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2.1. 2.2. Nguyn tc xy dng m hnh Logistics th ...................................................................... 4 M hnh qun l Logistics th: bi hc kinh nghim cc nc .......................................... 4 D n RegLog ti Ragensburg, CHLB c .................................................................. 4 D n SADERYL, Ty Ban Nha ...................................................................................... 7 D n VIVALI, Bristol, Vng quc Anh...................................................................... 10 ng dng City Logistics ti c ..................................................................................... 13
Cng c trong qun l Logistics th ................................................................................. 13 Qun l v m ................................................................................................................ 13 Bi hc kinh nghim p dng chnh sch iu tit logistics th ............................... 15
Kt lun: .................................................................................................................................. 4
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2.2. M hnh qun l Logistics th: bi hc kinh nghim cc nc 2.2.1. D n RegLog ti Ragensburg, CHLB c 1 Mt d n logistics th Regensburg gi l RegLog bt u trin khai nm 1998, l kt qu nghin cu khoa hc ca trng i hc Regensburg phi hp vi Phng Thng mi v nh my BMW a phng. Mc tiu ca d n l gim lu lng vn ti hng ha trong khu trung tm thnh ph c lch s lu i, c c trng l cc ng ph nh hp li c cu vn ti trong khu vc cao. Khu hiu ca d n a ra vo nm 1998 l Giao thng ni gim - cht lng cuc sng c dn tng. D n trin khai lm gim khong lng lun chuyn khong 55.000 xe ti.km trong thnh ph. T , d n gp phn tit kim mi nm khong 12,000l nhin liu, 30 tn CO2, NOx, bi v cc cht nhim khc. Trong d n, 4 hng vn ti thng cnh tranh vi nhau s dng mt trung tm phn phi hng tp trung cho trung tm thnh ph do mt hng logistics ni khai thc v vn hnh. Nm 2009, khong 25 chuyn vn ti hng ha trung bnh mi ngy gim xung cn 4-5 chuyn i ca hng City Logistics. Trong khu vc ni c, c khong 500 ca hng i l v 200 ca hng bn l. Phn ln cc vn v giao thng trong ni thnh ph Regensburgs (dn s 150.000 ngi) l do vn ti hng ha, ging nh nhiu thnh ph khc ca c. vng trung tm thnh ph, vn ny nghim trng hn v a phn cc hot ng bun bn tp trung ch trong khu vc khong 1 km. Thm vo , trung tm th c li c cc ph nh, ngon ngho, un khc. Cc ng ph khng ch phc v vn ti hng ha m cn khch du lch, ngi mua bn v dn a phng. Nhu cu i li, vn chuyn trong vng do rt a dng. D n logistics RegLog khng ch lm gim cc xung t gia cc nhu cu vn chuyn khc nhau bng cch nng cao nng lc cung ng vn ti ca h thng giao thng m cn thc s ci thin cht lng nh v cuc sng ca ngi dn vng ni Regensburg. Nhim v c th ca d n l gim bt gnh nng vn ti hng ha trong thnh ph bng cch iu tit hp l ng i vn ti, x l bao gi rc thi v vn ti hng ha. Mt s hng vn ti hng ha ca thnh ph phi hp vi nhau. Cc chuyn hng trong ni thnh ph ca cc hng c gom li, sp xp v a vo thnh ph bng ng i (route) ti u. Hiu qu s dng nng lng c tnh ton bng lng nhin liu tit kim cho mi chuyn i c nhn cng nh s lng phng tin c s dng. Hn na, khi phng tin vn ti i ra khi khu vc trung tm s mang theo khong 1700 tn ph thi t vt liu bao b, bao gi
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Hnh -2. M t hnh thc hp nht cc dng vn ti hng ha ti Regensburg D n c trin khai thnh cng do c s phn tch lun chng khoa hc y , c s tham gia ca cc hng vn ti v s ng h nhit tnh cho d n ca cc hng BMW AG, GVZ GmbH v hip hi FGR. Chnh quyn thnh ph Regensburg v Bang Oberpfalz (Upper Palatinate) h tr v mt ti chnh cho gii php v h thng cng ngh thng tin. C th hn, gii php logistics th Regensburg thnh cng l do cc vn th chnh c gii quyt nh sau: Cc hng vn ti a phng tham gia d n ng t b li ch c nhn v li ch chung ca thnh ph. H cng tm c cc nh qun l trung gian iu hnh d n trung thc, ng tin cy mc d h l cc i th cnh tranh trong kinh doanh. Khng c cc khon tr gi bn ngoi cho cc cng tc logistics th, vn ti v giao nhn. Ch mt phn d n c cc nh chc trch thnh ph v khu vc, cng nh trng i hc h tr ti chnh. Phn ny lin quan n h thng iu khin cng ngh thng tin in t v giao nhn, theo di, tm ng i vi cc thit b cm tay c m ha. Khu vc bi logistics ng dng v h thng telematics hin i. D n logistics th thnh ph Regensburg c h tr hiu qu bi mt nhm cc chuyn gia a phng, hot ng phi li nhun.
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THI GIAN CHUYN I TRUNG BNH (Thi gian di chuyn trn ng)
Hnh-3. M hnh l thuyt xc nh l trnh v lch trnh trong Logistics th Sau khi a ra c m hnh m phng giao thng ng, bc tip theo ca h thng l iu hnh on phng tin dynamic (ng), trong , cc phng tin s hot ng theo iu kin mng li giao thng thi gian thc. Trong , gi nh rng trong chu k thi gian tnh ton (VD. theo ngy), cc thng tin v nhu cu v dch v c xc nh. T , k hoch vn chuyn s c iu chnh khi c nhng thay i v nhu cu mi, nhu cu cha c gii quyt, thay i l trnh chy xe do iu kin giao thng thay i, thay i v on phng tin (VD. thng tin hng xe, bo dng,) v cc thng tin khc. M hnh cng phn bit cc loi xe khc nhau, lp ma trn O-D, s dng m hnh la chn ng i thi gian thc. Ni ngn gn, m-ul th hai trong h thng l m-ul Lp k hoch vn hnh thi gian thc (AIMSUN).
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THNG TIN THI GIAN THC Nhu cu iu chnh Nhu cu cha tha mn iu kin giao thng Thng tin phng tin
Hnh-4. M hnh Lp k hoch chy xe thi gian thc Hnh v di y m t kt qu u ra ca ton b m hnh cho php cc xe trong on xe tham gia h thng c th nhn thy ton b mng li v l trnh cng nh lch trnh mt cch trc quan. Trong hnh v, chng ta thy cc ng i khc nhau cho mt nhm 5 xe, cng nh th t phc v khch hng c xc nh theo k hoch ban u. Vo thi im t, sau khi c mt s chuyn i c thc hin, c mt khch hng mi t hng cho mt dch v cha c trong k hoch, Chng trnh m phng s a ra thng tin v v tr v sn sng ca cc phng tin. T xc nh xem, xe no c th iu chuyn thc hin t hng mi ny (trong v d di y th xe 1 v xe 2 l ng c vin u tin) v u l l trnh mi cho phng tin c la chn.
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Hnh -5. Phng thc xc lp k hoch chy xe thi gian thc 2.2.3. D n VIVALI, Bristol, Vng quc Anh D n VIVALDI do Hi ng thnh ph Bristol trong Cng ng Kinh t EC ti tr l d n ko di 4 nm bt u t thng 2/2002 thc hin v nh gi cc gii php tch hp giao thng vn ti. D n ny xy dng khu lin hp v hng ha phc v vng trung tm thnh ph, trong , DHL c ch nh cung cp dch v logistics 3PL v qun l, trin khai d n. Mt i tc quan trng ca d n l hng Smith, cung cp xe in cc loi. Mc tiu ca d n bao gm: Ci thin cht lng khng kh bng cch gim s lng xe ch hng, s dng phng tin sch v c hiu qu hn nhm lm gim lng pht thi CO2 v NO2; m bo an ninh, trt t ng ph cho ngi s dng ng, bao gm c ngi i b v i xe p do lu lng giao thng gim Gim tc nghn giao thng, c bit trong khu trung tm Gim p lc v bi v bi xp/d
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Khu lin hp Logistics t gn trung tm thnh ph. Ti y, phng tin vn hnh l cc loi xe in v cung cp dch v giao hng cho khong 55 i l bn l vo cc khong thi gian c nh trong ngy. Cc i l tham gia chng trnh cng ng dng phng php qun tr d tr cross-docking nhiu mt hng t vi vc, qun o n in t. Chng trnh gim c khong 76% thi gian chuyn i giao hng cho cc i l. Chng trnh cng cung cp dch v ch rc thi i. Chng trnh th nghim trong vng 8 thng nm 2004 thc s thnh cng v tip tc c trin khai thc t. Mi y, thnh ph ln cn Bristol l Bath cng ln k hoch tham gia cng vi Bristol bng cch m rng quy m khu lin hp cung cp dch v cho c hai thnh ph. Thnh cng ca d n thc s nh vic c th tch hp qu trnh tip nhn t hng ca ngi bn v ngi mua 24/7. Vic giao hng c thc hin 6 ngy/tun vi khi lng p ng theo yu cu ca i l; trung bnh mi i l bn hng nhn 3 chuyn giao hng/tun vo thi gian n nh trc. Ngi s dng khu kin hp logistics c h tr dch v chn v tr t hng, dch v thu gom v vn chuyn rc thi, dch v h tr hi p khch hng khi cn thit. Hnh v di y so snh chui cung ng truyn thng v chui cung ng c Trung tm Logistics tch hp. Trong chui cung ng truyn thng, cc phng tin chuyn ch hng ring l n tng i l d gy nn cc vn v tc nghn giao thng, mt an ton, nhim. M hnh mi gp phn gim lng xe i li ti 75%.
HnhError! No text of specified style in document.-6. So snh hai m hnh cung ng hng ha ti Bristol
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2.3. Cng c trong qun l Logistics th 2.3.1. Qun l v m Logistics th c th nh ngha l ti u ha qun tr dng hng ha thng qua cc hot ng hu cn, tc l thc hin mt lot cc hot ng trong dy chuyn cung ng t khu sn xut n tay ngi tiu dng. Mc tiu c bn l hiu v ti u ha c quy trnh cung ng trong th. Cc bn lin quan n hot ng logistics bao gm c ngi sn xut, ngi cung ng dch v logistics thu ngoi, i l bn l, cc cng ty vn ti v ngi tiu dng. Cc bn tham gia c th ti u cc hot ng logistics c bn trong phm vi ca h bng cc chin lc sn xut kinh doanh thng thng nh cn i vn, nhn lc, d tr, Logistics trong kinh doanh i hi ti u ha ton b qu trnh. Logistics th i hi s ti u trong ton b mng li ca khu vc th. Ti u ha l s cn i gia nhiu hot ng khc nhau trong c qu trnh, iu ny c ngha l v mc tiu tng hiu qu, c th phi chp nhn mt vi im khng hiu qu. Chin lc c bn l gim thiu chi ph d tr v vn ti hiu qu bng chin lc JUST-INTIME. Qun l v m cho logistics th khng can thip vo cc bin php tc ng ti cc hot ng chuyn mn, m ch trin khai cc gii php cho hiu qu ton x hi. Nhm mc tiu chung ca ton x hi, ti u ha h thng vn ti, i khi cc c nhn tham gia h thng c
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Cc cng c trin khai thc hin chnh sch qun l v m c th k ra di y: Cng c quy hoch: quy hoch c s h tng, quy hoch khng gian Cng c ti chnh: thu v ph, h tr ti chnh (b gi, tr gi, u i tn dng,) Cng c th ch: giy php, lut, hn ch, Cng c thng tin v t vn
Mt s quy nh trong qun l v m v logistics th kinh nghim trn th gii c th k ra di y: Hn nh thi gian (khong thi gian cho php cc phng tin ra vo mt khu vc). Kinh nghim cho thy, quy nh v hn nh thi gian nu qu cht, hoc din tch khu vc quy nh qu ln, c th s dn n vn v tip cn v gy tc nghn giao thng trong gi cao im. Quy nh kch thc phng tin ra vo khu vc th. Quy nh ny da trn c s l cc xe nh thng d dng di chuyn trong th hn. Nhiu thnh ph ln quy nh di ti a ca phng tin vo thnh ph l 10m. Quy nh khi lng v/hoc trng ti phng tin nhm hn ch tc ng tiu cc ti c s h tng v mi trng Quy nh pht thi v mc tiu cht lng khng kh Quy nh v ting n. Thng thng, trong th, phng tin vn ti, c bit l vn ti hng ha l ngun sinh ting n chnh Quy nh khc nhau i vi cc nhm i tng khc nhau
Cng ch cng l thnh phn quan trng trong qun l. Kinh nghim cho thy l thiu kim sot v cng ch c th khin cho cc chnh sch km hiu qu. Vi s pht trin v k
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Tr gi phng thc vn ti Tr gi cho cc thit b chuyn dng Tr gi cho cc thit b bc xp khng t bn ng Tr gi cho phng tin pht thi thp, dng chung xe H tr cc n hng chung
Bn bi
Tiu chun v bn bi a phng thc Thu ph xe khc nhau theo gi Tiu chun ha container, pallet, thit b s dng trn xe EDI, AIDC Thu xe ti nng, thu nhin liu, thu mi trng
Bc/xp
Ch xe bn ng
Phng tin
Hng
H thng qun l on phng tin, H thng iu hnh phi hp hng v phng tin Theo di hng (tracking), H thng t hng
Kim sot pht thi, Kim sot cht ti, S dng phng tin pht thi thp
Phn di y m t kinh nghim cc chnh sch p dng pht trin cc h thng logistics th ti cc nc , an Mch, Ty Ban Nha, H lan t cc d n do Khi Kinh t chung Chu u EC ti tr nh eDRUL v MEROPE cng nh cc d n quc gia khc. Cc chnh sch ch yu chia thnh hai nhm ln, mt nhm chnh sch gin tip (VD. Copenhagen, Milan) v mt nhm cc chnh sch cm trc tip (VD. Leiden,
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Kinh nghim v trin khai chnh sch khung gin tip Amsterdam, H lan Quy nh v cc c tnh phng tin cho php vo trung tm nh cng sut, chiu di, trng ti v pht thi t nm 1993. Trong trung tm thnh ph, cm vo khu TLZ cc xe trn 7,5 tn, di trn 9m, khng t tiu chun pht thi ca Euro2 hoc l trng ti di 80%. Lut cho khu vc bc xp da vo trng ti phng tin (60% cng sut). Nm 2002, thnh ph trin khai mt chin dch th nghim ko di 21 thng a ra lut buc cc phng tin trn 2,5 tn phi mua giy php c dng trong trung tm thnh ph Chnh quyn thnh ph phi hp vi Phng Thng mi v cc doanh nghip vn ti 50% dn c thnh ph xc nhn s gim tc nghn giao thng do cc phng tin trng ti ln 100% ngi c hi tr li ngh tip tc lut cm vo trung tm thnh ph C 80 cng ty, vi tng cng 300 xe, 86% hng vn ti ng k tha thun vi thnh ph. Thnh ph cp khong 4,000 giy php (180,000 Euro)
Copenhaghen, Thy in
Chnh quyn thnh ph k tha thun vi cc hng, hip hi v i hc vn ti v logistics a phng nm 1998
Khng c bi logistics dng cho phn phi hng ha th. Cp giy php (c th c mt tin hoc khng) cho php phng tin vn ti thng mi lu thng v ti cc bi c hn ch. Cc chnh sch trc tip Milan, Amsterdam, H lan Quy nh phn phi hng ha th phi thng qua mt h thng cp php v chng nhn, ph thuc vo cc tiu chun mi trng v hiu qu logistics c th. Chin dch th nghim bt u trin khai nm 1996: tng cng c 9 bi logistics (platform) c xc nh trong s cc platforms hin c ca cc hng vn ti cung cp dch v u cui. Khuyn khch hp tc gia cc doanh nghip vn ti t nhn v phng Thng mi v Chnh quyn thnh ph. Chnh quyn thnh ph h tr thc hin d n v lp t cc bin bo giao thng. Cc bn D n nhm x l 20% tng lng hng cn vn chuyn v gim s lng xe vo trung tm thnh ph
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Utrech, H lan
Thnh ph xy ng h thng phn phi hng ha c giy php v trin khai 3 trung tm phn phi. Giy php cp cho cc hng vn ti c iu kin v trng tri, s chuyn hng mt ngy v s dng h thng.
Chng trnh ch ko di t 1994 n 1996 v t cng ty ng st nhp vo cng ty ch nh. Trong tng lai, cc khu logistics s trin khai cc dch v gia tng gi tr: d tr, ng gi, tch hp cng ngh thng tin tip nhn yu cu v xc nh v tr xe. H thng thng tin v phn phi cha c trin khai y .
Malaga, Ty Ban Chng trnh bt u trin khai t 2002. Trung tm thnh ph ch c khu i b v khu vc xp d hng Nha ha ring. Aalborg, Mch an Trung tm phn phi hng ha c nhiu ngi vn hnh. Quy hoch v thng tin do mt cng ty cung cp tp trung.
Genoa, Italia
D n MERCI c trung tm phn phi, trong phng tin ch project is the hub where freight are collected to be
Aalborg Municipality, NTC (Nordic TransportCentre Ltd.), ACO (Arctic Container Operation Ltd.), Danske Fragmaend (hng vn ti hng ha chnh an Mch). The manager company is Genoa-Eco Distribuzione
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Siena, Italia
Creation of two logistics bases as part of the ALIFE project interventions (Ecommerce pilot project of the Ministry of Transport). The project started in 1999. The historical centre of Siena is completely TLZ and each street has an own weight limit for the access of vehicles.Municipality of Siena established a set of traffic restriction measures inside TLZ area based on the subdivision of goods category (from 6:00 to 10:00 and from 14:30 to 19:30 for harmaceutical products and fresh groceries, from 6:00 to 10:00 and from 15:30 to 17:00 for other goods) and automatic access control system based on Telepass technology
Local Administration, public private partnership, transport operators and ENEA (Italian Energy Authority). A Ltd company of Logistics and Services was constituted to manage and coordinate different aspects related to service.
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Ngun: Systems and Advanced Solutions for eLogistics in the Sustainable City, Edited by G Ambrosino, M Boero, J D Nelson, M Romanazzo, 2005,
Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76 00196 Rome (ITALY), ISBN 88-8286-137-6
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