Lecture 1

INTELLIGENT CITIES
Concept

Nicos Komninos URENIO Research, Aristotle University www.urenio.org

PhD seminar Intelligent cities: Systems and Environment of Innovation

Contents
Intelligent cities driving forces Conceptualization

City: Fundamental layers throughout its history Agglomeration + Regulation Institutions

MASTER PLAN
Layer II. Institutions, Planning, Governance

Development District planning PLANNING

Clusters Industry

Infrastructure Transport Environment

Housing Districts

CBD

University

Layer I. Agglomeration, clusters and networks

Science Parks and Incubators

MASTER PLAN Infrastructure Transport District planning Environment

Clusters Industry Housing Districts

MASTER PLAN Infrastructure Transport District planning Environment

Clusters Industry Housing Districts

MASTER PLAN Infrastructure Transport District planning Environment

Clusters Industry Housing Districts

MASTER PLAN Infrastructure Transport District planning Environment

Clusters Industry Housing Districts

CBD

CBD

CBD

CBD

University

University

University

University

Science Parks and Incubators

Science Parks and Incubators

Science Parks and Incubators

Science Parks and Incubators

INDUSTRIAL CITY

VICTORIAN CITY

FORDIST CITY

INNOVATION-LED

City: Beginning of 21st century - A new type of urban space Two driving forces: Innovation-led economy + Digital spatiality
A. The contemporary urban economy and society has become knowledge-based and innovation-led: Knowledge cities, innovation cities, innovating cities, creative cities. R&D, knowledge and innovation are main drivers of citys development. City governance and planning also change by public-private partnerships and triple-helix alliances.

B. A new spatiality / layer (digital / intelligence) has been added on the urban agglomeration, activities, infrastructures, regulation and planning. It is composed of broadband networks, user interfaces, content applications, and e-services. All these artcrafts create un umbrella of communication and cooperation over the cities, locally and globally.

A. Innovation-led economy / Knowledge-based cities

Local innovation systems, clusters, supply chains, alliances, institutions
INNOVATION FINANCE Venture capital funds Technology incentives Regional incentives and aids Spin-offs / start-ups TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Co-operation between universities and companies Technology brokerage Licensing

NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Provision of management, product, market, and quality services Specialised centres Business consultants

RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Research institutes University research R&D in large companies Innovative SMEs

Strategic company planning

R&D

Innovatio n funding

Market research

New product developm ent

Producti on retooling

Produc tion runs

PROCESS INNOVATION Clusters and networks Technology co-operation Supply chains Alliances Distribution & Promotion

Social and economic base of innovation-led / knowledge cities: Innovation systems explain innovation performance with respect to networks and interactions among companies, universities, and government. The internal dynamic of an innovation system creates a perpetual cycle borne out of the critical inputs of intellectual and financial capital, translated into new technologies and products that lead to new firm formation and job creation, generating revenues that may be re-invested into the system (John Adams Innovation Institute 2007). Evolutionary theory and the role of external environment selecting innovations Geographical clustering of innovation, tacit knowledge, trust relations and alliances Open innovation, co-design, end-user involvement in innovation / real city environments

B. Digital spatiality / intelligence over the cities Components: NetworkData technologiesApplications-eServices

e-Technologies
Information
To the citizen To producers City events Location of activities Exploitation eTools n-line

Knowledge repository Online tech transfer

e-Innovation
Collaborative spaces New product development On-line tools On-line

e-Services

Network

Applications

Visualisation
The city Cultural heritage Monuments

Broadband city network

Data-Technologies

Digital Entrepreneurship
e-Marketplaces e-marketplace e-Location e-Business
On-line

Fiber Optics, 3G, 3G, WiMAX, WiFi Mess, Cable/DSL, WiFi Fiber oprics, WiMax, WiFi, xDSL

Place & environment

e-Government
Online city services Online administration e-Democracy

Intelligent city: A three layer system A more advanced, complex and effective urban system

Layer III. Digital spatiality over the city

INNOVATION PLAN

Smart Infrastructure Cluster planning Smart transport Environmental sustainability

Clusters Industry Housing Districts

Layer II. Institutions, Planning, Governance

CBD

University

Science Parks and Incubators

Layer I. Agglomeration, clusters and networks

Intelligent cities: Impact from adding a digital layer

Advanced knowledge functions Improved city functions
Advanced knowledge functions 1. e-INFORMATION: Gathering, processing and delivery 2. e-LEARNING: Skill development, technology transfer, technology acquisition 3. e-INNOVATION: Creation of new products and services. Digital tools and environments for new product design and production. Local and global innovation supply chains. 4. e-DIFFUSION: Marketing, promotion, delivery of products and services Improved city functions Competitive cities based on global clusters, networks, and supply chains Innovative cities: Innovation crowdsourcing + global innovation chains Energy saving infrastructure Improved city transportation More secure urban space Real time monitoring and management of the environment Wider citizens participation to decision making

Intelligent cities: Impact

The integration of digital space transforms city functions and districts
Innovation Economy
1- Intelligent city clusters: manufacturing, business services, health, tourism 2- Intelligent city districts: CBD, techno park, mall, university campus, port area, airport city 3- New companies creation / intelligent incubators

City Infrastructure Quality of life

4- Smart transport and parking 5- Broadband, wi-fi 6-Energy saving / smart grid 7- Environment monitoring, real time alert and safety

Governance
8- Government services to citizens 9- Decision making / participation / direct democracy 10- Monitoring & measurement: The city a database

Conceptualization

A new family of concepts: Cyber - Digital - Intelligent Smart cities

Many different descriptions of what an intelligent city (IC) is can be found in the literature: ICs have been initially identified with virtual reconstructions of cities, virtual cities. The term has been used interchangeably as an equivalent of digital city covering a wide range of digital representations of the physical space of cities (Droege 1 997). However, the additional communication capabilities offered by a virtual platform or a virtual reconstruction of a city is not adequate to characterize an urban system as 'intelligent'. In a metaphorical use of the term, ICs have been seen as a commonplace for various electronic IT systems and digital applications involved in city operations and functions. MIMOS, the Malaysian Telecommunications Institute, pointed out that the metaphorical characterizations of the Intelligent City cover many concepts such as the invisible city', information city, 'wired city', 'telecity', knowledge-based city', virtual city, electronic communities, 'electronic spaces', 'flexicity', teletopia', 'cyberville', etc., where each term stresses a specific functional activity. Another meaning was given by the World Foundation for Smart Communities, that links digital cities with smart growth, a development based on information and communication technologies. A Smart Community is a community that has made a conscious effort to use information technology to transform life and work within its region in significant and fundamental, rather than incremental, ways (California Institute for Smart Communities, 2001).

ICs were seen as environments with embedded information and communication technologies creating interactive spaces that bring computation into the physical world user (Steventon and Wright 2006). From this perspective, intelligent cities ( or intelligent spaces more generally) refer to physical environments in which information and communication technologies and sensor systems disappear as they become embedded into physical objects and the surroundings we live, travel, and work in.
Intelligent cities were also defined as territories that bring innovation and ICTs within the same locality. The Intelligent Community Forum has developed a list of five criteria for understanding how communities and regions can gain a competitive edge by combining broadband communications to businesses, government facilities and residences with effective education, training, and innovation in the public and private sectors (ICF 2006). Along the same line, intelligent cities (communities, clusters, regions) were defined as territorial systems of innovation sustained by digital communication and interaction. We use the term intelligent city to characterize areas which have the ability to support learning, technological development, and innovation procedures on the one hand, with digital spaces, information processing, and knowledge transfer on the other hand (Komninos 2002, p. 198).

A new family of concepts: Cyber - Digital - Intelligent Smart cities Differences in substance and function of layer III
Digital Cyber Intelligent Smart
e-Intelligence e-Technologies

Layer III. Digital space over the city

e-Innovation e-Markets
Universities / Research Institutes Public R&D Laboratories CLUSTERS Group of companies in cooperation Vertical / Horizontal Private R&D Departments and Centres

Technology Transfer Organisations Tech Parks, Tech Networks, Brokers, Consultants

Layer II. Institutions, Planning, Governance

Innovation Financing Banks, Business Angels, Venture Capital, Regional Incentives Technology Information System Patents, Standards, Technical Publications, Emerging Markets, Foresight

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Layer I. Agglomeration, clusters and networks

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1. Smart Communities World Foundation for Smart Communities

2. Smart Cities MIT Smart Cities Lab

3. Intelligent Cities URENIO: Integration of three intelligences

Layer III, relates to digital spatiality and artificial intelligence embedded into the physical environment of the city. This includes the communication infrastructure, digital spaces, and e-tools for problemsolving available to the city's population. Layer II, relates to cooperation institutions and the collective intelligence of a citys population. Includes institutions and mechanisms regulating knowledge flows and co-operation in learning and innovation: R&D institutions, venture capital funds, technology transfer and training centers, intellectual property, spin-off incubators, technology and marketing consultants.
e-Intelligence e-Technologies

e-Innovation

e-Markets
Universities / Research Institutes Public R&D Laboratories

Technology Transfer Organisations Tech Parks, Tech Networks, Brokers, Consultants CLUSTERS Group of companies in cooperation Vertical / Horizontal

Private R&D Departments and Centres

Innovation Financing Banks, Business Angels, Venture Capital, Regional Incentives

Technology Information System Patents, Standards, Technical Publications, Emerging Markets, Foresight

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Layer l, relates to people in the city: the intelligence, inventiveness and creativity of the individuals who live and work in the city, the activities and clusters of a city.

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4. Intelligent Environments Intelligent spaces Ubiquitous cities

Types of Intelligent Environments range from private to public and from fixed to mobile; some are ephemeral while others are permanent; some change type during their life span. The realisation of Intelligent Environments requires the convergence of different prominent disciplines: Information and Computer Science, Architecture, Material Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Sociology and Design. In addition, technical breakthroughs are required in key enabling technology fields, such as, microelectronics (e.g., miniaturisation, power consumption), communication and networking technologies (e.g., broadband and wireless networks), smart materials (e.g., bioimplants) and intelligent agents (e.g., context awareness and ontologies) (IE 08).
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5. Intellectual capital for cities and regions Knowledge Cities Summits

Intangible or intellectual capital resources are now largely recognized as the most important competitive advantage. Corporate level: Intangible investments (R&D, innovation, knowledge creation, marketing, advertising) are the most important sources of performance. Community level: Ragusa (1301-1806): A city of intelligence - Social intelligence / political + institutional / organised Measuring, accounting intellectual capital Cultivating / nourishing intellectual capital

6. Intelligent Communities Intelligent Community Forum: Innovation & Broadband

Broadband infrastructure policy Digital inclusion policy

ICTs

Intel Community Strategy Innovation policy Policy for knowledge workers

Promotion and marketing policy

Innov

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7. Ambient Intelligence Communities EU Living Lab Network

Intelligent cities A set of concepts linking cities, innovation, and digital services
Intelligent cities: A new urban planning and development paradigm combining
Cities / communities Innovation systems ICTs, broadband networks and e-services
Cities / communities

Innovation systems

ICTs / broadband networks / services

Intelligent innovation ecosystems

Cities / communities

A spectrum of combinations

Cities / communities

Innovation systems

Intellectual capital of cities

Intelligent environments

ICTs / broadband networks / 20 services

More: Komninos, N. (2002) Intelligent Cities: Innovation, knowledge systems and digital spaces, London and New York: Taylor and Francis. (Chapter 13) Komninos, N. (2008) Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks, London and New York: Routledge. (Chapters 5 and 10)
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