EE 4092 Laboratory Practice IV

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

OBSERVATION SHEET
NAME INDEX NUMBER FIELD EXPERIMENT GROUP DATE INSTRUCTED BY : : : ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING : SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR TRANSIENT ANALYSIS : : :

a) Armature current on sudden short circuit. Pre short circuit line voltage Steady short circuit current Generator speed Number of generator pole pairs = = = = 98.6V 5.80A 1495rpm 2

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b) Current variation following a sudden three phase short circuit at the armature. Steady state field current = 0.28A

c) Armature voltage on sudden open circuit from a steady short circuit.

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d) Slip test. Minimum phase current Maximum phase current Minimum line voltage Maximum line voltage Generator speed = = = = = 6A 9A 10 V 13 V 1474 rpm

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CALCULATIONS a. Armature current on sudden short circuit Step1 Time (ms) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 Positive peak 26.0 17.0 13.0 12.0 10.5 9.5 9.0 9.0 8.5 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Negative peak -30.0 -19.0 -14.5 -12.5 -11.0 -10.0 -9.5 -9.0 -9.0 -8.5 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 Current (A) 28.00 18.00 13.75 12.25 10.75 9.75 9.25 9.00 8.75 8.25 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 Current (log scale) 1.45 1.26 1.14 1.09 1.03 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90

Observing the graph, A = antilog (1.44) = 28A B = antilog (0.90) = 8A = = 2 2 56.93 = = 10.06 8 2 2 56.93 = = 2.87 28 98.6V 3 = 56.93 V

= =

Current A (log scale)

1.60

1.40

1.20

A x
1.00

Current A (log scale)

0.80

0.60

B
0.40

0.20

0.00
0 50 100 Time (ms) Current (log scale) Poly. (Current (log scale)) 150 200 250

Step2 Time (ms) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 Current (log scale) 1.45 1.26 1.14 1.09 1.03 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 B 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 x (log scale) 0.55 0.36 0.24 0.19 0.13 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Observing the graph

C = antilog (0.46) = 2.8840 0.46 = 0.1692 D = 62ms

Therefore 1 1 10.06 + 2 1 1 2.8840 10.06 + 2 56.93

Transient reactance (Xd) = =7.3951 Td = D = 62 ms

x (log scale) vs time

0.6

y
0.5

0.4

0.3

log(x)
0.2

0.1

C/e

0 0

50

100

150

200

250

-0.1 x (log scale)

Time (ms)
Poly. (x (log scale))

Step3 Time (ms) 0 10 20 log(y) 0.09 0.05 0.01

Observing the graph,

E = antilog (0.09) = 1.2303 0.09 = 0.0331 F = 14.25ms

Therefore, Td = 14.25ms 10.06 = 62 = 84.3423 7.3951 7.3951 = 14.25 = 36.7178 2.87

Tdo = Td

Tdo = Td

log(y) vs time
0.1

0.09

0.08

0.07

0.06

log(y)

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

E/e

0.01

0 0 5

10 Time (ms) log(y)

15

20

25

Step 4 Time (ms) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 Positive peak 26.0 17.0 13.0 12.0 10.5 9.5 9.0 9.0 8.5 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Negative peak -30.0 -19.0 -14.5 -12.5 -11.0 -10.0 -9.5 -9.0 -9.0 -8.5 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 -8.0 (Ia,+Ve peak) + (-Ia,-Va peak) 56.00 36.00 27.50 24.50 21.50 19.50 18.50 18.00 17.50 16.50 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00

Observing the graph,

G = 36 = 13.2437 H = 225 ms Therefore, Ta = 225 ms

Envelop mean vs time

60

50

40

(Ia,+Ve peak) + (-Ia,-Va peak)

30

20

10

G/e

0 0 50 100

150 Time (ms)

200

250

300

(Ia,+Ve peak) + (-Ia,-Va peak)

Linear ((Ia,+Ve peak) + (-Ia,-Va peak))

Findings Value Xd Xd Xd
Td

10.06 7.3951 2.87 62 ms 14.25ms 225 ms 84.3423 ms 36.7178ms

Td Ta Tdo Tdo

b. Field current variation following a sudden three phase short circuit at the armature. = 0 + 0
T T (1 kd )e t / T ''d kd e t / Ta cos t T ' 'd T ' 'd

"

= 0 + 0

= 0.28 + 0.28

10.06 7.3951 7.3951

62 14.25

= 0.28 + 0.101 62 14.25

>> ezplot('(0.28+0.101*(exp((-x)/62)- exp((-x)/14.25)))',[0,900]) >> ylim([0.28 0.35])

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c. Armature voltage on sudden open circuit from a steady short circuit = 2 cos + 0 Assuming 0 = 0 = 2 cos 2
t t Xd Xd T Xd Xd T do cos e do cos 2 e Xd Xd t 10.06 7.3951 e84.3423 cos 314.16 56.93 2 2.87

t t Xd Xd T Xd Xd T" do cos + e do cos + 0 2 e 0 Xd Xd

= 56.93 2 cos 314.16 56.93 2

t 7.3951 2.87 e36.7178 cos 314.16 7.3951 t

= (80.5112 74.7576 e84.3423 49.2652 e36.7178 )cos 314.16

>> ezplot('(80.5112-74.7576*exp((-x)/84.3423)-49.2652*exp((-x)/36.7178) )*cos(314.16*x)',[0,900])

d. Slip test Xd = Xq =
( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )

= =

26 12 20 18

= 2.1667 = 1.1111 11

DISCUSSION

1. Compare the parameter values computed using the short circuit current oscillogram, open circuit voltage oscillogram and the slip test.

Value Xd Xd Xd short circuit current oscillogram

Td

10.06 7.3951 2.87 62 ms 14.25ms 225 ms 84.3423 ms 36.7178ms 2.1667 1.1111

Td Ta Tdo Tdo

slip test

Xd Xq

The direct axis steady state (Xd) obtained from the two oscillogram are two different values with the high variation.

2. Compare the agreement of theoretical and observed oscillogram of short circuit field current and open circuit line voltage.

The X values and the T values are determined from the practical and they are used in building the theoretical expressions. Since there are human errors involved in a practical, obtained X values and T values have a certain extend of inaccuracy. Therefore, when those values are referred in building theoretical models errors get introduced. 12

Also it was assumed that

is negligible during obtaining the field current variation following

a sudden three phase short circuit at the armature. But there is considerable damping present in a practical system. That is the reason that the practical graph has a sudden jump in the current envelop. Observing the graphs obtained from the oscilloscope during the practical and the related theoretical graphs plotted using MATLAB has differences. The practical graphs are not smooth and edges are distorted. This is due to the noise incorporated by other devices. Therefore, it can be stated that the basic shapes of the two curves are the same but are different from each other.

3. Discuss the features of short circuit oscillogram of phase and field currents.

There are 4 visible features of short circuit oscillogram of phase and field currents. They are, DC offset Sub transient Transient Steady state The DC offset occurs due to the armature reaction flux caused by short circuiting. The DC offset die out with the initial few cycles. The sub transient exists only for the few initial cycles. Both the sub transient and transient components are occurred as higher peaks compared to the steady state and decay with a small time. Then the steady state is archived where the amplitude of every peak of every cycle is the same. 13

4. Discuss the importance of short circuit study. Protection should be provided for the machine during if any mal-operation occurs to protect the windings. It is understood that during the period where transients occur, the transient impedances come in to play hence the total impedance is differed resulting in high currents through the windings. The insulation of the winding may fail due to such mal-operation and burn the windings of the machine. Therefore, in order to protect the machine generator parameters have to be known. The only test to determine these parameters practically is the short circuit test.

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