D N H TR THNG MI A BIN II (MUTRAP II)

B Thng mi phi hp cng y ban chu u thc hin

Cc ngha v quc t v Thng mi v mi trng Mt s vn lin quan i vi Vit Nam

H Ni, 3/2004

Li cm n Bo co ny l sn phm ca d n H tr Chnh sch Thng mi a bin (MUTRAP) v B Thng mi Vit Nam, vi s ti tr ca U Ban Chu u (EC). Bo co c tin hnh vi s tham gia ca mt nhm cc T vn gia Vit Nam, bao gm ng Nguyn Ngc Sn, ng Bi Hng Dng, ng Nguyn Vin n, ng Phng Ch S, v ng H Trung Thanh. D n MUTRAP v cc tc gi ca Bo co xin trn trng cm n s h tr ca U Ban Chu u, B Thng mi Vit Nam v cc c quan cung cp thng tin v kin ng gp trong qu trnh nghin cu.

Mc lc Li gii thiu 5 I. Tng quan nhng din bin quc t v vn thng mi v mi trng 6 1 Lch s vn mi trng trong WTO ..................................................................6 2. Nhng din bin trong qu trnh din ra Vng m phn Uruguay.......................7 3. Nhng ch tho lun ch yu ca vng Doha (Doha agenda) ........................7
T

2.

Nhng vn thng mi mi trng c lin quan ti Vit Nam. 10 2.1. Cc vn lin quan ti tip cn th trng 10 2.2. Tc ng ca vic m ca th trng hng ho v dch v mi trng 11 2.2.1. M ca th trng hng ho mi trng ......................................................11 2.2.2. M ca th trng dch v mi trng ..........................................................11 2.3. Vn qun l nhp khu cc sn phm c nh hng ti mi trng 12

3. Tng quan cc ngha v thng mi mi trng ca Vit Nam theo cc Hip nh Mi trng a phng (MEAs) v cc Hip nh thng mi 13 3.1. Ngha v thng mi theo cc Hip nh mi trng a phng m Vit Nam tham gia 13 3.1.1. Gii thiu nhng cng c quc t ch yu Vit Nam tham gia k t 1992 13 3.1.2. Ngha v thng mi c quy nh trong mt s MEAs ch yu...............14 3.2. Cc ngha v thng mi c lin quan n mi trng ca Vit Nam theo cc Hip nh thng mi a phng v song phng 17 3.2.1. Cc quy nh lin quan ti mi trng ca WTO.........................................17 3.2.2. Cc quy nh lin quan ti mi trng trong cc hip nh/din n thng mi khu vc v song phng m Vit Nam tham gia ........................................................21 4. R sot cc chnh sch thng mi v mi trng ca Vit Nam 25 4.1. R sot cc chnh sch thng mi c lin quan n mi trng 25 4.2. R sot cc chnh sch lin quan n vic thc thi cc Hip nh a phng v mi trng 27 4.2.1. Tng quan v cc chnh sch v bin php mi trng..............................27 4.2.2. So snh cc chnh sch, bin php ca Vit Nam vi quy nh ca mt s iu c quc t quan trng v mi trng (MEAs) ...........................................................28

5. Xc nh mt s ngnh c nh hng ti mi trng thng qua cc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh 31 5.1. Ngnh thy sn 31 5.2. Ngnh nng sn 31 5.3. Ngnh ch bin thc phm 32 5.3.1. Ngnh ch bin sa ........................................................................................32 5.3.2. Ngnh sn xut bia, ru..................................................................................32 5.3.3. Ngnh sn xut nc gii kht....................................................................32 5.3.4. Ngnh sn xut ma ng .........................................................................33 5.3.5. Ngnh git m gia sc ................................................................................33 5.4. Mt s ngnh cng nghip khc 34 5.4.1. Ngnh sn xut cao su ...............................................................................34 3

5.4.2. Ngnh sn xut giy v bt giy .................................................................34 5.5. Tnh hnh p ng cc yu cu v bo v mi trng ti cc doanh nghip 34 5.6. Nhn xt chung v cng tc qun l mi trng doanh nghip 35 6. Xc nh nhng mt hng, ngnh hng chu nh hng bi cc yu cu mi trng cc th trng EU v Hoa K 36 6.1. Th trng E.U 36 6.1.1. i vi mt hng thc phm ni chung v thy hi sn ni ring ...............37 6.1.2. i vi mt hng nng sn .........................................................................37 6.1.3. i vi mt hng t may v da giy ..........................................................38 6.1.3. Cc mt hng khc .....................................................................................38 6.2. Th trng Hoa K 38 6.3. Th trng Nht Bn 40 6.4. nh gi tc ng ca vic khng p ng c cc yu cu mi trng ti cc th trng xut khu ch yu i vi xut khu 41 6.4.1. Lm gim ng k ngun thu t xut khu .................................................41 Ngun: Nin gim thng k 2000-2002, V K hoch-Thng k- B Thng mi.....41 7. Kho st thc t cc doanh nghip 43 7.1. Lnh vc hot ng 43 7.2. nh gi mc nh hng i vi mi trng 44 7.3. V kh nng tun th cc chnh sch, quy nh mi trng ca Chnh ph 44 7.4. Kh khn do phi i mt vi cc yu cu mi trng trong hot ng xut khu45 7.5. Chi ph tun th cc quy nh trong nc v bo v mi trng v yu cu v mi trng ca th trng nc ngoi 46 Kt lun v khuyn ngh 8.1. Cc gii php cp quc gia 8.2. Cc gii php cp doanh nghip 47 47 48

8.

Ph lc 1: So snh cc bin php thng mi v mi trng trong cc hip nh mi trng a bin v hip nh thng mi a bin vi cc bin php c ban hnh Vit Nam 49 Ph lc 2: Mt s quy nh php l v thng mi lin quan n mi trng.....................52 Ph lc 3: Danh mc vn bn php lut v mi trng c cc quy nh thng mi .........55

Li gii thiu Thng mi - mi trng ang ngy cng tr thnh ch tranh lun nng bng trong cc din n thng mi quc t, v mi y c a vo chng trnh ngh s m phn ca T chc Thng mi th gii (WTO). ng thi, gn y xu hng kt hp cc yu cu v mi trng vo chnh sch thng mi ngy cng ph bin gy nh hng khng nh ti hot ng xut khu ca cc nc ang pht trin. Trong n lc hi nhp quc t, Vit Nam k kt tham gia nhiu hip nh quc t, trong c Hip nh a phng v Mi trng (MEAs). Vit Nam cng ang trong qu trnh m phn gia nhp WTO. Bi cnh ny t ra yu cu i vi Vit Nam l phi c s kt hp hi ho gia cc chnh sch thng mi v mi trng thch nghi vi nhng din bin trn trng quc t. p ng yu cu ny, trong khun kh cc hot ng h tr chnh sch thng mi a bin, D n H tr chnh sch thng mi a bin (MUTRAP) phi hp vi B Thng mi v cc c quan hu quan tin hnh mt bo co nghin cu v mt s vn thng mi mi trng lin quan ti Vit Nam. Mc ch ch yu ca bo co ny l cung cp mt bc tranh tng th v cc vn thng mi mi trng c lin quan ti Vit Nam, ng thi xc nh cc ngnh, cc lnh vc i hi phi c s u tin nhm thc hin cc ngha v v bo v mi trng cng nh nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam. Kt qu nghin cu cng l c s tham kho xy dng cc hot ng ca d n trong giai on tip theo hoc cho cc hot ng khc trong cng lnh vc ny. Bo co bao gm 8 phn. Phn 1 v 2 m t tng quan nhng din bin quc t (ch yu l trong WTO) v thng mi mi trng v xc nh nhng ch c lin quan n Vit Nam. Phn 3 v 4 trnh by khi qut cc ngha v thng mi trong cc Hip nh thng mi v cc Hip nh a phng v mi trng, ng thi trn c s cc ngha v r sot h thng cc chnh sch, bin php thng mi v mi trng hin hnh. Phn 5 v m t tnh hnh thc hin cc yu cu mi trng trong mt s ngnh v i vi mt s th trng xut khu v ng thi nh gi tc ng ca vic khng tun th cc quy nh mi trng trn cc th trng ny. Cc xut phn 8 c a ra c cp chnh ph v cp cc doanh nghip nhm thc y vic thc hin cc ngha v v bo v mi trng cng nh nng cao nng lc cnh tranh quc t ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam. Do iu kin hn ch v thi gian v ngun lc, bo co ny thc s mi ch dng li mc mt ti liu tham kho c bn v thng mi v mi trng, tng hp, nh gi cc t liu sn c v kt qu kho st s cp. Kt qu nghin cu c th c s dng vo vic nng cao nhn thc v l c s cho nhng tho lun tip theo v cc vn thng mi, mi trng. D n Mutrap v Nhm nghin cu rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca c gi.

I. tng quan nhng din bin quc t v vn thng mi v mi trng Vn thng mi v mi trng trong thng mi quc t c cp n di hai gc v phn chia thnh hai quan im. Th nht, cc nc pht trin lo ngi v s suy thoi ca mi trng do tnh trng pht trin nhanh, pht trin nng ca cc quc gia ang pht trin gy nn, v do p dng cc bin php thng mi nhm bo v mi trng, trong c cc bin php thng mi. Th hai, cc nc ang pht trin lo ngi rng tin trnh t do ho thng mi s dn n s xm nhp t ca nhng sn phm, hng ho c nh hng tiu cc i vi mi trng v rng h c nguy c tr thnh bi rc ph thi cha nhng thit b c k v lc hu c ngun gc t cc quc gia pht trin... Vi c s h tng v trnh qun l cn thp, cc nc ang pht trin lo ngi t do ho thng mi s khin h khng th kim sot ni vic nhp khu cc sn phm cng nghip c nguy c gy nhim i vi mi trng vn cha c trang b y cng c v v kh phng nga. 1. Lch s vn mi trng trong WTO

Bc vo nhng nm u ca thp k 70, cc nc k kt Hip nh GATT bt u nhn thy rng cc vn mi trng cn c gii quyt trong khun kh GATT v chng lin quan n thng mi. S khi u ny gn lin vi Hi ngh v Mi trng Con ngi (Conference on Human Environment) c t chc ti Stockhom nm 1972. Ti mt cuc hp vo thng 11 nm 1971, Hi ng GATT quyt nh thnh lp Nhm Cc bin php Mi trng v Thng mi quc t (Nhm EMIT) nh mt c ch lm thi u tin trong khun kh GATT gii quyt nhng vn pht sinh ca cc nc k kt khi h c yu cu. Trong thi gian din ra Vng m phn Tokyo (1973-1979), cc nc k kt GATT quan tm n vn liu cc bin php mi trng (di hnh thc cc quy nh v tiu chun k thut) c th gy cn tr i vi thng mi. Hip nh Cc ro cn K thut i vi Thng mi (gi tt l Hip nh TBTs) c m phn v k kt, trong ng ch l iu khon yu cu cc nc k kt GATT khng phn bit i x v minh bch ho trong qu trnh xy dng, thng qua v p dng cc tiu chun v quy nh k thut. Nh vy, mi quan tm ban u trong GATT l cn hn ch nh hng ca chnh sch mi trng i vi t do ho thng mi trong khun kh ca GATT. Bn cnh , s gia tng ca cc dng thng mi cng c nhng nh hng ngy cng r rt ti mi trng. Chnh v vy, cc nc c nhiu hot ng tho lun v i thoi xung quanh vn ny. Mt s nc ang pht trin by t s lo ngi rng cc sn phm b cm cc nc pht trin v l do nguy hi n mi trng, sc kho hoc an ton vn tip tc c xut khu sang nc h. V khng c thng tin v cc sn phm ny, h khng th quyt nh c khi no th khng cho php nhp khu nhng sn phm ny. Trc tnh hnh ny, ti Hi ngh B trng ca GATT nm 1982, cc nc k kt GATT quyt nh r sot li nhng bin php cn thit kim sot vic xut khu cc sn phm b cm trong nc (v cc l do nguy hi n cuc sng v sc kho ca con ngi v ng thc vt, hoc nguy hi n mi trng). Trong giai on ny cng din ra nhiu din bin quan trng trn cc din n mi trng. Mi quan h gia tng trng kinh t, pht trin x hi v mi trng c tho lun trong khun kh Hi ngh Stockholm trong sut nhng nm 70 v 80. Nm 1987, U ban Th gii v Mi trng v Pht trin a ra mt bo co trong cp n khi nim pht trin bn vng. Bo co ny cho rng i ngho l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn quan trng nht dn ti s xung cp v mi trng. Bo co ny cng lp lun rng s tng trng kinh t, 6

trong mt phn l nh tng trng thng mi quc t c th to ra nhng ngun lc cn thit gii quyt cc vn nhim v ngho i. 2. Nhng din bin trong qu trnh din ra Vng m phn Uruguay

Khi bt u pht ng Vng Uruguay, mt s nc ang pht trin mun a vn xut khu cc sn phm b cm trong nc vo chng trnh m phn. Tuy nhin, mt s nc khc li cho rng vn ny ch nn gii quyt trong khun kh cc hot ng thng k ca GATT, khng nn a vo chng trnh m phn. Hi ngh B trng GATT ti Montreal nm 1988 kt lun khng a vn ny vo m phn. Nm 1989, Nhm Cng tc v Xut khu cc sn phm b cm trong nc c thnh lp chuyn trch theo di vn ny. Ti Hi ngh B trng ca GATT ti Bruxen thng 12 nm 1990, EFTA v ASEAN, vi lo ngi rng s khc bit v cch thc tip cn cng nh ni dung cc quy nh mi trng quc gia c th dn ti tranh chp thng mi, ngh a Nhm EMIT quay tr li hot ng vi phm vi nhim v rng hn. Qua thc t hot ng t nm 1991 n 1994, Nhm EMIT tin hnh nhiu bo co nghin cu v tho lun, gp phn nng cao hiu bit v ch thng mi v mi trng trong phm vi cc nc ca GATT. Thng qua hot ng ca Nhm EMIT, cc nc k kt GATT u c quan im chung l (i) GATT khng c nhim v r sot cc mc tiu mi trng quc gia, xy dng cc tiu chun v chnh sch mi trng, (ii) ng thi vic gii quyt nhng mu thun gia chnh sch thng mi v chnh sch mi trng khng c tri vi cc quy nh v nguyn tc m cc nc xy dng trong GATT. Ti cui Vng m phn Uruguay, cc bn k kt GATT ngh U ban m phn thng mi xy dng v trnh ln cc B trng mt chng trnh hot ng v thng mi v mi trng v xut mt hnh thc th ch thc hin chng trnh . Thng 4 nm 1994, Quyt nh v Thng mi v Mi trng c cc B trng thng qua, trong nhn mnh vic bo v h thng thng mi a bin v bo v mi trng, pht trin bn vng khng c mu thun vi nhau. Cc B trng cng th hin mong mui hi ho cc chnh sch thng mi v mi trng, tuy nhin khng vt qu chc nng ca h thng thng mi a bin (ch gii hn trong phm vi cc chnh sch thng mi v nhng kha cnh lin quan ti thng mi ca cc chnh sch mi trng c th nh hng ng k ti thng mi). Theo Quyt nh ny, i Hi ng GATT thnh lp mt Tiu ban v Thng mi v Mi trng (SCTE) v sau pht trin thnh U ban Thng mi v Mi trng (CTE) ph trch nhng hot ng thng xuyn trong GATT lin quan ti cc ch v thng mi v mi trng. 3. Nhng ch tho lun ch yu ca vng Doha (Doha agenda)

Sau nhiu din bin phc tp, vn mi trng cui cng cng c a vo chng trnh ngh s ca Vng m phn Doha. y l kt qu ca vic mt s Thnh vin WTO, c bit l EU nhiu ln n lc a vn ny vo chng trnh m phn nhm hp thc ho cc bin php hn ch thng mi di chiu bi bo v mi trng 1 . Mt s Thnh vin
K t nm 1995, EU c gng tm cch xut WTO thay i mt s quy nh nhm hp php ho vic s dng cc bin php trng pht thng mi cho ph hp vi quy nh ca cc MEAs i vi bt k quc gia no, bt k c phi l thnh vin ca cc MEAs hay khng. Tuy nhin, cc xut ny b phn i mnh m ti Hi ngh B trng WTO ti Singapore thng 12 nm 1996 v tip theo l s tht bi ca Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th 3 ti Seatle thng 12 nm 1999 dn ti tht bi ln th hai ca EU trong cc n lc lng ghp vn mi trng vo chng trnh m phn ca WTO.
1

khc cng ng h v c li ch lin quan, l Nht, Na Uy, Thy S. Cc Thnh vin ang pht trin phn i ngh ny v cho rng chng trnh m phn ca vng Doha ch nn tp trung v cc vn pht trin, ng thi lo ngi rng vic a vn mi trng vo m phn thng mi c th lm gia tng nguy c p dng cc bin php mi trng cn tr hng ho xut khu ca h. Hoa K v Canaa cng lo ngi EU c th nhn c hi ny tr hon vic ci cch cc chng trnh h tr nng nghip, hoc cn tr nhp khu hng nng sn (trong c cc sn phm bin i gien - GMOs). Hi ngh B trng WTO ti Doha, Cata ra chng trnh ngh s cho m phn cc vn lin quan ti thng mi v mi trng: i) Mi quan h gia cc quy nh hin ti ca WTO vi cc ngha v thng mi c th ca cc MEAs. m phn trong lnh vc ny bt u bng vic r sot cc MEAs xc nh cc ngha v thng mi v xc nh cc quy nh tng ng trong WTO. Cc nc mu vi nhau v vic xc nh th no l c th. Mt s nc (Hoa K, Canaa, mt s nc DCs nh Malaysia, n (Hoa K, Canaa v mt s nc ang pht trin khc nh Malaisia, n cho rng quy nh c th phi va mang tnh bt buc, va mang tnh c th. Trong khi , EU v Thu s cho rng cc bin php ny khng bao gm nhng bin php thng mi khng c quy nh ti cc MEAs, hoc khng bt buc, nhng c coi l cn thit thc hin cc mc tiu ca MEAs. Ban Th k WTO hin xy dng mt bo co tng hp cc ngha v thng mi c th trong cc MEAs (ti liu WT/CTE/W/160/Rev.2). Cc th tc trao i thng tin thng xuyn gia cc Ban Th k MEAs v WTO, v tr quan st vin ca cc MEAs trong WTO. Ti Cancun, cc nc tho lun vn quan st vin ca cc MEAs ti cc phin hp c bit ca CTE. ng ch , EU ngh Hi ngh Cancn quyt nh rng i din ca cc MEAs phi c mi chnh thc tham d cc Phin hp c bit ca CTEs. Gim hoc loi b thu v cc hng ro phi thu i vi cc hng ho v dch v mi trng. m phn v cc hng ho mi trng hin ti gp kh khn do cc nc khng thng nht c khi nim v hng ho mi trng 2 . m phn v cc dch v mi trng c nhiu tin trin hn so vi lnh vc hng ho v cng c nhiu trin vng hn. Tuy nhin, vn phm vi hay khi nim dch v mi trng vn cha c thng nht, tm thi vn da theo phn loi cc ngnh dch v ca GATS v cc nc s dng cc phn loi khc nhau 3 .

ii)

iii)

Song song vi nhng ni dung c nht tr a vo chng trnh ngh s, Hi ngh Doha cng nht tr rng cc nc s quan tm c bit ti nhng vn thng mi mi trng khc khng thuc ni dung ca chng trnh m phn. Cc vn ny bao gm:

2 Nhiu Thnh vin ng h xut ca New Zealand (da trn danh mc EVSL) v Danh mc minh ho cc sn phm mi trng ca OECD. Danh mc ny ch yu bao gm nhng hng ho phc v cho vic lm sch mi trng. Nhiu Thnh vin mun b sung danh mc ny, nhng li c kin khc nhau. EU mun m rng danh mc bao gm c nhng sn phm sn xut bng cng ngh sch (PPM), trong khi , cc Thnh vin khc, c bit l cc nc ang pht trin li phi i v lo ngi kh nng cn tr tip cn th trng i vi cc sn phm ca h. Cc Thnh vin ang tip tc xy dng xut ca mnh v danh mc ny. 3 Cc Thnh vin hin ang nghin cu a ra yu cu i vi cc dch v thuc nhm dch v mi trng. m phn s c tin hnh song phng theo phng thc yu cu bn cho (request offer).

i)

Tc ng ca cc bin php mi trng i vi tip cn th trng, c bit l vic tip cn th trng ca cc nc ang pht trin v km pht trin, v xem xt nhng trng hp m vic t do ho thng mi c li cho thng mi, mi trng v s pht trin. n a ra mt ti liu v tc ng ca cc yu cu qu kht khe v mi trng mt s th trng ln i vi hng xut khu ca cc nc ang pht trin. Cc nc ang pht trin hoan nghnh ti liu ny. Cc quy nh lin quan trong Hip nh WTO v Cc vn S hu tr tu c lin quan ti Thng mi (TRIPs) (on 32.ii). Ni dung tho lun ch yu tp trung vo mi quan h gia Hip nh TRIPs v Cng c a dng Sinh hc (CBD). Mt s nc ang pht trin nh n , Braxin, Pakistan mun sa i TRIPs tng cng mc bo h i vi cc quyn, cc loi vt cht sinh hc v cc kin thc truyn thng (nhng i tng bo h ch yu ca CBD). Cc nc pht trin nh Canaa, Thu S, Hoa K li cho rng TRIPs v CBD c th b sung cho nhau v do khng cn sa i TRIPs. Cc yu cu v dn nhn v mc ch bo v mi trng. Cc Thnh vin cng cha nht tr v cch thc gii quyt vn ny trong CTE. H mun vn ny c gii quyt trong khun kh U ban TBT ca WTO. EU v Thu S ngh hai U ban ny cng phi hp a ra nhng gii thch v vn dn nhn sinh thi trong Hip nh TBT. Ti Cancun, xut ca EU v vic CTE tng cng tho lun v cc chng trnh nhn sinh thi t nguyn b cc nc ang pht trin phn i. Xy dng nng lc v r sot mi trng. on 33 ca Tuyn b Doha tha nhn tm quan trng ca tr gip k thut v xy dng nng lc trong lnh vc thng mi v mi trng. Tuy nhin, tho lun ny cho n nay vn cha c kt qu ng k.

ii)

iii)

iv)

Do c nhiu quan im khc nhau nn chng trnh m phn v mi trng ch gii hn vi nhng quy nh hin hnh ca WTO v nhng ngha v mang tnh cht thng mi trong cc Hip nh a phng v Mi trng (MEAs). Ngoi ra, ni dung m phn c quy nh l khng nh hng ti quyn li ca cc Thnh vin WTO khng tham gia MEAs, ng thi cng lm thay i quyn v ngha v ca cc Thnh vin theo cc Hip nh hin hnh ca WTO. Tm li, vn thng mi - mi trng v ang l ch tranh lun nng bng trn cc din n quc t, v m phn v thng mi mi trng trong WTO l mt xu hng tt yu. Cc nc c nhiu quan im khc nhau, hu ht u phn nh quyn li ca h trong thng mi quc t. Mc d cha c nhiu tin trin nhng mt khi c a vo chng trnh ngh s m phn th vn thng mi mi trng c chnh thc tha nhn v tt yu nhng din bin v nh hng ng k i vi cc bn lin quan. L mt nc tham gia nhiu MEAs v s tr thnh Thnh vin WTO trong tng lai gn, Vit Nam chc chn s khng th ng ngoi nhng din bin trn. Vit Nam cn phi nh gi c nhng li ch v chi ph lin quan chun b nhng nh hng chnh sch cho ring mnh v m bo s thnh cng ca hi nhp quc t.

2. 2.1.

Nhng vn thng mi mi trng c lin quan ti Vit Nam. Cc vn lin quan ti tip cn th trng

Xu hng vn dng cc bin php thng mi v mc ch mi trng ngy cng gia tng c nguy c gy tr ngi cho hng xut khu ca cc nc ang pht trin, trong c Vit Nam. Cc bin php ny thng bao gm cm hoc hn ch nhp khu v mc ch bo v con ngi, ng thc vt, hoc ngn chn s suy kit cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, hoc nhm thc hin cc hip nh a phng v mi trng. Mc d cc bin php ny c th khng vi phm quy nh ca thng mi quc t nhng vic vn dng chng li to ra cn tr ng k i vi thng mi quc t. Hin tng ny tng din ra ph bin trong cc tranh chp thng mi ca WTO, trong , nhiu v c lin quan ti vic lm dng cc bin php thng mi v mc ch mi trng (Bng 1). Ngoi ra, cc bin php mi trng cng ngy cng c p dng ph bin v ng vai tr l nhng hng ro bo h tr hnh. Cc nc i u trong vic p dng nhng bin php ny l EU, Hoa K, Nht Bn. Nh s c cp trong nhng phn sau, hng xut khu ca cc nc ang pht trin, trong c Vit Nam v ang b hnh hng tiu cc bi cc bin php ny.
Bng 1: Tm tt mt s v tranh chp lin quan n thng mi mi trng trong WTO Nc p dng Thi Lan Bin php Cm nhp khu thuc l bo v sc kho cng ng nhng vn cho php sn xut v bn thuc l trong nc. Cm nhp khu c ng t Mexico c nh bt bng cng c gy hi cho c heo. Cm nhp khu xng du c cha cc cht c hi hoc gy nhim t Venezuela v Braxin theo Lut Khng kh sch 1990. Cm nhp khu tm t Thi Lan, Pakistan v Malaysia v chng c nh bt bng li gy hi cho loi ra bin. Vin dn iu XX (b) GATT Kt lun ca c quan gii quyt tranh chp Thi Lan phi bi b bin php ny v vi phm nguyn tc NT.

Hoa K

XX(b,g,d) ca GATT XX(b,g,d) ca GATT

Hoa K

Hoa K

XX(b,g)

Bin php ny vi phm iu XI:1 v khng tho mn iu kin ca iu XX(b,g,d), do phi b bi b. Cc quy nh trong nc khng phi l cn thit v cng khng t ra mc ch ban u l bo v ti nguyn khng kh sch, do khng tho mn cc iu XX(b)(g), do phi c iu chnh. Lnh cm mang tnh cht n phng, khng phn bit cc ngun nhp khu, do tri vi tinh thn ca iu XX. Bin php ny cng ng thi tri vi iu XI

Ngun: Australian APEC Study Center, a Study on Trade and Environment

L mt nc xut khu cc mt hng nng, lm, thu, hi sn, Vit Nam , ang v s chu nh hng ng k bi xu hng trn (Bng 2). Tnh trng ny c th cn tip tc tn ti trong nhng nm tip theo. Hn ch ca Vit Nam l nng lc cng ngh v ti chnh rt hn ch, dn n nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip trn th trng cng hn ch. Nh cp phn 1, cc bin php thng mi v mc ch mi trng chc chn s c c s pht trin mnh hn mt khi mi quan h gia cc quy nh thng mi trong MEAs v cc quy nh ca WTO c a vo ni dung m phn. V vy, nhng vn cn cn nhc y l: 10

Phi tng hp v phn loi cc bin php lin quan ti mi trng m doanh nghip gp phi mt mt u tranh vi nhng bin php bt hp l, mt khc c nhng bin php h tr doanh nghip p ng nhng tiu chun v yu cu tin tin ca quc t; Nng cao thc cho doanh nghip trong vic nng cao nng lc cnh tranh quc t. Nhiu nghin cu ca cc t chc quc t nh UNCTAD, OECD kt lun rng vn mi trng cn c a v chin lc kinh doanh song song vi cc yu t khc nh gi c, thng hiu...

2.2.

Tc ng ca vic m ca th trng hng ho v dch v mi trng

Nh cp phn 1, cc vn thng mi mi trng bt u c a vo chng trnh m phn ca WTO nhm tin ti xc nh nhng quy nh iu chnh chung. Mt trong nhng ni dung ng quan tm l vic m phn m ca th trng hng ho v dch v mi trng. Trong tng lai, khi Vit Nam tr thnh Thnh vin ca WTO th xu hng m ca th trng hng ho v dch v mi trng cng nh kt qu ca cc cuc m phn v ch ny chc chn s c tc ng trc tip. V vy vn trc ht cn tnh n l Vit Nam cn phi c s chun b tch cc t trong nc c th ch ng bo v quyn li ca mnh trong thng mi quc t. 2.2.1. M ca th trng hng ho mi trng Hin ti, Vit Nam ang nhp khu nhiu hng ho mi trng. a s hng ho mi trng ta khng c li th sn xut, v vy, vic nhp khu thay cho sn xut trong nc l khuyn khch. Tuy nhin, a phn hng ho mi trng nhp khu vo Vit Nam hin nay li l my mc, thit b qua s dng, khi lng cht thi ln, gy nhim v mc an ton thp. V vy, khi m ca th trng ny th cn cn nhc mt s vn : nh gi li ch ca vic m ca th trng ny v kh nng cung cp nhng my mc, cng ngh tin tin, phc v tt hn cho mc tiu bo v mi trng, pht trin bn vng, ng thi cng nng cao hiu qu ca cc hot ng kinh t. Theo c tnh ca nhm nghin cu, trong s 118 hng ho mi trng c lit k trong Danh mc ca OECD th c ti 110 mt hng c Vit Nam nhp khu. Nh vy, nh hng ca vic m ca th trng ny c th l rt ln 4 . Xy dng cc bin php k thut cn thit bo v mi trng, hn ch vic nhp khu nhng hng ho c nguy c mi trng cao; Xc nh quan im ca Vit Nam khi tham gia vo m phn quc t i vi vn m ca th trng hng ho mi trng;

2.2.2. M ca th trng dch v mi trng

So snh danh mc nhp khu ca Vit Nam v danh sch cc sn phm mi trng ca OECD. Ti liu WT/CTE/W/228 ca Ban Th k WTO. S liu xut nhp khu theo thng k ca Tng cc Thng k nm 2001.

11

Xu hng t do ho dch v mi trng ngy cng gia tng. Trong s cc Thnh vin c ca WTO ch c 22 nc cam kt dch v mi trng, trong , nhiu nc khng cam kt i vi phng thc cung cp qua bin gii (mode 1) v phng thc di chuyn th nhn (mode 4). Phn ln cc nc cam kt l nc ang pht trin 5 . Tt c cc nc mi gia nhp phi cam kt i vi dch v mi trng v cc cam kt c a ra y hn 6 . Thc t ny cho thy cc cam kt v mi trng rt c th s phi thc hin trong khun kh Vit Nam gia nhp WTO. Tuy nhin, dch v mi trng c vai tr quan trng i vi mi quc gia, vic m ca lnh vc ny cn phi cn nhc k. Cc nc thng tm cch ln trnh v hn ch ti thiu cc cam kt trong lnh vc dch v mi trng. V vy, vic m ca th trng i vi lnh vc ny cn da trn nhng cn nhc k lng ch yu sau: Vai tr ca cc dch v mi trng i vi nn kinh t quc dn, c th l i vi s an ton ca con ngi, s bn vng ca cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, k c vai tr gii quyt vic lm ca lnh vc dch v ny; Phn loi cc phn ngnh dch v, xc nh nhng ngnh no cn phi c s qun l c bit ca nh nc m bo tnh an ton v bn vng nu trn; Xc nh cc bin php qun l/ kim sot i vi cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi khi cho h hot ng trong nc.

2.3.

Vn qun l nhp khu cc sn phm c nh hng ti mi trng

Cc hip nh hin hnh ca WTO ang c nhng linh hot nht nh v vn mi trng, cho php cc nc Thnh vin p dng nhng bin php mang tnh cht k thut thun ty bo v mi trng. Vic nghin cu p dng cc bin php ph hp vi WTO bo v mi trng cn c xc tin v chnh sch thng mi hin hnh ca Vit nam cha c nhng cn nhc tho ng v vn mi trng v cc bin php qun l mi trng hin ti cn s si, hiu qu thp (c nhng bin php m cc nc thng xuyn p dng th Vit Nam li cha c hoc mi ch tn ti trn giy t, v d nh cc loi thu, ph mi trng). WTO khng cho php mt nc Thnh vin c p dng nhng bin php to thm s cn tr i vi thng mi. Cc nc ang trong qu trnh gia nhp cng b gim st rt cht ch thng qua c ch thng bo trong WTO. V vy, vic nghin cu v xy dng nhng bin php b sung khng cn sm nhng vn ht sc cn thit
Bng 2: Thng k mt s mt hng xut khu ch lc ca Vit Nam giai on (1995-2002)
Mt hng Du th (1000 tn) Dt may (Triu USD) Giy dp (Triu USD) Hi sn (Triu USD) 1995 7.652,0 850,0 296,4 621,4 1996 8.705,0 1.150,0 530,0 697,0 1997 9.638,0 1.503,0 978,0 782,0 1998 12.145,0l 1.450,0 1.031,0 858,0 1999 14.881,9 1.746,2 1.387,1 973,6 2000 15.423,5 1.891,9 1.471,7 1.478,5 2001 16.731,6 1.975,4 1.559,5 1.777,6 2002 16.853,0 2.710,0 1.828,0 2.024,0

5 Bao gm: c, o, Canaa, Cng ho Trung phi, Cng ho Sc, Ensanvado, Phn lan, Gambia, Guinea, Hungary, Iceland, Isarael, Nht, Hn Quc, Kuwait, Balan, Romania, Ruanda, Sierara Leone, Cng ho Slovakia, Thu in, Thi lan. 6 S liu tng hp t Bng tng hp cc cam kt ca WTO. Phn v cc nc mi gia nhp t ti liu ca WTO (WT/ACC/10/Rev.1).

12

Mt hng Go (Triu USD) C ph (Triu USD) Hng in t (Triu USD) Th cng M ngh (Triu USD) Giy (1000 tn) Ht iu (1000 tn) Cao su (1000 tn) Rau, qu (Triu USD) Than (1000 tn) Ch (1000 tn) Lc nhn (1000 tn) Tng kim ngch xut khu ca Vit Nam (triu USD)

1995 1.988,0 248,1 102,0 17,9 19,8 138,1 56,1 2.821,0 18,8 11,5

1996 3.003,0 284,0 124 25,3 16,5 194,5 90,0 3.647,0 20,8 127,0

1997 3.575,0 392,0 160 24,7 33,3 194,2 71,0 3.454,0 32,9 86,0

1998 3.730,0 382,0 158 15,1 25,7 191,0 53,0 3.162,0 33,0 87,0 9.263

1999 4.508,3 482,0 585 168 34,8 18,4 263,0 106,5 3.260,0 36,0 56,0 11.541

2000 3.476,7 733,9 788,6 237,1 37,0 34,2 273,4 213,1 3.251,2 55,6 76,1 14.483

2001 3.729,5 931,2 695,6 235,2 57,0 43,7 308,1 330,0 4.290,0 68,2 78,2 15.027

2002 3.241,0 711,0 505,0 327,0 77,0 62,8 444 200 5.870,0 75,0 107,0 16.706

Ngun: V K hoch Thng k, B Thng mi

3.

Tng quan cc ngha v thng mi mi trng ca Vit Nam

theo cc Hip nh Mi trng a phng (MEAs) v cc Hip nh thng mi 3.1. Ngha v thng mi theo cc Hip nh mi trng a phng m Vit Nam tham gia

3.1.1. Gii thiu nhng cng c quc t ch yu Vit Nam tham gia k t 1992 Vi t cch thnh vin ca Lin Hip Quc v Chng trnh mi trng Lin Hip Quc, Chnh ph Vit Nam rt quan tm n vic hi nhp vi cng ng quc t trong lnh vc bo v mi trng. Vit Nam tham gia nhiu cng c, hip nh quc t v mi trng v ht sc quan tm ti hp tc song phng v a phng vi cc nc trong v ngoi khu vc v bo v mi trng. Cho ti nay, Chnh ph Vit Nam tham gia v k kt: Cng c v Bo v di sn vn ho v t nhin th gii (HERITAGE) nm 1982; Cng c quc t v Ngn nga nhim do tu thuyn (MARPOL) nm 1991; Cng c v Cc vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t, c bit l ni c tr ca cc loi chim nc (RAMSA) nm 1991; K kt cc vn kin v cng c v mi trng c thng qua ti Hi ngh ca Lin Hp quc v Mi trng v Pht trin (RIO 92); Cng c v Bun bn quc t cc loi ng thc vt c nguy c b e do (CITES) nm 1994 c hiu lc; Ngh nh th Montreal v Cc cht lm suy gim tng zn nm 1994; Cng c Lin Hp quc v Lut bin; Cng c khung v Bin i kh hu; 13

Cng c v a dng sinh hc; Cng c v Kim sot vic vn chuyn xuyn bin gii cc cht thi nguy hi v vic loi b chng (BAZEL) nm 1995; Cng c v Chng sa mc ho nm 1998; Tuyn ngn quc t ca Lin hip quc v sn xut sch hn, nm 1999; Cng c v Cc cht nhim hu c kh phn hu (POPs) nm 2001; Tham d Hi ngh Thng nh Th gii v Pht trin bn vng ti Nam Phi nm 2002.

3.1.2. Ngha v thng mi c quy nh trong mt s MEAs ch yu a. Cng c quc t v bun bn cc loi ng vt, thc vt hoang d c nguy c tuyt chng (CITES). Cng c CITES ra i nm 1973 nhm m bo rng vic bun bn cc loi ng thc vt ny khng e do s tn ti ca chng c coi l mt trong nhng Hip nh a phng v mi trng ra i sm nht. CITES rng buc trch nhim ca cc nc thnh vin tham gia. CITES a ra mt khun kh m cc nc thnh vin phi tun th thng qua h thng lut php quc gia ca mnh. CITES yu cu tt c nhp khu, xut khu, ti xut khu (xut khu cc loi c nhp khu) cc loi chu s iu chnh ca Cng c u phi c thc hin thng qua h thng cp php, hn ngch v nhn mc xut x. CITES c 3 ph lc, trong a ra danh mc cc loi vi cc cp cn bo v khc nhau: Ph lc I bao gm cc loi c nguy c b tuyt chng v nhn chung CITES cm hu ht cc hoat ng bun bn i vi nhng loi ny, ch cho php trong mt s trng hp ngoi l; Ph lc II bao gm cc loi cha c nguy c tuyt chng nhng cn phi kim sot thng mi nhm trnh vic khai thc ba bi; Ph lc III bao gm cc loi c bo v ti t nht mt quc gia.

Mi nc tham gia phi c mt hoc mt vi C quan Qun l chuyn trch gim st h thng cp php v mt vi C quan Khoa hc t vn cho cc c quan chuyn trch tc ng ca thng mi i vi cc loi ng thc vt. Mt loi thuc din iu chnh ca CITES ch c th c nhp khu, xut khu hoc ti xut khu t nc thnh vin khi cc ti liu ph hp c xut trnh khi thng quan ti ca khu. Mi y, Cng c cn b sung thm bin php mi l nh ch thng mi tt c cc loi thuc s iu chnh ca CITES i vi nhng thnh vin no khng np bo co hng nm trong 3 nm lin tip. b. Cng c Basel v kim sot vn chuyn qua bin gii cc ph thi nguy him 14

Cng c Basel ra i vo nm 1989 ti Basel, Thu S trc s ln ting ca cc nc ang pht trin trc tnh hnh b cc nc pht trin bin thnh bi rc thi c hi. Nm 1992, Cng c Basel chnh thc c hiu lc. Mt s quy nh lin quan n thng mi trong Cng c c th nh sau: iu 4 ca Cng c quy nh cc bn tham gia c quyn cm nhp khu cc cht thi c hi. i vi cc cht thi m mt bn tham gia khng cm nhp khu mt cch c th th bn tham gia xut khu s cm xut khu nu nc nhp khu khng c vn bn c th ng nhp khu; Nc xut khu cng c th cm xut khu nu c h c bng chng cho thy nc nhp khu khng th x l mt cch bn vng vi mi trng; Cng c cng cm xut nhp khu cht thi c hi vi cc nc khng phi thnh vin ca Cng c, khng c xut khu rc thi n vng Nam Cc v cn phi p ng cc yu cu v nhn mc, ng gi v vn chuyn cc cht thi c hi; Cc nc xut khu phi c s chp thun ca nc nhp khu. Nc xut khu phi c trch nhim nhp khu li nu rc thi khng c x l mt cch bn vng vi mi trng.

Bn cnh mt mnh ca mnh l to ra mt khung kh php l cho vn chuyn rc thi qua bin gii, to ra hng chc trung tm o to chuyn giao cng ngh qun l rc thi c hi mt cch thn thin vi mi trng ti cc nc ang pht trin, Cng c cng th hin mt s im yu. Th nht, Cng c ngn cn mt cch cng nhc vic vn chuyn rc thi qua bin gii. Th hai, khi nim v qun l mi trng mt cch bn vng vn ch mang tnh hc thut m cha thc s i vo i sng v cng cha c mt nh ngha r rng no. Cng c cng cha to c nhng khuyn khch cn thit nhm s dng cc cng ngh v phng php qun l ti ch. Mt im ng lu khc l i ngc li vi mc tiu t ra ban u, Cng c lm cho nhu cu s dng ngun ti nguyn nguyn thu tng cao 7 . c. Cng c a dng Sinh hc

Cng c a dng Sinh hc c k kt ti Hi ngh Rio de Janero nm 1992 nhm bo v a dng sinh hc, s dng lu di cc cu thnh ca a dng sinh hc, chia s cng bng v tng thch cc li ch xut pht t vic s dng cc ngun gen. Ni dung ca Cng c khng cp v cc bin php thng mi v cng khng quy nh v vic p dng cc bin php thng mi c th. Tuy nhin, Cng c bao gm mt s quy nh m theo cch din gii chung th chng i hi phi p dng cc bin php c th v nhng bin php ny c th gy nh hng i vi thng mi. Ngoi ra, mt s quy nh c mi quan h cht ch vi mt s Cng c thng mi quc t. Di y l mt s quy nh c lin quan ti vic p dng cc bin php thng mi c th: Theo iu 8 ca Cng c quy nh mi Bn tham gia Cng c phi tn trng, bo tn v duy tr cc kin thc, sng kin v tp tc truyn thng ca cng ng ngi bn x v a phng lin quan n vic bo tn v khai thc bn vng s a dng

7 Trc kia, cc nc nh Trung Quc, n , Hn Quc vn l nhng nc nhp khu rt nhiu rc thi c th ti ch c phc v cc ngnh cng nghip trong nc. Chng hn nh trc kia 50% nhu cu phc v ngnh sn xut ch trong nc ca n l do nhp khu cc cht thi c th ti ch cung cp. Tuy nhin, do cc quy nh ca Cng c, n phi sn xut nhiu ch hn t qung ch trong nc.

15

sinh hc. Cc Bn phi ngn chn, kim sot hoc loi tr tn gc cc loi sinh vt l e do h sinh thi; Theo iu 10 ca Cng c, cc Bn tham gia phi c nhng bin php ngn chn hoc gim thiu nh hng bt li i vi a dng sinh hc, bo v v khuyn khch cc bin php truyn thng thc hin mc tiu khai thc bn vng cc yu t ca a dng sinh hc; iu 14 ca Cng c quy nh cc Bn tham gia phi p dng cc th tc nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc d n c nguy c gy nh hng ti a dng sinh hc, v xc tin cc bin php trong nc phn ng khn cp trc nhng hot ng hoc s vic c nguy c nh hng xu ti a dng sinh hc.

Nhn chung, cc quy nh ca Cng c mc d khng quy nh c th v cc bin php thng mi c p dng nhng vic t ra nhng ngha v v mi trng (c th l bo v v khai thc bn vng a dng sinh hc) to iu kin cho cc Bn tham gia Cng c c quyn la chn v p dng nhng bin php ph hp vi mnh, trong c nhng bin php hn ch thng mi. d. Ngh nh th Montreal v cc cht lm suy gim tng zn

Ngy 16/09/1987, Ngh nh th Montreal v cc cht lm suy gim tng zn c k kt nhm mc tiu tin ti xo b cc cht gy suy gim tng zn (ODS). Ch c cc nc tham gia k kt sa i mi b rng buc trch nhim. Ct li ca Ngh nh th ny l c ch gim st sn xut v tiu th cc ODS. Ngh nh th quy nh 3 nhm sn phm cn kim sot l cc ODS, cc sn phm c cha ODS, cc sn phm trong qu trnh sn xut c s dng nhng thnh phn cui cng khng c cc ODS. Cc bin php thng mi c c s dng nh mt cng c nhm t c lch trnh xo b ODS. Cc bin php ny gm c vic kim sot thng mi gia cc nc thnh vin thng qua cng thc tnh tiu th ODS: sn xut cng nhp khu tr i lng xut khu (xut nhp khu cc ODS ti s dng c khuyn khch, do khng tnh vo lng tiu th ODS); cm nhp khu ODS v cc sn phm c cha ODS t cc nc khng phi thnh vin, cm xut khu ODS cho cc nc khng phi thnh vin; tho thun h thng cp php cho thng mi cc ODS gia cc nc thnh vin nhm trnh thng mi phi php, t nguyn thng bo cc sn phm c cha ODS m mt thnh vin khng mun nhp khu. Ngh nh th a ra thi hn ct gim v xo b 96 ODS. Cc nc ang pht trin c giai on chuyn i 10 nm. Ngh nh th cng cho php cc nc ang pht trin c th sn xut trn 15% mc h a ra cam kt nhm p ng nhu cu tiu dng c bn ca cc nc ang pht trin. Ngoi ra, Ngh nh th cng c nhng quy nh nhm hp l ho ngnh cng nghip sn xut cc cht c hi ny bng cch cho php cc bn tham gia chuyn i sn xut cho nhau. K t nm 1993, xut khu t mt nc tham gia Ngh nh th vo mt nc khng tham gia cng b tnh vo tng lng tiu th chung ca nc tham gia nhm khuyn khch cc nc xut khu thuyt phc cc nc bn hng ca mnh cng tham gia vo Ngh nh th. Ngh nh th khng quy nh cc chnh sch v bin php c th no nhm t c cc mc tiu ra. Do , ti cc bn tham gia p dng rt nhiu cc bin php chnh sch khc nhau nhm thc hin ngha v ca Ngh nh th bao gm: thu cho cc cht lm suy gim tng zn, hn ngch sn xut, hn ngch nhp khu (trong mt s trng hp c th 16

chuyn nhng c), cm nhp khu, giy php nhp khu, xut khu v sn xut, yu cu nhn mc sn phm, tiu chun k thut ca sn phm, cm tiu th, cc tho thun t nguyn vi ngnh cng nghip, v pht trin cc vt liu thay th. Cc bin php thng mi c p dng trong cc bin php chnh sch hn hp nhm kim sot sn xut v tiu th trong nc cng nh xut nhp khu. e. Cng c khung v bin i kh hu

Cng c khung v bin i kh hu (FCCC) c thng qua ti Hi ngh Rio de Janero nm 1992. Cng c ny ang to ra khe h i vi vn phc tp nht trong cc vn mi trng v c tc ng tim tng ln nht i vi cc hot ng kinh t. Nguyn tc ch o ca FCCC l lm sao ngn chn c cc hot ng kinh t thi ra kh nh knh, khuyn khch u t vo cc hot ng to ra t kh nh knh hn. Thng 12/1997, Ngh nh th Kyoto c thng qua v to nn hai nhm nc: nhm c cc cam kt hn ch thi kh nh knh v nhm khng cam kt, cng vi mt s thit ch iu chnh mi quan h gia hai nhm nc ny. Mc d c FCCC v Ngh nh th Kyoto khng a ra cc bin php thng mi nhng trn thc t n c quan h rt ln vi cc hot ng thng mi v thc hin nghim chnh cc ngha v theo Ngh nh th Kyoto, cc nc s phi chp hnh cc bin php v chnh sch hn ch thng mi nht nh. FCCC hin c 180 thnh vin. 3.2. Cc ngha v thng mi c lin quan n mi trng ca Vit Nam theo cc Hip nh thng mi a phng v song phng 3.2.1. Cc quy nh lin quan ti mi trng ca WTO a. Hip nh thnh lp WTO

Ngay on u tin ca Phn m u cp n mc tiu duy tr pht trin bn vng v s cn thit phi bo v v gn gi mi trng. Trong v Tm v Ra (xem ph lc 1), C quan xt x phc thm (Appeallate Body) cho rng on m u ny th hin tinh thn chung ca WTO trong vic gii thch cc quy nh c th hn trong cc Hip nh ca WTO. Bng cch ch ra c th rng cc Thnh vin tha nhn mc tiu pht trin bn vng, phn m u cho thy cc bn tham gia cc Hip nh ca WTO u nhn thc c tm quan trng v s hp l ca vic bo v mi trng v coi l mc tiu chnh sch cp quc gia cng nh quc t. C quan ny cn nhn xt rng: ngn ng s dng trong phn m u th hin rng cc nh m phn WTO tha nhn cn phi s dng cc ngun lc ca th gii mt cch ti u thc hin mc tiu pht trin bn vng. V rng ngn ng ca phn m u ny th hin ch ca cc nh m phn nn c th hiu rng chnh l tinh thn chung gii thch cc Hip nh khc ca WTO. b. Nguyn tc "khng phn bit i x" trong Hip nh GATT 1994

Lin quan ti cc vn v mi trng, nguyn tc "khng phn bit i x" 8 ca GATT m bo rng cc chnh sch bo v mi trng quc gia s khng c p dng nhm mc ch phn bit i x gia cc sn phm nhp khu v sn phm tng t sn xut trong nc,
8

Nguyn tc khng phn bit i x gm hai b phn qui tc cu thnh: i ng ti hu quc (MFN) qui nh ti iu I v i ng quc gia (NT) qui nh ti iu III ca GATT. Theo , khng mt thnh vin no ca WTO c php dnh u i thng mi c bit hoc p dng chnh sch phn bit i x i vi mt thnh vin khc (MFN); v mt khi hng ho xm nhp vo mt th trng nht nh th hng ho phi c i ng khng km thun li hn cc hng ho tng t sn xut trong nc (NT).

17

hoc phn bit i x gia cc sn phm tng t nhp khu t cc i tc thng mi khc nhau. iu ny gip ngn chn vic lm dng cc chnh sch mi trng cng nh vic s dng chng nh nhng cng c hn ch tr hnh i vi thng mi quc t. c. iu XI Yu cu chung v loi b cc hn ch nh lng

iu XI ca GATT quy nh rng cc Thnh vin khng c p dng cc bin php cm hoc hn ch no ngoi thu v cc loi ph khc i vi hng xut khu v nhp khu (ngoi tr mt s loi hng ho). Trn thc t, bin php cm xut nhp khu khng c WTO cho php. Vn t ra l nhng quy nh ca MEAs lin quan ti cm xut khu v cm nhp khu c th vi phm quy nh ca iu XI. Do vy, iu ny cn phi c xem xt cng vi cc iu khon v ngoi l chung. V d, theo Ngh nh th Montreal, iu 4, cc quc gia thnh vin c th s cm xut khu, cm nhp khu nhm thc hin yu cu hn ch tiu th hoc sn xut, v iu ny ph hp vi iu XI ca GATT. d. Qui nh v cc ngoi l chung ca GATT (General Exceptions)

iu XX ca GATT qui nh cc trng hp c th, theo cc bn k kt trong khun kh ca GATT (GATT Contracting Parties), m ngy nay gi l cc thnh vin WTO (WTO Members), c th c min tr p dng cc qui tc ca GATT. iu XX phn (b) v (g) cho php cc thnh vin WTO p dng cc bin php chnh sch khng ph hp vi GATT trong trng hp cn thit nhm bo v cuc sng con ngi, i sng ng thc vt v bo v sc kho cng nh bo v ngun ti nguyn thin nhin c nguy c cn kin. y c coi l mt trong nhng ngoi l mang tnh mi trng hay ni cch khc l qui nh v mi trng c th hin trong h thng lut a phng ca WTO. Tuy nhin, iu XX cng qui nh r cc nc thnh vin khng c s dng nhng ngoi l ny to ra s phn bit i x hoc hn ch tr hnh i vi cc sn phm ca cc thnh vin khc. d. Hip nh v cc ro cn k thut i vi thng mi (Hip nh TBT)

Hip nh TBT iu chnh cc hot ng xy dng, thng qua v p dng cc yu cu k thut i vi sn phm cng nh cc th tc lin quan ti vic nh gi s ph hp i vi cc yu cu k thut nhm m bo cc qui nh v tiu chun v k thut cng nh cc th tc xc nhn v kim tra s khng to nn cc ro cn khng cn thit i vi thng mi. Hip nh TBT chia cc yu cu k thut i vi sn phm thnh hai loi, gm cc quy nh k thut (mang tnh bt buc) v cc tiu chun k thut (mang tnh t nguyn). Hip nh ny tha nhn cc nc Thnh vin c quyn p dng cc bin php cn thit theo ui mt s mc tiu chnh ng (trong c mc tiu bo v sc kho v s an ton ca con ngi, sc kho v cuc sng ca cc loi ng thc vt, hoc bo v mi trng) v mi nc Thnh vin c quyn p dng mt mc bo h m nc coi l hp l. Tuy nhin, cc nc Thnh vin c ngha v p dng cc quy nh v tiu chun k thut mt cch khng phn bit i x (m bo cc nguyn tc i ng ti hu quc v i ng quc gia), ng 18

thi m bo rng chng khng to ra nhng tr ngi khng cn thit i vi thng mi. Cc quy nh k thut (bt buc) khng c hn ch thng mi qu mc cn thit theo ui cc mc tiu chnh ng 9 . Cn i vi cc tiu chun k thut (khng bt buc), Hip nh ny khuyn khch cc Thnh vin p dng cc tiu chun quc t hn ch s khc bit gia cc tiu chun k thut quc gia. K t ngy c hiu lc ca Hip nh ny, c khong 2300 thng bo c gi cho Ban Th k WTO, trong c khong 11 % c lin quan ti mi trng. Cc bin php mi trng c thng bo gm c: cc bin php hn ch nhim, qun l rc thi, bo tn nng lng, cc bin php bo tn cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, cc bin php thc hin cc Hip nh a phng v mi trng. e. Hip nh v Kim dch ng thc vt (Hip nh SPS)

Hip nh SPS trong WTO cp n vn an ton thc phm v sc kho ca ng thc vt. Hip nh tha nhn cc nc Thnh vin c quyn p dng cc bin php SPS v cc mc ch sau y (trong bao gm c nhng mc ch bo v mi trng): m bo rng thc phm khng chu nhng ri ro pht sinh t cc cht gy nghin, cc cht nhim bn, cc cht c hoc cc loi sinh vt gy bnh; ngn chn s lan rng ca sinh vt gy bnh; ngn chn hoc kim sot cc loi su bnh.

Tuy nhin cc Thnh vin phi m bo rng cc bin php c p dng khng b lm dng hoc to ra nhng tr ngi khng cn thit i vi thng mi quc t. Hip nh SPS cng khuyn khch cc nc Thnh vin hi ho cc yu cu SPS ring ca nc mnh nh thng qua cc tiu chun hoc hng dn do cc t chc quc t xy dng, v d nh thng qua cc tiu chun ca U ban Dinh Dng Quc t (Codex Alimentarius). Cc Thnh vin c th p dng nhng tiu chun quc gia cao hn trong trng hp cc tiu chun quc t cha mnh. Tuy nhin cc bin php SPS phi c da trn c s khoa hc hoc da trn vic nh gi nhng ri ro c th xy ra i vi sc kho v cuc sng ca con ngi v cc loi ng thc vt. Cc th tc v quyt nh lin quan n vic nh gi ri ro phi c cung cp khi nc Thnh vin khc yu cu. im c bit ca Hip nh ny l n cho php cc nc p dng nguyn tc phng nga, tc l mc d cha c bng chng khoa hc nhng nc Thnh vin vn c quyn p dng cc bin php tm thi phng nga trong thi gian tm kim thm thng tin. Ngoi ra, Hip nh ny cng quy nh nhng ngha v chung nh: khng p dng cc bin php SPS mt cch phn bit i x 10 , minh bch ho cc bin php v chnh sch SPS thng qua cc im hi p thng tin quc gia. y cng l nhng quy nh nhm gim bt nh hng tiu cc ca cc bin php SPS i vi thng mi. f. Hip nh Nng nghip

iu 2.2. Hip nh TBTs. Mc d c quy nh v khng phn bit i x nhng quy nh ny c s linh hot: cc bin php c th khc nhau tu thuc v tnh hnh sc kho chung ca ni m sn phm xut pht v ni m sn phm n. Trong trng hp cc nc c nhiu bin php la chn th phi chn nhng bin php t gy ra bp mo thng mi nht.
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Hip nh Nng nghip a ra cc qui nh nhm ci cch thng mi nng sn v cung cp c s cho vic xy dng cc chnh sch theo nh hng th trng. Ni dung chnh ca Hip nh tp trung vo cc vn tip cn th trng, tr cp trong nc v tr cp xut khu. Bo v mi trng l vn c cp nhiu trong Hip nh ny. on th 6 ca phn m u nu r rng cc cam kt theo cc chng trnh ci cch chnh sch cn phi tnh n vn mi trng. iu 20 ca Hip nh cng quy nh cc cuc m phn v vic tip tc cc chng trnh ci cch cn phi tnh n cc vn phi thng mi, trong c vn mi trng. C th hn, Ph lc 2 ca Hip nh lit k cc loi bin php tr cp khc nhau khng thuc din phi cam kt ct gim, trong c nhiu bin php tr cp lin quan ti mi trng. Trong s cc bin php ny phi k n bin php cung cp ti chnh trc tip cho nh sn xut v cc chng trnh h tr ca chnh ph trong lnh vc nghin cu v xy dng c s h tng trong khun kh cc chng trnh mi trng. Tiu chun c tr cp ti chnh trc tip c xc nh cn c vo ni dung ca cc chng trnh bo tn hoc bo v mi trng. Gi tr tr cp gii hn trong khong cc chi ph ph tri hoc khon thu nhp b b l tun th cc ngha v theo cc chng trnh mi trng. g. Hip nh v Tr cp v Cc bin php i khng (Hip nh Tr cp)

Hip nh Tr cp ca WTO c p dng i vi cc sn phm khng phi l nng sn. Theo Hip nh ny, tr cp mi trng c th c coi l mt trong nhng trng hp ngoi l min tr khi ngha v chu thu i khng cng nh a ra xt x tranh chp (green subsidies). Mt s chng trnh tr cp khc c gi l tr cp khng b nh thu i khng (non- actionable) c qui nh ti iu 8 v mt trong nhng hnh thc tr cp c lin quan ti bo v mi trng. Cc chng trnh tr cp ny c s dng "nhm thc y vic nng cp cc my mc thit b ph hp vi yu cu mi v mi trng do lut php quy nh, lm cho cc doanh nghip gp kh khn v ti chnh". Km theo mt s iu kin khc, tr cp lin quan ti mi trng nu trn c th c php chim ti 20 % chi ph nng cp my mc thit b. Tuy nhin, cc quy nh v green subsidies, trong cc trng hp tr cp trong lnh vc mi trng ht hiu lc t nm 1999 v cc Thnh vin khng m phn tip tc duy tr quy nh ny. h. Hip nh v cc kha cnh lin quan n thng mi ca quyn s hu tr tu (Hip nh TRIPS) Hip nh TRIPS ng mt vai tr quan trng gp phn to iu kin thun li cho vic tip cn v chuyn giao cc cng ngh v sn phm lnh mnh i vi mi trng. iu 27 (2) v (3) ca phn 5 (Vn bng bo h sng ch) hip nh TRIPS qui nh rng cc thnh vin WTO c th khng cp vn bng cho nhng sng ch cn phi b cm khai thc nhm mc ch thng mi trong lnh th ca mnh bo v cuc sng, sc kho ca con ngi v ng hoc thc vt hoc trnh gy tn hi nghim trng cho mi trng. Cc thnh vin cng c th khng cp vn bng sng ch cho thc vt v ng vt khng phi l cc chng vi sinh cng nh cc qui trnh sinh hc sn xut ng vt v thc vt. Tuy nhin, cc thnh vin phi qui nh vic bo h ging cy thng qua vn bng sng ch hoc mt h thng di truyn ring thc t, hoc s kt hp gia hai h thng ny di mi hnh thc. y l cc qui nh c xc lp nhm iu chnh cc vn mi trng c lin quan n bo h s hu tr tu. Hip nh TRIPS cho php cc thnh vin c php t chi khng cp vn bng sng ch cho nhng i tng c th gy phng hi n mi trng; ng thi 20

cng qui nh cc thnh vin phi m bo cho cc ging cy trng khc nhau nhm mc ch a dng ho sinh hc thng qua cc vn bng sng ch hoc cc phng tin hu hiu khc. Mt khc, hip nh TRIPS cng khng cm cc thnh vin hn ch vic nghin cu, pht trin hoc s dng cng ngh c th gy hi i vi mi trng. V d, vn bng sng ch cho php ngi ch s hu vn bng c quyn ngn cm nhng ngi khc s dng pht minh c cp vn bng, tuy nhin vn bng li khng m bo cho ngi s hu vn bng quyn c khai thc cng ngh ang b nghi vn. i. Hip nh chung v Thng mi dch v (GATS)

Qui nh v cc ngoi l chung ca GATS: Ngoi l chung c qui nh ti iu XIV ca GATS tng t nh ngoi l chung qui nh ti iu XX ca GATT. Cc Thnh vin WTO khng b ngn cn vic chp thun hay thc thi cc bin php cn thit bo v con ngi, ng vt v thc vt. Tuy nhin, vic p dng cc bin php khng c gy ra s phn bit i x hay to nn mt hnh thc hn ch tr hnh i vi thng mi dch v quc t. Cc dch v mi trng trong GATS bao gm 4 phn ngnh: Dch v nc thi; Dch v rc thi rn Dch v v sinh v cc dch v tng t Cc dch v khc (nh gim ting n, bo v cnh quan thin nhin,...)

T do ho cc dch v mi trng trong khun kh GATS c nh hng s c nhng tc ng tch cc i vi mi trng. Khi m ca lnh vc dch v ny, s cnh tranh s lm cho cht lng dch v cao hn, ng thi cc loi hnh dch v mi trng s pht trin y hn trn th trng ni a, kt qu l cht lng mi trng c ci thin. 3.2.2. Cc quy nh lin quan ti mi trng trong cc hip nh/din n thng mi khu vc v song phng m Vit Nam tham gia Vit Nam gia nhp ASEAN nm 1995, l thnh vin sng lp ca ASEM nm 1997, tr thnh thnh vin chnh thc ca APEC nm 1999. Nm 2000, Vit nam k Hip nh Thng mi vi Hoa K, mt Hip nh c coi l ton din nht trong s cc Hip nh thng mi song phng t trc ti nay ca Vit Nam. C th thy rng trong khun kh cc t chc, din n hp tc kinh t khu vc, hin tn ti mt s ngha v trc tip v gin tip lin quan n vn thng mi v mi trng. Theo , c th nhn thy nhng ngha v ny cnglin quan mt cch gin tip ti cc din bin quc t trong lnh vc thng mi mi trng v sm mun g trong qu trnh thc hin cc ngha v ny cng s dn ti vic s dng nhng bin php thng mi. Ngc li, trong Hip nh Thng mi Vit Nam Hoa K, cc ngha v v mi trng c th hin tng i r v i hi ngha v thc hin cp thit hn.Tuy nhin, d th no i chng na, d nhng ngha v lin quan n mi trng trong cc Hip nh song phng v khu vc ny c nh hng trc tip hay gin tip ti mi trng th trc sau Vit Nam cng v s phi thc hin. Trong phn di y, xin gii thiu mt s quy nh

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c lin quan ca cc t chc, din n hp tc kinh t thng mi cng nh trong cc hip nh song phng. Trong APEC APEC l Din n hp tc kinh t Chu - Thi Bnh Dng, y l mt din n hp tc kinh t c thnh lp t nm 1989, n nay bao gm 21 nn kinh t nm hai bn b Thi Bnh Dng, hot ng trn c s khng rng buc, t nguyn v linh hot. Mc tiu ch o ca hp tc APEC l thc hin t do ho Thng mi v u t trong khu vc vo nm 2010 i vi cc thnh vin pht trin v 2020 i vi cc thnh vin ang pht trin. Pht trin bn vng lun l mc tiu hng u ca APEC, do vy, trong APEC c rt nhiu Chng trnh hp tc lin quan trc tip v gin tip n mi trng. Cc chng trnh hp tc trc tip lin quan n mi trng bao gm: (i) Chng trnh hp tc pht trin ngh c (Fishery); (ii) Bo tn v pht trin ti nguyn bin (Marine Resources Conservation); (iii) Pht trin bn vng (Sustainable Development); (iv) Hp tc v Cng ngh sinh hc (c bit l Hp tc pht trin Cng ngh sinh hc nng nghip - Nhm cng tc ATC). Ngoi ra, APEC c nhng Tuyn b Cp cao v cp B trng v mi trng nh: (i) Tuyn b B trng v Vin cnh mi trng v Khun kh nguyn tc nhm kt hp pht trin kinh t v bo v mi trng, Canada 1994; (ii) Tuyn b chung ca cc B trng v Pht trin bn vng, ti Manila, Phi-lp-pin, 11-12/7/1996; (iii) Tuyn b chung ca cc B trng v Pht trin bn vng ti Toronto, Canada, 9-11/1997 v (iv) Gn y nht l Tuyn b Seoul v pht trin bn vng mi trng bin, 22-26/4/2002, trong nu r nhng cam kt ca cc thnh vin i vi vic hp tc thng mi trong vic Pht trin ngh c; Hp tc nghin cu khoa hc-k thut nhm pht trin bn vng mi trng bin; Cc Tuyn b ny gm c cc cam kt v pht trin cc thnh ph sch, cc k hoch hnh ng nhm pht trin bn vng mi trng bin; cc cam kt v sn xut sch, s dng cc cng ngh sn xut sch, cam kt thc hin ISO 9000 v ISO 14000, pht trin kinh t kt hp vi gi vng mi trng... Nhng chng trnh hp tc gin tip lin quan n mi trng l: (i) Hp tc trong lnh vc tiu chun v hp chun (SCSC), trong bao gm rt nhiu chng trnh hp tc nh hn nh: Cc tho thun cng nhn ln nhau v cc sn phm in v in t; v An ton chi; An ton thc phm v cc sn phm lin quan n thc phm; cc nguyn tc v thc hin v trao i thng tin v cc thng l thc hnh tt i vi cc tiu chun k thut; (ii) Hp tc v nng lng (Pht trin sch, chuyn giao v s dng cc cng ngh sn xut sch); (iii) Hp tc v Khoa hc, cng ngh, cng nghip (IST WG); Hp tc v K thut Nng nghip (ATC); cng ngh sau thu hoch (Post-harvest technologies)... V bn cht, cc chng trnh hp tc cng nh cam kt ca APEC tuy khng mang tnh rng buc song cng ra nhng thi hn thc hin nht nh hoc khuyn khch thc hin trong thi gian sm nht. Trong ASEM Tng t nh APEC, ASEM l hp tc gia 15 quc gia thuc Lin minh Chu u v 10 quc gia Chu , da trn c s t nguyn, linh hot v khng rng buc. Tuyn b chung ca Hi ngh ln u tin, c t chc ti Thi Lan, 1-2/3/1996 c cp rt nhiu n cc cam 22

kt bo v mi trng, c th: (i) Ti on s 7, cc nguyn th ASEM cam kt thc hin Tuyn b Rio 1992 v Mi trng v Pht trin; (ii) Ti on s 16, cc nguyn th ASEM cng cam kt gii quyt cc vn quan trng ca mi trng nh tnh trang m ln ca tri t, bo v ngun ti nguyn nc, tnh trng sa mc ho v tn ph rng, a dng sinh hc, m bo gi vng mi trng bin, pht trin v s dng cc cng ngh sn xut sch; (iii) Ti on 19, cc nguyn th cng tho thun v nguyn tc v mt s hot ng hp tc mi trng nh: Thit lp mt Trung tm Cng ngh mi trng -u; thnh lp Nhm nghin cu nhm tng cng trao i cng ngh i vi cc vn nh nng nghip v bo v mi trng... Ti Hi ngh Cp cao ASEM 3, Seoul, 20-21/10/2000, cc nguyn th ASEM thng qua Khun kh hp tc ASEM 2000 lm tin cho cc hot ng hp tc tip theo ca ASEM. Khun kh ny tip tc nhn mnh tm quan trng ca vn mi trng trong hp tc ASEM, v d nh: Nhn mnh li cc cam kt v mi trng ti ASEM 1, ngoi ra cn cam kt tng cng i thoi v cc vn mi trng nh: sn xut thc phm, cng ngh sinh hc, cng nghip mi trng .... Trong ASEAN Khc vi APEC v ASEM, hp tc ASEAN tuy cng c nhng chng trnh trc tip v gin tip lin quan n mi trng song mang tnh rng buc rt cao, v y l mt t chc hp tc kinh t khu vc. Hp tc ASEAN trong lnh vc mi trng bt u t nm 1977 khi Chng trnh Mi trng tiu vng ASEAN I (ASEPI) c son tho vi s gip ca Chng trnh Mi trng Lin Hp quc (UNEP). ASEP I do Nhm chuyn gia ASEAN v mi trng (AEGE) son tho v c thng qua ti Hi ngh B trng Mi trng cc nc ASEAN ln th nht. Cc Hi ngh B trng tip theo u ln lt thng qua ASEP II t nm 1982- 1987, ASEP III t 1988- 1992. C ch chnh thc hin hp tc mi trng ASEAN l thng qua cc Hi ngh thuc cc cp khc nhau: B trng, Cc quan chc cao cp v cc nhm cng tc. Hi ngh B trng Mi trng cc nc ASEAN (AMME) Hi ngh B trng mi trng ASEAN ln th nht c t chc ti Manila ngy 30/4/1981. Hi ngh thng qua Chng trnh mi trng I (ASEP I) ca ASEAN v ra Bn tuyn b u tin ca ASEAN v mi trng (Tuyn b Manila 1981) trong nu ra cc mc tiu v nh hng hp tc ca khu vc i vi vn mi trng. T chc cc quan chc cao cp v mi trng (ASOEN) Hin nay, c 3 nhm cng tc sau trong khun kh ASOEN c thnh lp hp tc i vi nhng vn v mi trng: (i) Nhm Cc hip nh v cng c mi trng a phng; (ii) Nhm v Mi trng Bin v vng ven b; (iii) Nhm Bo tn thin nhin v a dng sinh hc. Cc vn kin quan trng v hp tc trong lnh vc mi trng ca ASEAN (i) Tuyn b Manila v mi trng khu vc ASEAN (30/4/1981); (ii) Tuyn b Bangkok v mi trng (29/11/1984); (iii) Tuyn b ca ASEAN v cc vn quc gia v khu 23

bo tn (29/11/1984); (iv) Hip nh v bo tn thin nhin v ti nguyn thin nhin (9/7/1985); (v) Ngh quyt Jakarta (30/10/1987); (vi) Tho thun Kuala Lumpur v Mi trng v Pht trin (19/6/1990); (vii) Hip nh ASEAN v chng nhim khi m xuyn bin gii (2002); (viii) K hoch Hnh ng Chin lc v Mi trng ASEAN 1994- 1998 v (ix) Chng trnh hnh ng H Ni 1998 cng c cp nhiu n hp tc v mi trng. Trong Hip nh Thng mi Vit Nam Hoa K Trong ni dung Hip nh Thng mi Vit Nam - Hoa K khng c khon mc ring no dnh cho mi trng. Tuy nhin, ti mt s im c th trong hip nh c cp ti ngha v v mi trng. C th: Ti Chng I v Thng mi hng ho, i vi vn tiu chun k thut (TBT), cc bn phi m bo khng s dng cc tiu chun k thut nhm to ra s tr ngi i vi thng mi quc t hoc bo h sn xut trong nc. Ngoi ra, cc bn cng phi m bo rng mi bin php v sinh hoc v sinh thc vt khng tri vi cc quy nh ca GATT 1994 ch c p dng mc cn thit bo v cuc sng hoc sc kho ca con ngi, ng vt hoc thc vt, c da trn c s cc nguyn l khoa hc v khng c duy tr nu khng c bng chng y (c th nh nh gi mc ri ro), c tnh n ca nhng thng tin khoa hc sn c v iu kin khu vc c lin quan, chng hn nh nhng vng khng c cn trng gy hi; Ti Chng II v Quyn s hu tr tu, i vi vn Sng ch, Hip nh cng quy nh rng cc Bn c th loi tr kh nng cp bng c quyn cho nhng sng ch cn phi b cm khai thc vo mc ch thng mi trong lnh th ca mnh bo v trt t cng cng hoc o c x hi, k c bo v cuc sng, sc kho ca con ngi, ng vt hoc thc vt hoc trnh gy nguy hi nghim trng cho mi trng, vi iu kin l s loi tr c quy nh khng phi ch v l do duy nht l vic khai thc ni trn b php lut ca Bn ngn cm;..."

Tm li, trong qu trnh thc hin Hip nh BTA, Vit Nam chc chn s phi trc tip hoc gin tip tun th nhng quy nh ra trong Hip nh, k c cc quy nh lin quan n Mi trng nh: V sinh Dch t, Tiu chun k thut do Lut php ca Hoa K quy nh. Trong thi im hin ti v vi nm ti, hng ho Vit Nam nhp khu vo Hoa K s phi vt qua hng ro phi thu quan rt nghim ngt ca Hoa K, l qui ch nhp khu chung v cc bin php bo v ngi tiu dng nh tiu chun cht lng sn phm, tiu chun v sinh thc phm, tiu chun ISO 9000 v 14 000, cc quy nh v v HACCP 11 ... y chnh l kh khn ln v qua nghin cu, rt t doanh nghip Vit nam hiu r v p ng c cc yu cu v tiu chun cht lng, tiu chun v sinh thc phm ca Hoa K. Qua kho st, ch c trn 25/58 doanh nghip sn xut, ch bin hng thu sn xut khu ca Vit nam c th t tiu chun HACCP. Trong Hip nh Mu dch T do ASEAN - Trung quc (AC-FTA)

11

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point l mt h thng phn tch cc mi nguy v xc nh im kim sot trng yu. N l s tip cn c tnh khoa hc, hp l v c tnh h thng cho s nhn bit, xc nh v kim sot mi nguy trong ch to, gia cng, sn xut, chun b v s dng thc phm m bo rng thc phm l an ton khi tiu dng, (tc l n khng c mi nguy khng th chp nhn cho sc kho). H thng ny nhn bit nhng mi nguy c th xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut thc phm v t ra cc bin php kim sot trnh nhng mi nguy xy ra.

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AC-FTA khng c nhng quy nh trc tip i vi vn mi trng. Tuy nhin, ti Ph lc I ca bn Hip nh khung v Danh mc cc mt hng loi tr ca Vit Nam khng tham gia Chng trnh Thu hoch sm theo iu 6(3)(a)(i) ch yu cp n cc loi thc phm nh tht ln, tht gia cm, ni tng ng vt: Gia cm ging, gm cc loi g, vt, ngan, ngng, g ty, g Nht Bn; Tht v cc b phn ni tng ca gia cm thuc nhm 0105, ti, p lnh hoc p ng dng lm thc phm; Trng chim v trng gia cm trong v, ti, c bo qun hoc hp chn hoc luc chn; Qu c mi (h chanh), ti hoc kh... Vic Vit Nam cha tham gia thu hoch sm i vi nhng mt hng ny tim n l do v bo v sc khe ngi tiu dng Vit Nam v bo v mi trng v thi gian qua, xut hin nhiu mt hng ni tng ng thc vt p Fc-mn nhp lu tri php t Trung quc. Vic khng gim thu i vi mt hng ny cng c nhng l do nht nh lin quan n mi trng. Ngoi ra, trong Hip nh khung ACFTA cng cp rt r rng cam kt ca cc Nguyn th v vic s hp tc su hn na trong lnh vc mi trng.

4. 4.1.

R sot cc chnh sch thng mi v mi trng ca Vit Nam R sot cc chnh sch thng mi c lin quan n mi trng

H thng cc chnh sch thng mi ca Vit Nam c iu chnh bao trm bi Lut Thng mi, Ngh nh 57/CP ca Chnh ph, cc vn bn php lut chuyn ngnh hng dn c th vic thc hin hai vn bn php lut ny. Cc quy nh v bin php ch yu trong chnh sch thng mi ca Vit nam bao gm: Chnh sch chung v khuyn khch xut nhp khu: Khuyn khch nhp khu c p dng i vi my mc, trang thit b v cc nguyn vt liu u vo cho sn xut thng qua cc u i thu sut hoc hon thu. Khuyn khch xut khu, c bit l i vi hng cng nghip v hng ch bin, thng qua qu khen thng xut khu, chnh sch cho vay vi li sut u i i sn xut hng xut khu, hoc chnh sch u i i vi nguyn vt liu u vo cho sn xut. Cc chnh sch ny hon ton khng cp n vn mi trng, tuy nhin li gin tip to iu kin thun li gia tng cc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh c lin quan n mi trng. Cm xut khu, nhp khu: p dng i vi mt s nhm hng, trong c nhm hng nh hng ti sc kho con ngi, i sng ng thc vt, v mi trng. Ngh nh 57 cm nhp khu 11 nhm hng trong c nhiu mt hng lin quan n mi trng nh: ho cht c hi, pho, thuc l iu, hng tiu dng qua s dng, ph tng t xe my qua s dng. Qun l bng giy php xut khu, nhp khu i vi mt s mt hng nhy cm, mt hng cn c s qun l ca B Thng mi hoc B chuyn ngnh, c th l cc mt hng: xng du, xe my, t, qut dn dng, gch p lt v ceramic, hng tiu dng bng snh s, bao b nha thnh phm, khung xe gn my, xt lng NaOH, xe p, du thc vt tinh ch, cht do DOP, Clinker, xi mng en, ng, phn bn, ru, knh xy dng, giy vit v mt s loi thp. Cc mt hng lit k y hu ht c lin quan n mi trng nhng nhu cu qun l li xut pht t mc ch cn i cung cu th trng hoc bo v cho sn xut trong nc. Thu xut khu, nhp khu: Hu ht hng xut khu c thu sut bng 0%, tr mt s mt hng nh du th, mt s loi qung, Thu nhp khu gm ba loi: loi c 25

thu sut thng thng, loi c thu sut u i (p dng cho hng ho t nc hoc khi nc c tho thun i x ti hu quc trong quan h thng mi vi Vit Nam), v loi c thu sut u i c bit (p dng trong trng hp c tho thun c bit nh theo th ch khu vc mu dch t do, lin minh thu quan). Hu ht nhng mt hng l nguyn liu u vo cho sn xut, thng c hng chnh sch thu nhp khu u i li c kh nng gy nhim cao. p dng cc quy nh, yu cu hay tiu chun k thut: Cc tiu chun, yu cu k thut cng c p dng trong vic qun l nhp khu cc sn phm c lin quan n mi trng. V d: quy nh nhng yu cu chung v k thut i vi vic nhp khu cc thit b qua s dng, quy nh th tc kim tra cht lng thuc bo v thc vt xut nhp khu; Giy php kho nghim: Hnh thc ny thng p dng i vi nhng sn phm mi c nhp khu, cho php nhp khu mt thi gian, v kt qu kho nghim s cho php kt lun c cho nhp tip hay khng hoc p dng cng c qun l nhp khu no. Trong thi gian p dng giy php kho nghim, sn phm c nhp khu theo nhu cu, khng b gii hn v s lng, tr gi v khng cn phi xin giy php nhp khu 12 .

So vi cc quy nh trong WTO v cc ngha v thng mi trong cc hip nh a phng v mi trng, c th rt ra mt s nhn xt sau: Mt s bin php cm hoc hn ch nhp khu thng qua c ch giy php nhp khu hin ang c p dng i vi mt s sn phm c lin quan n mi trng, trong tn ti nhng bin php khng ph hp vi cc nguyn tc ca WTO. V d: + Quy nh cm nhp khu t, xe my v nhiu chng loi thit b qua s dng, cm nhp khu qun o c qua s dng, trong khi vn cho php kinh doanh trong nc; + Thuc l iu l mt mt hng b cm v l do bo v sc kho, trong khi , sn xut thuc l vn c duy tr, trong c c cc doanh nghip lin doanh sn xut thuc l vi nc ngoi, ng thi vn cho nhp khu mt s nguyn liu sn xut thuc l. Cc quy nh ny vi phm nguyn tc i ng quc gia (NT) v c th s phi iu chnh hoc thay th bng cc bin php k thut. Trong qu trnh m phn gia nhp WTO, cc bin php thng mi mang tnh hn ch (thu, hn ngch, giy php) c xu hng b bi b dn. Vic xy dng mt chnh sch thu v cc bin php k thut chuyn ngnh qun l nhp khu cc sn phm c kh nng nh hng n mi trng l ht sc cn thit. Cc bin php qun l chuyn ngnh hin ti v c bn l ph hp vi WTO, tuy nhin vn cn phi c s ci tin, iu chnh m bo hiu qu. V d: cn p dng m HS cho cc danh mc hng ho thuc din qun l chuyn ngnh v i vi cc bin php kim tra v sinh dch t, yu cu cht lng cn c cc lun c khoa hc ph hp hoc cc tiu ch bo v mi trng r rng.

y l mt loi hnh giy php c p dng trong qun l nhp khu ca mt s B Ngnh nh Nng nghip, Thu sn, Y t i vi vic nhp khu cc sn phm thuc din qun l chuyn ngnh (theo c ch qun l xut nhp khu 2001-2005).

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26

So vi cc ngha v thng mi trong MEAs, cc bin php qun l thng mi thng khng gn vi mc tiu bo v mi trng, tr danh mc cm xut nhp khu v mt s vn bn c th khc ( ngh xem chi tit phn 2). Ngay c danh mc cm xut nhp khu cng hp hn v khng chi tit bng Danh mc cm ca CITES. Trn y l kt qu r sot tm tt cc bin php thng mi c lin quan n mi trng hin ang c p dng. Ph lc 1 tm tt cc nhn xt v khuyn ngh lin quan ti kt qu r sot. Ph lc 2 lit k cc vn bn quy phm php lut thng mi c lin quan n mi trng.

4.2. R sot cc chnh sch lin quan n vic thc thi cc Hip nh a phng v mi trng 4.2.1. Tng quan v cc chnh sch v bin php mi trng Ngy 27/12/1993, Lut Bo v Mi trng c thng qua v bt u c hiu lc t ngy 10/1/1994. C th ni y l thi im m cng tc BVMT ca nc ta chuyn sang mt giai on mi, pht trin c v cht v lng. Ln u tin cc khi nim c bn c lin quan ti bo v mi trng c nh ngha lm c s cho vic vn dng vo hot ng qun l mi trng. l cc khi nim v thnh phn mi trng, cht thi, cht gy nhim, nhim mi trng, suy thoi mi trng, s c mi trng, tiu chun mi trng, cng ngh sch, h sinh thi, a dng sinh hc, nh gi tc ng mi trng. Cng ln u tin ngha v, quyn li v trch nhim bo v mi trng ca Nh nc, c c nhn v cc t chc c rng buc bi php l. Cng vi Lut Bo v mi trng, bn cnh cc vn bn php lut quan trng c ban hnh t trc nh: Lut Bo v sc kho cho nhn dn (1989), Php lnh v thu thu ti nguyn (1989), Php lnh Bo v iu (1989), Php lnh Bo v ngun li thu sn (1989), Lut Bo v v pht trin rng (1991). Trong 10 nm qua, nh nc ta c thm cc b lut, cc php lnh khc c lin quan n bo v ti nguyn v mi trng: - Lut t ai (1993), sa i v ban hnh nm 2004 - Lut Du kh (1993) - Php lnh th y (1993) - Php lnh bo v v kim dch Thc vt (1993) - Lut khong sn (1996) - Php lnh an ton v kim sot bc x (1996) - Lut Ti nguyn nc (1998) - Lut Khoa hc v cng ngh (2000) - Lut khuyn khch u t trong nc (1999) - Php lnh Ph v l ph (2001) 27

Cc b lut v php lnh ni trn gp phn quan trng trong vic iu chnh cc hnh vi ca cc t chc v c nhn nhm bo v tng yu t mi trng khc nhau. c th ho v hng dn thi hnh Lut Bo v Mi trng, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng phi hp vi cc B lin quan ban hnh kh nhiu vn bn di lut (danh mc chi tit ngh tham kho ph lc 3). Tuy cha y , nhng cc vn bn di lut ny, cng vi lut BVMT hnh thnh nn mt mi trng php l kh thun li thc hin mc tiu BVMT v PTBV, nng cao nhn thc ca c quan nh nc, cc doanh nghip v cng ng i vi vn mi trng, tng bc p ng vi nhng yu cu ca vic tham gia cc cng c quc t v mi trng. 4.2.2. So snh cc chnh sch, bin php ca Vit Nam vi quy nh ca mt s iu c quc t quan trng v mi trng (MEAs) a. Cng c quc t v bun bn cc loi ng thc vt hoang d nguy cp (CITES)

thc hin Cng c CITES (v bun bn quc t cc loi ng, thc vt hoang c nguy c tuyt chng), Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh 11/2002/N-CP ngy 22/1/2002 v qun l hot ng xut nhp khu v qu cnh cc loi ng thc vt hoang d. Cc bin php qun l ch yu c p dng theo Ngh nh ny gm: + Cm xut khu, nhp khu, ti xut khu v nhp ni t bin v mc ch thng mi mu vt ca cc loi ng vt, thc vt hoang c quy nh trong Ph lc I ca Cng c CITES; + i vi xut nhp khu, ti xut hoc nhp ni t bin cc mu vt thuc cc ph lc khc ca CITES, hoc cc mu vt khng nhm mc ch thng mi, hoc c ngun gc gy nui sinh sn hoc trng cy nhn to ch c thc hin khi c giy php ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn (c quan thm quyn qun l CITES Vit Nam). b. Ngh nh th Montreal v cc cht lm suy gim tng zn v Cng c khung ca Lin hip quc v bin i kh hu Vit Nam khng c vn bn no quy nh trc tip vic p dng cc cng c v ngh nh th ny. Tuy nhin, c mt s quy nh gin tip qun l nhp khu cc sn phm thuc din iu chnh ca Ngh nh th: Lut Bo v Mi trng quy nh vic nhp khu ho cht c hi, cht phng x, cng ngh, my mc thit b phi c php ca c quan c thm quyn. Lut Bo v Mi trng cng nghim cm nhp khu my mc cng ngh, thit b khng p ng cc tiu chun mi trng. Trong lnh vc qun l thng mi cng c mt s quy nh lin quan 13 : + Cm nhp khu hng tiu dng qua s dng, trong c hng in t, in lnh, in gia dng; vt t, phng tin qua s dng gm 9 nhm hng ho c nhiu kh nng pht thi ODS.

Quyt nh 46/2001/Q-TTg v qun l xut, nhp khu giai on 2001-2005 v Thng t 11/2001/TT-BTM ngy 18/4/2001 hng dn thc hin Quyt nh ny quy nh

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+ Qun l bng giy php nhp khu ca B Thng mi mt s hng ho nh xe gn my nguyn chic, phng tin vn chuyn hnh khch. Quy nh chung v k thut i vi nhp khu cc thit b qua s dng 14 . Cc quy nh ny p dng cho cc h thng an ton, cc thit b c nh hng ti mt khu vc rng ln nh cc thit b x l cht thi, ca p nc, thit b trong dy chuyn sn xut cng on d c s c mi trng. Hng dn vic nhp khu my mc qua s dng 15 : Qun l bng tiu chun, cht lng ph hp vi yu cu sn xut, yu cu bo v mi trng, an ton lao ng i vi nhp khu cc thit b qua s dng thuc cc D n u t nc ngoi. c. Cng c Basel v kim sot vic vn chuyn qua bin gii cc ph thi nguy him v tiu hu chng Cc quy nh chung nht v qun l cht thi c hi qua bin gii c a ra ti Ngh nh 175/CP ngy 18/10/1994 hng dn thc hin Lut Bo v mi trng v mi trng: + T chc, c nhn nhp khu cc ho cht c hi, cc ch phm vi sinh vt phi c php ca c quan qun l ngnh hu quan v c quan qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng v phi tun th nghim ngt cc tiu chun hin hnh ca Vit Nam, phi nhp khu ng chng loi v s lng ghi trong giy php. Cc cht bo v thc vt c nhp khu theo quy nh ca Php lnh Bo v v Kim dch thc vt (iu 24); + Nghim cm vic xut, nhp khu cht thi c cha c t hay cc vi trng gy bnh, c th gy nhim mi trng (iu 28); Trn c s nhng quy nh chung, nhiu vn bn c ban hnh km theo cc quy nh v qun l cht thi: + Vic pht sinh, thu gom, vn chuyn, lu tr, x l, tiu hu cht thi nguy hi, quy nh vic vn chuyn qu cnh cht thi nguy hi qua lnh th Vit Nam phi c s ng bng vn bn ca c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng 16 . + Quy nh qun l bng giy php i vi vic nhp khu 12 loi ph liu tho mn yu cu: s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut; khng cha ho cht c, cht phng x, cht d chy, d n, hp cht hu c c ngun gc ng, thc vt c nguy c gy dch bnh phi c x l loi b cc tp cht 17 . Qua cc quy nh in hnh c nu trn, bin php s dng hu ht u mang tnh cht hnh chnh (hoc quy nh cc iu kin phi tun th, hoc lit k cc trng hp c php), cha p dng cc cng c kinh t ph bin hin nay nh ph hay thu mi trng, cha gn cc quy nh qun l cht thi vi cc tiu chun c th. Vit Nam cng cha c quy nh no v vic nhp khu cht thi c hi theo Cng c Basel v kim sot v qun
Quyt nh s 2019/1997-Q-BKHCNMT ngy 1/12/1997 Thng t 02/2001/TT-BKHCNMT ngy 15/2/2001 16 Quyt nh 155/1999/Q-TTG ngy 16/7/1999 v vic ban hnh Quy ch qun l cht thi nguy hi. 17 Quyt nh 65/2001/Q-BKHCNMT ngy 11/12/2001 v vic ban hnh danh mc cc loi ph liu c x l m bo yu cu v mi trng c php nhp khu lm nguyn liu sn xut (thay cho Quyt nh 10/2001/Q-BKHCNMT ngy 11/5/2001 v vic ban hnh tm thi Danh mc cc loi ph liu c x l thnh nguyn liu c php nhp khu).
15 14

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l vn chuyn cc cht thi c hi qua bin gii (nh nu trn) ngoi quy nh chung ca Lut Bo v mi trng l s u tin tun th cng c ny trong trng hp c quy nh khc vi php lut Vit Nam. d. Cng c v a dng sinh hc

Mt s quy nh hin hnh c lin quan n vn a dng sinh hc: iu 12 Lut Bo v Mi trng quy nh t chc, c nhn c trch nhim bo v cc ging, loi thc vt, ng vt hoang d, bo v tnh a dng sinh hc, bo v rng, bin v cc h sinh thi; Quy nh t chc, c nhn vi phm cc quy nh v bo v a dng sinh hc v bo tn thin nhin th b x pht hnh chnh hoc b truy cu trch nhim hnh s 18 ; Quy nh vic qun l bng giy php vic nhp khu ging cy trng, vt nui, theo nhng sn phm trong danh mc ging cy trng vt nui c php nhp khu ch phi hon tt h s v ngun gc xut x v t khai hi quan, trong khi nhng sn phm ngoi danh mc cn c giy php kho nghim ca c quan thm quyn trong khi cha c a vo danh mc c php nhp khu 19 . Ban hnh danh mc ging cy trng, ging vt nui qu him cm xut khu, danh mc ging cy trng, ging vt nui c php nhp khu quy nh vic qun l bng giy php danh mc ging cy trng, ging vt nui c php nhp khu 20 . e. Nhn xt chung:

So vi yu cu ca cc hip nh MEAs, cc chnh sch, bin php c lin quan n thng mi bo v mi trng ca ta c mt s im sau ng lu : Lut Bo v mi trng v cc vn bn php l lin quan n mi trng tun th nhiu quy nh ca cc MEAs. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp cn cp mc chung chung nh ch quy nh tun th theo cc iu c quc t m khng ni lut ho cc quy nh , gy kh khn cho vic thc hin. Mt s cc sn phm lin quan n mi trng c kim sot nhp khu qua c ch qun l chuyn ngnh, nhng cc tiu ch v mc tiu bo v mi trng li khng c nu r v cha y . V d vic nhp khu cc ho cht c hi cn phi xin giy php ca B Cng nghip, tuy nhin, B Cng nghip khi cp php ch xem xt mc c hi ca ho cht theo cc tiu chun k thut thng thng, cha xt y tt c cc yu cu v an ton trong bo qun, vn chuyn ho, cc yu cu v bao b bao gi, v x l rc thi i vi cc sn phm c s dng cc loi ho cht ny v.v... Trn y l kt qu r sot tm tt cc quy nh ca Vit Nam lin quan n cc Hip nh a phng v mi trng. Ph lc 1 tm tt cc nhn xt v khuyn ngh lin quan ti kt qu r sot. Ph lc 3 lit k cc vn bn quy phm php lut mi trng c lin quan ti vic thc hin cc hip nh a phng v mi trng.

18 19

Ngh nh 11/2002/N-CP. Thng t 62/2001/TT-BNN ngy 5/6/2001 20 Quyt nh 58/2001/Q/BNN-KNKL ngy 23/5/2001

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5.

xc nh mt s ngnh c nh hng ti mi trng thng qua

cc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh 5.1. Ngnh thy sn

Hin nay ti Vit Nam c trn 200 nh my ch bin thu sn, ch yu phc v xut khu v mt phn dnh cho tiu th ni a. Cc nh my ny tp trung vi mt cao khu vc min Nam v min Trung. cc tnh pha Bc, s lng cc nh my thng rt t vi quy m nh. Cc nh myny ch yu ch bin cc mt hng:hi sn ng lnh, c phi l, mc kh, thu sn c tm gia v... Mt hng gi tr gia tng chim t trng thp trong c cu sn phm.. Nhn chung, cc c s ch bin thu sn Vit Nam c qui m sn xut nh, ch bin 10 20 tn sn phm trong ngy. Nhp sn xut ph thuc vo ngun nguyn liu v c tnh cht thi v. Lng nc thi ph bin ca cc nh my ny l 200-400m3/ ngy. Ngoi ra, cc c s ny cn thi ra cc loi cht thi rn c thnh phn rt a dng nh: vy c, chn tm, trng tm c, ru mc, da mc, phn, mang c, v tm, v cua, vn tht, xng cc loi... Do cc nh my khng thu gom v x l trit v kp thi, nn nc thi v cht rn lun gy nhim khng kh v mi trng sinh thi xung quanh. 5.2. Ngnh nng sn

Vit Nam l mt t nc vi gn 80% dn s sng da vo nng nghip. Cc sn phm nng nghip ca Vit Nam v cng phong ph. Theo , ngnh ch bin nng sn tn ti v c duy tr rt lu i. Hin nay, Vit nam c hng trm nh my ch bin nng sn quy m ln cng vi hng nghn c s ch bin quy m nh. Tuy nhin, cc c s ch bin quy m h gia nh thng tp trung theo tng khu vc, do vic qun l v x l cht thi rt kh khn v km hiu qu. V d, i vi cht thi rn t cc cm lng ngh sn xut v ch bin cc loi tinh bt Hoi c, H Ty: Ngh sn xut v ch bin tinh bt cm lng ngh ny c s tham gia ca khong 6.000 h dn vi xp x 30.000 nhn khu. Mi nm ti khu vc ny hng trm nghn tn c cc loi c a vo ch bin tinh bt, cha k n cc sn phm lm t tinh bt. Theo , Trong qu trnh ch bin nng sn, mt lng ln cht thi c sinh ra. Cht thi lng c thi ra ch yu t cc qu trnh ra nguyn liu v ch bin nguyn liu. Chng thng c hm lng cao cc cht hu c t nhin dng cht l lng v dng ho tan trong nc. Cht thi rn c thi ra trong qu trnh s ch (ct, gt, lm sch .v.v.) v trong qu trnh ch bin (ngm, lc, tch chit) bao gm cc loi v, cc b phn tha, cc loi b... Cht thi rn t cc ngnh ch bin nng sn khu vc ny ch yu vn l em chn lp, iu ny gy nhim ht sc nghim trng i vi ngun nc v mi trng sinh thi xung quanh khu vc lng ngh ny. Gi y, khi cc qui nh v chn lp tr nn nghim ngt hn do din tch, r r cht nhim vo nc ngm v vo khng kh, cc bin php sinh hc x l cht thi rn v ang c quan tm.. Nhiu cng ngh n gin x l cht thi nng sn nh lm c kh, trng nm n, lm phn bn .... c p dng ti nhiu ni Vit Nam. Cc loi cht thi rn ca qu trnh ch bin nng sn u c th ti s dng to ra cc sn phm ph va tng thu nhp cho dn a phng va gp phn ci thin mi trng. V d: b dong c th dng lm nhin liu, nguyn liu trng nm n. Cht thi giu tinh bt dng lm thc n chn nui ln, g, vt, 31

c ...Tuy nhin khu bo qun, x l cc cht thi phi t tiu chun v sinh, an ton i vi thnh phm. Cc loi b thi sau khi ti s dng u l ngun nguyn liu tt x l lm phn bn rung cho cc loi cy trng... Do c im ca nc thi l giu cc tinh bt, xenlulose v cc cht kh phn hu hn nh hemixenlulose, lignin nn ch s COD rt cao. y l ngun nc giu dinh dng cn c x l bng cc phng php sinh hc, nc sau x l dng vo mc ch ti tiu v nui trng thu sn. Theo kinh nghim mt s nc lm th s dng h thng ao h sinh hc s lm cho gi thnh x l nc gim c t 1/3 n 1/ 2 gi thnh x l bng cc cng ngh khc.

5.3.

Ngnh ch bin thc phm

5.3.1. Ngnh ch bin sa Hin nay ti Vit Nam c hng chc nh my ch bin sa ln nh. nh nh my sa Thng Nht, Nh my sa Trng Th, Nh my sa ng Nai, Cng ty TNHH Thc phm & NGK Duch Lady Vietnam (Bnh Dng)... Cc cht thi ca cc Nh my ny, nu khng c x l mt cch khoa hc, trit s c tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng sinh thi xung quanh, gy nh hng xu ti sc kho con ngi v ng vt. Do c im nc thi ca ngnh ch bin sa l c hm lng cht hu c ho tan cao, t l BOD/COD ln (0,6), nn vic x l nc thi nh my sa bng phng php vi sinh l thch hp hn c. V vy, trong iu kin nc ta hin nay, x l nc thi ca cc nh my ch bin sa, phng php bn hot tnh c xem l mt phng php thch hp (v d: h thng x l nc thi ti nh my sa Thng Nht (Vinamilk), Duch Lady Vietnam). Ngoi nhng u im v mt cng ngh, th phng php ny cn thch hp vi hu ht vi cc loi hnh sn phm, ch sn xut v mt bng xy dng ca cc nh my 5.3.2. Ngnh sn xut bia, ru Hin nay, Vit Nam c hng trm nh my bia, ru vi nng lc sn xut ln nh khc nhau. Cc nh my bia ni ting c cng sut hng trm triu lt mi nm nh bia Heneiken, bia Si Gn, bia H Ni, bia San Miguel, bia BGI ... Trong , nc thi ca ngnh sn xut bia, ru ni chung c tc ng nhim nng ti mi trng sinh thi, ch yu l cht hu c d phn hu. Nc thi ca cng nghip bia, ru c thnh phn ch yu l ng, dextrin, ru, axt hu c, protein, mt s cn b bt gm xelluloza, hemixelluloza, ht tinh bt... T l BOD/COD vo khong 0,5 - 0,7. Do , vic s dng phng php x l k kh kt hp vi hiu kh x l nc thi bia t ra rt hu hiu. Ngoi ra c th kt hp vic lc sinh hc vi aeroten, cc ao h sinh hc... vo mc ch ny. 5.3.3. Ngnh sn xut nc gii kht Nc ngt khng cn c gaz l mt loi nc gii kht ph bin hu nh trn khp th gii. Vit nam hin c hng trm nh my sn xut nc gii kht cc loi vi cng sut hng chc triu lt/nm nh: Coca-Cola Vit Nam, nc gii kht quc t IBC, Pepsi... Nc thi trong ngnh sn xut nc gii kht c t l BOD/COD vo khong 0,6 - 0,8. Nh vy, cc cht hu c d phn hu bi vi sinh vt l rt cao. Tuy vy, hm lng N-tng, P- tng th li thp. V vy, x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc t hiu qu, cn phi cn i v 32

iu chnh dinh dng theo t l: BOD5:N:P = 100:5:1. Ngy nay nhiu c s lp t h thng x l vi thit b hp khi kt hp gia aeroten v lc sinh hc. Dng thit b ny kh gn, hiu sut x l cao, bn to thnh t v trong qu trnh lm vic gim thiu c cc mi kh chu. 5.3.4. Ngnh sn xut ma ng Hin ti, ngnh cng nghip sn xut ng t cy ma ca Vit Nam t sn lng 1 triu tn/nm. Nh vy, ti Vit Nam hng nm c khong 9 triu tn cht thi l b ma, cha k bn ma, r ng v nc thi trong qu trnh sn xut ng cn c x l. Ngoi ra, cn c cc cht thi ca qu trnh sn xut t cc cng ngh sau khi sn phm c ch bin thnh ng n, v d: cng ngh sn xut ru t r ng, m chnh, lisin t r ng, sn xut bnh ko... sn xut c 1 triu tn ng, Vit Nam u t xy dng gn 50 nh my. Cc nh my ng ca Vit Nam rt a dng v nhp t nhiu nc khc nhau: Php, n , Trung Quc, i Loan ... Cht thi t s Nh my ny thc s c tc ng rt tiu cc ti mi trng sinh thi nu nh khng c quan tm x l ng mc. Vic x l cht thi b ma ti Vit Nam thng c thc hin nh sau: b ma c phi kh v s dng lm nguyn liu t l, chy my. Nh my ng Hip Ho (Long An) nhp mt dy chuyn cng ngh ca Trung Quc p b ma thnh cc tm nh vn p. Ni chung b ma, bn ma ti nhiu nh my c tn dng sn xut phn bn bn li cho cy ma. i vi cc cht thi khc t ma, ng, Nh my ng Lam Sn p dng cng ngh x l ca n . Nc thi c thu gom, iu chnh cht dinh dng ri c bm vo 2 b ln c xc kh. tt c cc nh my ng ln u c x nghip sn xut cn t r ng. Mc d cha c y cc thng tin v cng ngh x l cht thi ca gn 50 nh my ng nhng c th khng nh hin ti Vit Nam cha c cng ngh ti u x l cht thi c v khoa hc ln kinh t p dng. Do , vic x l cht thi nh my ng c th c tin hnh c hiu qu mt khi xy dng c cc cng ngh thch hp trn c s p dng sng to cc cng ngh tin tin ca nc ngoi. 5.3.5. Ngnh git m gia sc Theo s liu thng k ca FAO, nhu cu v thc phm git m trung bnh ca ngi dn Vit Nam c gia tng trong cc nm qua. Cc nm 1994-1995 nhu cu trung bnh l 14 16 kg thc phm git m/u ngi/nm th con s ny l 18-19 kg/u ngi/nm vo cc nm 1997-1998. Hin nay, ti Vit Nam c hng trm nh my git m v ch bin gia sc, gia cm vi quy m ln nh khc nhau. (V d : Cng ty Visan...). Nc thi t hot ng git m gia sc l loi nc thi rt c th ca ngnh chn nui v sn xut thc phm vi c trng nng cc cht nhim hu c (protein, lipit, axit amin, cc hp cht nit, cc axit hu c, mercaptan), cc cht rn vn xng, vn tht, m vn, lng mng, BOD5 ln ti 7000 mg/l, COD khang 9200 mg/l, cht bo rt cao. Hn na nc thi loi ny cn c cc cht cha nit cao c bit l amoni N-NH4. Mt s h thng x l nc thi l git m gia sc do Vit Nam xy dng da trn nguyn tc kt hp x l ym kh v hiu kh, phn x l thiu kh cha c coi trng ng mc. Ngoi 33

ra vic s dng h k kh hay ao h sinh hc khc cng c th l gii php tt x l nc thi git m gia sc. 5.4. Mt s ngnh cng nghip khc

5.4.1. Ngnh sn xut cao su Tnh n u nm 2000, tng din tch trng cao su ca Vit Nam t 350.000 ha. D kin n nm 2010 din tch ny s t khong 700.000 ha. Hin Vit Nam c khong 38 nh my ch bin m cao su. Nhu cu s dng nc cho vic ch bin m cao su c xc nh khong 30-35 m3/ tn sn phm. Theo , hng nm ngnh ch bin m cao su s thi ra khong 30 triu m3 nc thi. H thng x l nc thi ch bin cao su c lp t cho mt s nh my t u nhng nm 1990. Tuy vy cc loi cng ngh ny cn phi c ci tin t c hiu qu cao hn. S liu nghin cu cho thy cng ngh h sc kh v h n nh c s dng thng xuyn nht. Ngoi ra, mt s dng cng ngh khc nh tuyn ni, UASB, ta ho hc, k thut b pht, thp lc... v ang c nghin cu p dng trong thc tin sn xut. Mt v d cho h thng x l nc thi ch bin m cao su loi ny c xut ti Nh my cao su Ho Bnh, Cng ty cao su B - Ra, Nh my ch bin m cao su Long Thnh (ng Nai). Vi loi cng ngh ang p dng ti Vit Nam th c th tnh c mt s thng s sau y: Gi u t c bn dao ng trong khong 0.5-2 triu ng/ m3/ngy; Chi ph vn hnh t 360 n 4.200/ m3/ngy. Theo quan im ca cc nh sn xut th gi thnh trn cn qu cao. Ngoi ra, vic kh mi cng ang l tr ngi rt ln i vi cc cng ngh x l nhim nc thi cao su hin nay. 5.4.2. Ngnh sn xut giy v bt giy Cng nghip giy, bt giy Vit Nam c quy m va v nh, tng cng sut v mc tiu th so vi khu vc v th gii cn rt thp. Vit Nam c nng lc sn xut giy l 239.000 tn/nm ng th 5 khu vc ng Nam (chim 2,7%), chim 0,31% ca Chu v bng 0,08% nng lc sn xut giy ca th gii. Cng nghip giy l mt trong nhng ngnh gy nhim mi trng ln nht, c bit l i vi mi trng nc. Hin nay Tng cng ty giy Vit Nam qun l 10 nh my, cng ty ln nht ngnh (Bi BngBapaco, Tn Mai-Cogita, ng Nai-Cogido, Vit Tr, Hong Vn Th, Vn im, Ho Bnh, Bnh An v Vin ng), cn li khong 200 nh my l do a phng hoc t nhn qun l. Trong ch c 2 Cng ty Bapaco v Cogita l c cng sut trn 50.000 tn/nm v c trang b tt nht ngnh nhng ch yu cng ch mc k thut ca nhng nm 70-80 m thi. x l cht thi trong ngnh sn xut giy v bt giy, phng n ti u l phn loi nc thi t ngun v p dng cng ngh thch hp cho tng loi nc thi, ti s dng ti a mc c th gim chi ph khai thc nc v gim chi ph thi. 5.5. Tnh hnh p ng cc yu cu v bo v mi trng ti cc doanh nghip

Kt qu thanh tra vic chp hnh cc quy nh ca Lut Bo v Mi trng t nm 1996 n nm 2001 cho thy, t l c s b x pht trn s c s c thanh tra din bin theo xu hng gim. Nm 1997, trong s 9.384 c s c thanh tra c 4.390 c s b x pht vi phm hnh chnh v mi trng (chim khong 45%). Nm 1999, trong s 5.100 c s c thanh tra, s c s b x pht l 1.188 (chim khong hn 20%). Nm 2001, trong s 5.903 34

c s c thanh tra, c 819 c s b x pht vi phm hnh chnh v mi trng (chim khong hn 15%). Quyt nh s 64/2003/Q-TTg ngy 22 thng 4 nm 2003 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt "K hoch x l trit cc c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng". Bn k hoch ra mc tiu n nm 2007 x l trit 439 c s sn xut kinh doanh gy nhim nghim trng ti mi trng, trong c 284 c s sn xut kinh doanh c phn b ti hu ht cc a phng trong c nc(TP. H Ch Minh: 37 c s, Nng: 15 c s, c lc: 13 c s, Gia Lai: 11 c s, B Ra - Vng Tu: 10 c s, H ni: 9 c s, Hi Phng: 9 c s ... Trong s 284 c s c 115 c s Trung ng, 121 c s a phng, 39 c s t nhn, 7 c s lin doanh v 2 c s 100% vn nc ngoi. Cc bin php x l nhng c s vi phm ny c thc hin theo cc hnh thc nh: 28 c s phi di chuyn a im, 01 c s phi ng ca, nh ch sn xut, 55 c s u t i mi cng ngh thn thin mi trng, 200 c s phi u t xy dng h thng x l cht thi.
Bng 3: Tnh hnh x l cc doanh nghip vi phm mi trng
TT Cc ngnh cng nghip nh ch Di di i mi cng ngh X l Tng cng T l (%)

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

Thc phm Nng Nh Ha cht Vt liu xy dng in, in t Tiu th cng nghip Khc Cng T l

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0,35

9 2 2 4 3 3 3 2 28 9,86

6 8 6 12 18 0 3 2 55 19,37

78 18 36 18 11 2 16 21 200 70,42

93 28 45 34 32 5 22 25 284 100

12,75 9,86 15,85 11,97 11,27 1,76 7,75 8,80 100

Ngun : Tng hp t Quyt nh s 64/2003/Q-TTg ngy 22 thng 4 nm 2003 ca Th tng Chnh ph

Cn c vo cc s liu kho st v hin trng qun l mi trng mt s doanh nghip in hnh ti Vit Nam, hu ht cc cng ty, nh my c kho st cha c b phn chuyn trch v mi trng. Ngoi ra, cn b c giao thc hin cng tc v mi trng khng c chuyn mn su trong lnh vc ny hoc mi ch tham gia cc kho o to ngn hn v mi trng. Ngi chu trch nhim v qun l mi trng ca mt s doanh nghip li kim nhim thm nhiu cng tc chuyn mn khc nh cc vn v k thut, an ton lao ng, nhn s ...dn n t l thi gian dnh cho cng tc mi trng hin nay ch khong 40 50%. Thc trng ny cho thy cng tc qun l, kim sot mi trng tng doanh nghip ch mc p ng nhu cu kim sot nhim do cc c quan qun l mi trng nh nc v a phng yu cu bt buc doanh nghip phi thc hin. 5.6. Nhn xt chung v cng tc qun l mi trng doanh nghip

Qun l mi trng trong phm vi doanh nghip l cng tc bo v mi trng cp thp nht trong h thng qun l mi trng. Hin nay, ngoi tr cc doanh nghip ln c vn u t nc ngoi nh: Cng ty Fujitsu, Cng ty Ajinomoto, Nestle Vit Nam, Coca-Cola Ngc Hi (H Ty), Coca-Cola Nng, Coca-Cola TP. H Ch Minh, Cng ty Honda Vit Nam (Vnh Phc), Toyta Vit Nam (Vnh Phc) ... thc hin rt nghim tc cng tc qun l mi trng th phn ln cc doanh nghip ti Vit Nam trin khai cng tc qun l mi trng thc s km hiu qu. Vic ny xut pht t mt s l do chnh sau: 35

Vn bo v mi trng doanh nghip mi ch c quan tm v ban hnh v ph bin cc quy nh php lut trong nhng nm gn y; C cu qun l mi trng v cc quy nh ca nh nc hin nay cha tht s cht ch i vi doanh nghip; a s cc doanh nghip l loi hnh c quy m va v nh, do vy, vic u t kinh ph x l nhim rt hn ch; Thiu nhn lc v chuyn mn v kha cnh mi trng.

Trong thi gian qua, hu ht cc doanh nghip sn xut hng xut khu c nhn thc tin b hn v vn mi trng, tin hnh xy dng v trnh c quan qun l mi trng nh nc v a phng thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng, bn ng k t tiu chun mi trng, trin khai chng trnh gim st nh k mi trng, u t mt phn kinh ph tng bc gim thiu nhim. Mt s cc c s sn xut hin ang p dng cc gii php sn xut sch hn nhm gim nh mc v khi lng nc s dng, tit kim nng lng dn n gim ng k lu lng nc thi, gim gi thnh sn phm. Tuy nhin, vn x l cht thi sn xut ti a s cc x nghip cha c thc hin trit do chi ph u t x l nc thi qu cao. Mt s x nghip c h thng x l nc thi, nhng khng vn hnh thng xuyn, khng c cn b chuyn trch vn hnh h thng x l cht thi do khng mun tn km chi ph vn hnh. Cc c quan nh nc cng c mt s bin php h tr cc doanh nghip trong lnh vc mi trng nh t chc o to nng cao nhn thc mi trng cho cc doanh nghip; ph bin, hng dn thc hin cc vn bn php l v mi trng; ph bin cc m hnh sn xut sch hn, x l nc thi, hn ch nhim mi hi ... Mt s kh khn doanh nghip gp phi l mt s thng s quy nh trong tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam qu kht khe, thiu vn, thiu thng tin, thiu cn b c o to .

6.

Xc nh nhng mt hng, ngnh hng chu nh hng bi cc yu

cu mi trng cc th trng EU v Hoa K 6.1. Th trng E.U

EU hin l i tc thng mi quan trng, l th trng xut khu ln th 2 ca Vit nam sau ASEAN 21 . Tuy nhin hng xut khu ca Vit Nam sang EU phi p ng nhiu yu cu kht khe v mi trng. V c bn c th chia cc yu cu mi trng c p dng ti th trng ny thnh 2 nhm sau y:

Nhm th nht, bao gm cc quy nh mang tnh bt buc. Mt sn phm mun nhp khu phi m bo mt s tiu chun nht nh v mi trng nh: cc tiu chun v sn xut, ch bin (mc cht thi, nhim, ti to ngun ti nguyn thin nhin...); cc quy nh v v sinh sn phm; cc tiu chun v bao gi, v d: EU yu cu thc phm nhp khu phi c Giy chng nhn HACCP hoc p dng ISO 9000, 14001...

Theo Tng cc Hi quan, th trng ASEAN chim 20,53% v EU chim 19,13% Tng kim ngch xut khu ca Vit Nam trong giai on 1996-2002.

21

36

Nhm th hai, bao gm cc quy nh v thu, ph v cc khon thu c lin quan n mi trng. C th, mt s sn phm, trong chng mc no c gy nhim vn c nhp khu nhng phi ng mt khon ph mi trng. Ngi s dng sn phm gy nhim ti mi trng s phi ng ph mi trng v chnh iu ny lm gim kh nng cnh tranh ca sn phm nhp khu.

Nhng mt hng chnh c th mnh xut khu vo EU bao gm: Nng thy hi sn, th cng m ngh, dt may, giy dp v c ph. Hu nh tt c nhng mt hng ny u bi cc yu cu mi trng. Phn di y, xin gii thiu chi tit v 3 nhm hng xut khu ch lc v tng chu nhiu nh hng trn th trng ny, l nhm thc phm v thu hi sn, nhm nng sn v nhm dt may v da giy... 6.1.1. i vi mt hng thc phm ni chung v thy hi sn ni ring Thc phm ni chung v hng thu sn ni ring l i tng kim sot ca cc tiu chun V sinh dch t (SPS) cng nh cc tiu chun k thut (TBT) ngt ngho ca E.U. Hin nay, EU p dng H thng cnh bo nhanh trong ton cng ng v bt k mt sn phm no gy nh hng ti sc kho ngi tiu dng. Cc bin php c th bao gm: H thng HACCP 22 p dng cho thc phm ni chung v sn phm thu sn ni ring nhp khu nhp khu vo EU; t ra cc tiu chun y t i vi cc sn phm t ng vt thn mm v nhuyn th hai mnh. Nhng quy nh ny tp trung vo vn V sinh thc phm trong cc khu ch bin, ng gi, bo qun, vn chuyn (Quy nh 91/492/EEC); Xc nh nhng tiu chun y t i vi sn phm t c (Quy nh 91/493/EEC); Quy nh v v sinh an ton thc phm yu cu cc nh nhp khu phi k khai cc lnh vc hot ng ca mnh v bo m rng chng tun th cc quy nh ca HACCP. (Quy nh 93/43/EC); Cc cng c khc: Bn cnh nhng quy nh v tiu chun cht lng i vi hng ho nhp khu ni chung v hng Thu hi sn ni ring, EU cng s dng cc cng c kinh t nhm hn ch hoc khuyn khch nhp khu cc sn phm lin quan n mi trng vo th trng E.U, v d p dng thu, ph mi trng hoc gim thu nhp khu cho cc sn phm thn thin vi mi trng...

6.1.2. i vi mt hng nng sn Hng nng sn nhp khu b kim sot bi rt nhiu quy nh v cc tiu chun mi trng ca EU, bao gm: Nhn sinh thi (Ecolabelling): L yu cu bt buc nhm a ra bng chng chng nhn tnh thn thin i vi mi trng ca sn phm;

22 H thng HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point): y l mt h cc tiu chun nhm nhn bit, xc nh v kim sot mi nguy trong ch to, gia cng, sn xut, chun b v s dng thc phm v t ra cc bin php kim sot trnh nhng mi nguy xy ra. HACCP c thit k c bit cho ngnh cng nghip thc phm, c CODEX cng nhn l mt trong nhng tiu chun quc t quan trng nht.

37

Cc tiu chun mi trng: ISO 14000 (ra i thng 10/1996) v EMAS (Chng trnh qun l v kim tra sinh hc - p dng nm 1995), c hai tiu chun ny u da trn b tiu chun ISO 9000 v qun l cht lng sn phm; ng gi, ghi nhn sn phm v cc yu cu v nhn mc; Tiu chun hng ho: Cc loi hng nng sn nhp khu vo E.U u phi tho mn yu cu v Tiu chun Chu u; Cc loi thu v ph mi trng i vi cc sn phm nng nghip khng thn thin vi mi trng (g, m ngh...);

6.1.3. i vi mt hng t may v da giy EU l mt trong nhng th trng sn xut v tiu th may mc v da giy ln nht th gii. Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc xut khu chnh hai mt hng ny vo th trng EU. Trong qu trnh xut khu, Vit Nam cng phi p ng nhng tiu chun k thut (TBT) cng nh nhng quy nh v mi trng rt kh khn nh: Phng php sn xut v ch bin (PPM); nhn mc, qun l cht lng ISO 9000, ISO 14000 v SA 8000 (Tiu chun trch nhim x hi). Nhng tiu chun ny c coi nh bt buc i vi doanh nghip mun xut khu hng ho vo th trng EU, c bit l i vi hng dt may. 6.1.3. Cc mt hng khc Ngoi 3 lnh vc (mt hng) chnh nh trn, hng lot cc lnh vc v mt hng khc ca Vit Nam xut khu vo th trng E.U cng b nh hng bi cc yu cu v tiu chun v mi trng. V d nhng sn phm chnh nh sau: - Cc sn phm lm nghip (g trng nhn to, khng phi g rng, c ph, cao su...); - Cc sn phm tiu th cng nghip v th cng m ngh; - Cc sn phm t tht (nm trong nhm hng nng sn phn trn); 6.2. Th trng Hoa K

Sau khi k Hip nh Thng mi song phng, kim ngch hai chiu, c bit l kim ngch xut khu ca Vit Nam sang Hoa K tng mnh. Tuy nhin, ngoi kh khn do thiu hiu bit v lut l v nhng quy nh ca th trng Hoa k, nhng yu km trong xc tin thng mi, t chc bn hng th kh khn ln nht m ta phi chu l nhng ro cn thng mi m pha Hoa k lun s dng bo h sn xut trong nc v hn ch nhp khu sn phm ca ta. Hoa k lun ku gi cc nc tin hnh t do ho thng mi nhng trong thc t li p dng nhiu bin php bo h tr hnh. Nhiu mt hng xut khu chnh ca Vit Nam hin nay ang b cn tr bi cc tiu chun sn phm, quy trnh sn xut v ch bin, nhn mi trng, bao b ng gi... khi xm nhp th trng ny. Mt nghin cu gn y 23 xc nh nhng nhm hng xut khu ch yu sau chu nh hng bi cc yu cu v tiu chun v mi trng:
ti Cc vn thng mi mi trng trong Hip nh Thng mi song phng Vit Nam Hoa K ca U Ban Quc gia v Hp tc Kinh t Quc t.
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38

Hng dt may; Thu hi sn ng lnh v ch bin; Da giy; Hng cng nghip v tiu th cng nghip; Hng nng sn, thc phm; Hng lm th sn, g;

Cc vn bn Php lut ca Hoa K c cp lin bang v tiu bang hin c rt nhiu quy nh v mi trng c lin quan n vic nhp khu hng ho, dch v vo th trng Hoa K. Mt s vn bn ch yu bao gm (i) Lut v xut nhp khu cc cht cn kim sot; (ii) Lut v bao b v nhn ph hp; (iii) Lut v kim tra cc sn phm trng; (iii) Lut lin bang v nhp khu sa; (iv) Lut lin bang v kim tra sn phm tht; (v) Lut v nhp khu ch; (vi) Lut v bo v cht lng thc phm... Cc vn bn do Cc Bo v Mi trng Hoa K (USEPA) chu trch nhim t chc thc thi 24 . Cc quy nh ca Hoa K lin quan cht ch ti mi trng i vi hng ho nhp khu bao gm: Quy nh v ng gi; Quy nh v dn nhn sinh thi; Cc yu cu v Tiu chun Sn phm; Cc yu cu v phng php sn xut v ch bin sn phm (PPMs); Cc yu cu v kim tra cht lng thc phm (p dng bt buc i vi thu sn ca Hoa K v thu sn nhp khu t nc ngoi); Cc yu cu v An ton tiu dng; cc quy nh v Dch bnh; hm lng dinh dng... Cc quy nh chuyn ngnh lin quan n: (i) Thc n cho ngi v ng vt: Cc Thc phm v Dc phm (FDA) v B Nng nghip quy nh v kim nghim; (ii) ng thc vt sng: FDA v B Nng nghip; (iii) Thuc tr su: B mi trng; (iv) Hng dt may, len, lng th v sn phm ca chng: U Ban Thng mi Lin bang (quy nh v nhn mc, labeling...)

Ngoi ra, tng t EU, Hoa k cng p dng cc bin php kinh t qun l, iu chnh cc loi hng ho nhp khu vo th trng ny nh: Thu, ph mi trng, gim thu nhp khu cho hng ho thn thin vi mi trng...

24

www.cnie.org/nle/leg_8.html

39

6.3.

Th trng Nht Bn

Nhm mc ch bo v ngi tiu dng trong nc, hn ch nhim mi trng do vic nhp khu hng ho t cc nc khc gy ra, chnh ph Nht p dng nhiu loi tiu chun v quy nh khc nhau. Cc bin php c p dng bao gm: Du tiu chun mi trng (Ecomark) c s dng i vi tt c cc sn phm c kh nng nh hng ti mi trng sinh thi; Giy php ca B Y t v Phc li Nht Bn (theo quy nh ca Lut v sinh thc phm). Giy php c p dng i vi cc loi thc phm v ung khc nhau, c ph, ch Tiu chun cng nghip Nht Bn (JIS) c p dng i vi cc sn phm cng nghip ni chung, trong c si t tm, thc phm; Tiu chun nng nghip Nht Bn (JAS): Lut Tiu chun Nng nghip Nht Bn) quy nh v vic ghi nhn cht lng v ng du cht lng tiu chun JAS. Tiu chun ny c p dng ch yu i vi cc thc phm ch bin v cc loi nng lm sn ch bin, sau c m rng ra i vi nng sn nhp khu cha qua ch bin; Tiu chun v d lng thuc tr su c p dng vi hn 130 sn phm; Tiu chun cht ph gia thc phm; Cc bin php kim tra, kim dch ti ca khu.

Th tc p ng cc yu cu c lin quan n mi trng ca Nht Bn cng ht sc phc tp. Hng rau qu mun nhp khu vo Nht Bn phi c cp giy chng nhn cht lng theo cc tiu chun ca h thng JAS (Japanese agricultural standards) v chng nhn v bo v sinh thi (ecomark). Cc giy chng nhn ny phi do cc phng th nghim ca Nht cp hoc nu c quan kim nh nc khc cp th phi tun th theo quy trnh kim nh sn phm ca Nht. Cc th tc cp php ny nhn chung thng tn km v nh hng n thi hn giao hng ca nh xut khu nc ngoi. Ngoi ra, Nht bn cn p dng cc quy nh v bo v cy trng v v sinh thc phm i vi rau qu ti sng. Th tc nhp khu i vi cc mt hng ti sng thng lu v khng r rng. Cc tiu chun k thut p dng i vi hng nhp khu (nh d lng thuc tr su, phn gii thuc tr su, ph gia thc phm) thng cao hn tiu chun tng ng ca cc nc khc nh Hoa K, EU.
Bng 4: Tng hp chung cc mt hng chu nh hng ca cc yu cu mi trng mt s th trng xut khu ch yu

Th trng Hoa K

Mt hng Thu sn, dt may, giy da, nng sn (go, c ph), sn phm g

Ro cn mi trng HACCP, SPS, Lut chng khng b sinh hc, PPM (Thu sn) Dt may, giy da: TBT, SA 8000, PPM, ISO 14000 Nng sn: Lut chng khng b sinh hc, SPS, PPM G: Nhn sinh thi, CBD, PPM 40

Th trng EU

Nht Bn Trung Quc

Mt hng Ro cn mi trng Thu sn, dt may, HACCP, SPS, TBT, ISO 14000, nhn sinh thi giy da, nng sn (go, c ph), tht, sn phm g Thu sn, dt may, HACCP, SPS, ISO 14000 sn phm g Nng sn, thu sn, HACCP, SPS rau qu

6.4. nh gi tc ng ca vic khng p ng c cc yu cu mi trng ti cc th trng xut khu ch yu i vi xut khu 6.4.1. Lm gim ng k ngun thu t xut khu Sau mt thp k y mnh xut khu, Vit Nam v ang thu c nhng kt qu ht sc to ln, kim ngch xut khu nm 2003 t mc cao nht t trc ti nay (19,9) t USD, tng 19% so vi nm 2002 v vt xa mc d kin ban u l 18,5 t USD, a Vit Nam xp vo hng ng nhng nc c tc pht trin kinh t cao nht trn th gii trong giai on hin nay. Xut khu hin l mt trong nhng tr ct chnh ca nn kinh t Vit Nam, chim ti 50% GDP ca t nc. Tng trng xut khu ng gp ng k i vi tng trng kinh t, to thm cng n vic lm, thc y qu trnh hi nhp ca nc ta vi khu vc v th gii.
Bng 4: Kim ngch xut khu ca Vit Nam vo mt s th trng chnh thi k 1995 -2003 n v: triu USD

Tng kim ngch ASEAN Nht Bn EU Hoa K Chu Phi Australia

1995 5.448 1.461 664,2 169,7 55,4

2001 15.029 2.551 2.509 3.002 1.065 214,1 1.041

2002 16.706 2.425 2.438 3.149 2.421 82,5 1.329

2003 19.870 2.973 2.872 3.705 3.978 103,1 1.394

Ngun: Nin gim thng k 2000-2002, V K hoch-Thng k- B Thng mi

Nhn vo Bng thng k trn, ta thy rng xut khu ca Vit Nam ch yu tp trung vo cc th trng chnh: ASEAN, Nht Bn, Hoa K v EU. Trong , xut khu nm 2003 dn u l Hoa k, th hai l E.U, th ba l ASEAN v ng cui cng l Nht bn. Th trng Hoa k c xem l mt bt ng ngoi d kin ca hng xut khu ca Vit Nam. Xut khu vo Hoa k nhanh chng vt qua tt c cc th trng ln nh E.U, ASEAN v Nht bn. K t khi Hip nh Thng mi Vit Nam Hoa K c k kt, kim ngch xut khu ca Vit Nam sang th trng Hoa K lin tc gia tng. Kim ngch xut khu nm 2002 ca Vit Nam vo Hoa K t trn 2,4 t USD, tng 128% so vi nm 2001. Xut khu hng ch to ca Vit Nam tng hn 500% trong nm 2002 khng ch bao gm bng n xut khu hng may

41

mc (1769%), m cn tng mnh xut khu g (499%), hng ho phc v du lch (5433%), cc hng ch to khc 847% v giy dp 70% 25 . Nh vy, qua nhng phn tch trn c th thy nhng th trng chim kim ngch xut khu ln nht ca Vit Nam cng chnh l nhng th trng hay p dng v p dng nhiu nhng ro cn mi trng nht (E.U, Nht bn, Hoa k v ngay c ASEAN). Do , vic hng ho xut khu ca ta khng p ng c cc tiu chun ni chung v tiu chun mi trng ni ring khi xut khu vo cc th trng ny s c nh hng rt tiu cc i vi hot ng xut khu. 6.4.2. Cc doanh nghip xut khu ca Vit Nam chu thit hi ng k Thc t cho thy cc mt hng xut khu ca Vit Nam v ang gp khng t kh khn trong qu trnh vt qua cc ro cn v mi trng khng ch ti th trng ca cc nc pht trin m ngay c th trng ca nhng nc c nn kinh t km pht trin hn. Nhng v d thc t di y cho thy tm quan trng sng cn i vi vic nng cao tnh cnh tranh ca bn thn doanh nghip trong qu trnh p ng cc yu cu, quy nh v tiu chun v mi trng ti th trng nc ngoi: Ti Hoa K, ch ring trong thng 9 nm 2003 c 13 l hng xut khu thu sn ca Vit Nam b cnh co vi phm cc quy nh v an ton v sinh thc phm 26 ; Cng trong thng 9/2003, c 8 l hng thu sn ca Vit Nam b Canada cnh bo v vic khng p ng c cc yu cu v an ton v sinh thc phm. Tip theo thng 10/2003 c 6 l hng thu sn ca ta cng b cnh bo do nhim vi sinh v Chloramphenicol; K t ngy 6/8/2003, i Loan tin hnh kim nghim tng l hng u H lan nhp khu t Vit Nam xc nh d lng thuc nng nghip. Tnh n ngy 19/9/2003, tng cng c 16 l hng ca ta khng t tiu chun V sinh thc phm ca i Loan. Cc loi d lng thuc nng nghip ny ch yu l: Chlorothalonil, Carbendazim v Dithiocarbanates 27 .

Mt v d khc i vi hng nng sn xut khu vo Trung quc, l mt nc ang pht trin v cng khng nm trong din cc th trng p t tiu chun qu kht khe i vi hng ho nhp khu. Theo B V Mai, Ch tch Hip hi xut khu tri cy Vit Nam (Vinafruit), thi gian gn y, pha Trung quc ang tch cc cng c h thng cc quy nh v V sinh an ton thc phm. iu ny c th hin rt r rng vic nhiu l nhn ca Vit Nam b ch li ti ca khu bin gii Vit Trung, gy n tc hng khin nhiu nh xut khu nng sn iu ng. L do l cc doanh nghip Trung quc ang gia tng vic kim sot cht lng V sinh an ton thc phm, iu m trc y doanh nghip Vit Nam t khi thy bin gii 28 . i mt vi nhng thch thc ca ro cn mi trng p dng mt cch trn lan ti khp cc th trng xut khu ca hng ho Vit Nam, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam khng cn cch no khc l phi tch cc t thn vn ng tm hiu, cp nht chnh sch nhp khu ca cc
25 Ngun: D n Star Vit Nam-Vin Qun l Kinh t Trung ng, nh gi tc ng kinh t ca Hip nh thng mi song phng, Bo co kinh t nm 2002, Nh Xut bn Chnh tr Quc gia, 2003. 26 Theo VietNamNet, ngy 22/11/2003 27 Theo VietnamNet, ngy 30/10/2003 Theo Si gn Ti p th

42

nc i tc nhm khng ngng nng cao cht lng hng ho ca minh, vt qua nhng ro cn v mi trng . 6.4.3. Nguy c b mt ch ng trn cc th trng quc t trc cc i th cnh tranh ngy cng ln Tnh cnh tranh ca hng ho Vit Nam so vi cc nc c cng th mnh v xut khu i vi cc sn phm cng loi cn rt thp. V nng sn, dt may, da giy, Vit Nam gp phi mt i th ng gm l Trung Quc. L hng xm gn gi nht ca Vit Nam, vic Trung Quc tr thnh thnh vin chnh thc ca T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO) vi nhiu thay i mnh m v c ch, chnh sch c tc ng ng k n hot ng ngoi thng nc ta: lm chm li mc tng kim ngch nhp khu t Vit Nam nht l nng sn, nhiu hng ho ca Trung Quc l i th cnh tranh trc tip vi hng Vit nam trn th trng th gii. Ngoi ra Trung Quc k Hip nh thng mi t do vi Thi Lan, theo xut khu rau qu ca Thi Lan vo Trung Quc s c hng thu sut u i 0% nn rau qu ca Vit Nam s kh cnh tranh c vi Thi Lan. Vic xut hin ngy cng nhiu i th cnh tranh mnh trn th trng quc t cng chng t rng p ng cc yu cu ca th trng xut khu, trong c cc yu cu mi trng, l ht sc cn thit i vi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam trong bi cnh cnh tranh quc t ngy cng khc lit.

7.

Kho st thc t cc doanh nghip

Nhm chuyn gia tin hnh kho st 60 doanh nghip sn xu kinh doanh ti c Min Nam v Min Bc c hot ng sn xut kinh doanh lin quan n mi trng. Kho st c tin hnh theo hnh thc xy dng v phn pht bn cu hi (questionaires) cho cc doanh nghip. Kt qu ch c 32 doanh nghip c phn hi, trong ch c 23 phiu kho st c thng tin hp l. Di y l nhng pht hin chnh rt ra t kt qu kho st: 7.1. Lnh vc hot ng

Din doanh nghip c kho st tng i rng, bao gm hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh (trong ch yu l cc doanh nghip c hot ng xut khu) thuc nhiu lnh vc khc nhau, nhng u t nhiu c nh hng ti mi trng, bao gm nhng lnh vc sau: Chn nui, git m, ch bin tht; Trng v ch bin ch; Sn xut my tre (tre cun, sn mi, sn du...); Sn xut hng nng sn, ch bin v xut khu thc phm; Ch bin rau qu xut khu; Thu mua, ch bin, xut khu cc loi sn phm thu sn, hi sn; 43

Sn xut v xut khu cc sn phm da giy; Sn xut v xut khu cc sn phm dt may

7.2.

nh gi mc nh hng i vi mi trng

C 78% s cng ty tr li c nh hng, 22% tr li khng nh hng. Cc cng ty tr li khng ch yu c phng vn tc thi (khng c s chun b), do cng phn nh trung thc v nhn thc i vi nh hng v mi trng. Nhiu cng ty cho rng c nh hng, c k hoch v chi ph thc hin cc chnh sch bo v mi trng, tuy nhin li khng cung cp c nhng thng tin c th. Hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip nh hng ti mi trng theo nhiu cch thc khc nhau. Nc thi l hnh thc nh hng ph bin nht, c ti 2/3 s doanh nghip c phng vn cho bit c nh hng qua nc thi. Tip theo l cc loi nh hng do khi bi (than, x, ho cht), cht thi rn v cc loi nguyn liu, ph liu. Mt s t doanh nghip cho bit c hin tng nhim do kh thi, ting n, ho cht c v thuc tr su c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut.

7.3.

V kh nng tun th cc chnh sch, quy nh mi trng ca Chnh ph

Nhiu bin php c p dng nhm ngn chn hoc hn ch nh hng mi trng trong qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh. Ph bin nht l vic xy dng h thng x l nc thi, tip l cc hot ng ci thin iu kin ni lm vic, u t trang thit b, thc hin cc bin php hn ch cht thi, xy dng h thng x l bi, thu gom rc thi, thc hin cng tc nh gi tc ng mi trng, pht ng cc phong tro sn xut sch hn, p dng cc bin php an ton lao ng Tuy nhin, nhn chung cc bin php ny, nu so snh vi cc quy nh ca Chnh ph (theo thng tin t cc doanh nghip) th c s khng ng b. iu cho thy hai kh nng: (i) cc chng trnh ny mang tnh t pht v (ii) cc chnh sch v quy nh ca Chnh ph khng c hng dn c th, chi tit v do kh pht huy tc dng. Bn thn mt s doanh nghip cng nhn xt mc d cc chnh sch ca Chnh ph cng nh bin php c th ang p dng cp doanh nghip l hp l, tuy nhin mt s quy nh kh thc hin trong iu kin sn xut ca Vit Nam (v d quy nh tiu chun nc thi cao hn mc trung bnh ca th gii, thiu cc nguyn liu u vo thay th, chi ph thc thi cao). Tuy nhin khi nh gi nh hng ca vic tun th cc chnh sch, quy nh mi trng ca chnh ph, gn 50% s doanh nghip iu tra nhn nh rng vic ny l cn thit v gp phn nng cao nng lc cnh tranh, c 10% doanh nghip cho rng tun th s lm gim nng lc cnh tranh. Ch c 10% doanh nghip cho rng mc d vic tun th ny dn ti tng chi ph nhng li gip p ng tt hn yu cu ca ngi tiu dng. nh gi v nhng kh khn trong vic thc hin cc chnh sch mi trng, hn 50% s doanh nghip nhn xt l do thiu ngun lc ti chnh, c 25% doanh nghip ngh c s 44

h tr thm t pha chnh ph. Thng tin v cng ngh hin i v c bit l ngun nhn lc hu nh khng c nh gi l nhng kh khn quan trng. iu ny c th cho thy hai c im: th nht, nng lc cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip trong nc rt yu, c xu hng da dm vo s h tr ca chnh ph, th hai, cc doanh nghip vn cha thch nghi vi iu kin cnh tranh quc t v h quen thuc vi mi trng cnh tranh trong nc v khng nh gi cao yu t cng ngh v thng tin. Kt lun ny c khng nh thng qua xut chnh sch ca cc doanh nghip. Mc d c t doanh nghip a ra xut nhng phn ln theo hng ngh Chnh ph h tr ti chnh hoc cng ngh, h tr xy dng h thng x l nhim mi trng. 7.4. Kh khn do phi i mt vi cc yu cu mi trng trong hot ng xut khu Khong 50% s cc doanh nghip iu tra cho bit h xut khu sang EU, Nht, Hoa K. ng ch l xut hin mt s th trng xut khu trong khu vc nh Singapo, i Loan, Thi Lan. Mt iu ng ngc nhin l s nhiu doanh nghip tr li khng gp kh khn hn s doanh nghip tr li gp kh khn. iu ny mt phn c th gii thch l do cc doanh nghip ngi cung cp thng tin c th, mt phn c th l do cc doanh nghip xut khu mt phn qua cc th trng trung gian nn khng phi i mt trc tip vi nhng yu cu mi trng kht khe ca th trng. Mt s tr ngi c cp khi doanh nghip tr li v cc ro cn th trng nc ngoi: Yu cu v Phng php v Quy trnh Sn xut (PPM) (8 doanh nghip): p dng cc tiu chun v iu kin vic lm cho cng nhn, kim sot ngun cung cp thc phm, quy nh ngun gc xut x thu sn Yu cu v bao gi (45% doanh nghip): v d quy nh vt liu s dng cho bao b; Yu cu v v sinh kim dch (SPS) (55% doanh nghip) Yu cu hng nhp khu phi c x l vi sinh; Cc ro cn k thut nh kim tra d lng khng sinh, thuc tr su, bin i gien, cm nhp nng sn cha aflaxtoxin, tiu chun v hm lng ho cht ti a cho php: 30% doanh nghip Yu cu v Nhn mc sinh thi (eco-labelling) (30% doanh nghip) Cc yu cu khc nh: p dng h thng qun l mi trng ISO 14000 (30% doanh nghip) Yu cu v bo v vt nui, cy trng (12% doanh nghip), HACCP (9% doanh nghip)

Kt qu kho st cng cho thy Chnh ph ng vai tr tng i tch cc trong vic cung cp thng tin h tr doanh nghip tip cn th trng nc ngoi. Thng tin th trng (cc yu cu lin quan n mi trng) c cung cp qua cc knh: 45

Internet (39% doanh nghip) Cc phng tin thng tin i chng (39% doanh nghip) Do Chnh ph cung cp (70% doanh nghip) T chi ph tm hiu (39% doanh nghip) (mt s doanh nghip s dng kt hp cc ngun thng tin)

Phn nhiu cc doanh nghip tr li bit r v yu cu lin quan n mi trng ca th trng. iu ny chng t kh khn ca h hu nh lin quan nhiu ti vn chi ph v cng ngh. Kt qu kho st cho thy: Khng hiu r yu cu ca nc nhp khu (22%); Thiu thng tin (28%); Thiu cng ngh hin i (35%); Thiu nng lc ti chnh (39%); Thiu nhn lc (15%); Thiu s h tr t pha Chnh ph (18%).

Mt ln na, yu t nhn lc li c nh gi l t gp kh khn nht. Kt qu kho st cho thy cc doanh nghip mong mun Chnh ph ng vai tr tch cc v c nhng bin php thit thc hn na. Ngoi nhng bin php h tr ti chnh v cng ngh, mt s gii php khc cng c cp, bao gm: ngh CP c chnh sch u tin v vn cho cc doanh nghip thu ht nhiu lao ng x hi nhng li nhun t nh ngnh may; ngh CP to thun li v mt c ch, trnh t th tc u t; ngh CP hng dn gii quyt nhng kh khn gp phi, cp nht thng tin.

7.5. Chi ph tun th cc quy nh trong nc v bo v mi trng v yu cu v mi trng ca th trng nc ngoi Thc t l chi ph m cc doanh nghip u t cho thc hin chnh sch bo v mi trng v p ng yu cu mi trng ca nc ngoi rt hn ch. Mt s doanh nghip cn khng c k hoch chi ph c th: T l gia chi ph cho bo v mi trng v chi ph sn xut: Khng u t/khng cp: Di 1%: 3 doanh nghip 1 doanh nghip 46

T 1-5%: T 6-10%: T 11-20%: Trn 20%: -

13 doanh nghip 6 doanh nghip khng khng

T l gia chi ph cho p ng cc yu cu mi trng v chi ph sn xut/kinh doanh: Khng u t/khng cp: Di 1%: T 1-5%: T 6-10%: T 11-20%: Trn 20%: 13 doanh nghip 1 doanh nghip 5 doanh nghip 3 doanh nghip 1 doanh nghip khng c

8. 8.1. -

kt lun v khuyn ngh Cc gii php cp quc gia Tng cng hiu lc ca h thng chnh sch php lut v mi trng: Nghin cu ban u cho thy h thng cc vn bn php lut mi trng c xy dng mt cch tng i c h thng, tuy nhin, thiu c th v kh nng thc thi cn cha cao, c bit l t c nhng vn bn ni lut ho cc ngha v trong MEAs. Gii php xut l cn nghin cu xy dng nhng quy nh hng dn chi tit, c th hn i vi cc quy nh hin hnh, ng thi xy dng b sung cc vn bn, quy nh hng dn trc tip vic thc thi cc MEAs m Vit Nam k kt. Cn c s u tin p dng cc bin php mang tnh cht kinh t (nh thu, ph mi trng) c xy dng nhm m bo vic thc thi c hiu qu cp doanh nghip; Gio dc v nng cao nhn thc: y l vn t ra i vi c cc c quan nh nc, cc doanh nghip v mi c nhn. Mt khi c c nhn thc r rng th thc trch nhim i vi vic bo v mi trng ni chung s c nng cao. Kt qu nghin cu v kho st cc doanh nghip cho thy y l mt trong nhng hn ch ln nht i vi h trong vic thc thi cc chnh sch bo v mi trng ca nh nc cng nh nng cao nng lc ca h v mi trng trn th trng quc t. y l gii php ht thc cn thit nhm m bo s hiu qu trong thc thi cc chnh sch php lut v thng mi mi trng; Xy dng tiu chun quc gia l yu cu ht sc cp thit. Gii php ny xut pht t yu cu thc tin phi c mt h thng tiu chun y kim tra, gim st cc nhm m bo rng cc doanh nghip thc hin tt cc chnh sch bo v mi trng trong nc v p ng yu cu ca th trng nc ngoi. Lin quan n vn ny, gii php trc mt c th h tr cc doanh nghip p ng tt hn yu cu ca th trng l xc tin cc tho thun hp tc tha nhn ln nhau v tiu chun trong khun kh cc din n khu vc nh APEC v ASEM; u t i mi cng ngh l i hi cp thit ca cc doanh nghip, c bit l trong bi cnh cnh tranh quc t. T gc chnh ph, yu cu ny c th c thc hin thng qua cc chnh sch khuyn khch u t, khuyn khch pht trin cc khu cng ngh cao, ng thi xy dng mt th trng khoa hc cng ngh c th ng 47

dng nhiu cng trnh nghin cu hn vo hot ng sn xut kinh doanh. Theo kt qu nghin cu v kho st th cng ngh l mt kh khn ln m cc doanh nghip mong i c chnh ph h tr; H tr cc doanh nghip va v nh, c bit l v nng cao nhn thc, vn, cng ngh v thng tin. y l khu vc to ra tc tng trng cao, gii quyt nhiu cng n vic lm, li d dng thch nghi vi nhng mi trng cnh tranh mi. Tuy nhin, kh khn v vn, cng ngh v thng tin li l nhng tr ngi chnh i vi h, c bit l trong bi cnh phi cnh tranh vi cc khu vc doanh nghip khc hin ang c u i hn; y mnh m phn quc t (c bit l m phn gia nhp WTO) c th tin ti tham gia vo vic sa i cc quy nh thng mi v mi trng quc t nhm bo v li ch ca mnh. ng thi, c ch gii quyt tranh chp trong WTO cng l mt phng cch tt gii quyt mt cch bnh ng cc tranh chp thng mi quc t. Mt yu t quan trng m bo hiu qu thc s ca m phn quc t l phi c s phi hp, trao i thng xuyn gia doanh nghip v cc c quan tham gia m phn. Vai tr h tr ny ca chnh ph dng nh cha c cc doanh nghip nhn thc r rng. Cc gii php cp doanh nghip

8.2.

cp doanh nghip cn c nhng bin php nhm nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca mnh trn th trng quc t. Cc bin php xut bao gm: Xy dng chin lc kinh doanh di hn c tnh n cc tc ng ca cc quy nh tiu chun v quy nh mi trng ca sn phm, trong c vic coi p ng cc tiu chun mi trng l mt b phn cu thnh trong hch ton chi ph sn xut kinh doanh. Kt qu nghin cu v kho st cho thy c rt t doanh nghip cung cp c thng tin v chi ph cho cc cam kt mi trng, nhng doanh nghip cam kt th ch u t mt cch hn ch; u t i mi cng ngh v p dng h thng qun l cht lng theo ISO 9000, ISO 14000, HACCP... y l mt hn ch ln nht ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam, c bit l cc doanh nghip va v nh khi tham gia vo cnh tranh quc t; o to ngun nhn lc: Ngun nhn lc l yu t quan trng trong vic thc thi cc cam kt mi trng ca doanh nghip. c bit, trc nhng i hi kht khe v quy trnh sn xut (PPMs) hin nay ca mt s th trng th vic u t nng cao k nng v trnh cho ngi lao ng l mt khuyn ngh hp l cho cc doanh nghip. Kt qu nghin cu v kho st cho thy y l yu t cha c coi trng ng mc. Nng cao thc v trch nhim ca doanh nghip: Cc doanh nghip cn thc c quyn li v ngha v ca mnh trong qu trnh xy dng chnh sch thng mi v mi trng thng qua vic hng ng cc chng trnh ly kin xy dng vn bn php quy ca chnh ph. Kt qu kho st cho thy mc d c yu cu nhng khng c doanh nghip no c kin ng gp hoc khuyn ngh cho vic hp l ho cc chnh sch ca chnh ph.

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Ph lc 1: So snh cc bin php thng mi v mi trng trong cc hip nh mi trng a bin v hip nh thng mi a bin vi cc bin php c ban hnh Vit Nam
Bin php (loi Cc MEAs bin php) lin quan Cm xut nhp khu Basel, CITES, gia cc nc thnh MP vin vi cc nc khng phi thnh vin (MEAs) Cc quy nh trong WTO I GATT-Art. (MFN), Art. XX(b),(g) nh gi s ph hp vi cc quy nh quc t - Thiu c th - Danh mc cm cha ton din; - Thiu cc bin php qun l xut khu, nh hng n vic duy tr cc ngun lc. - Khng c cam kt ring cho cc nc l thnh vin hay cha l thnh vin Ngh nh thc hin CITES - Thiu c th Danh mc cm xut khu, cm - Danh mc cm cha ton nhp khu v cc mc tiu din; trong c bo v mi trng Quy nh v kim sot nhp khu cht thi c hi, thc phm, thit b v hng tiu dng qua s dng. Ngh nh thc hin CITES - Thiu c th Danh mc cm xut khu, cm - Danh mc cm cha ton nhp khu v cc mc tiu din; trong c bo v mi trng - Thiu cc bin php qun l xut khu, nh hng n vic duy tr cc ngun lc. Quy nh chung yu cu i - Cc tiu ch mi trng vi nhp khu ho cht c, cha c cn nhc tho Chnh sch hin hnh ca Vit Nam Ngh nh thc hin CITES Danh mc cm xut khu, cm nhp khu v cc mc tiu trong c bo v mi trng Quy nh v kim sot nhp khu cht thi c hi, thc phm, thit b v hng tiu dng qua s dng. Khuyn ngh Ban hnh thm cc vn bn hng dn c th; Cng c cc quy nh qun l xut khu nhm bo v mi trng

Cm nhp khu gia CITES, MP cc nc thnh vin (MEAs)

GATTXX(b),(g)

Art. -

Ban hnh thm cc vn bn hng dn c th; Cng c cc quy nh qun l xut khu nhm bo v mi trng

Cm xut khu gia Basel, CITES, GATTXX(b),(g) cc nc thnh vin MP (MEAs)

Art. -

Ban hnh thm cc vn bn hng dn c th; Cng c cc quy nh qun l xut khu nhm bo v mi trng Cn cn nhc tho ng ti cc tiu ch mi

Giy php hoc cp CITES, MP php nhp khu

GATT- Art.XI; Art. XX(b),(g)

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Bin php (loi bin php) (MEAs)

Cc MEAs lin quan

Cc quy nh trong WTO

Giy php hoc cp CITES, MP php xut khu (MEAs) Th tc thng bo Basel, CITES v ng (MEAs) Dn nhn (MEAs) Basel, CITES, MP Ngha v chung v CITES, MP bi b cc hn ch nh lng (WTO)

GATT- Art.XI; Art. XX(b),(g)

GATT- Art.XI; Art. XX(b),(g) GATTArt. XX(b),(g); TBT GATT- Art.XI -

Chnh sch hin hnh nh gi s ph hp vi cc ca Vit Nam quy nh quc t cht phng x, cng ngh v ng thit b phi c s cho php bi cc c quan c thm quyn Giy php nhp khu c p dng cho hng ho thuc quyn kim sot ca B Thng mi Giy php nhp khu c p - Khng c vn bn php dng cho hng ho thuc quy trong nc tng ng. quyn kim sot ca B Cc tiu ch mi trng Thng mi cha c cn nhc tho ng. Khng c vn bn php quy - Khng c vn bn php trong nc tng ng quy trong nc tng ng Khng c vn bn php quy - Khng c vn bn php trong nc tng ng quy trong nc tng ng Quyt nh s 46/2001/Q- Cc tiu ch mi trng TTg, trong c l trnh bi cha c cn nhc tho b hn ngch v giy php ng Yu cu chung v cc quy nh, yu cu k thut i vi vic nhp khu cc thit b qua s dng Cc tiu chun quc gia v cc tiu chun quc t nh ISO, HACCPc p dng Cc quy nh v an ton thc phm, bo v ng thc vt, Yu cu chung v cc quy nh, yu cu k thut i vi vic nhp khu cc thit b qua s dng

Khuyn ngh trng khi xy dng chnh sch thng mi

Cc ngha v ca MEAs cn c ni lut ho.

Khng phn bit i Lin quan ti GATT- Art. I, x v khng to ra tt c cc III, XX ro cn tr hnh cho MEAs thng mi (WTO) -

Cc bin php v quy nh k thut c p dng khng vi phm quy nh ca WTO, nhng khng c p dng mt cch thng xuyn.

Cc ngha v ca MEAs cn c ni lut ho. Cc ngha v ca MEAs cn c ni lut ho. Cn cn nhc tho ng ti cc tiu ch mi trng khi xy dng chnh sch thng mi Tng cng p dng nhng bin php c WTO cho php.

m bo tnh cn Lin quan ti GATT- Art. I, thit v khng bp tt c cc III; TBT; SPS mo thng mi MEAs (WTO)

Cc bin php v quy nh k thut c p dng khng vi phm quy nh ca WTO, nhng khng -

Tng cng p dng nhng bin php c WTO cho php. Xc tin cc tho thun

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Bin php (loi bin php)

Cc MEAs lin quan

Cc quy nh trong WTO -

Chnh sch hin hnh nh gi s ph hp vi cc ca Vit Nam quy nh quc t Cc tiu chun quc gia v c p dng mt cch cc tiu chun quc t nh thng xuyn. ISO, HACCPc p dng Cc quy nh v an ton thc phm, bo v ng thc vt, Ngh nh hng dn thc hin CITES Cc danh mc cm xut, nhp khu, trong c l do bo v mi trng Cc lut v php lnh v bo v cc ngun lc mi trng. Thiu c ch thc thi hiu qu: nhiu hin tng vi phm v ln trnh Cc tiu ch mi trng cha c cn nhc tho ng trong chnh sch thng mi -

Khuyn ngh khu vc v quc t v tha nhn ln nhau trong nh gi s ph hp vi cc tiu chun.

Art. Cc ngoi l v bo Lin quan ti GATTv mi trng Tt c cc XX(b), (g); MEAs (WTO) TBT; SPS; AoA; SCM; TRIPs; GATS -

Cn cn nhc tho ng ti cc tiu ch mi trng khi xy dng chnh sch thng mi Cn c nhng hng dn c th v c ch thc thi c hiu qu, v d nh thng qua h thng thu v ph mi trng Tng cng p dng nhng bin php c WTO cho php.

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Ph lc 2: Mt s quy nh php l v thng mi lin quan n mi trng 1. Ch th ca Th tng Chnh ph s 130/CT-TTg ngy 27/3/1993 v vic qun l v bo v ng vt v thc vt qu him 2. Lut Bo v Mi trng (1994) 3. Ngh nh 175/CP ngy 18/10/1994 hng dn thc hin Lut bo v mi trng 4. Ch th ca Th tng Chnh ph s 359/CT-TTg ngy 29/5/1996 v nhng bin php cp bch bo v v pht trin cc loi ng vt hoang d 5. Quy nh v vic kim tra nh nc i vi cht lng hng ho xut khu (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 2578/Q-TC ngy 28/10/1996 ca B Trng B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng) 6. Thng t lin b Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng - Thng mi s 2880/KCMTM ngy 19/12/1996 quy nh tm thi i vi vic nhp khu cc ph liu 7. Lut thng mi ban hnh 10/5/1997 8. Quy ch kim tra Nh nc v cht lng i vi thc phm nhp khu (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 1370/BYT-Q ngy 17/7/1997) 9. Quyt nh s 2019/1997/Q-BKHCNMT ngy 1/12/1997 quy nh chung v k thut i vi nhp khu cc thit b qua s dng 10. Quyt nh s 287/NN-BVTV/Q ngy 25/2/1997 ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn v vic ban hnh quy nh tm thi th tc kim tra Nh nc cht lng thuc bo v thc vt xut, nhp khu 11. Quyt nh s 297/NN-BVTV/Q ngy 27/2/1997 ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn v vic ban hnh danh mc thuc bo v thc vt c php s dng v hn ch s dng, cm s dng trong nng nghip Vit Nam 12. Thng t lin b Thng mi - Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn s 05 LB/TT ngy 24/5/1997 hng dn nhng iu kin trong git m, bun bn v vn chuyn ln, tru, b. 13. Thng t s 16/1999/TT-BTM ngy 15/6/1999 hng dn iu kin mua bn, vn chuyn thc phm ti sng v ch bin. 14. Quyt nh s 2019/1997/Q-BKHCNMT ngy 1/12/1997 quy nh chung v k thut i vi nhp khu cc thit b qua s dng. 15. Ch th ca Th tng Chnh ph s 01/1998/CT-TTg ngy 2/1/1998 v vic nghim cm s dng cht n, xung in, cht c khai thc thu sn. 16. Ngh nh s 57/1998/CP ngy 31/07/1998 quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut Thng mi, Th tng Chnh ph quy nh cc mt hng b cm xut khu hoc xut khu c iu kin. 17. Ch th ca Th tng Chnh ph s 29/1998/CT-TTg ngy 25/8/1998 v tng cng cng tc qun l vic s dng thuc bo v thc vt v cc cht hu c gy nhim kh phn hu. 18. Quyt nh s 395/1998/Q-BKHCNMT ngy 10/4/1998 v vic ban hnh Quy ch bo v mi trng trong vic tm kim, thm d, pht trin m, khai thc, tng tr, vn chuyn, ch bin du kh v cc dch v lin quan. 19. Ngh nh ca Chnh ph s 11/1999/N-CP ngy 3/3/1999 v hng ho cm lu thng, dch v thng mi cm thc hin; hng ho, dch v thng mi hn ch kinh doanh, kinh doanh c iu kin. 20. Ch th ca Th tng Chnh ph s 31/1999/CT-TTg ngy 27/10/1999 v u tranh chng sn xut v bun bn hng gi.

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21. Quy nh v kim tra nh nc cht lng hng ho xut khu, nhp khu (Ban hnh theo Quyt nh s 1091/1999/Q-BKHCNMT ngy 22/6/1999 ca B trng B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng). 22. Quyt nh 155/1999/Q-TTg ngy 16/7/1999 v vic ban hnh quy ch qun l cht thi nguy hi. 23. Thng t ca B Thng mi s 14/1999/TT-BTM ngy 7/7/1999 hng dn iu kin kinh doanh xng du. 24. Php lnh cht lng hng ho s 18/1999/PL-UBTVQH ca U ban thng v Quc hi. 25. Thng t s 16/1999/TT-BTM ngy 15/6/1999 hng dn iu kin mua bn, vn chuyn thc phm ti sng v ch bin. 26. Ngh nh s 57/1998/CP ngy 31/07/1998 quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut Thng mi, Th tng Chnh ph quy nh cc mt hng b cm xut khu hoc xut khu c iu kin. 27. Danh mc chi tit hng ho cm lu thng, dch v thng mi cm thc hin; hng ho, dch v cm kinh doanh, kinh doanh c iu kin (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh ca B Thng mi s 88/2000/Q-BTM ngy 18/1/2000) 28. Danh mc ngnh ngh, mt hng kinh doanh c iu kin v cc iu kin kinh doanh tng ng (Ban hnh km theo quyt nh ca B trng B Thng mi s 1361/2000/Q-BTM ngy 29/9/2000) 29. Php lnh bo v v kim dch thc vt (s 36/2001/PL-UBTVQH10 ngy 25/7/2001) 30. Quy ch kim tra v cng nhn c s sn xut, kinh doanh thu sn t tiu chun v sinh an ton thc phm (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 649/2000/Q-BTS ngy 4/8/2000 ca B trng B Thu sn) 31. Cng vn ca B Thng mi s 4413/TM-CSTNTN ngy 30/10/2001 v vic cm lu thng xng pha ch 32. Php lnh bo v v kim dch thc vt s 36/2001/PL-UBTVQH10 ngy 25/7/2001. 33. Quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph s 46/2001/Q-TTg ngy 4/4/2001 v qun l xut khu, nhp khu hng ho thi k 2001-2005. 34. Quyt nh ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn s 58/2001/Q/BNN-KNKL ngy 23/5/2001 v vic ban hnh danh mc ging cy trng, ging vt nui qu him cm xut khu, danh mc ging cy trng, ging vt nui c nhp khu. 35. Quyt nh ca B trng B Thu sn s 344/2001/Q-BTS ngy 2/5/2001 v qun l xut nhp khu hng thu sn chuyn ngnh thi k 2001 2005. 36. Thng t 02/2001/TT-BKHCNMT ngy 15/2/2001 hng dn vic nhp khu my mc qua s dng. 37. Quy nh v an ton thc phm trong sn xut kinh doanh s dng ph gia thc phm (Ban hnh theo quyt nh s 928/2002/Q - BYT ngy 21/3/2002 ca B Y t). 38. Quyt nh s 54/2002/Q-BNN ngy 20/6/2002 v vic cm sn xut, nhp khu, lu thng v s dng mt s loi thuc khng sinh, ho cht trong sn xut v kinh doanh thc n gia sc. 39. Ch th ca B Thu sn s 07/2001/CT-BTS ngy 24/9/2001 v vic cm s dng Chloramphenicol v qun l vic dng ho cht, thuc th y trong sn xut thu sn. 40. Ngh nh ca Chnh ph s 11/2002/N-CP ngy 22/1/2002 v vic qun l hot ng xut khu, nhp khu v qu cnh cc loi ng vt, thc vt hoang d. 53

41. Ngh nh ca Chnh ph s 58/2002/N-CP ngy 3/6/2002 ban hnh iu l bo v thc vt, iu l kim dch thc vt v iu l qun l thuc bo v thc vt. 42. Quy nh v kim tra cht lng, an ton k thut v bo v mi trng trong sn xut, lp rp cc loi m t, xe gn my (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 2557/2002/Q-BGTVT ngy 16/8/2002 ca B trng B Giao thng vn ti). 43. Quyt nh ca B trng B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng s 65/2001/QBKHCNMT ngy 11/12/2001 v vic ban hnh danh mc cc loi ph liu c x l m bo yu cu v mi trng c php nhp khu lm nguyn liu sn xut. 44. Quyt nh ca B trng B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng s 35/2002/ QBKHCNMT ngy 25/6/2002 v vic cng b danh mc tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng bt buc p dng. 45. Quy nh v vic kim nh cht lng, d lng thuc bo v thc vt v kho nghim thuc thuc bo v thc vt nhm mc ch ng k ti Vit Nam (Ban hnh theo quyt nh s 50/2003/Q-BNN ngy 25/3/2003 ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn). 46. Php lnh v v sinh, an ton thc phm ngy 19/8/2003.

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Ph lc 3: Danh mc vn bn php lut v mi trng c cc quy nh thng mi (1). Lut Bo v Mi trng (1993) (2). Ngh nh s 175-CP ngy 18 thng 10 nm 1994 ca Chnh ph v hng dn thi hnh Lut BVMT. (3). Ngh nh s 02-CP ngy 5/1/1995 ca Th tng Chnh ph quy nh v hng ha, dch v cm kinh doanh, thng mi, v hng ha, dch v kinh doanh, thng mi c iu kin th trng trong nc. (4). Thng t s 1350-TT/KCM ngy 2/8/1995 ca B KHCNMT hng dn thc hin Ngh nh s 02-CP ca Chnh ph i vi hng ha l ha cht c mnh, cht phng x, ph liu, ph thi kim loi v ph thi c ha cht c hi v mt s loi vt t k thut cao cp kinh doanh c iu kin th trng trong nc. (4). Quyt nh s 287 NN-BVTV/Q ngy 25 thng 02 nm 1997 ca B trng B NN &PTNT v vic ban hnh Quy nh tm thi th tc kim tra nh nc cht lng thuc BVTV xut, nhp khu. (5). Quyt nh s 297 NN-BVTV/Q ngy 27 thng 02 nm 1997 ca B trng B NN &PTNT v vic ban hnh danh mc thuc BVTV c php s dng, hn ch s dng, cm s dng trong nng nghip ti Vit Nam. (6). Thng t lin b s 01-TT/CN/KCN ngy 28/2/1997 ca B KHCNMT v B Cng nghip hng dn thi hnh Ch th ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic nh ch sn xut, s dng cht hot ng b mt DBSA trong cng nghip ty ra tng hp. (7). Quyt nh s 993-NN/BVTV/Q ngy 28/10/1995 ca B Nng nghip Cng nghip thc phm v vic cho ng k chnh thc v ng k b sung mt s thuc bo v thc vt c php s dng v hn ch s dng trong nng nghip Vit Nam. (8). Quyt nh s 229-NN/BVTV/Q ngy 22/12/1995 ca B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn v vic cho ng k chnh thc thuc bo v thc vt c php s dng trong nng nghip Vit Nam. (9). Quy nh s 367-BVTV/Q ngy 19/6/1996 ca Cc trng Cc Bo v thc vt v s dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt hn ch s dng Vit Nam. (10). Quyt nh s 287/NN-BVTV/Q ngy 25/2/1997 ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn ban hnh vn bn tm thi v th tc kim tra cht lng i vi ho cht bo v thc vt xut nhp khu. (11). Quyt nh s 297/NN-BVTV/Q ngy 27/2/1997 ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn i vi cc ho cht bo v thc vt c php, hn ch v cm s dng Vit nam. (12). Ngh nh s 50/1998/N-CP ngy 16 thng 07 nm 1998 ca Chnh ph Quy nh chi tit vic thi hnh Php lnh an ton v kim sat bc x : (13). Quyt nh s 491/1998/Q-BKHCNMT ngy 29 thng 04 nm 1998 ca B trng B KHCN &MT v vic sa i mt s ni dung ca bn quy nh nhng yu cu chung v k thut i vi vic nhp khu cc thit b qua s dng ban hnh km theo Quyt nh 2019/Q-BKHCNMT ngy 01 thng 12 nm 1997 ca B trng B KHCN &MT. (14). Ch th s 29 /1998/CT-TTg ngy 28 thng 08 nm 1998 ca Th tng Chnh ph v tng cng cng tc qun l vic s dng thuc bo v thc vt v cc cht hu c gy nhim kh phn hy. (15). Thng t lin tch s 1529/ 1998/TTLT/BKHCNMT-BXD ngy 17 thng 10 nm 1998 ca B KHCN &MT v B Xy dng v vic hng dn o bo mi trng trong s dng aming vo sn xut cc sn phm, vt liu v xy dng. (16). Quyt nh s 193/1998/Q/BNN-BVTV ngy 2/12/1998 ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn ban hnh nhng quy nh v kim tra cht lng v phn tn lu ca 55

cc ho cht bo v thc vt v nh gi thc tin i vi cc loi ho cht bo v thc vt ang c lu hnh Vit nam. (17). Thng t s 05/1999/TT-BYT ngy 27/3/1999 ca B Y t hng dn ng k v cp giy php s dng i vi nhng i tng yu cu v sinh lao ng. (18). Quyt nh s 1654/1999/Q-BYT ngy 29/5/1999 ca B Y t ban hnh quy nh qun l cc loi thuc tr su. (19). Quyt nh s 155/1999/Q-TTg ngy 16 thng 07 nm 1999 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ban hnh quy ch qun l cht thi nguy hi. (20). Quyt nh 46/2001/Q-TTg ngy 04 thng 04 nm 2001 ca Th tng Chnh ph v qun l xut khu, nhp khu hng ha thi k 2001-2005. (21). Quyt nh s 10/2001/Q-BKHCNMT ngy 11/05/2001 ca B KHCN&MT v vic ban hnh danh mc cc ph liu c nhp khu lm nguyn liu cho sn xut. (22). Quyt nh s 65/2001/Q-BKHCNMT ngy 11 thng 12 nm 2001 ca B trng B KHCN &MT v vic ban hnh danh mc cc loi ph liu c x l m bo yu cu v mi trng c php nhp khu lm nguyn liu sn xut. (23). Quyt nh s 82/2002/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic thnh lp qu bo v mi trng. (24). Quyt nh s 64/2003/Q-TTg ngy 22 thng 4 nm 2003 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt "K hoch x l trit cc c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng". (25). Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13 thng 6 nm 2003 ca Chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi. (26). Ngh nh s 113/2003 ngy 07 thng 10 nm 2003 ca Chnh ph ban hnh v qun l, sn xut kinh doanh phn bn. Ngh nh gm 7 chng, 28 iu, c hiu lc thi hnh sau 15 ngy k t ngy k. (27). Php lnh v sinh an ton thc phm c y ban Thng v Quc hi kha XI thng qua ngy 26 thng 07 nm 2003 v Ch tch nc k lnh cng b ngy 07 thng 08 nm 2003. Php lnh gm 7 chng, 54 iu, c hiu lc t ngy 01 thng 11 nm 2003. (28). Quyt nh s 252/2003/Q-TTg ngy 24 thng 11 nm 2003 ca Th tng Chnh ph v qun l bun bn hng ha qua bin gii vi cc nc c chung bin gii. (29). Quyt nh s 256/2003/Q-TTg ngy 02 thng 12 nm 2003 ca Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh ph duyt Chin lc Bo v mi trng quc gia n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020. (30). Quyt nh s 33/2003/Q-BKHCN ca B trng B Khoa hc v Cng ngh v vic ban hnh tiu chun Vit Nam. (31). Thng t Lin tch s 125/2003/TTLT-BTC-BTNMT ngy 18 thng 12 nm 2003 v vic Hng dn thc hin Ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP ngy 13 thng 6 nm 2003 ca Chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi.

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Ti liu Tham kho A. Ti liu t Hi tho APEC Conference Building on the WTO Trade and Environment Negotiations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Doha Ministerial Declaration, WT/MIN/(01)DEC/1 ICTSD Doha Round Briefing Series, Vol. 1 No. 9 of 13 Vol. 2 No. 9 of 13 WT/CTE/INF/5/Rev.2 Compilation of Submission under paragraph 31(1), TN/TE/S/3/Rev.1 Matrix on Trade measures pursuant to certain MEAs, WT/CTE/W/160/Rev.2, TN/TE/S/5 7. WTO Dispute Settlement Practice on GATT Art. XX., WT/CTE/W/203 8. Issues and Obstacles: Approaches to trade and environment issues among APEC developing economies (draft) B. Ti liu tham kho khc 1. Reconciling Trade and Environment. By Veena Jha, Anil Markandya, and Rene vossenaar. United Nation 1999. Edward Elgar Publishing House. 2. Conference on International Trade and Environment. Under SEMA (Strengthening Environment Management Authority) Project, coordinated by the National Environmental Agency, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Hanoi, 1999. 3. Bo co v hin trng mi trng ca cc hot ng thng mi nm 2002. Vin nghin cu Thng mi, B Thng mi, nm 2002. 4. WTO Special Study No. 4 (Trade and Environment). By WTO Secretariat, 1999. 5. ti tc ng ca cc quy nh v tiu chun mi trng i vi thng mi v kh nng thch ng ca hng xut khu Vit Nam, Vin Nghin cu Thng mi, H Ni, 2002. 6. Assiting Vietnamese Enterprises to cope with environment protection issues to be proactive in international integration. This project was completed in Hanoi 2003, under the lead coordination by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. 7. Trade Measures in Multilateral Environmental Agreements. By OECD, Paris 1999. 8. Processes and Production Methods (PPMs): Conceptual Framework and Considerations on use of PPMs-based trade measures. OECD, Paris, 1997. 9. Ecolabelling and WTO Rules: What needs to be done. OECD, Paris, 2001. 10. Environment and Trade: A Handbook. UNEP, 2000. 11. Mainstreaming environment in the WTO: Possible implications for developing countries. UNCTAD, 1999.

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