH)2 vi phu gia thuy xay ra chm, nht la i vi
phu gia co hoat tnh yu. Do o, hoat tnh phu gia cang thp th vai tro thi gian
cang ln tc la tui b tng cang ln.
Mc lin kt vi cua phu gia thuy phu thuc vao tui, cho nn trong nhng
iu kin th nghim vi ximng portland puzland, n 90 ngay mi co bn
ang k so vi ximng Portland.
Ximng portland co cha phu gia thuy hoat tnh ong rn chm hn so vi
ximng portland va phu thuc vao t l phu gia pha vao ximng.
S phat trin cng cua ximng portland co cha phu gia thuy hoat tnh co
mt s c im sau:
+ Giai oan u: (n 6 thang tui) Cng ximng giam khi tng
ham lng phu gia puzland.
+ tui cao hn: Vi t l puzland hp ly ximng portland co cha
phu gia thuy hoat tnh co bn c hoc cao hn so vi ximng nn. Tng t vi
ximng cha 0 - 40% phu gia sau 5 nm cng cao hn ximng nn.
Trang thai n mon dang 1 thng quan sat thy nhng cng trnh khac nhau va
nhn thy ro nht nhng ni nc thm qua b tng hay trn b mt. Trng hp
nay la do nhng cht b hoa tan trong nc, u tin la Ca(OH)2 b cacbonat hoa tao
nn mt mang trng trn b mt.
Di anh hng cua H2CO3 trong khng kh, Ca(OH)2 lin tuc chuyn thanh
cacbonat, kch thc ang k cua mang nay ch at c nhng ni loc nc lu
qua b tng. Anh hng nay rt ro cac cng trnh thuy li.
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2 .14.5 n mon dang 2.

Trong mi trng xung quanh lun co cac axit va mui tn tai v vy chung se
tng tac vi cac thanh phn cua a ximng. y chnh la ban cht cua dang n
mon 2. Khi cac phan ng xay ra cang manh kt hp vi s hoa tan cac san phm
phan ng cang nhanh th tc n mon cang ln, cng trnh cang nhanh b pha huy.
V ban cht, b tng b pha huy hoan toan khi n mon dang 1 kt thuc (S nha
kim dn dn t nhng san phm thuy phn cua ximng). Con n mon dang 2, s
pha huy a ximng xay ra nhng lp b mt , tip xuc vi mi trng xm thc.
Qua trnh pha huy co h phat trin manh khi thanh phn a ximng nhng lp nay
hu nh khng thay i.
Nu cac hp cht mi tao thanh khng co tnh kt dnh va khng co mt u at
ngn can s xm nhp cua mi trng xm thc, chung se b hoa tan va lp su hn
b boc ra.
Qua trnh n mon nay xay ra tt ca cac loai b tng, tuy nhin s n mon xay ra
vi nhng tc khac nhau.
Nu cac hp cht mi tao thanh khng hoa tan hay sau khi kh nhng san phm
hoa tan cua phan ng, con lai mt lp u bn trong nhng iu kin cu th, lp a
tip xuc vi mi trng xm thc, th qua tnh cht cua lp nay ngi ta xac dnh
c cng pha huy b tng dang n mon th 2.
2.14.6 C s ly thuyt v n mon H2CO3.
Trong nc thin nhin lun co H2CO3 vi mt ham lng ln hay nho, khi pH >
8,5 th ham lng H2CO3 mi khng ang k. S xut hin H2CO3 trong nc thin
nhin la c s cua nhng qua trnh hoa sinh xay ra trong nc cung nh trong t
tip xuc vi nc.
Trong kh quyn co 0,03% CO2, trong nc khng cha mui 150C hoa tan
0,59mg H2CO3/lt lam cho nc co tnh axit yu (pH = 5,7). a s trng hp ham
lng CO2 trong nc thin nhin ln ang k. V vy qua trnh hp thu no t
khng kh thng khng ong vai tro ang k. Ch lp b mt nhng h ln nh
mt bin, trong nhng ngay nng nong th lng CO2 mi nho hn (do s quang
hp, s hp thu CO2 cua thc vt ...) luc o s hp thu H2CO3 t khng kh mi co y
ngha thc t.
H2CO3 co 2 mc phn ly:
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H2CO3
H+ + HCO3-
HCO3-
H+ + CO32-
H2CO3
2H+ + 2CO3-
S tng H+ pha v cn bng trn va HCO3 chuyn thanh H2CO3, con CO32- chuyn
thanh HCO3.
Giam H + th tao HCO3 va CO32 -.
Hng s phn ly:
K1 =
[ H + ][ HCO3 ]
= 3,04.10 7
[ H 2 CO3 ]
K2 =
[ H + ][CO32 ]
= 4,01.10 11
[ HCO3 ]
Ro rang t s nay phu thuc nng [H +]. nhng pH khac nhau ham lng
mi dang hp cht khac nhau.
Trong nc bao gi cung co mt lng CO2 cn bng v vy nu co mt ly do nao
o ma lng CO2 trong dung dch tng ln th se co mt lng carbonat chuyn vao
dung dch. Ngc lai, nu CO2 trong nc giam th se co mt lng carbonat kt tua.
Nc trong o co H2CO3, H+, CO32-, HCO3 trang thai cn bng khng thc hin
hoa tan khng thun nghch mang carbonat cua b tng, va do o no khng xm
thc i vi b tng. Khi tng lng CO2 vt qua CO2 cn bng, tc tao diu kin
hoa tan mang cacbonat, va nc luc o mang tnh xm thc. Cho nn lng CO2
tha so vi lng CO2 cn bng goi la H2CO3 xm thc.
2.14.7 Tac dung cua nc co H2CO3 ln a ximng.
Xet s tng tac cua nc cha lng CO2 xm thc hay khng xm thc vi
CaCO3 hay vi a ximng .
Trong khoang thi gian xac nh, sau khi a ximng tip xuc vi dung dch xm
thc, iu kin dung dch khng thay i n luc cn bng carbonat c xac lp.
iu nay xay ra sau khi mt phn H2CO3 xm thc a lin kt thanh bicarbonat,
phn con lai dang H2CO3 cn bng. xm thc cua dung dch trn c th
hin qua kha nng hoa tan mt lng xac nh carbonat rn, mt khac qua tc
hoa tan sau khi at cn bng trong h.
S co mt cua nhng ion khng trc tip tham gia phan ng, lam tng lc ion cua
cn bng trong h va hoa tan mt lng ln cacbonat rn.
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Lp carbonat hoa trn b mt a ximng thng co chiu day khng ln va b pha

huy dn di tac dung cua dung dch xm thc. Trong lp nay co cac vt r va cac
ng mao quan cha y nc. Do o, xay ra s khuch tan Ca(OH)2 t trong b
tng ra b mt va vao mi trng xung quanh.
S xut hin OH - trong dung dch thay i cn bng a c xac nh.
Phan ng gia H2CO3 xm thc va CaCO3 din ra nhanh con s khuch tan cua
Ca(OH)2 th chm. V vy, lp carbonat tao thanh trong b tng dn dn b pha huy.
S pha huy lp nay xay ra cho n khi hoc la vn tc khuch tan bng vn tc n
mon lp carbonat, hoc la nhng thanh phn thuy hoa cua a ximng bt u b pha
huy trc tip.
Trng hp tha OH - trn b mt b tng lp carbonat c hnh thanh, sau o
chuyn vao dung dch dang bicarbonat.
Ngi ta phat hin rng, khng th co s carbonat hoa lp b tng bn trong. Song
iu nay khng co y ngha thc t v i vi s phat trin n mon mang carbonat
bn ngoai co gia tr c ban nu sit c.
Trong giai oan u nhn t han ch s pha huy b tng la tc tao carbonat
hoa, tc nay phu thuc nng va dung dch phan ng cua dung dch xm thc.
Giai oan tip theo, khi tc xm nhp cua CO2 xm thc khng con la nhn t
han ch tc n mon, th din tch b mt phan ng cua a ximng va vic giam
s khuch tan nh san phm n mon la nhn t xac nh tc pha huy b tng.
Nhng s liu thc t cho thy, din tch b mt phan ng co anh hng dang k
n nng bicarbonat cc ai va thi han at cc ai o.
Tc n mon a ximng bng tc hoa tan carbonat: Vk = w
Tc n mon t l vi tc d khuch tan HCO 3- t lp tip cn ra mi trng
xung quanh Vg, va t l vi din tch b mt tip xuc cua a va nc:
Vk = F.Vg
Trong o:
Vk: La tc n mon a ximng.
F : La din tch b mt tip xuc gia a vi nc.
Vg: La tc khuch tan HCO3- ra mi trng xung quanh.
bn cua cac loai ximng khac nhau di tac dung cua nc H2CO3
Tnh cht chung cua ximng dung cho cac cng trnh xy dng la s lng
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Ca(OH)2 ln hay nho. S co mt cua Ca(OH)2 la iu kin tt nhin cua s tn

tai cac hydrosilicat, hydroaluminat va hydryfericcanxi. Do o tt ca cac ximng
u b pha huy bi H2CO3 xm thc. Tuy nhin, tc pha huy nay phu thuc vao
thanh phn khoang hoa cua ximng, vao nhng tnh cht vt ly: mt , lng va
cht cua cac hp cht mi hnh thanh (san phm n mon). Tt ca nhng nhn t nay
u anh hng n tc n mon va bn cua a ximng.
c trng cho cng qua trnh n mon la lng CaO ( dang bicacbonat)
trong dung dch xm thc, tao thanh sau 1 phut nhng giai oan n mon khac
nhau.
Cng n mon ban u i vi moi ximng ging nhau. Sau o, khi CO2
khng xm nhp th s phat trin n mon i vi ximng portland hi nhanh so vi
cac ximng khac.
S khac nhau v cng hoa tan i vi ximng portland puzland va ximng
portland khac co bn ln hn mt chut do co s len cht cua nhng san phm n
mon (Al2O3, SiO2) can tr s khuch tan t do cua ion Ca 2+ n b mt a ximng.
Quan sat vai tro cua lp carbonat hnh thanh trn b mt b tng trong vic phat
trin n mon di tac dung cua nc co cha CO2.
Nu ch co n mon dang 1 th lp nay co nhim vu can tr qua trnh n mon va co
tac dung tch cc tng bn vng cho b tng, nhng di tac dung cua nc co
CO2 xm thc trn b mt b tng co lp CaCO3 xay ra 2 qua trnh. u tin OH tha tao thanh CaCO3. Sau o, OH- trong lp b mt i ra tao bicarbonat canxi, b
nc hoa tan va mang i. Cung vi s tao thanh bicarbonate canxi cua lp CaCO3
lng CO2 xm thc cung tao thanh bicarbonat. Cho nn lp carbonat di tac dung
cua nc co CO2 thuc y n mon va giam bn.
Tac dung cua axit ln ximng va anh hng tc trao i cua mi trng
xm thc ln bn.
Ngoai H2CO3 con co mt s cac axit khac tac dung ln ximng nh: HCl, H2SO4,
HNO3 va nhng axit hu c nh gim, sa...a ximng b pha v hoan toan di
tac dung cua nhng axit, thm vao o nhng n mon b hoa tan.
Tc cua qua trnh n mon phu thuc vao tc hoa tan cua nhng san phm
phan ng.
Cac axit u tin tac dung vi Ca(OH)2 sau o mi tng tac vi cac
hydrosilicatcanxi, hydroaluminatcanxi tao thanh cac mui canxi. Tc pha huy
phu thuc ang k vao hoa tan va cu truc cua lp san phm n mon. hoa tan
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cua nhng san phm nay cang ln va b dung dch mang i cang nhanh th s pha
huy cang manh. Cu truc nhng phn con lai khng co tnh lin kt. Trng hp
nay nhn t han ch tc n mon u tin la dung lng phan ng cua mi trng
xm thc va tc trao i cua mi trng quanh b mt cua b tng.
Nu nhng san phm cua phan ng t hoa tan, tc gi nguyn v tr trn b mt b
tng th chung se can tr s xm nhp cua mi trng xm thc vao bn trong,
giam c phn nao s pha hoai a ximng. Trng hp nay tc khuch tan ion
qua lp san phm mi hnh thanh tr thanh nhn t han ch n mon.
Tc khuch tan ion phu thuc vao gradien nng cung nh chiu day va
thm thu khuch tan cua lp san phm trn b mt.
hoa tan c tao thanh do nhng phan ng gia axit va t hp a ximng, gia
mui canxi va nhng san phm tha cua s pha huy cac silicat, aluminat va ferit
dang gel Al(OH)3, Si(OH)4, Fe(OH)2, lin quan n tc n mon. Nhng lp san
phm phan ng khng c tao thanh tuy mc phat trin n mon.
han ch n mon dang 2 th ngoai bin phap s dung cac loai ximng hn hp
co phu gia hoat tnh vao phan ng vi vi thi ra trong qua trnh thuy hoa, ma
con tac dung vi san phm thuy hoa cua ximng tao thanh cac san phm t tan, co
tnh kt dnh va phat trin cng theo thi gian va cac bin phap khac trong o
co cng thi cng cu kin st c.
n mon dang 3.
Du hiu nhn thy a ximng b n mon dang th o la: Cac mui c
tch luy trong nhng vt r cua a ximng, s kt tinh cac mui nay lam tng th
tch pha rn. Cac mui nay la kt qua cua phan ng gia mi trng xm thc vi
thanh phn a ximng, hay do s xm nhp t ngoai vao va b tach ra khoi dung
dch do nc bc hi.Cac thanh phn cng b tach ra ng thi cac tinh th ln ln
lam cho ng sut ni tng ln, tao thanh nhng khe nt va khoang trng pha huy a ximng.
Trong dang n mon 1 va 2, s pha huy a ximng gn lin vi s hoa tan cac
thanh phn b tng va cac san phm cua phan ng trao i. Trong dang n mon th
3, s tch tu cac mui nhng khoang trng trong giai oan u lam b tng c
nn cht. Nu qua trnh phat trin chm th cac khe h va khoang trng c lp
y bi nhng tinh th mi tao thanh. cng cua b tng trong giai oan u tng
ln va ln hn so vi loai cung mac, ma khng chu tac dung cua mi trng. Do
vy, i luc khng nhn bit c du hiu cua s n mon dang 3 ngay t u. Ch
n sau khi xut hin cac ng sut keo thanh khe h, khi lng tinh th kt tinh
145
tng dn n giam bn va pha huy a ximng.

Qua trnh n mon cang chm th thi gian b tng b pha huy cang dai. i vi
ximng mac thp d thm nc, trong giai oan u xut hin s pha huy trong mi
trng xm thc din ra trong mt tun hay mt thang. i vi cac loai ximng
mac cao din ra vai nm. Vi nhng loai b tng nhe co cht n rng, do rng
cao nn nhng hp cht mi tao thanh cang gy ng sut ni. Do o anh gia cac
iu kin cua dang n mon 3 cn s dung cn thn cac kt qua th nghim tc thi.
Tuy thuc vao tnh cht a ximng, mi trng, cac iu kin tac dung ma dang
n mon nao chim u th, v thng thng th ca ba dang n mon u tac dung cung
mt luc ln a ximng. T o, ma ta phn loai n mon theo nhng du hiu c
trng chnh. Tac dung n mon dang 2 tng ln nu cu kin lam vic lu trong mi
trng mui, v qua trnh tng tac hoa hoc gia mi trng va b tng se c xuc
tac bng qua trnh ly hoc cua s kt tinh cac san phm n mon. Kha nng n mon
tng ln nu nhit thay i trong qua trnh s dung .
Qua trnh n mon lin tuc va gian oan cua mui co th phn loai da vao iu
kin nhit va tac dung hoa hoc. Qua trnh n mon dang 3 rt phc tap, a dang
va xay ra ng thi vi cac dang khac. Ph bin nht cua ang n mon 3 la do tac
dung cua sulfat.
S n mon sulfat.
Sulphat phn ln co trong nc thin nhin: ao h, sng ngoi lng SO42 thng khng vt qua 60mg/l, nc ngm th cao hn. Trong nc bin vi
mn 25-33 g/l th ham lng SO42 - la 2500- 2700 mg/l, nc khoang la 1000 mg/l.
S co mt SO42 - trong nc thin nhin la nguyn nhn gy nn s hoa tan
CaSO4, Na2SO4, MgSO4. nc khoang nng thp lng Ca2+ > SO42 -, nu nng
cao, MgSO4 va Na2SO4 d hoa tan.
Thng gp sufhat trong nc thai cng nghip v vy cn phai xet ky qua trnh
tip xuc gia b tng vi mi trng xung quanh. Co nh vy th mi phong nga
c s n mon cho cng trnh.
Na2SO4 va CaSO4 co trong nc tip xuc vi b tng lam tng hoa tan va
thuc y n mon dang 1, mt khac lam phat trin phan ng trao i gia cac cation
Na+, K+, Mg2+,vi Ca2+ cua b tng (n mon dang 2).
iu kin thng tac dung cua sulfat co th n mon dang 3, trng hp nay do
phan ng trao i, nc cac khe trng dn dn c bao hoa bng sulfat canxi.
146
Trong nc bin ngoai mui NaCl con co mt loat cac mui khac nh: Na2SO4 va
MgSO4, cac mui khoang trn khng nhng co trong nc bin ma con co th co
trong nc ngm mt s vung. V vy khi a ximng va b tng tip xuc vi mi
trng nay xay ra s n mon sulfat, s n mon sulfat xay ra di tac dung cua ion
SO42 - lin quan vi cac cation Na+, Ca2+. Cac dang khac nhau cua n mon sulfat la
n mon thach cao va n mon sunphoaluminat. S n mon sunphoaluminat xut hin
trong nc cha ion SO42 - ln hn 250 mg/l, khi nay Ca(OH)2 trong a ximng va
b tng phan ng vi SO42 - tao thanh thach cao theo phan ng.
Ca(OH)2 + Na2SO4 + H2O = CaSO4.2H2O + 2NaOH
Thach cao tao thanh pha rn th tch tng ln 2,24 ln gy ra ng sut ni trong
b tng va lam ham lng Ca(OH)2 giam. cn bng cac hydrosilicat co basic
cao dn dn b pha huy thanh hydrosilicat co basic thp va thi vi.
Thach cao tao thanh lai ln lt tham gia tac dung vi hydrocanxialuminat trong
a ximng va b tng theo phan ng.
3CaO.Al2O3.6H2O
3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO4.31H2O
3(CaSO4.2H2O)
19H2O
Kt qua tao ettringit t hoa tan t C3AH6 rn co th tch tng khoang 2,5 ln so vi
th tch ban u nn ng sut ni trong b tng xut hin va tao thanh cac vt nt
lam cho s n mon sulfat nhanh chong i su vao bn trong khi b tng. Nhng
ettringit tao thanh pha rn ch khi nng Ca(OH)2 ln hn 0,46 g/l (tnh theo
CaO). Khi nng Ca(OH)2 trong dung dch khng ang k, nu a vao trong
ximng phu gia hoat tnh th phan ng gia sulfat va aluminat khng din ra, hoc
din ra qua dung dch, nn khng gy ra ng sut pha hoai b tng. Cho nn
ximng portland puzland bn vi mi trng sulfat hn ximng portland thng.
Khi co mt ion Cl -, n mon sulfat xay ra mc thp hn mt t. Nu ham lng
SO42 - trong nc ln hn 1000 mg/l th n mon thach cao chim u th, v thach
cao tao thanh lng ong trong cac mao quan cua a ximng.
Nhit cung anh hng n qua trnh n mon sulfat. Ngi ta chng minh rng
qua trnh n mon 50C va 250C la khng ging nhau do thanh phn hydroaluminat
nhng nhit khac nhau th khac nhau. 50C hydroaluminat c ban la C4AH19,
con 250C la C3AH6. Do vy, 250C tac dung vi thach cao tao hydrosulpho
aluminat canxi dang trisulfat, con 50C tao hydrosulpho aluminat n canxit.
Anh hng cua cac loai ximng trong n mon sulfat.
Qua trnh thuy hoa ximng tc la qua trnh tng tac gia ximng va nc, bt
147
u lp b mt ri tip tuc dn vao trong su. Mt phn khoang chuyn ra

tng tac vi nc lp b mt. Do tc thuy hoa va hoa tan khac nhau i
vi tng loai khoang, nn s tng tac gia ximng va nc xay ra lin tuc.
Khoang aluminat phan ng vi sulfat trong giai oan thuy hoa u tin cua
ximng co mt y ngha ln, ximng cang mn lng thach cao lin kt trong giai
oan thuy hoa u cang ln th bn sulfat cang cao.
Theo mt s nha nghin cu, ximng co ham lng C2S cao co bn sulfat cao
hn ximng co ham lng C3S cao hn. Ngi ta khng nh rng: trong ximng
alit aluminat canxi a hydrat hoa khng tan trong nc bao hoa Ca(OH)2. V vy,
thach cao tan trong nc phan ng vi aluminat canxi rn tao hydrosulphoaluminat
canxi vi s tng th tch pha rn, dn n pha huy a ximng. Trong ximng blit
co mt lng ln C2S thay C3S, nn ham lng kim trong mi trng thp. Khi o
aluminat canxi vao dung dch. Trng hp nay s tao thanh hydrosulphoaluminat
lam tng th tch khng ang k va s pha huy khng xay ra.
Khi nghin cu bn sulfat cua cac loai ximng portland co thanh phn khoang
khac nhau, ngi ta a i n kt lun: Ximng portland blit co bn sulfat cao
nht va ximng portland cao aluminat co bn sulfat thp nht. Cac loai ximng
con lai co bn sulfat nm gia hai loai trn.
CAC BIN PHAP CHNG N MON XIMNG.
Trong thc t cac cng trnh khng th tranh khoi vic tip xuc vi mi trng
xm thc, do o chung ta phai bao v chung am bao thi gian s dung. Nhim
vu cua bao v la khng cho hay lam han ch kha nng tip xuc cua mi trng xm
thc vi b tng.
tng bn vng cua ximng ngi ta co th ap dung mt s bin phap khac
nhau:
+ Chon ximng co thanh phn khoang thch hp.
V du: Trong mi trng sulfat phai giam thanh phn khoang C3A va C3S
+ Dung cac loai phu gia nh phu gia thuy co ham lng SiO2 hoat tnh tac
dung vi CaO t do cua cu kin tao silicat, ri chuyn thanh hydrosilicat bao v cu kin.
+ Cach ly mi trng xm thc va cu kin bng cach phu mt ngoai lp
vt liu k nc (nha ng, bitum, sn, keo, lp p lat ...) tuy theo iu kin cu th.
Ngoai ra cn thit phai san xut b tng co mt ln, chon ung thanh
phn,ng thi khi thi cng cn dm k bng dm tay hay chn khng.
148
Nhng cn nhn manh bin phap cach ly, dm ky ch tng mt b tng ma

khng th chng n mon tuyt i c, no ch tng thi gian s dung cua cng
trnh. Cac bin phap hoa hoc: chon thanh phn ximng, cho thm phu gia, cht xuc
tac co tac dung tt hn va lu dai hn.
2.15 Mt s tnh cht (ch tiu ky thut) quan trong cua xi mng pooclng
2.15.1 Khi lng ring
Khi lng ring cua ximng pooclng phu thuc vao thanh phn khoang
hoa cua clinker va lng va loai phu gia khi nghin. Mun tng khi lng ring
cua ximng ngi ta co th tng ham lng khoang co trong lng ring ln, v du
nh C4AF co trong lng ring la 3,77g/cm3 hoc pha thm vao phi liu 1 lng
BaO. BaO kt hp vi SiO2 trong qua trnh nung luyn clinker va tao thanh khoang
2BaO. SiO2 , khoang nay co tnh cht kt dnh va khi lng ring la 5,4g/cm3.
Ximng pooclng thng khng co phu gia thuy khi lng ring khoang
3,05 - 3,2g/cm3; co cha phu gia thuy trong lng ting la 2,7 - 2,9g/cm3.
2.15.2 Khi lng th tch
Co 2 loai khi lng th tch:
Khi lng th tch loai ti ( xp) 0,90 -1,10g/cm3.
Khi lng th tch loai cht 1,40 - 1,70g/cm3.
Khi lng th tch cua ximng phu thuc vao thanh phn khoang va mn,
mn cang cao, khi lng th tch cang nho. Khi tnh sil cha ximng bt thng
ly khi lng th tch la 1200g/l , con khi s dung ximng trong xy dng thng
ly khi lng th tch la 1300g/l. Thc t trong san xut hay o dung trong (gam/lt)
2.15.3 mn cua ximng
mn cua ximng co anh hng n lng nc tiu chun, tc ong rn va
cng cua ximng. mn cang cao ximng ong rn cang nhanh, cng
cang tng. mn ximng c c trng bng t din (b mt ring) trung bnh la
2700 - 3500cm2/g hay lng con lai trn sang N0=008 la 5 - 10% . Tuy nhin mn
ximng cang cao th nng sut may nghin cang giam, thu c san phm khi ong
rn toa nhiu nhit, d bin dang co, phng.
mn cua ximng anh hng n cng san phm bang sau
Lng sot trn
Cng xi mng , KG /cm2
sang N0008
1 ngay
3 ngay
7 ngay
28 ngay
5,9%
68
274
465
571
2,81%
303
442
512
685
2.15.4 Tnh cht cua ximng khi bao quan ( giam mac khi lu kho)
149
Ximng khi bao quan trong kho, sil thng co s giam cng , do cac hat
ximng hut hi m va kh CO2 trong khng kh. Nu ximng cha nhiu phu gia
thuy th cang d hut m va CO2, hin tng giam cng cang nhanh.
Gi ximng lu trong kho lng mt khi nung cang ln, tc ong rn cua
ximng cang chm, cng ximng cang giam. Nu ximng cha nhiu khoang
C3A va C2S bao quan lu cng cang giam nhiu.
-Nu bao quan ximng 3 thang cng giam 10 - 20%.
Mun bao quan ximng tt, ngi ta thng pha 1 s phu gia bao quan trong khi
nghin ximng nh du lac chng han.
2.15.5 Lng nc tiu chun cua ximng ( deo tiu chun)
Lng nc tiu chun cua ximng la lng nc cn thit bin ximng
bt thanh va ximng hoc h ximng co deo tiu chun, lng nc nay co 2
nhim vu:
+ Cung cp nc cho cac khoang ximng thc hin phan ng hoa hoc tao
iu kin cho ximng ninh kt va ong rn.
+ Giup cho va ximng khng ong rn ngay, co linh ng tt, d
khun, xy trat.
Lng nc cac khoang thc hin phan ng hoa hoc thng ch bng 1/3 1/4 lng nc tiu chun. Nu va ximng nhiu nc qua ximng ong rn chm,
va lai nhng l xp trong san phm, lam cho cng ximng b giam. Nu
lng nc trn va ximng t qua se lam cho ximng ong rn nhanh, cng
ximng cao, nhng linh ng cua h ximng kem, kho khn cho vic khun
xy trat. Ximng pooclng thng lng nc tiu chun 24 - 30%, ximng cha
nhiu khoang C3S, C3A va phu gia thuy hoat tnh cn lng nc tiu chun cao
hn ximng cha nhiu khoang C2S va C4AF.
2.15.6 Bin i th tch cua ximng
Ximng khi ong rn cn bin i th tch u n hoc khng bin i th
tch, nhng thc t khi ximng ong rn thng xay ra 2 hin tng la: dan n th
tch va co phng. Ca 2 hin tng trn u lam anh hng n cng ximng.
Dan n th tch: san phm sau khi ong rn thng dan n th tch, v trong
ximng co nhng hp cht lam n th tch gy ng sut ni nh:
+ CaOt do + H2O
Ca(OH)2 n th tch.
Mg(OH)2 n th tch.
+ MgO + H2O
+ S tao thanh cac hydro trisulpho aluminat canxi n th tch. Cac nguyn nhn
trn u gy nt v giam cng san phm.
150
+ Do s tac dung cua kim trong mi trng, cua xi mng vi SiO2 ht cua phu gia.
Co phng: san phm sau khi ong rn thng co hin co phng v mn xi
mng qua cao, nc d nhiu, hoc trn va bng nc nong, san phm ong
rn ngm trong nc.
2.15.7 S toa nhit khi xi mng ong rn
Khi trn xi mng vi nc thng co hin tng toa nhit, nu b tng
vi nhng cu truc ln, nhit co th tng ln 30 - 500 C va hn na. Do s chnh
lch nhit gia bn trong va bn ngoai khi cu truc ma gy ng sut ni lam
ran nt cng trnh, tao iu kin cho mi trng n mon, xm thc.
Bi vy, i vi nhng cng trnh ln vn toa nhit cn c giai quyt,
chu yu la lam cho b mt bn ngoai khi cu truc nhit giam chm lai.
Nhit toa ra khi ximng ong rn phu thuc vao thanh phn khoang
clinker, nu ximng cha nhiu khoang C3A khi ong rn se toa nhiu nhit,
ximng co mn qua cao khi ong rn cung toa nhiu nhit.
Da vao nhng yu t trn ngi ta co th san xut c loai ximng t toa
nhiu nhit, hoc co toa nhit thch hp vi yu cu xy dng bng cach thay
i thanh phn khoang va mn cua ximng.
Nhit hyrat hoa cac khoang clinker tinh khit , ( kcal/g)
Loai khoang
Thi gian ong rn , ngay
3
7
28
90
180
Hoan toan
C3S
97
110 116 124
135
160
C2S
15
25
40
47
55
84
C3A
141
158 209 222
245
254
C4AF
42
60
90
99
136
2.15.8 Tnh cht chu la cua ximng
Ximng pooclng thng la cht kt dnh khng chu la v nhng hp cht
c tao thanh khi ong rn ximng la nhng hp cht khng bn nhit cao,
thng thng 2000C cng ximng giam 50%; 5750C san phm b va cham
manh se v. Do o, mun cho btng hoc ximng chu nhit phai pha vao 1 lng
phu gia chu nhit nh bt samt hoc t set chu nhit, khi o san phm co th
chu c nhit ti 10000C.
2.15.9 Tc ninh kt
Tc ninh kt la thi gian cn thit thao tac, ong khun, xy trat, theo quy
chun tc ninh kt cua ximng phai at yu cu:
+ Bt u ninh kt > 45 phut.
+ Kt thuc ninh kt 10 gi.
151
Clinke ximng pooclng khi nghin ra ninh kt rt nhanh khng am bao thi gian
quy nh trn, v vy phai pha thm 1 ty l thach cao vao iu chnh tc ong rn.
Tc ninh kt va ong rn cua ximng phu thuc vao nhiu yu t: thanh
phn khoang ximng, mn, lng nc tiu chun, nhit mi trng ...
2.15.10 Cng ximng
Cng ximng la tnh cht quan trong cua ximng, o la kha nng chu keo,
chu un, chu nen, va p, mai mon va xm thc cua mu th ximng vi cat tiu
chun theo ty l quy nh.
Mac xi mng (cng nen), n v tnh MPa, hoc dcaN/cm2, hoc
N/mm2...Theo TCVN 6016-95 la gia tr cng khi nen v na mu tiu chun
(4416)cm. Mu (4416)cm c tao bi va ximng: ximng/ cat tiu chun =
1 : 3 va t l xi mng/ nc = 0,5 ong rn sau 28 ngay trong iu kin tiu chun
(mt ngay trong khun mi trng (271)0C, m 90%, 27 ngay sau trong
nc (271)0C).
Cat tiu chun: SiO2 > 96%, d= (0,14-2)mm, ham lng set < 1%.
Cng ximng phu thuc chu yu vao thanh phn khoang va mn.
Ximng cha nhiu khoang C3S va C2S cng cang cao, mn ximng cang
cao ong rn cang nhanh cng cang cao. Ngoai ra cng ximng con phu
thuc vao t l ximng nc, iu kin ong rn, thi gian lu kho, phng phap th..
V du: t0 < 00C phan ng thuy hoa se dng lai. t0 = (5-15) 0C phan ng thuy hoa
xay ra chm. Khi dng h mu trong ctcla cng xi mng sau 4 gi co th at
n cng cua xi mng tui 28 ngay dng h iu thng thng.
2.15.11 Tnh tach nc va gi nc cua ximng
Lng nc tiu chun thng gp 3 - 4 ln nc cn thit cac khoang
trong ximng hydrat hoa va ong rn, v vy sau khi khun, xy trat nc tha
se tach ra trn b mt trn hoc di cu truc hoc ch tip xuc gia phu gia y va
ct liu. Nu nc tha tach ra qua nhanh se tao thanh nhng l rng va ximng
mt tnh deo ngay t u, d b ti ra khng lin kt vi vt liu na. Tranh hin
tng tach nc nhanh cua ximng va tng tnh gi nc bng cach nng cao
mn cua ximng hoc dung cac loai phu gia gi nc nh phu gia thuy, t set v.v...
2.15.12 Bao quan va ong bao ximng
Khi cha ximng trong sil, vi t do trong ximng tip tuc hydrat hoa lam
cho ximng n nh th tch khi ong rn.
Trong thi gian gi ximng trong sil cn tin hanh th mt s tnh cht ky
thut cua ximng nh: lng nc tiu chun, tc ong rn, ham lng vi t do,
cng cua ximng... Sil la kho trung gian am bao cho nha may hoat ng lin
tuc, ximng co th c phep cha trong sil (7 - 15) ngay la u iu kin xut
152
ximng khoi nha may. Ngi ta thng thit k nhng sil co ng knh ln
giam s lng sil cha ximng.
Thc t a s dung vi 2 lo quay 5 185m, ximng bt cn cha trong 10
ngay, s sil se la 4 sil; ng knh sil D= 18m. Sil cha ximng thng co cac
kch thc sau:
D = 8 ; 10 ; 12 ; 15 ; 18 m.
H = 25 - 30m.
Loai sil co D = 10 - 12m co kha nng cha c 2500 - 4000 tn ximng; con sil
co D = 18m cha c 10.000 tn ximng.
Sil co D = 8 - 12m thng b tr 1 hang 6 - 8 sil.
Sil co D = ln hn thng b tr 1 hang 3 - 4 sil.
Ximng cha trong sil am bao yu cu ky thut c thao nh thit b thao
ximng bt t canh sil . Nu thao ximng bt cho t , tau hoa th co th thao bn
canh hoc ay sil. Mun vy ngi ta co th xy dng ng t, tau hoa bn
canh hoc di sil. Trn th gii co nhng nha may xut ximng bt n 80% san
lng ximng cua nha may , con lai 20% la xut ximng bao. Ngi ta s dung may
ong bao ximng t ng nng sut 35 - 50 tn /h hay ( 700 - 1200 bao/h) . Trong
lng 1 bao ximng la 50kg, may ong bao co loai 5; 6; 10; 12; va 14 voi; loai 12
voi at 120 T/h. Ximng bao c vn chuyn vao kho bao quan va ch xut
xng. Kho ximng cn cao rao, tranh m t lam giam phm cht cua ximng.
153
TAI LIU THAM KHAO

[1] Bui Vn Chen - Ky thut san xut xi mng portland - HBK Ha Ni 1992
[2] Duda - Cement - Data book, Mockba 1981
[3] Cac tap ch xi mng trong va ngoai nc
[4] Cac tap ch xy dng trong nc - B xy dng
[5] Tai liu hi thao quc t chuyn : Cng nhg va thit b san xut xi mng
Ha Ni - 1996.
[6] Tai liu hi thao quc t chuyn : Cng nhg san xut xi mng tin tin th
gii - Ha Ni 11/ 2002.
[7] Tai liu hi thao trong nc chuyn : Phi liu san xut clinker ximng
Hai Phong - 3/1994.
[8] Tai liu ao tao cng nhn va ky s cac nha may san xut xi mng trong nc
[9] The cement plant operations handbook - Fourth edition, january 2005
[10] Hoang Vn Phong - Phng phap kim soat t l phu gia dung cho san xut
va n nh cht lng xi mng PCB - NXB KH&KT 2002
154
155

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TRUNG I HC BCH KHOA NNG

KHOA HA - NGNH cnhh & VT LIU

PHN LOAI CHT KT DNH V C VA PHU GIA

Trung bnh manh

Mo = %( CaO + MgO)/ %( SiO2. + Al2O3)

CNG NGH SAN XUT XI MNG PORTLAND.

1. Cng chu nn, N/mm2, khng nh hn, sau:

- Kt thc, khng mun hn

3. nghin mn, xc nh theo:

- B mt ring, phng php Blaine, cm2/g, khng nh hn

4. n nh th tch, xc nh theo phng php Le

5. Hm lng SO3, %, khng ln hn

6. Hm lng MgO, %, khng ln hn

7. Hm lng MKN, %, khng ln hn

8. Hm lng CKT, %, khng ln hn

1. Cng nen, N/mm2, khng nho hn

Sau 28 ngay 2gi

Phn con lai trn sang 0,08 mm, %, khng ln hn

B mt ring xac nh phng phap Blaine, cm2/g, khng

Thac si- GVC NGUYN DN

4. n nh th tch, c xac nh theo phng phap

5. Ham lng Anhydric Sunfuric (SO3), %, khng ln hn

2.2 Thanh phn hoa hoc cua clinker

Khoang Alit (C54S16AM)

Khoang Belit (-C2S)

Cht trung gian: con goi la cht m.

i vi clinker ximng pooclng thng m = 1,7-2,4.

CH < 1 y la cng thc tnh toan mc bao hoa vi cua Kin ma mt s

(CaOt CaOtd ) 1,65 Al 2 O3 0,35Fe2 O3 0,7 SO3

CaO 1,65 Al 2 O3 0,35 Fe2 O3 0,7 SO3

CaO 1,65 Al 2 O3 0,35Fe2 O3

i vi ximng pooclng thng KH = 0,85 -0,95.

CaOlk : CaO lin kt = CaOly thuyt - CaO t do.

3.8n.( p + 1)(3KH 2).100

8.6n( p + 1)(1 KH ).100

Thac si- GVC NGUYN DN

C3A = 2.650 Al2O3 - 1.692 Fe2O3 = 2.65(Al2O3 - 0.64 Fe2O3 )

Ham lng cua pha long tnh theo nhit va h s p nh sau:

Cac khoang chnh trong clinker thng chia thanh 2 nhom:

Phn loai clinker theo nhom khoang nong chay:

oan BC - ximng thng

2.6 Cac phng phap san xut clinker ximng Pooclng.

S DY CHUYN CNG NGH SAN XUT XI MNG

S cng ngh cng oan chun b nguyn liu.

S cng ngh cng oan nghin phi liu va ngnht.

S cng ngh cng oan chunb nhin liu.

S cng ngh nung philiu thanh clinker.

S cng ngh nghin clinker ximng

S cng ngh ong bao ximng

THEO PHNG PHAP T - LO QUAY

Bng tai cao su

B ng nht phi liu

Mng hng Clinker

Kho thch cao w = 4%

Bunke cha Clinker

MY NGHIN BI NGHIN CLINKER

S DY CHUYN CNG NGH SAN XUT XI MNG

Cc sil bt liu 1,2,3

Tho liu cnh quay

Loc bui tui

Tho liu cnh quay

Ph gia giu st: iu chnh m un aluminat (p) nhm b sung hm

Kh thin nhin c khai thac t di cac lp t su, no la nhng hp cht cua

KH = (C-(1.65A + 0.35F)) / (2.8*S)