MUC LUC

MUC LUC......................................................................................................................1
LI M U................................................................................................................9
NGUN GC VA PHN B......................................................................................10
I/ NGUN GC VA S PHAT TAN CUA CY CHUI........................................10
II/ CY CHUI TAI VIT NAM.............................................................................10

.................................................................................................................................. 12
C IM SINH HOC...............................................................................................12
I/ PHN LOI..........................................................................................................12
II/ C IM HNH THI.....................................................................................14
1.

Thn.......................................................................................................................................14

2.

R.........................................................................................................................................16

3. L..............................................................................................................................................17

3.1 B l.........................................................................................................17
3.2 Phin l.......................................................................................................18
3.3 Cung l......................................................................................................19
3.4 Kh khng...................................................................................................20
4. Hoa va s tr bung...................................................................................................................20

4.1 Cu truc hoa chui......................................................................................20

4.2 S tng bung...........................................................................................21
4.3 S tr bung ..............................................................................................22
5. Qu/ trai....................................................................................................................................23
6 Ht..............................................................................................................................................26

GI TR DINH DNG VA NG DUNG.................................................................28

I/ GIA TRI DINH DNG ......................................................................................28
II/ CHUI LOAI THC PHM B DNG......................................................28
1. Gia tri cua chui theo ng Y..................................................................................................29
2. Gia tri cua chui theo y hoc hin ai........................................................................................29

2.1 Bo v h tim mch ...................................................................................30

2.2 Bo v d dy.............................................................................................30
2.3 Ci thin qu trnh bi tit...........................................................................31
2.4 Bo v sng ca mt..............................................................................32
2.5 B sung nng lng cho hot ng th lc.................................................32
2.6 Giup xng chc khoe................................................................................33
2.7 Gip thn khe hn ....................................................................................33
GIA TRI KINH T VA SAN PHM T CHUI........................................................34
I/ GI TR KINH T - KINH DOANH CHUI......................................................34

1. San xut chui trn th gii.......................................................................................................34

2. Xut - nhp khu chui trn th gii..........................................................................................36

2.1 Xut khu chui .........................................................................................36

2.2 Nhp khu chui.........................................................................................37
3. Tnh hnh sn xut chui ti Vit Nam......................................................................................38

II/ MT S SN PHM T CHUI......................................................................39

1. Chui kh..................................................................................................................................39
2. Chui hp..................................................................................................................................41
3. Nc ct chui..........................................................................................................................41
4. Da chui cht ..........................................................................................................................41
5. Ru chui................................................................................................................................41

NUI TRNG VA CHM SC..................................................................................43

I/ IU KIN THCH NGHI...................................................................................43
1. Kh hu......................................................................................................................................43
2. Nhit .....................................................................................................................................43
3. Nc v lng ma...................................................................................................................44
4. nh sng....................................................................................................................................44
5. t.............................................................................................................................................45
6. m ........................................................................................................................................45
7. Gi bo......................................................................................................................................45

II/ TC NG CA PHN BN...........................................................................45

III/ K THUT TRNG CHUI.............................................................................46
1. Chn t...................................................................................................................................46

1.1 Vng t Cao.............................................................................................46

1.2 Vng t Thp...........................................................................................46
2. Chn ging: ..............................................................................................................................47
3. Trng.........................................................................................................................................47

3.1 Thi v.......................................................................................................47

3.2 Cch trng...................................................................................................47
IV/ CHM SC CHUI..........................................................................................48
1. Ta chi v chi.....................................................................................................................48
2. B bp che v chng quy.........................................................................................................49
3. Bn phn...................................................................................................................................49

3.1 Giai oan xung ging................................................................................49

3.2Giai on tng trng....................................................................................50
........................................................................................................................... 52
3.3 Giai on ra hoa tr bung:........................................................................52
3.4 Giai on nui tri ln:...............................................................................52
3.5 Lu ..........................................................................................................53

KY THUT X L MAU VO CHUI ......................................................................55

I/ MUC ICH...........................................................................................................55
II/ QUY TRINH KY THUT...................................................................................55
III/ KT QUA VA NG DUNG...............................................................................55
SU BNH VA CACH PHONG TR.........................................................................56
I/ CAC BNH THNG GP.................................................................................56
1. Bnh m l chui Sigatoka......................................................................................................56

1.1 Triu chng bnh........................................................................................56

1.2 Nguyn nhn gy bnh...............................................................................57
1.3 Phng tr....................................................................................................57
2. Bnh thn th chui..................................................................................................................58

2.1 Triu chng bnh........................................................................................58

2.2 Nguyn nhn gy bnh...............................................................................58
2.3 Bin php phng tr...................................................................................59
3. Bnh chy l chui...................................................................................................................59

3.1 Triu chng v nguyn nhn.......................................................................60

3.2 Phng tr....................................................................................................60
4. Bnh Panama.............................................................................................................................60

4.1 Triu chng bnh........................................................................................60

4.2 Nguyn nhn gy bnh...............................................................................61

4.3 Bin php phng bnh................................................................................62
5. Bnh g st.................................................................................................................................62

5.1 Triu chng bnh........................................................................................62

5.2 Nguyn nhn gy bnh...............................................................................63
.......................................................................................................................... 63
5.3 Bin php phng tr...................................................................................64
6. Bnh virus chn ngn chui.....................................................................................................64

6.1 Triu chng bnh........................................................................................64

6.2 Nguyn nhn gy bnh...............................................................................64
6.3 Bin php phng tr...................................................................................65
7. Bnh ho r Moko....................................................................................................................65

II/ SU HI THNG GP...................................................................................66

1. B lch (Chysanoptera thripidae)..............................................................................................66
2. Su cun l (Brionette threx).....................................................................................................66
3. Sng c c (Soemope Lites sovididus)....................................................................................66
4. Tuyn trng r (Radopholus similis).........................................................................................67
5. Tuyn trng sng r (Meloidogyne incognita)...........................................................................67

NHN GING C IN............................................................................................68

I/ CAC PHNG PHAP NHN GING C IN...............................................68

1. Nhn ging cy con t hat.........................................................................................................68

2. Nhn ging C.........................................................................................................................69

2.1 u im Nhn chui bng c.....................................................................69

2.2 Ky thut x ly cu chui...............................................................................69
2.3 Trng/ gim bng c...................................................................................70
2.4 Chm soc sau khi gim cu..........................................................................71
3. Nhn ging chui bng chi......................................................................................................72

3.1 Cac loai chi gim cua chui......................................................................72

3.2 Ky thut x ly chi.....................................................................................73
3.3 Chm soc sau khi gim chi.......................................................................74
II/ KY THUT CHM SOC CY SAU NHN GING........................................74
PHNG PHP NHN GING IN VITRO..............................................................76
I/ CAC PHNG PHAP NHN GING IN VITRO..............................................76
1. Phng php nhn ging t mu hy nh sinh trng........................................................76

1.1 Nui cy nh sinh trng:.........................................................................76

.......................................................................................................................... 77
1.2 To va nhn cm chi:................................................................................78
2. Phng php nhn ging t cn hnh c h nng (Jona v Roberto, 1987).........................78
3. Phng php nhn ging t phi ht........................................................................................79
4. Phng php nhn ging t c thn ngm................................................................................79

5. Phng php nhn ging t l ca nhng cy c trng trong ng nghim (Bakry v

Rossignol, 1985)............................................................................................................................79
6. Phng php nhn ging t chi pht hoa (bp chui) (Bakry, Lavarde, GuiGward, Rossignol
v Demarly, 1985).........................................................................................................................80

II/ CAC VN TRONG NHN GING CHUI IN VITRO..............................81

1. Chon ging va ca th nhn ging in vitro..............................................................................81
2. Anh hng cac hoocmon ln s sng con cua m nui cy.......................................................82

2.1 Anh hng hoocmon ln cac giai oan sinh trng cua m cy.................82
2.2 Anh hng cua hoocmon ln qua trinh lam cng cy.................................84
3. Anh hng cua anh sang ln sc sng cua cy chui con in vitro.............................................85

III/ CHM SOC SAU NHN GING CHUI IN VITRO.....................................86

1. Nhn cy trong iu kin nh sng v nhit t nhin:...........................................................86
2. Thun ha ( m trn bt da):.................................................................................................87
3. Chm sc trn vn m:.........................................................................................................88
4. Cy bu t:..............................................................................................................................89
5. Trng trn rung:.......................................................................................................................90
6. Chn cy u dong....................................................................................................................91

KT LUN..................................................................................................................92

LI M U
Chui (Musa spp.) l loi thc vt thuc b gng Zingiberales, c gc t vng nhit
i ng Nam v c. Qu chui di c nhiu ht ln v cng, nhng hu ht
ging chui c s dung th c ht rt nh, qua cha nhiu tinh bt. Chung l mt
ngun thc phm rt tt cho sc khe con ngi. Ngoi ra, rt nhiu ng dng khac
ca chui nh dc phm, sn xut vaccine n c. a chui tr thanh mt trong
nhng loai trai cy c loai ngi s dung nhiu nht.
T xa, chui c trng thu hoch tri, thn lm thc n cho c ngi v vt nui,
l c dng gi mt s loi thc phm, hay trang tr trong mt s dp l, tic
nhiu vng min khc nhau ca th gii v Vit Nam. Ngy nay, n c trng hn
107 quc gia vng nhit i va tr thanh mt trong nhng loai trai cy co san lng
thng mai ln nht. Tai nhiu quc gia, chui tr thanh mt hang xut khu s mt,
chim vai tro rt quan trong trong nn kinh t.
Do vy, vic phat trin cac quy trinh ky thut v nui trng chui cung nh vic nhn
ging lng ln chui sach bnh vao san xut cng nghip la mt nhu cu bc thit
hin nay.
Bai vit nay se tng hp nhng kin thc c ban v c tinh cua cy chui (Musa spp.)
cung nh cac ky thut trng, nhn ging chui.

NGUN GC VA PHN B
I/ NGUN GC VA S PHAT TAN CUA CY CHUI
Chui (Musa sp.) l loi thc vt thuc b gng Zingiberales, c gc t vng nhit i
ng Nam v c. Nhiu loi chui di vn cn mc ln New Guinea, Malaysia,
Indonesia, v Philippines.
Cy chui c trng lu i n , Malaysia, Philipines, Chu c, min Nam Vit
Nam. Sau o, chui c mi em trng Chu Phi, Chu M. Theo cac di chi kho
c hc v c m hoc, chui co th a c thun ha sm nht cao nguyn Papua
New Guinea cach y 5000 - 8000 nm. T y, chui phat tan khp th gii theo con
ng t nhin va thng mai. n nay, ngi ta c lng c khong 100-300 ging
chui trn th gii
Mt s vng Trung ng, Bc Phi, Madagascar c th trng chui t th k th sau.
Nhng vn kin Hi gio cp n trai chui va kinh doanh chui t th k th chin.
Theo o, trong th gii Rp thi Trung c, chui t Granada (Ty Ban Nha) c
coi l loai ngon nht va c phat tan khp vung a rp va chu phi theo chn cac i
qun va nha bun Hi giao.
Cy chui c nhp vo cc nc chu M Latin v mang tn Plantano vo nhng
nm 1516. Ngy nay, ngi dn Nam M vn gi n nh vy. Trong khi o, ngi Anh
gi l Banana va ngi Php gi l Babanier.
II/ CY CHUI TAI VIT NAM
min Nam Vit Nam, chui trng khp ni, c bit tai cc tnh ng Bng Sng
Cu Long, ngoi thnh ph H Ch Minh.

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Hin nay, tai Vit Nam, mt s ging chui c trng ph bin: chui sim (chui
s), chui gi, chui cau, chui ht, chui ng, chui tiu, chui tiu hoa, chui cm,
chui l, chui vng, chui bom, chui sp ...
MT S GING CHUI TAI VIT NAM

Chui Cm La

Chui Cau

Chui Gia Hng

Chui Qua Ta

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Chui tiu

Chui trm nai

Chui S lun (Chui mc)

Cac ging chui thng thy tai Vit Nam

C IM SINH HOC
I/ PHN LOI
Gii :

Plantae

Ngnh :

Angiospermale

Lp

Monocotyledones

Zingiberales

Musaceae

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Chi

Musa

H Chui (danh php khoa hc: Musaceae) l mt h thc vt mt l mm bao gm

cc loi chui v chui l. Cc nghin cu so snh gn y v th ht v chui gen
cng vi cc ng dng php miu t theo nhnh a ra s phn loi mi, nhng vn
hi mu thun theo b ca cc thc vt c hoa. B Gng (Zingiberales) cho n nay l
b duy nht co s phn loai loai it bi thay i bi cc nghin cu ny.

Mt s loai trong chi Musa

Chi Musa c miu t ln u tin bi nh thc vt thi k tin Linnaeus l Georg
Eberhard Rumphius nhng v hnh thc th n ch c thit lp trong ln xut bn th
nht ca tc phm Species Plantarum ca Linnaeus nm 1753-tc phm l ranh gii
gia cc tc phm thi k tin-Linnaeus v hu-Linnaeaus. Khi vit Species

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Plantarum, Linnaeus ch bit c mt loi chui, khi ng c c hi nhn thy n trong

vn knh ca George Clifford gn Haarlem H Lan.
Loi "in hnh" ca chi ny, Musa paradisiaca L. da trn Musa Cliffortiana L. v
c cng b nm 1736, v mt k thut l tn gi "tin-Linnaeus" ca Linnaeus.
Musa paradisiaca thc ra khng phi l mt loi, m l mt loi cy lai m ngy nay
bit l gia Musa (nhm AAB) chui l 'Php' hay Musa x paradisiaca L. m
Linnaeus la chn sai lm t tn loi cho mt cy lai phc tp, v n l nn tng
ca nhiu s ln xn trong phn loi hc ca chi ny m vn khng c gii
quyt trn vn cho n thp nin 1940 v 1950.
Cho n tn nm 1862 th Musa l chi duy nht trong h ny. Nm 1862,
Horaninow miu t Ensete nhng chi ny khng nhn c s cng nhn rng
ri cho n khi Cheesman sa li vo nm 1947. Tnh trng ca chi Musella vn cn c
mt s im gy mu thun. Musella lasiocarpa c xoay trn trong khi phn
loi, u tin n c cho vo chi Musa, sau vo chi Ensete v mt ln na quay
ngc tr li chi Musa trc khi a v i din duy nht cui cng ca n c tha
nhn, t nht l bi mt s hc gi vo nm 1978.
II/ C IM HNH THI
1.

Thn

Chui c th c xem l loi thn tho ln nht. im c bit v hnh thi ca cy

chui l v cy thng mc ln cao, thng, dng hi vng nn n thng b nhm ln
vi thn cy tht, trong khi phn thn chnh pha trn mt t m chng ta thng
thy l mt "thn gi" (Pseudostem).

14

Cu trc thn cy chui

Cy chui c cu trc c tr, gm mt thn ngm nm di mt t (thng gi l
c), lm thnh thn tht, mang h thng r bt nh v mt thn gi kh sinh vi cc b
l chng vo nhau.
C chui (thn tht) nm di mt t, khi pht trin ln c th t 30cm. C
chui to gy ra sc p theo chiu ngang trong mt t, nu t qu cht c th gy tr
ngi cho s pht trin v c c th b mo m. Phn bn trong c chui c hai phn
chnh l tr trung tm v v c, r chui pht sinh t h thng mch tip gip gia v
c v tr trung tm. Phn bn ngoi xung quanh c chui c bao bc bi nhng vt
so t b l c dng trn. mi y b l u c mt chi mm nhng cc chi t
phn gia c n ngn c l pht trin c c khuynh hng mc tri dn ln khi
mt t thnh lp mt than mi gi l thn gi. Thn gi cao 2 8 m, ty ging, hnh
thnh do cc b l m st vo nhau. Cc so b l mc rt gn nhau lm cho khong

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cc lng rt ngn. Mu sc thn gi thay i ty ging. Phn m phn sinh ngn c

cho ra cc l chui ngay t khi cy cn nh. Khi cy trng thnh chuyn dng thnh
mt pht hoa. Trc tin l lm hp thn tht t 30 cm cn 5 8 cm, sau vn di
ra khi thn cng mt pht hoa, lc ny gi l tr bung.
2.

H thng r ca chui c nhiu si r (200 500). Trong t c y nc, mu m,

r c th n su n 1,5 m v tri rng n 4,9 m. Cn nu trong t kh, nhiu th
r ca chui khng pht trin tt, kh nng cnh tranh tng i bnh thng, khng
tt lm (Scot C. N., Randy C.P. v AngelaK. K., 2006).
T khi ngn mm cha ln khi mt t, cc r phn ha lin tc cho n khi thn c
tri ln khi mt t v cy ngng m r sau khi tr hoa. Trong qu trnh pht trin
nu u mt r gp chng ngi cng hay t qu cht, n c th mc ra nhiu r con.
Kh nng m r yu cho nn trng trn t si hay t st th chui pht trin km.
Sut thi gian pht trin, s xut hin ca r c mt tng quan nh lng vi s tng
trng ca c. Cng c trng hp l khi chui con cha c mt l rng hot ng no
m r mc 2 300 chic. Ngi ta cho rng c th s mc r c lp vi qu trnh
hnh thnh l rng v nh cy m lm trung gian. R nui dng cy m ny v cc
chi con.
R chui s cp ca cy con trng bng ht thng cht sm v c thay th bng h
thng r u tin. Cc r ci thng mc thnh nhm 3 4 r b mt tr trung tm
ca c chui, trc tin c mu trng v hi mm, sau tr nn cng. ng knh r
ci t 5 10 mm, r con khong 2 mm.
S lng r thay i ty theo tnh trng sinh trng ca cy chui, c chui mnh c
khong 200 300 r ci trng thnh di qu c. Mt cy chui ang sng c ti a

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500 r ci, lc tr bung ch cn 200 300 r ci cn sng cy m. T lc trng n

lc cht cy chui c khong 600 800 r ci.
R ci mc ra nhiu nhnh ngang c ng knh nh hn r ci, t 1 2 mm, di ti a
15 cm, mi ngy vn ra khong 1 2 cm. R nhnh ngang c nhiu lng ht nc
v cht dinh dng nui cy nn thng c gi l r dinh dng. R nhnh ngang
thng mc trn tng t t 15 39 cm v mc phn cui r ci v vy khi bn phn
khng nn bn gn gc.
3.

L chui c phin to, ty theo loi c th di t 1 2,5 m. Cc b l xp li vi nhau

to thnh thn gi. Tn l c to thnh t 6 20 l.
Ty tng loi chui s c l khng ging nhau. Chui r qut c l mc dng song
nh, c cung di hn phin. Chui trm ni c l hnh phin di 2,5 m, rng 0,5 0,6
m, y trn. Phin l chui ht to, xanh, cung v b cng xanh. (Phm Hong H,
1993).
3.1 B l
T khi trng n khi n quy, cy chui mc ra l c phin vi khong 35 40 l
phin ln nu tnh lun 10 l vy, l li mc trc th mt cy chui c tng cng
60 70 l. Cc loi l trn cy gm c:
L vy: mc trn chi lc cn nh, ch c b v gn l.
L mc: l c b vi phin l rt nh, l hnh li mc.
L mo (l bc): mc trn pht hoa v trn bung hoa.

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L c: ch c mt l c bo hiu cy sp tr hoa, phin l to, ngn, cun l rt

rng.
L bng: l loi l chnh ca cy cu to gm b l, cung l, phin l, vi gn
chnh v gn ph.
t x g: l giai on phin l cha n ra vn cn cun trn li.
B l mc t thn tht vn di ra trn mt t, ct ngang b l thy c hnh dng li
lim phnh to 2 3 cm, mng dn v hai bn. Trong b c nhng l hng to cha y
khng kh chim gn ht din tch cc vch ngn l cc b libe mc. Khi b pha ngoi
gi s b cc b con bn trong nng ra lm dng li lim ca thn b cng m rng.
Thn gi cc b l xp thnh vng xon c trn nhau 150 170 . Chn b m rng
bao quanh c khi cht li xo b Suberin ha.
Ngoi vic m l chui cn xanh ngi ta cn bit c chui mc tt hay xu bng
vic quan st cc b chui m phin l kh. cc cy chui mc mnh th cc b
ny c khuynh hng tch nghin ra khi thn gi b dnh st vo thn khi cy mc
yu. B l thng sng lu hn phin l mc theo hnh xon c di ti a 30cm mi
ngy.
3.2 Phin l
Phin l rt rng mc i xng qua gn chnh c dng hnh trng ko di, phin l di
0,35 1 mm, c cc gn ph ni r. Trc khi tr bung, cung l hay cn gi l t
x g c th vn di 17 cm mi ngy (pht trin mnh nht vo ban m) khi iu
kin thi tit thun li trong khong 5 9 ngy th n mt l. Nhit thp s ko di
thi gian n l, nhit di 16 0C th l khng n c, 20 25 0C th l thng
n chm nn l thng gp st vo nhau, t 25 0C n gn gii hn trn th l n bnh
thng.

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Mt s l trng thnh sau mt thi gian s cht. Mt cy chui ang pht trin tt
bnh thng c khong 10 15 l bng, trong c khong 4 5 l trn ngn l quang
hp tt nht. Nu chui mc tt c khong 20 l bng, khi quy sp chn th cn
khong 6 8 l trn cy, v vy khi cha c bung, mt cy chui phi c t 10 l xanh
mi c xem l sinh trng bnh thng. nc ta chui t khi trng t c s
lng tt hn v mc thm canh thp, su bnh nhiu.

La chui Musa sp.

3.3 Cung l
nh b ho dn v dy to thnh cung l gm cc b si trong b xp cht hn
nhng vn cn cc l thng kh. Cung l thng dai v chc mang ni phin l.
i vi cung l th cng mc sau cng di hn. Khong cch gia hai cung l trn

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thn gi gi l lng gi, lng cng ngn cng biu hin cy mc km. Phin l chui
ln dn cho n khi sp tr bung.
Cung ko di v nh dn c mang phin l hai bn. phn gn chnh c mt tng t
bo c bit trng nc. Chui thiu nc th s ho, phin l ung cong vo
tng ny gim s thot hi nc.
3.4 Kh khng
S lng kh khng mt di phin l thng nhiu gp 5 ln mt trn. ging
Grosmichel, mt di phin l c 220 kh khng/mm 2, mt trn l 50 kh
khng/mm2. Mc thot hi nc hay quang tng hp mt di ln hn mt trn 4
8 ln. Vic m s kh khng l chui gip phn bit c ging chui trng l nh
bi, tam bi hay t bi. Ging nh bi thng mc yu hn.
4.

Hoa va s tr bung
4.1 Cu truc hoa chui

Hoa chui thc ra la mt phat hoa, goi la bung hoa. Trn bung, hoa sp thnh tng
chm to thnh ni hoa trn chp ca thn tht. Trn mi chm c 2 hng hoa, pht
trin t phi sang tri lun phin nhau, theo ng xon c.
Cc hoa c nm ni trn ngn ca bung, c non so thoi ha, vi nhy nh v
nh c c bao phn, nhng cc ging trng trt (thng tam bi) th t khi bao phn
cha phn.
Hoa ci nm gia bung, c num v vi nhy ln, cnh hoa thng c mu trng chia
lm 5 kha nh. Hoa c 5 tiu nhy, bu non 3 tm b to thnh 3 bung, mi bung
c nhiu tiu non, 5 nh c khng c ti phn. u num nhy ci c mt thu ht
ong bm

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Hoa lng tnh gn cng ca phc hoa (gc ca bung), c vi nhy duy nht vi
num hnh chy, non so nh nhng khng hnh thnh tri c.

Cu truc hoa chui

4.2 S tng bung
Vic tng bung chui c bt u t s chuyn dng c vm tng trng trn c
chui. ging Naine, khi c l th 11 xut hin trong thn gi, th thy c vm tng
trng tng bung bng knh lp, ngha l cy chui xut hin l th 11 th vm tng
trng chuyn sang vm sinh sn. Biu th u tin ca vm tng trng c hnh chp
chng t thn c ang vn ln rt nhanh, mi ngy c th di 8 cm.
Hnh thi bn ngoi cy dng nh khng thay i, nhng cc phin l mc trong
khong thi gian ny tng i di hn cc l trc , c th do s vn di ca
trung tm. Trn chui Poyo, s pht trin ca ng knh bung hoa khong 100 ngy.
Trong sut thi gian , nhng hoa nguyn thy phn ha khng ngng v bt u
pht trin, ng thi thn mang bung hoa tn cng di ra thot khi nhng l cui
cng. L cui cng rng vi gn l trung tm khuyt rng ra, l ny bo hiu nhng b
khng mang hoa nh ra tip theo sau (l mo), nhng b l c hnh trng, nhn mi,
c gn dc, mu vng n tm c ni sp mt ngoi, sau ho v rng sm.

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ging Lacatan, thi gian ra thn tht vn di y pht hoa ra khi thn gi ko di
1 thng.
4.3 S tr bung

Bung chui
Khi thn y hoa ra khi thn gi gi l tr bung. thi k ny, thn tip tc di thm
v ng knh ln hn na. Cc hoa ci (hnh thnh tri) khng moc ra na v bung
hoa bt u tng hoa c, ng thi phin hoa mc ra trong lc ny hp i v tri bt
u pht trin. mt s ging trng trt thn nh c th thy thn gi hi phnh ra v
on c cy sp tr bung.
Mt ngy sau khi n hoa c rng, hoa ci khng c tng t bo y non so nn
khng rng. Nhng chm hoa mc sau c s hoa t dn v kch thc nh i. u hoa

22

thng ra mt hoa c ring, khng sinh sn, cn c gi l bp chui. Bp chui

c dng nh rau ng Nam . Tai Vit Nam bp chui c bo nhuyn trn
gi, n sng hoc dng nu mt s mn canh.
Cch thc bp chui mc cha thng ln cao, mc ngang hay mc thng xung t
c dng xp loi cc ging chui trng trt. Thng thng khi mi n hoa hng
ln trn nhng trong 1 2 ngy th qu xung t. cc ging chui trng trt, nhng
chm hoa gn cung bp chui l nhng hoa ci, cn nhng chm hoa mc sau l
hoa c. nhm chui gi trung bnh c 9 10 hoa ci (ni), nu iu kin thun li
s chm hoa trn c th ln 13 15 ni

Bp chui
T khi tr bung n khi tri chn trung bnh l 3 thng. Nu thi tit kh hn th vic
ny s ko di hn na t 150 200 ngy.
5.

Qu/ trai

Chui ra qu kt thnh tng bung, mi bung phn thnh nhiu tng, mi tng thng
c gi l ni, mi ni c th t ti 20 qu, mi bung c bnh qun t 320 ni.Mt
qu trung bnh nng 125 g, trong s vo khong 75% l nc v 25% l cht kh.

23

Mi qu ring c v dai chung quanh tht mm n c. V v tht u n c dng

ti hay qua ch bin (sy, phi kh, nu v thm ch nng).

Bung chui va trai chui khi chin

cc ging chui hoang di th s th phn gip cho tri pht trin v tri trng
thnh cha nhiu ht en bao bc bi mt t tht c v ngt, pht trin t nch ca non
so. Nu ngn chn khng cho th tinh th tri teo li v rng i sau vi tun. Trng
lng tri tng dn gn theo tuyn tnh t 80 90 ngy. T l tht tri, v tng dn u
trong sut qu trnh tng trng ci tri. Kch thc tri trung bnh gim dn t ni th
nht ti ni cht, ni cht ch t 50 60% so vi ni th nht. Trong cng mt ni
cng c s khc bit v kch thc tri, tri hng trn ln hn hng di. S khc
bit ny ln nht ni th nht (15%) v gim n ni cui cng th khng c s khc
bit na. ging Gros Michel c khong 22 tri trn ni ln nht, trong khi ging
Naine c s tri ln n 30 ni ln nht v ni th nh li ln hn ni th nht. Cc
ging chui gi Vit Nam thng c 7 9 ni mt quy, cc ni ln nht t khi c
trn 20 tri.
Trong thanh phn cua trai chui, tinh bt chim lng ln nht: cht m 1,21%, cht
bo 0,55%, cht ng 16,20%, Hydroxid Carbon 21,87%, tro 0.65%. (theo Alquire,

24

1970). Trong t nhin, iu nay thu hut cac loai vt nh linh trng, voi ti n va giup
phat tan hat trong trai i xa.
Mu chui ly t Hc Mn v ng Nai phn tch c nhng thnh phn chnh nh sau:

STT

Ch tiu phn tch

Chui

80,36%

Glucid th

14,315%

Lipid th

0,25%

Protid th

4,23%

X th

0,37%

Vitamin C

122,80 mg

340 mg

Ca

6,49mg

25

Ngun: Phn tch ti Trung Tm phn tch th nghim i Hc Nng Lm, 1999
6

Ht

Ht ca chui khc nhau theo tng loi c th. Th d, ht ca chui ht (Musa

balbisiana), c dng hnh trng, mu nu en, di khong 4 mm, rt d nhn thy trong
phn tht qu mu trng ng (Scot C. N. v cng s, 2006). Tuy nhin, phn ln chui
trng co b nhim sc th tam bi, u khng tao hat trong trai. Nguyn nhn do s bt
th cc d t non so hoc nh c khng c phn. i khi, nu trng xen k vi
mt ging c phn nhiu nh chui rng (2n) vi mt ging chui 3n nh Gros Michel
th mi quy c 1 2 ht, i khi c vi chc ht.

26

Cu truc hat chui

Tri cng c th pht trin nhng khng cn s th phn, chui Vit Nam thng
pht trin theo cch ny, gi l trinh sn. Rut chui pht sinh t lp t bo bn trong
v chui hay t cc ngn mi ch khng phi t non so.

27

GI TR DINH DNG VA NG DUNG

I/ GIA TRI DINH DNG
Chui cha tinh bt, ng va nhiu sinh t nh A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E v
khong t nh magn, vi, kali, st, phosphor, fluor v it.
Gi tr dinh dng c trong 100 g chui (3,5 oz).
Nng lng

90 kcal

Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.334 mg

Carbohydrates
Sugars

(370kJ)
22.84 g
12.23g

Vitamin B6
Folate (Vit. B9)

0.367 mg
20 g

Dietary fiber

2.6 g

Vitamin C

8.7 mg

Fat
Protein
Vitamin A equiv.
Thiamine (Vit. B1)
Riboflavin (Vit. B2)
Niacin (Vit. B3)

0.33g
1.09g
3 g
0.031 mg
0.073 mg
0.665 mg

Calcium (Ca)
Iron (Fe)
Magnesium (Mg)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Zinc (Zn)

5mg - 1%
0.26mg - 2%
27mg - 7%
22mg - 3%
358mg - 8%
0.15mg - 1%

Ngun: USDA Nutrient database

Trong qua chui, lng tinh bt, ng ln nhng it cht bo nn va cung cp nng
lng nhanh, va khng lm tng cholesteron mu. Lng kali di do va t l hp l
gia magnes, canxi, kem giup chui c kh nng iu ho quy trnh dn truyn thn
kinh ca c tim, hoat ng cua xung thn kinh. Ngoai ra chui cha kha nhiu vitamin
va hn 10 loai acid amin thit yu. Vi th, chui ngoai vic lam mon trang ming b
dng con co th lam ngun thc phm thich hp cho ngi n king, ngi gia va tre
em, ngi bi vn tim mach, ngi lao ng nng.
II/ CHUI LOAI THC PHM B DNG

28

1.

Gia tri cua chui theo ng Y

Theo ng Y, chui c v ngt, tnh bnh, nhun ph, ch kht, li trng v. C chui v
ngt, tnh hn, c tc dng thanh nhit, gii c.
Thn chui non c ct mng l mt mn rau quen thuc nhiu vng Vit Nam.
Bp chui c th n sng, ngm gim hoc lm gi trn. Chui cht n km vi mt s
thc phm khc cng l mt mn tng i ph bin.
Y hc dn gian dng chui ht: thn chui ht, ct ngang, khot hng nha nguyn
ung tr sn thn v sn mt. Chui khng nu chn, chng to lot (anti
ulcerogenic) bao t (nh khi ung thng xuyn aspirin), c l sitoindosid (I: R
Glu (6 O Palmitoil); II: R = Glu (6 O Oleoil), thermolabile, mt i khi b nu)
lm tng hot ng ca i thc bo phc mc v cng c l v lm tng sc khng
ca cc cht nhy ca thnh bao t (mucosa resistance). R chui ba tiu Musa basjoo
S. & Z.tr i tho ng, kh ming, nhc u, vng da, lnh bnh, i c mu, h
nhit (Phm Hong H, 2006).

San phm ti t chui

2.

Gia tri cua chui theo y hoc hin ai

Tai cac nc phng Ty, ngi ta ph bin cu "A banana a day keeps the doctor
away" (n mt tri chui mi ngy khng cn n bc s) chi kha nng phong
nga bnh tt cua chui.

29

2.1 Bo v h tim mch

Chui l mt trong nhng loi thc phm cung cp nhiu potassium, mt khong cht
thit yu cho con ngi gip n nh huyt p v chc nng tim, t o gip gim nguy
c t qu. Nguyn nhn do s tng quan gia mui natri v mui kali c lin quan
n vic duy tr pH v s cn bng cht lng trong c th. Natri la thnh phn quan
trng ca mui n v nhng thc n mn hng ngy, c tc dng gi li mt lng
nc nht nh, to gnh nng cho h tim mch. Kali c tnh nng nh mt cht in
phn gip thi tr bt natri ra khi c th. Ngoi ra, c hai loi mui ny cn lin quan
n in th mang va kha nng dn truyn xung thn kinh. S thiu ht mui kali c
th lm gia tng trng lc c v tng tc xu n hot ng ca h thn kinh giao
cm. Nhng yu t ny u c kh nng lm gia tng p huyt. V vy, mi ngy n
mt tri chui (cha khong 467 mg kali v ch 1 mg natri) c th gip ngn nga cao
huyt p v bo v c th khi chng x va ng mch (atherosclerosis).
Trong chui cha cht x h tr ngn nga cc bnh v tim (theo mt nghin cu cng
b trn Archives of Internal Medicine). Nhng ngi n nhiu cht x, 21 g mi
ngy, c t hn 12% cc bnh lin quan n vnh tim so vi ngi n it hn (5g/ ngay
cht x) (theo Coronary Heart Disease).
2.2 Bo v d dy
Chui giup gim acid da day gip bo v khi chng lot d dy. Chui thc hin chc
nng bo v ca chng theo hai cch:

Nhng hp cht trong chui gip hot ha nhng t bo mng trong da

dy, tit cc cht nhy lm mng ny tr nn dy hn cn tr acid.

30

Nhng hp cht khc trong chui c gi l cc cht c ch protease

gip loi b vi khun trong d dy, nguyn nhn u tin gy nhng chng lot hay tn
thng da dy.
Nhiu cuc nghin cu khc nhau ca nhng nh khoa hc Anh v n a
n kt lun ging nhau v tc ng ca chui xanh i vi cc bnh nhn lot d dy,
t trng. Ngi ta s dng nhng loi chui khc nhau, chui kh, chui bt, chui
xanh, chui chn, ng thi vi nhng nhm i chng khng dng chui. Kt qu cho
thy, chui xanh c phi kh nhit thp c kh nng kch thch s tng trng
ca lp mng nhy thnh trong ca d dy. Nhng t bo sn xut cht nhy c
tng sinh, lp mng nhy dy ln bo v thnh d dy trnh khi b lot v cn hn
gn nhanh chng nhng ch lot hnh thnh trc . Nhng th nghim ny cng
xc nh nhng loi chui c phi kh nhit cao, hoc chui chn khng c tnh
nng ny. Kt qu ny cng ph hp vi kinh nghim dn gian dng chui xanh phi
kh tn bt tr bnh lot d dy. iu ng lu l khoa hc xc nh chui phi
kh nhit thp tc k thut phi m can (phi trong bng rm) ca Y Hc C
Truyn. Cch phi kh trc tip di nh mt tri hoc sy nhit cao s lm chui
mt i tc dng cha bnh ny.
2.3 Ci thin qu trnh bi tit
Chng tiu chy c th nhanh chng lm gim nc va nhng ion cn thit cho t bo
trong c th. Chui gip cha nhiu ng va kali giup tai cn bng qua trinh thm
thu cua t bao.
Hn na, chui cha pectin, mt cht x ha tan. Cht x khng c tiu ho to
thnh cht b hp thu nc v kch thch nhu ng rut nn c tc dng chng to bn.
Mt khc, vic kch thch nhu ng rut s thc y nhanh s lu thng trong rut gi

31

lm gim thi gian tip xc ca cc cht c hi hoc c kh nng gy ung th vi

nim mc rut. Cht x cn c th ho quyn, kt dnh nhng cht c hi ny bi
tit theo phn ra ngoi. Do , n chui hng ngy c th gip bo v nim mc rut
phng nga nhiu chng bnh rut gi.
2.4 Bo v sng ca mt
D liu cng b trn Archives of Ophthalmology nhn thy rng vic n mt lng nh
va tri cy, tiu biu l chui mi ngy gip gim nguy c thoi ha im vng do
tui (age-related macular degeneration, ARMD), chim36% nguyn nhn lm gim
kh nng nhn nhng ngi ln tui. Nghin cu ny c thc hin trn 100.000
ph n v n ng.
2.5 B sung nng lng cho hot ng th lc
Theo Tin s Douglas N. Graham, chui l mt ngun thc phm b sung rt tt cho
nhng vn ng vin v nhng ngi lm vic nng nhc. Mt ba n ch ton bng
chui cng c th cung cp nng lng duy tr hot ng th lc hng gi ng
h. Trong chui va c carbohydrate hp thu nhanh, va c carbohydrate hp thu
chm. Trong nhng hot ng th lc ko di khi nng lng b hao ht nhiu, c th
phi huy ng n lng ng trong mu cung cp cho c bp. Nhng trng hp
ny, ng glucose trong chui c hp th nhanh vo mu c th b sung tc th
lng ng b hao ht gip vn ng vin phc hi sau khi vn ng mt mi. ng
fructose trong chui c hp th chm hn. Ngoi ra chui cn nhng carbohydrate
khc c chuyn ho chm v phng thch ng vo mu t t c th p ng cho
nhng hot ng th lc ko di hng gi sau . c bit t l potassium cao trong
chui cn lin quan n trng lc c c kh nng lm gim nguy c vp b vn

32

ng vin. Do , ngi ta khuyn chui nn c chn trong s nhng thc n nhanh

cho vn ng vin trc, trong v sau nhng bui tp.
2.6 Giup xng chc khoe
n chui s gip c th hp thu canxi tt hn thng qua mt vi c ch khc nhau.
Chui l mt ngun thc phm c bit giu fructooligosaccharide, mt tin sinh cht
(prebiotic) nh thc n ca nhng vi khun probiotic (c li) trong rut kt. Nhng vi
khun ny sn xut nhiu loi vitamin v enzyme tiu ha gip c th hp thu dinh
dng tt hn, km theo cc vi khun ny cn sn sinh nhng hp cht chng li
nhng vi sinh vt gy hi cho c th chng ta. Khi fructooligosaccharide c ln men
bi nhng vi khun c li ny, khng ch gip tng s lng vi khun c li m cn
gip c th hp thu canxi tt hn.
Chui xanh cn cha nhng acid bo mch ngn kh tiu ha (SCFAs, short chain
fatty acids) l ngun dinh dng a thch ca nhng t bo lt ca rut. Khi nhng t
bo ny c cung cp y dinh dng v khe mnh, kh nng hp thu dinh
dng, trong c canxi ca c th tng ln ng k.
2.7 Gip thn khe hn
Chui v nhng loi rau qu cha mt lng ln cht antioxidant phenolic va
carotenoids. Nhng hp cht trn gip cai thin qua trinh loc mau cua thn va phong
nga nhng cn bnh nh ung th thn.

33

GIA TRI KINH T VA SAN PHM T CHUI

I/ GI TR KINH T - KINH DOANH CHUI
Trong kinh doanh, "chui" l t thng c dng ch cc loi qu chui mm v
ngt. Nhng ging cy trng c qu chc hn c gi chui l. C hai loi chui c
bn: cc dng chui trng ming c mu vng v c n khi chn, cn cc loi chui
nu c nu khi cn mu xanh.
1.

San xut chui trn th gii

Chui l loi tri cy nhit i c trng ph bin nhiu quc gia v vng min trn
th gii, ng thi cng chim mt t trng ng k trong thng mi rau qu ca ton
cu. Xut khu chui ng u v khi lng v ng th hai v kim ngch, sau cam
trong c cu xut khu tri cy ca th gii. nh gi ca FAO, tng kim ngch xut
khu chui t 15,9 triu tn vo nm 2004. Cng vi go, la m, ng cc, chui cng
l mt trong s nhng mt hng ch lc ca nhiu nc ang pht trin. Tuy nhin,
xut khu chui ca mt s nc sn xut chnh nh n , Braxin li khng cao.
Trn thc t th ch c 1/5 s lng chui sn xut ra c dng xut khu.
Ngnh cng nghip chui em li ngun thu nhp quan trng, to nhiu vic lm v
gp phn tng kim ngch xut khu ln cho nhng nc xut khu chui chnh trn th
gii, c nhng nc ang pht trin M Latinh v Caribean, cng nh l Chu v
Chu Phi. Theo FAO, xut khu chui ca c th gii t c trn 4,7 t mt nm
em li ngun thu nhp ln cho nhiu nc. S bin ng v ngun cung chui cho
xut khu v gi chui c tc ng ln ti thu nhp ca ngi lao ng trc tip trong
ngnh ny, t nhng h gia nh trng chui cho n nhng cng nhn lm nhng
n in ln. Khng nhng th, ngnh chui cn c tc ng ln ti c nhng ngi
lm trong ngnh cng nghip th 2 v th 3.

34

Khu x ly chui theo quy m cng nghip

Thch hp vi kh hu nhit i, chui ch yu c trng ch yu nhng nc ang
pht trin. Khong 98% sn lng chui ca th gii c trng nhng nc ang
pht trin v c xut khu ti cc nc pht trin. Vo nm 2004, tng cng c 130
nc xut khu chui. Tuy nhin, v vic sn xut cng nh xut nhp khu chui
thng l tp trung vo mt s nc nht nh. 10 nc sn xut chnh chim ti 75%
sn lng chui th gii vo nm 2004. Trong th n , Ecuador, Braxin v Trung
Quc chim mt na ca ton th gii. iu ny cng ngy cng tng ln cho thy s
tp trung ha v phn phi chui trn ton th gii.Nu nh nhng nm 1980, cc nc
M La Tinh v khu vc Caribbean l khu vc sn xut chui chnh ca th gii th n
nhng nm 1990, khu vc Chu vt ln dn u, tip theo l cc nc Nam M
v cui cng l chu Phi.

35

Biu c cu sn xut chui trn th gii

2.

Xut - nhp khu chui trn th gii

2.1 Xut khu chui

Xut khu chui trn th gii ch yu l tp trung vo cc nc ang pht trin. Ring
M La tinh v khu vc Caribbean chim 70% lng xut khu chui nm 2004.
Bn nc xut khu chui nhiu nht th gii vo nm 2004 l Ecuador, Costa Rica,
Philippines, Colombia chim ti 63% xut khu chui trn ton th gii. Ch tnh
ring Ecuador chim 30%. Trong nhng nm 90, xut khu chui t M La tinh v
khu vc Caribbean gim nh v xut khu t khu vc Chu tng ln.
20 quc gia sn xut chui ng u th gii 2007 (triu tn)
Ton th gii
n
Trung Quc
Philippines
Brazil
Ecuador
Indonesia
Tanzania

72,5
21,77
8,04
7,48
7,10
6,00
5,46
3,50

Burundi
Guatemala
Vit Nam
Kenya
Bangladesh
Honduras
Ai Cp

1,60
1,57
1,36
1,19
1,00
0,91
0,88

36

Costa Rica
2,08
Papua New Guinea
Thi Lan
2,00
Cameroon
Mexico
1,96
Uganda
Ngun: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

0,87
0,86
0,62

Gia kim ngch xut khu chui v thu nhp u ngi ca mt s nc xut khu
chui ln cng c mi quan h kh cht ch. Vi nhng nc xut khu chui chnh
nh Ecuado v Costa Rica, kim ngch xut khu chui chim 16,7% v 23,1% tng
kim ngch xut khu nm 2000. Ti nhng nc qun o Windward nh Saint Lucia,
St. Vincent v Grenadines, Dominica v Grenada, mc ph thuc cn ln hn (v
d Saint Lucia, xut khu chui chim n 49,6% tng kim ngch xut khu).
2.2 Nhp khu chui
EU, M v Nht, chim 67% nhp khu trn ton th gii nm 2004. Mc d s tp
trung v mt a l vn kh cao nhng xu hng a dng ha ngy cng tng, c bit
l vo nhng nm 1990, khi c s xut hin ca mt s nc nhp khu mi. iu ny
cho thy nhp khu chui ngy cng ln ca mt s th trng mi ni nh Lin bang
Nga, Trung Quc, ng u. Trong khi mc nhp khu ca khu vc EU vn tng
i n nh.

37

Biu c cu nhp khu chui trn th gii (giai on 2000 2004)

3.

Tnh hnh sn xut chui ti Vit Nam

Vit Nam l nc nhit i v l mt trong nhng x s ca chui vi nhiu ging

chui rt qu nh: chui tiu, chui ty, chui bom, chui ng, c loi chui ni ting
nh chui ng i Hong (Nam nh), tng l c sn tin vua.
Cc chng loi chui Vit Nam rt a dng nh chui tiu, chui l, chui xim v
chui ng c trng ri rc khp cc tnh thnh trong c nc. Cc ging chui ca
Vit Nam khng ch phong ph v kch c, hng v m cn c nhng gi tr s dng
rt khc nhau. Cao cp nht vn l chui ng, loi chui tin vua, qu thon nh, vng
ng, thm ngy nhng din tch v sn lng khng cao. Chui tiu, chui gng c sn
lng ln hn, hng v tuy khng ngon bng nhng cht lng ang ngy cng c
ci tin.
Vi nhng c im trn, chui l mt hng c trin vng xut khu ca Vit Nam,
nht l i vi ging chui gi v chui cau. Vin Nghin cu Cy n qu Min Nam
c nhng cng ngh mi h tr cc tnh cy ging chui nui cy m sch bnh
v cng ngh chuyn mu chui gi sang mu vng rt p, c th cnh tranh xut
khu chui vi Philipine, i Loan vo th trng chu u, Nht Bn. Thi gian gn
y cc tnh C Mau, ng Nai, Qung Ngi c nhng bc ci thin trong vic
trng v pht trin cy chui tin ti xut khu sn phm chui.
nc ta chui l loi tri cy c din tch v sn lng cao. Vi din tch chim 19%
tng din tch cy n tri ca Vit Nam hng nm, cho sn lng khong 1,4 triu tn.
Tuy nhin, din tch trng chui li khng tp trung. Do c im l loi cy ngn
ngy, nhiu cng dng v t tn din tch nn chui c trng rt nhiu ni trong
cc vn cy n tri v h gia nh. Mt s tnh min Trung v min Nam c din tch
trng chui kh ln (Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Khnh Ha, ng Nai, Sc Trng, C Mau

38

c din tch t 3000 ha n gn 8000 ha). Trong khi cc tnh min Bc c din tch
trng chui ln nht nh: Hi Phng, Nam nh, Ph Thcha t n 3000 ha.

Nng trai chui tai ng Nai

Hin tai, mt s tnh min Bc nh Hng Yn, Nam inh ang rt quan tm vn
khi phc li cc ging chui qu ca a phng l chui tiu hng, chui ng.... va
nghin cu cac m hinh nhn rng din tich trng cac ging nay.
II/ MT S SN PHM T CHUI
1.

Chui kh

Ly 5 kg chui chn ti hoc chui xanh bc v, thi lt, ngm vo dung dch
bicacbonat sedium ( tha c ph pha vi 2 lt nc). Sau o tri ln khay thng, xng
lu hunh 15 pht, sau em phi hoc sy kh 55 91 OC trong 18 n 20 gi.
ngui cho vo ti nilng hay hp st y kn. C th gi c trong 25 ngy. Nu sau
khi cho vo ti hn kn li c 90 ngy.

39

Chui kh c th nghin ra lm bt chui hoc lm thc n lin. Lt chui kh c mi

thm nh mi bnh m, dng lm nm qu kh, kem u c.
* Chui kh (phng php dn gian)
Chui chn bc v, thi lt ngang mng, tri u trn nong, nia. Sy bng than ci
khong 10 gi. Chui kh gin, mi thm. Cho vo l thy tinh dnh n dn. Chui
kh dng lm mn trng ming vi nc tr c.

San phm chui sy kh

* Ko chui kh
Chui kh thi ch, cho ng vo nc ct da un si, th chui, gng non thi ch,
da no trn u, un nh la, ti khi chui c sn st va kh, bc xung. Chui
ngt nn ch cn cho thm mt t ng, 1 kg chui kh ch cn cho 0,2 kg ng l
. chui vo khun lng mt lp du da, nn cht. Rc t lc rang vng b v,
tch i ln trn. Dng chy cn nh ln chui cho lc dnh vo chui. ngui, ct

40

thnh thanh, cho vo l thu tinh hoc bc giy bng. Ko chui thm, ngon, mu
ng rt p.
2.

Chui hp

Chui chn bc v, thi lt dc qu, b vo lon ln, ngp sir ng 25 30o Brix
v 0,2% axit citric, chui c pH = 4,5 5,3. Dp kn np, thanh trng trong nc
si 100o C 15 pht hc trong ni p sut, ri lm ngui nhanh trnh sir thay i
mu, c trong thi gian bo qun, lm gim cht lng. Chui hp thm, ngon, mu
hng, rt c ngi nc ngoi a thch.
3.

Nc ct chui

Chui chn bc v, chn nc si hoc hi nc si (88 o C), xay nhuyn, thm ng

v axit xitric t pH = 4,2 4,3 (khong 100 gam axit citric cho 45,50 kg nc
ct). un si, ng hp, hn kn, lt ngc hp xung trong 5 pht, lm ngui n
35oC. Khi ng hp hn lon phi nhanh trnh khng kh lt vo lm gim cht
lng sn phm.
4.

Da chui cht

Chui cht (chui ht) gt sch v, thi mng, ngm vo nc c pha chanh khong 10
pht cho chui cht, vt ra p ro, ri li ngm vo nc chanh c thm t mui,
chui chuyn mu trng. Xp vo thu, ngp nc chanh pha mui, gi cht, mt
ngy. Vt chui ra, p ro nc chanh, li xp vo thu, di nc mui, ng, gim
un si ngui, gi cht. Sau 4 ngy l n c. Trc khi n thi gng, t, ti, bm
nh ho thm nc mm, ngm chui vo. n km ch, nm, tr. Mn n ca ngi
Hu.
5.

Ru chui

41

Chui chin bc v, thi mng, hp chn. B chui vo l thy tinh, ngp nc

ng un si ngui, cho men ru vo, y kn (c 1 kg chui cho khong 300 kg
ng v 5 vin men). Sau 1 thng, gn ly nc trong cho vo chai, y kn. Ru
chui ung thm, ngon, d tiu.

Ru chui trong chai thuy tinh

42

NUI TRNG VA CHM SC

I/ IU KIN THCH NGHI
1.

Kh hu

S phn b cc vng trng chui trn th gii cho thy hin nay chui c trng trn
v 30 Bc v Nam kh hu nhit i, ma ng tri kh lnh, mt vi vng
canh tc chui nm xa xch o gm c New South Wales, i Loan, Bc n , Ai
Cp, Queensland (Chu c), Nalta (Nam Phi), Sao Paolo (Brasil) v Israel. Nhng
vng nm trong gii hn trn cng c nhiu ch khc nhau (c vng thun li
nhng cng c vng khng thch hp cho chui pht trin). Cc vn chui trng trong
vng nhit i thng c nng sut cao hn trong vn nhit i. Mc d vo ma
ng c nhit thp lm chui ngng tng trng c thng. Cc vn trng chui
trong vng nhit i thng c khuyt im l:

Nhit v m cao nn nhiu su bnh.

D b thiu nc trong ma kh v ma nhiu trong ma ma nn cht

dinh dng trong t d b ra lm t km mu m.

Tui th khng cao.

2.

Nhit

Chui sinh trng bnh thng c nhit 17-30 oC, thch hp nht 25oC. Chui rt
nhy cm vi nhit thp v rt. Di 16 oC, hot ng sinh trng ca cy chui b
gim. Nu nhit xung thp trong mt thi gian di, cy c biu hin nh l mt
mu xanh, trng bch, ho dn, cy c th cht.

43

 vng nhit i, c ln cao 100 m th thi gian thu hoch ko di thm 45 ngy,
chui sau khi ngng tng trng v nhit gii hn s tng trng tr li khi nhit
tng ln.
Nu chui cha tng tng bung, gp nhit thp th s l s ra nhiu hn (40-45 l
thay v 30-35 l), thi gian l chui xut hin lu hn, ngha l lu thu hoch hn. Do
, trng chui Lt, Bo Lc th lu hn ng bng sng Cu Long. Nu chui
bt u tng bung m gp lnh th bung s h hi, cc hoa chui c t hn 5 nh
c, bu non t hn 3 ngn, cung quy ngn hn lm cho cc ni mc kht nhau, tri
nh, mo m. Sau khi tr bung m gp tri lnh th thi gian chn c th ko di n 6
thng, rut chui b vng, v b bm, d thi, phm cht xu.
3.

Nc v lng ma

Chui c nhu cu nc thng xuyn v din tch phin l ln, thot hi nc mnh.
Chui c bit cn nhiu nc vo thi k phn ha mm hoa, ra hoa kt tri v tri
pht trin.
Cy chui chu hn km, thiu nc lm nghn l nghn hoa, cy xut hin nhiu d
dng, sinh trng, pht trin km. Lng ma trong khong 1500-2000 mm. Chui a
ni t m, kh nng chu hn km. Nu thiu nc, cy s mc chm, yu, nh, ni t
tri, tri nh. Nhng ch t nc cng cn cho nc thot trnh gy thi r. Trong lc
chui ra hoa v tr bung, nu b thiu nc, tri vn vo, bung ngn li, tri thiu
phm cht.
4.

nh sng

Tt c ging chui u cn nh sng mnh mc d chui khng c tnh quang k. Cc

kh khng mt di l bt u m quang hp. Khi cng nh sng bt u t
1000 lux v tng dn trong khong 2000-10000 lux, chm dn t 10000-3000 lux sau
s c hin tng bo ha nh sng. Mt trn l chui t quang hp hn, cc kh

44

khng mt trn l cn cng nh sng cao. Vo ma ma, nhiu ngy nh sng

di 3000 lux s khng cho quang tng hp ti a, nht l trn nhm chui gi.
nhng vn chui thiu nh sng th cy con i sau cao hn i trc 5 cm, l mu
vng trng khi cy thiu nh sng. Khng nn bi chui c qu nhiu cy con cnh
tranh dinh dng v nh sng.
5.

R chui yu v rt gin, khng chu c nc ng v s kh hn. Khi r

pht trin lan ra trong lng t, nu gp vt cn nh si , t st cng th chp r
b dp v to thnh cc phnh to, c th t ch phnh ny sinh ra nhiu r nh. Bi vy
chui ch thch nghi tt trn t ph sa ven sng sui, t rng mi khai ph nhiu
mn, c kh nng thot nc v gi m tt, c nhiu N, K, pH l 6-7,5.
6.

m trung bnh 75-85%, mc nc ngm trong khong 0,8-1 m.

7.

Gi bo

Gi mnh t cp 5 tr ln c hi cho cy chui, c th lm cy b ng, l b rch,

nht l i vi cy cao ln.
II/ TC NG CA PHN BN
Chui rt d trng, nu bn phn k lng th nng sut c th tng rt ng k. t
phi c nhiu hu c, nu t c di 1% mn th phi bn phn chung hoc thm
rm r, cnh c kh. Nu phn chung khng th phi bn thm phn ha hc, s
lng N, P, K ty thuc cht lng t, min sao ng thiu hoc tha gy nh hng
khng tt cho chui.

Thiu m (N): mu cy xanh lt, l nh, thn ln.

45

Thiu Ln (P): mu sc ti, tc ra l chm, ra l vng.

Thiu Kali (K): l vng sm trc khi gi, sinh trng chm li.

Thiu ng (Cu): l r xung 2 bn, tn l cong xung, c hnh chic d.

Thiu Mangan (Mn): l non vng, hnh thnh nhng vch non vng

mp l.

Thiu St (Fe): l non vng, hnh thnh nhng vch ngang.

Ch : Lng phn bn nn ri u theo tn cy, sau xi nh v ph bi t

c vi vo t t b mt do bc hi.
III/ K THUT TRNG CHUI
1.

Chn t

C th trng chui trn nhiu loi t,ch yu l t su, c m, thong kh,thot

nc. t bi ven sng, t b ao,t vn,t i c cu tng tt, u l nhng t
trng chui tt. Nu l t ct nn bn nhiu bn, nu t hi nng nn bn nhiu phn
hu c.Ngi ta c th chia thnh 2 vng t:
1.1 Vng t Cao
Nu l vng t cao th nn cy su chng 40cm v dng ba 1 thng trc lc t
chui xung trng. Nu t tt, chng ta c th cy khong 20cm l v ba cch
thng l va. vng cao nn khai mng dn nc.
1.2 Vng t Thp

46

Nu trng vng t thp th cng nn ba s, chia thnh lip v lm ng mung

thot nc. Nu vn vng thp qu, nc hay b ngp th c th khai mng theo
mt trong hai cch sau:

o thnh mt mng ly t p thnh lip trnh ngp nuc. Nu l

vng t c nhiu phn th ch mt vi cn ma xung ra bt phn, hoc bn thm

vi ri mi trng.

p b bao ngn, bn trong ln lip v o mng dn nc.

2.

Chn ging:

Ging trng phi c chn t nhng vn, cy khng b bnh. Cy c qu to, u,

khng c cnh, nm qu ngn, qu gi c mu xanh pht trng.
Khi chn ging, dng dao sc ct 1/4 c chui, thy thn c mu trng tinh l cy
khng b bnh, nu c vng vng, trng en phi b ngay.
Trc khi trng ct bt l, r, nhng phn thn ngm vo dung dch Padan 95SP 15%
loi b su bnh k sinh trong cy.
3.

Trng
3.1 Thi v

Chui c trng quanh nm, ring i vi chui cau th ch trnh thi im tr

bung trng vo ma gi thng 5-6 dng lch d lm gy c bung. Tt nht nn
trng vo u ma ma, cy sinh trng tt cho t l sng cao.
3.2 Cch trng
o hc nh gia h va vi gc chui. t cy con vo v lp t va qu c gc ri
ln cht cy khng b . Sau khi trng, cn ti m nc gi m v c cch
mt ngy ti nc mt ln cho cy vo bui sng. Khi cy bn r v hi phc th
ty vo m ca t ti nc cho ph hp. Vo ma ma (thng 5-11 dng
lch) ch thot nc tt cho vn chui, c bit thng 8-10 dng lch ma nhiu d

47

b ngp ng. Giai phap co th trng chui trong nha lng hay s dung ky thut trng
phu bat. Trng cy chn gi quanh vn , hn ch rch l lm gim nng sut.

Trng chui trong nha lng va trng chui phu bat tranh ung
IV/ CHM SC CHUI
1.

Ta chi v chi

Ta chi phi thng xuyn khong 1 thng/ln, dng dao ct ngang thn st mt t v
hy nh sinh trng. Nn tin hnh ta vo lc tri nng ro, trnh ng nc xung
quanh lm chi con b thi ly sang cy m. Vic chi thc hin sau khi trng 5
thng, cha li cy con mp, khe mc cch xa cy m trn 20cm, sao cho mi bi c 3
cy cch nhau khong 4 thng.

48

Chm tia cy chui con

2.

B bp che v chng quy

Sau khi xut hin 1-2 ni trung tnh, tin hnh b bp vo bui tra hn ch s mt
nha. Dng ti polyetylen c c l bao quy, mc ch gi cho mu sc v tri
c p hn, hn ch b lch chch ht tri non v s lm tng nng sut quy thm
1kg. Dng cy chng quy trnh ng. Trong giai on ny c th phun Decis v
Mancozeb 0,1% phng nga mt s dch hi.

Bao quay chui bng bao PE

3.

Bn phn

Tng lng phn cn thit : 150-200 g N, 50 g P2O5 v 200-250 g K20/cy/v

3.1 Giai oan xung ging
Bn lt: S dng RDA-ACP: 80-150 gram/gc + 5-10 kg phn hu c (tng ng
50g P2O5). Trn u phn va t, cho vo y h trng (40 x 40 x su 50 cm) trc khi
trng. nhng v k th bn sau khi thu hoch hay u ma ma.

49

Trng 900-1000 cy mt ha. Chn cy bng nhau trng cnh nhau. Co hai cach phn
b cy trng:
Trng u, cy cch cy 3m. Cch ny cy mc rt tt, nhng sau ny kh cho
ngi ra vo chm sc v thu hoch.
Trng thnh hng cch nhau 4-4,5m, trong hng cy cch cy 1,8-2m.

Hang chui trng sau bon lot

3.2 Giai on tng trng
Giai on cy con, c th chia lng phn ra lm nhiu ln ti cho cy. Khi cy
trng thnh ta c th bn phn theo hc hay xi nh quanh gc theo tn cy cho phn

50

vo v lp t li gip cy pht trin nhanh v thn l. Tng lng dinh dng cn thit
cho cy chui vao ti ky nay:

Ln1: Sau khi trng 1,5 thng bn 30% lng N v 30% lng K20.

Ln 2: Khong 4,5 thng sau khi trng bn 40% lng N v 40% lng

K20.

Ln 3: Khong 7 thng sau khi trng bn 30% lng N v 30% lng

K20.
Cy phi c ti , c bit vo ma kh. Hiu qua phn bon phu thuc vao vic
cung cp u lng nc cho cy. y l giai on cn c chm sc c bit, cung
cp u lng dinh dng gip cy tng trng nhanh, c bit b r phi c pht
trin nhanh n mch nc gip cy tn ti c qua ma kh.
Vi cy con, s dng RDA-G loai 20g/ m2 kt hp phun HP-306 giup cy tng trng
nhanh ngay sau khi trng. Thc hin 7- 10 ngy/ ln vi liu lng khuyn cao
ng knh tn l
0,25m (25cm)

0,5m (50cm)

0,75m (75cm)

Din tch tn l
2

0,0625m (625cm )

0,25m (2500cm )

0,5625m

Lng phn s dng

0,0625m2 x 1,25 gr/cy = 1,250 kg / 1000
20g/m2=
0,25m2 x

cy ( =1 ha)
5gr/cy

20g/m2=
0,5625m2 x 11gr/cy
20gr/m2=

= 5Kg / 1000 cy
( =1 ha)
= 11Kg / 1000 cy
( =1 ha)

Bng tnh din tch tn l cho cy cn nh, ha nc ti mt ln cho 10 ngy

51

Vi cy ln, s dng RDA-G loi S-plus 30g/ m2 tn l. Thc hin 2 tun 1 ln ri u

quanh gc. Nu dung loai 40gr/ m2 tn l thi bon 3 tun 1 ln.

ng knh tn l
1m

1,5m

2m

2,5m

Din tch tn l
1m2 x 30-

1m

2,25m

30-40 gr/cy

40gr/m2 =
2

= 30-40Kg /
ha

2,25m2 x 30- 70-90gr/cy

40gr/m2 =

= 70-90Kg /
ha

4m2 x 30- 120-160gr/cy

4m

6,25m

Lng phn s dng

40gr/m2 =
2

= 120-160Kg /
ha

6,25m2 x 30- 190-250gr/cy

40gr/m2 =

= 190-250Kg /
ha

Bng tnh din tch tn l cho cy ln, bn phn mt ln cho 20 ngy

3.3 Giai on ra hoa tr bung:
Trc khi tr bung: Khong thng th 10 -11 sau khi trng v chm sc ng quy
cch, lc cy ln ht c, tn l ph kn ht mt t, nn kch thch chui ra bung
bng cch dng RDA-F: 500Kg/ha. Ri 1 ln, khong 1 thng sau th cy tr bung.
Khng cn bn phn g thm trong khi i cy tr bung.
Khi ang tr bung: c bit trng hp nui qu nhiu cy con quanh gc cn khn
cp kt hp phun l HP-306 va bon phn tng trng chng nghn bung, do cy
khng lc nui bung chui ang ln nhanh.
3.4 Giai on nui tri ln:

52

S dng RDA-NiU 600Kg/ha nn chia ra ri lm 2-3 ln, ri ht trong vng 2-3 tun
k t khi pht hoa bt u tng tri.
3.5 Lu
Chui l cy rt ho phn. Hiu qu bn phn trn cy chui rt cao. Ch ri phn khi
c nc. Nu chm sc ng cch cy chui ra bung trong vng 1 nm k t khi
xung ging. Vi sn lng qu 40-50 tn cht lng cao th lng phn cn dng cho
mt hc ta l 1,7-2 tn.
Thng thng, nu tnh trn c din tch th: cy chui cn nh, che ph t, th bn t
phn v khi cy chui ln, che ph ton b din tch, th bn nhiu phn ln. Nu tnh
trn din tch tn l cy che ph t th cy chui s dng n nh phn bn trong
khong t 2-3gr /1 m2 tn l mi ngy.
Bn phn nhiu ln mi ln chia ra theo ng nhu cu tt hn bn phn t ln, mi ln
tht nhiu. Cy lc cn nh thch c bn phn mi tun mt ln. Cy chui lc nh
cn phn nhiu hn tc l khong 3gr phn bn cho 1 m2 din tch tn l.
Khng bn phn cy chui vn mc c, lc cy s c bn rt cht dinh dng
t t, tuy nhin s rt d b ng cy, tc l trn rung khong 10% s cy ging mc
khng c u, sng li so vi cc cy khc. Ngoi ra cy lc tr bung rt d b
nghn bung nu t ngho dinh dng.
Mi chn t giu hay ngho dinh dng cn ch bn phn khc nhau mt cht.
Nu bn phn tng ln m cy vn mc tt ln, tc l cy ang cn thiu phn. Nu
bn phn gim i m cy mc vn tt tc l cy ang d phn. Cn tnh ton v quan
st mu xanh ca l bit tnh trng sc kho v nhu cu phn bn ca cy.
Cy chui con ny t gc nn c tch ra, loi b hoc trng theo quy trnh ring,
cy chnh khng b suy v tr bung u.

53

54

KY THUT X L MAU VO CHUI

I/ MUC ICH
D n hp tc FFTC, i Loan (2002-2004) x l quy trnh ca i Loan gip chui
gi BSCL vn mu xanh khi chn s c mu v vng p, khng rng cung v
cht lng bn trong ngon.
II/ QUY TRINH KY THUT
Chui gi thu hoch chn thch hp

Ct ta

Ra v lm kh nhit phng

Rm chn bng ethylen nhit 14-180 C v m 80-90 %

III/ KT QUA VA NG DUNG
Vo qua chui gia chuyn t mau xanh sang vang ong, cht lng qua khng i.
ng dung: qua chui ep, bt mt, tng kh nng xut khu vao cc th trng kh
tinh.

55

SU BNH VA CACH PHONG TR

I/ CAC BNH THNG GP
1.

Bnh m l chui Sigatoka

Bnh m l chui Sigatoka c pht hin ln u tin Java nm. Bnh pht
trin thnh dch khu vc M Latin, chu Phi, chu v cc quc gia o Thi Bnh
Dng; c bit Fiji (1912), Australia (1924), M (1933), chu Phi (1938). Ngy
nay, bnh c mt khp vng trng chui trn th gii.
1.1 Triu chng bnh
Bnh gy hi ch yu trn l. Vt bnh u tin l chm nh xanh vng trn b mt l,
sau chuyn sang mu nu, vt bnh ko di, lan rng, gia c mu xm. Trn vt
bnh hnh thnh lp nm mu xm. Nhiu lp bnh lin kt vi nhau lm l b kh
tng mng, cht sm.

56

Hnh thi cy chui b bnh m l chui Sigatoka

1.2 Nguyn nhn gy bnh
Nguyn nhn gy bnh m l chui Sigatoka la nm Cercospora musae Zimm thuc
nhm nm bt ton. Bo t phn sinh mc thnh cm, mu nu, bo t phn sinh hnh
di trng thon di hi cong hoc thng khng mu, kch 20 80 x 2 6 m. Giai on
hu tnh co qu th hnh bu mu nu en nm trong t ta c kch thc 51 86 x 35
77 m trong c cha 10 17 ti kch thc 38 11 m. Bo t ti gm 2 t bo
khng mu hnh tr hai u hi trn.
Nm pht trin mnh nhit v m cao. Bo t hnh thnh nhiu khi c sng
ng hoc ma nh. Nhit thch hp cho s pht trin v hnh thnh bo t l 25
280C, bo t hnh thnh nhiu vo ban m. S ny mm ca bo t c th xy ra
nhit t 8 350C vi m 75 85%. Bo t ti ng vai tr ln trong s lan
truyn ca bnh v chng c kh nng chng chu tt hn so vi bo t phn sinh.
Bnh pht sinh pht trin mnh cc vn chui chm sc khng tt, mt trng
cao. nc ta bnh pht trin mnh t thng 7 n thng 10. Bo t phn sinh theo
gi, ma, lan truyn, ny mm xm nhp trc tip qua vt thng sy st trn l. Bnh
ph hi nng trn cc ging chui tiu. Chui ta t b nhim bnh.
1.3 Phng tr
Phng tr bnh ch yu bng bin php canh tc. Dn sch vn chui, chm sc tt
chui sinh trng v pht trin thun li, nh k ct b l gi, l bnh, kt hp vi
phun thuc dit nm vo thi k trc ma ma. Cc thuc Bordeaux, Oxyclorua ng
c hiu qu tr bnh.

57

 chng li loi nm Sigatoka, ngi ta phun cho chui mt loi thuc BVTV,
nhng chi ph thuc tr nm li qu ln, nn nhiu h nng dn, c bit l c th
khng chu ni. Trong khi cc trang tri trng chui khng phun thuc b tn tht t
30-60%, thm ch c ni n 80% nng sut. Hin nay ti Panama, loi nm ny ang
c nguy c ph hng chui Cavendish, c bit ph t gc ph ra, cho d c phun tng
liu cng khng gii quyt c tn gc. Gii php chng li nm cng nh cc loi
bnh bin th mi cho chui ang c coi l vn nng bng cc nc M Latin.
Mt trong s gii php tnh th m Qu Nng nghip Hondurat (HARF) hin ang a
ra l vic to ra mt ging chui mi lai to chu c su bnh. Tuy nhin, vic
ny gp rt nhiu kh khn v chui khng sinh sn nh ngi, nu khng c s can
thip t bn ngoi v mt khi lai to thnh cng hng v chui c th ging nh to.
Phng php chuyn cc gene khng c ngh. Tuy nhin cng ngh nytn
timt s hn ch l nguy c lan truyn nhng genekhng sang cc loi cy trng khc
(gi thuyt).
2.

Bnh thn th chui

Bnh thn th rt ph bin cc nc trng chui trn th gii. nc ta bnh pht

trin quanh nm, ph hoi qu vo thi k thu hoch, rm chui chn, vn chuyn.
2.1 Triu chng bnh
Bnh ch yu ph hi qu thnh thc sp chn v chn, bnh hi c cung qu, thn
bung. Vt bnh thng tp trung phn u qu. Lc u l chm nh mu nu
nht hi lm, hnh trn, v sau vt bnh lan rng c mu nu sm hoc en, nhiu vt
bnh c th lin kt nhau, sau 2 3 ngy qu thi nhn. Trn b mt vt bnh c nhiu
chm nh c cht dnh mu hng nht, l a cnh ca nm gy bnh. Vt bnh
cung qu v cung bung cng c mu en t, trn b mt c lp nm mu trng.
2.2 Nguyn nhn gy bnh

58

Nm gy bnh Colletotrichum musae (Berk v Curt) thuc nhm nm bt ton. Trong

iu kin t nhin nm ch c giai on v tnh. Bo t phn sinh khng mu, n bo
hnh oval c kch thc 10,4 14,3 x 3,2 5,2 m c sinh ra trn cnh bo t phn
sinh a bo trong a cnh.
Nhit thch hp cho nm pht trin v hnh thnh bo t l 27 30 0C. S ny mm
ca bo t nm xy ra sau 6 12 gi m 98 100%. Bo t khng ny mm m
92%. Bo t phn sinh c th chu c m thp v nhit cao. Trong iu
kin t nhin vn m, bo t nm c th tn ti ti 60 ngy. Trn l chui kh,
bo t tn ti t thng 12 n thng 3. Bo t phn sinh lan truyn mnh vo ma ma.
Bo t ny mm hnh thnh ng mm sau 24 72 gi. a cnh thng hnh thnh sau
khi m bnh b mm, i khi ch 4 5 ngy sau khi nhim bnh. Chui tiu b bnh
nng hn chui ty, chui l.
2.3 Bin php phng tr
Chm sc tt vn chui, thu dn ct b l gi, ct b phn cung bung khi pht hin
bnh. Khi thu hoch chui trnh lm sy st, kh trng dng c, thu hoch khi qu cn
xanh. Trc khi rm chui nhng qu vo nc nng 55 0C trong 2 pht. Phun thuc
Thiabendazole 300 400 ppm hoc dng Benlale 200 ppm. Lm v sinh tt ni ng
gi v bo qun, vn chuyn chui. C th dng tia gama dit mm bnh.
3.

Bnh chy l chui

Bnh cn c gi l m en, c quan st u tin Jamaica (1913). Sau ny

bnh ph hi nng cc nc thuc Trung M, chu Phi, chu . Vit Nam, bnh
hi ph bin khp ni, t l bnh c ni n 90%.

59

3.1 Triu chng v nguyn nhn

Vt bnh u tin l cc vt m en dc theo mp l v nh l c kch thc 1 2
mm, sau vt m lan rng v ko di lm l b chy. Vt bnh kh c mu nu. Bnh
nng khi cc vt bnh lin kt vi nhau v kt hp gy hi vi mt s loi nm khc
nh Cercospora musae v Cordana musae. L b bnh ngng pht trin bin vng v
cht nhanh chng. Vt bnh trn qu l cc chm nh mu en. Bo t nm ny mm
sau mt gi trong iu kin m cao. Bo t phn sinh c kch thc 35 70 x 13
25 m mu nu m, c t 3 13 ngn ngang v hi nhn nh, thng hoc hi cong.
Bo t sau khi ny mm xm nhp vo t bo l qua kh khng.
Nm gy hi ch yu trn cc l gi v l bnh t, l non t b hi. Bnh hi nng vo
ma ma. Bo t pht tn nh gi, ma. nc ta, bnh pht trin mnh t thng 5
n thng 10. Ngun bnh tn ti trn cc l gi nhim bnh. Bnh hi nng trn cc
ging chui tiu, chui ty nhim nh hn.
3.2 Phng tr
Ch yu bng bin php canh tc. Chm sc tt vn chui, ct b l gi, l bnh.
Phun cc loi thuc tr nm nh Bordeaux 1%, Oxyclorua ng 1% vo giai on
trc ma ma hn ch ngun bnh. Ta chi hp l, m bo thng thong cho
vn chui.
4.

Bnh Panama
4.1 Triu chng bnh

Cy chui b nhim bnh Panama thng c hin tng vng t l gi bn di sau lan
dn ln cc l non. Triu chng vng pht trin t ba l v lan vo hng gn l. L b
bnh thng ho, cung gy v l treo trn thn gi, i khi cung l cng b gy
phn gia phin l. Trn cc l gi b ho kh quanh thn gi, ch cn mt s l t

60

xanh v mc thng, cc l t ny c mu xanh nht hay hi vng hoc b mo m,

nhn nheo, cui cng b ho a.

Cy chui b bnh Panama

Cy bnh cht nhng thn khng ng , cc b ngoi b nt dc, cc chi con vn
pht trin chung quanh nhng sau cng b ho ri. Ct ngang thn gi s thy cc b
mch b i mu nu vng, ct ngang thn tht (c chui) cc mch c mu nu v
bc mi hi.
4.2 Nguyn nhn gy bnh
Bnh ho r Panama ca chui do nm Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense gy ra.
Bnh c th xy ra bt k giai on tng trng no ca cy. y l mt loi bnh
nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca chui

61

Nm bnh lu tn trong t v cc cy bnh. Nm c th sng hoi sinh trong c chui

v cc b phn khc mt thi gian di, ly lan ch yu theo cy chui con v t c
mang mm bnh. Nm bnh xm nhp ch yu qua chp r hoc qua vt thng r.
Sau khi xm nhp, nm s pht trin trong mch mc lm cho cy b vng ho. Bnh
thng gy hi nng trn chui xim, chui dong.
4.3 Bin php phng bnh
Nn chn t c pH ho v hi kim trng chui. Khng dng chui con cc
vn b bnh lm ging, gt sch r v t gc trc khi trng. Nn bn vi vo cc
h trng, c th nhng gc chui con vo dung dch Bordeaux hay cc thuc gc ng
nh: Funguran, COC 85, Kocide.... Khi pht hin cy bnh nn o b cc gc bnh v
ri vi kh t. Nu vn chuyn canh chui m b bnh nng nn ngng canh tc, cho
ngp nc t 2 3 thng dit mm bnh. Ti thuc vo t cc vn chui con
bng cc loi thuc nh Bendazol 50WP, Viben 50BTN, Fudazole 50WP.... Vn b
bnh nng nn i trng cc ging chui khc khng mc bnh nh chui cau, chui
cm, chui gi hng....
5.

Bnh g st

Bnh g st thng pht sinh trn cy chui r qut cc vn cy cnh, bnh nng
thng lm cho cy b vng , nh hng n m quan, t l bnh ln ti 50 %.
5.1 Triu chng bnh
Ban u trn l xut hin cc m vng, v sau lan rng dn v thnh m mu nu,
mp c cc vin mu xanh vng, ng knh 2 6 mm, trn m bnh c cc bt mu
vng, thng xut hin mt sau l. Ma ng xut hin cc bt mu nu sm l bo
t ng ca nm gy bnh.

62

5.2 Nguyn nhn gy bnh

Bnh g st cy chui do nm g st (Puccinia sp.) thuc lp bo t ng, b nm G
St gy ra.Bo t h mu vng da cam, hnh bu dc hoc hnh trng di, vch dy c
gai mc trn cung ngn, kch thc 20 25x16 22.Bo t ng mc di biu b l
v sau cng xut hin vi bo t h, bo t ng hnh bu dc di hoc hnh que, mu
vng nht, kch thc 35 60 x 13 18.Bo t ng mc trn cung l thnh mu nu
xm, c lc trn l hnh thnh cc m mu nu en v c cc chm en. l nm k
sinh nm g st (Darluca filum).Nm ny cng vi nm g st gy hi v lm cho bnh
nng hn, l xon li v kh ho dn.Bo t h c th ly lan nh gi, ny mm, xm
nhim. Bnh thng pht sinh v gy hi nng vo thng 10 12.Thng 4 thng bt
u xm nhim.

Vng i ca nm Puccinia sp.

63

5.3 Bin php phng tr

Tng cng kim dch, khng nn nhp cc cy bnh, nhng cy con b bnh cn phi
c kh trng.Ma ng cn loi b cc cy bnh bng cchtp trung v t b.Phun
thuc Zineb hoc hp cht lu hunh vi gim bt ngun bnh.
6.

Bnh virus chn ngn chui

Bnh chn ngn chui c pht hin u tin Fiji (1889), ngy nay bnh kh ph
bin cc vng trng chui trn th gii. Bnh gy thit hi ng k Trung M,
chu Phi, Australia, ng Nam . Vit Nam bnh c pht hin ln u tin vo
nm 1969.
6.1 Triu chng bnh
Vt bnh u tin l nhng vt xanh m lin tc hoc ngt qung trn cung hay
phin l, c bit trn cc l ngn. Sau mt vi tun l bnh xanh m, ni gn r rt,
tho cng. L khng pht trin, mp l vng nht, cc l mi hnh thnh nh hp, b l
xp st nhau. Cy b bnh giai on cy con thng thp ln ci cc khng th ra
bung. giai on cy ln chun b tr bung mi b bnh th cy ngng ln, cc l
ngn xanh m dng ng d b nghn, kh tr bung, hoc nu tr c th thng
rt t qu, qu b, v nht.
6.2 Nguyn nhn gy bnh
Do virus Banana bunchytop gy ra. Virus thuc nhm Lutero virus, c ng knh 18
20 nm. Virus tn ti trong libe v gn nhu m, ni c cc vt xanh m trn l v
cung l. Bnh truyn lan t cy m sang cy con trong qu trnh sinh sn v tnh.
Bnh cng lan truyn qua cn trng mi gii l rp Pentalonia nigronervosa theo kiu
na bn vng. Bnh khng truyn qua con ng tip xc c hc.

64

Bnh pht trin mnh nhng vn chui lu nm, t xu, chm sc km. Trn t
i, t tht, t chua bnh ph hi nng hn trn t ct pha, t ph sa ven song.
Chui tiu c bit ging tiu trung nhim nng hn chui ty, chui l, chui ng.
Ging Gros Michel chng chu tt hn so vi ging Cavendish.
6.3 Bin php phng tr
Ch yu l chn ging sch bnh. Tiu dit nhng cy nhim bnh, o b c khm.
Chm sc vn cn thn, ta b l gi, chi hp l to thng thong hn ch rp
pht trin. Khi thy rp xut hin, phun thuc dit rp l mi gii truyn bnh.
7.

Bnh ho r Moko

Bnh do vi khun Ralstonia solanacearum gy ra. Cy bnh c l non b vng, cung

l gy, cy b ho kh nhanh, l r, tri chm sm. Bnh xut hin trn t thot nc
km.
phng tr, t phi thong v cao ro. Tiu dit cy bnh em ra khi vn, x l
bng vi. Ct bp chui sm lm gim lan truyn qua ong ht mt. Dng cy ging
khng mang mm bnh, kh trng cn thn dng c trng trt.

Bung chui ca cy b bnh Moko

65

II/ SU HI THNG GP
1.

B lch (Chysanoptera thripidae)

B lch tp trung vo l mo chch rt tri non. Tri b ni sn gh, c mu nu en,

mt thm m. Dng Sherba 25 EC hoc Decis tim vo bp mi nh ra 2/3.
2.

Su cun l (Brionette threx)

Su con n ra lm l cun li, l b ho, thng xy ra vo ma nng. Cch tt nht l

ngt b nhng l b su cun, v t dit c su bn trong l.
3.

Sng c c (Soemope Lites sovididus)

Thnh trng l mt soemope lites sovididus (h Vi Voi Cureulionidea), u trng l

con sung mu trng, c vo bn trong c chui thnh cc ng ngm bn trong. Nm
hoi sinh s theo vo v tip tc gy hi lm thi c. Cy chui c yu, t nh, l ho
r sm, qu nh, tri lp.
phng tr: Trc khi trng chui, cn kh trng t tht k, t vn tp nn dn
sch rm r mc, l cy thi, v sinh tht k t v cy ging. Ngoi ra, cng c th s
dng thuc ht Furadan 3C hay Basubin 5H vi vi su vo gn gc chui.

66

Chu trnh sng ca sung c c Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar)

4.

Tuyn trng r (Radopholus similis)

Tuyn trng c u r lm r c mu en hay to vt u khin r ngn, nh. Tuyn

trng lm cho r khng ht c dinh dng t t ln khin chui sinh trng km,
quy nh, tri nh, lp.
phng tr cn loi b cc cy con b nhim bnh, cy phi t 6 thng trc khi
trng, trnh trng lun canh, xen canh vi cc cy d nhim nh cam, qut thuc h
Rutacea. X l t bng Furadan 3C hay Basudin 10H, vi liu lng 30 kg/ha c 3
6 thng th x l t mt ln.
5.

Tuyn trng sng r (Meloidogyne incognita)

Cc nt r xut hin phn non, u r sung to, thng xut hin trong cc vng c,
t c chm sc.
Phng tr nh tuyn trng r.

67

NHN GING C IN
Gieo ht, gy con chui cp tc bng cch vun cao gc ct cc mt trn c, bng
chi, bng c
I/ CAC PHNG PHAP NHN GING C IN
1.

Nhn ging cy con t hat

Phng phap nay co th ap dung cho cy chui lng bi hay t bi (it dung). u
im phng phap nay la tao lng ln cy con khoe manh, khng bi anh hng bi
su bnh t cy me. Tuy nhin, cht lng cy con khng ng u nn thng c
ap dung trong lai chon ging
Ky thut nhn ging: m hat tao cy con trong bu t hay chu, gia th t pha. Sau
1,5-2 thng, cy con phat trin y u (cao khong t 60 cm n 1 m) thi em ra trng.
L cy con kho, to gc, thn cng, l nh v thng ng. Khng chn cy non,
Trc khi em trng, phi em ct bt b 2/3 l chng nga cy.

Hat chui va cy chui m hat con

68

2.

Nhn ging C

Chui c thn ngm thng gi l c chui. Trn c chui c nhiu mm ng tng

ng vi s l. Nhng mm ny c th thay th cy m v duy tr ni ging ca n
trong thi gian kh di. Cc mm ng ny trong iu kin bnh thng b c ch,
khng ny mm, pht trin thnh cy con c, nhng nu sau khi cht bung th cc
mm ng ny c th pht trin thnh cy con; khi cy con pht huy c vai tr c
lp, n li c ch cc mm khc.
2.1 u im Nhn chui bng c

D vn chuyn so vi vn chuyn bng cy con (trng t chi hay in

vitro).

Con ging mc t thn ngm tng i ng u, cho nn trng trt d

chm sc v thu hoch, ng thi trong cng tc nghin cu th nghim, chng ta c

th d dng chn cy ging ng u.

H s nhn ging tng i cao, 1 c khi b ra em trng c th t t 4

- 6 cy con.
2.2 Ky thut x ly cu chui

B c thanh nhiu phn, mi phn phai cha 1 mt ngu

X l bng HgCl2 dit vi khun, t bam trn cu, sau vt ra ro.

Ngm chng mc, su bo trong thuc Bordeaux 1% t 1-5 pht, sau

vt ra ro ri em gim.

Trc khi gim, chm tro vo cc vt ct cho mau kh, sm hnh thnh 1

lp so bn ngoi chng nm v vi khun xm nhp.

69

Cu chui sau khi ct bo thn gia va c b ra nhiu phn

2.3 Trng/ gim bng c
Co hai cach gim cu
a) Cch 1
o l vi ngy truc khi trng, kch thuc l 0,6 x 0,6 x 0,6 m. Khi o nn ring
lp t mt v lp t y. Phn t mt trn chung vi 10 kg phn chung vi 200 g
NPK 16-16-8. Nu khng c phn chung th dng 400g phn NPK. Cho phn vo l,
lp t li, nn cht, t chui vo. Lp t y ph ln trn c chui mt lp dy
khong 10 cm, khng nn cht. Chn t tht pha ct, kh nng gi nc thot nc
u kh. Ch l cha mt vi cm c phn rc mc b vo cho chui m gc th tt
hn.
b) Cch 2
Cch ny p dng cho nhng ni c nhiu t st. Phung php bn phn, o l
khng thay i. Sau khi b phn t mt, trn phn ri cho xung l, dm cho d,
t c chui xung, lp phn t y ln, nh l khng nn ly ht c chui m ch lp
xung 2/3 c m thi, v nn ly dao ct xin c chui trnh nc ma, chim,
chut, cn trng u trn c. Khong cch gia hai cy ny l 3x3 m. Trng hp t
tt th 2,5x2.5 m.

70

2.4 Chm soc sau khi gim cu

Sau khi gim c phi ti gi m thng xuyn. Ch trnh ti nhiu nc t sng
lm c d b thi. Sau khi mm chui mc t 15-20 ngy, ti thc bng nc tiu
pha long. Sau c 10 ngy ti thc 1 ln, lng phn tng dn khi cy c 10 l
tht, lc ny c th tch cy con em trng c. Khi no chui bt u ln nn ta cy
con cho sc, khng nn bi chui nhy rng qu 1m2.

Cy chui nhn trng t cu

Thi gian gim c cho n khi cy con tiu chun em trng c th ko di t 4-5
thng. Thi v trng tt nht l u ma ma v thi gian ny chui gp nc d bn r
m khng s cht v nng qu.

71

3.

Nhn ging chui bng chi

i vi chui, hnh thc nhn ging chnh l nhn ging v tnh, ngi ta thng dng
chi con trng. Trn thn ngm ca chui c rt nhiu mm ng, s mt ng tng
ng vi s l ca cy chui. Cc chi ny nu c iu kin (thn gia chinh bi cht hay
tn thng hoc chi c kich thich bng hoocmon) s ln lt mc ln nhng chi
con. Phng phap nay d dang tao ra qun th ln chui t vai cy me vi c tinh di
truyn kha ng u, thi gian ra hoa sm hn so vi trng t hat hay cu.

Kha nng tai sinh t chi ngu cua chui

3.1 Cac loai chi gim cua chui
Theo di trong 1 nm ta thy chui c 2 loi chi:

Loi chi con ui chin

Loi chi c l rng

72

Loi chi con ui chin l i tng d trng nht. N c sinh ra t thng th 4,

th 5 tr i. Trong iu kin y nh sng, nhit thch hp chi con sinh ra rt
mnh, loi chi ny nu li thng 8, thng 9 trng th rt tt. Loi chi ny c ng
knh rt to, cy c dng nh ui con c chin nn gi l chi con ui chin. Chi ny
sung sc, trng mau bn r, tc hi sinh nhanh, sinh trng mnh, mau ra bung v
sn lng cao.
Loi chi con l rng l nhng chi c sinh ra trong iu kin khng c cy m hoc
cy m yu t. Chi mc ln khng c cy m h tr nn n to thnh b l c th
sng c lp. Loi chi ny trng lu hi sinh, tc sinh trng chm, nng sut
thp.
3.2 Ky thut x ly chi
Chon cy me khoe manh, cht bo bt thn gia se kich thich chi con phat trin. Ct ly
chi con em trng trong chu n khi cy non cng cap.

73

Ky thut ct chi con va gim vao chu

3.3 Chm soc sau khi gim chi
Khi trng cy chui bng chi, chn cy cao trung bnh 0,6-1 m v c trn di 10
l, tt nht l dng ui chin, l tht cng ang sp xe ra (an loa kn). Cy con
c gt sch r, ct bt l trc khi trng. Khi gt r khng lm sy st thn ngm.
Ct sch cc mm trn r ca cy con th cy mau hi sinh hn. o h trng chui
khng cn to lm, vi t ph sa ch cn h c ng knh rng hn ng knh thn
ngm 10 cm v mi pha l c. vng t cht, t b, t bi c th o h rng
hn, ng knh h 0,5-1 m, su 0,4-0,5 m l c, rc phn chung, mn lt ri
xi t cy chui ln. Mt trng chui 2000-25000 cy/ha, khong cch gia cc
hng l 2-3 m, gia cy v cy l 1,5-2 m. C th trng hng kp hoc hng n.
II/ KY THUT CHM SOC CY SAU NHN GING
Ky thut chm soc cy con va cy trng thanh sau nhn ging theo quy trinh a nhc
tai muc III va IV phn Nui trng va chm soc

74

Chm soc bung chui

75

PHNG PHP NHN GING IN VITRO

Nhn ging in vitro chui giup tao lng ln cy con ng nht v mt kiu hinh. Hin
nay, y la phng phap ph bin nht tao lng cy trng thng phm trong nui
trng quy m cng nghip.
I/ CAC PHNG PHAP NHN GING IN VITRO
1.

Phng php nhn ging t mu hy nh sinh trng

Cy chui trng in vitro theo phng phap huy inh sinh trng
1.1 Nui cy nh sinh trng:
Nui cy nh sinh trng bng phng thc hy nh. Cy chui con 4 thng tui
c ly ngoi ng rung, c chui c ct nh gn c chiu di 25 cm, v ngoi
c tch cha 5 lp bn trong. C chui c kh trng bng Na-hypochlorit, sau
mu c lau sch bng bng c thm nc ct v trng, mu c tch cn thn bng
dao mng v sc, v c tch cho n 3 lp v cui cng th ngng tch, loi cc bao
l, gt sch cc chn l, cha li vm nh sinh trng.

76

Cu chui c kh trung va c tach boc vo

Nu tch nh sinh trng ra nui cy ring bit th ch c 1 chi, nu hy nh th
cc chi nch cc bao mt u th ngn, pht sinh thnh nhiu chi. Kch thc mu
c tch c ng knh 1-1,5cm, dy 0,7-1,3cm. Mu sau khi tch c cy vo bnh
tam gic 300ml cha mi trng MS b sung BA (5 ppm), IAA (0.5 ppm), tyrosin
(100 ppm), nc da 15%. Sau khi cy, mu c t trong phng dng cy c nhit
25-28 C, cng chiu sng 3000 lux, m 70-80%, thi gian chiu sng 8
gi/ngy. Sau 45 ngy chi xut hin v vn cao khong 3 cm, mi mu cy bnh
qun pht sinh 5-8 chi.

Mu cy va Chi

77

1.2 To va nhn cm chi:

Cc chi ti sinh trn mu c tch ring r tng chi mt, mi chi n li c tch
l bao v hy nh, chi n c cy trong bnh tam gic c cha mi trng to
chi. Mi trng to chi v iu kin nui cy ging nh bc 1. Sau 30 ngy, t 1
chi n pht trin thnh 1 cm chi (c 3-4 chi nh).
Cm chi c t 3-4 chi nh c cy vo mi trng nhn chi. Mi trng nhn
chi cng ging nh mi trng to chi nhng c nng BA (2-3 ppm), IAA (0.20.3 ppm). Thi gian gia 2 ln cy chuyn l 3 tun (21 ngy). S ln cy chuyn l 7
ln. H s nhn ging bnh qun l 3chi/1 ln cy chuyn. Phng php hy nh vn
duy tr trong giai on nhn chi, chi to c hy nh v chi nh c gi thnh
cm 2-3 chi. Sau 7 ln cy chuyn nhn chi, t 1 c chui ban u cho 2000 cy
chui in vitro.

Nhn cum chi

2.
Phng php nhn ging t cn hnh c h nng (Jona v
Roberto, 1987)

78

Cc cn hnh c ly t ging chui khng to tri na. Cn hnh c t vo cc

hp g c bit c nhng lnh chn 2/3 cn hnh vo . em cc hp ny t vo
1 phng c hi nc nng, nhit khng kh 35-43oC v m 100%.
Cc mm bn s pht trin sau 100 ngy x l hi nng, ly cn hnh ra ri ct thnh
tng ming m phn sinh (meristems). Cc m phn sinh ny c kh trng sau
cho vo mi trng c bn c cha cc cht kch thch NAA.
Khi thy cc cy con bt u to c l v r, s sinh trng tip tc, k tip c th
trng chng sang chu c hn hp t v ct. Trc khi trng, gi cy con trong mi
trng cht lng v trng cha mi trng c bn v thm 5,5 M NAA.
Sau 2-3 thng nui cy, r bt u xut hin. Sau 3-4 thng, trng ra chu.
3.

Phng php nhn ging t phi ht

Phi ca ht chui c t trong mi trng cy, khi cy pht trin n mt kch c

nht nh th c em ra ngoi mi trng trng trong bu t.
4.

Phng php nhn ging t c thn ngm

Mu cy l cc mt, mu c dng hnh vung, chiu di t 1-2 cm, c cha nh sinh

trng c kh trng cn thn. Mu c chuyn vo mi trng nui cy sau 4-6
tun, cc mu cy s cho ra nhiu chi, ta tip tc cy chuyn nhiu ln. Sau nhng ln
cy chuyn, tch cc chi c r sang mi trng nui cy. Sau 3-4 tun, cy chuyn
cc cy ny ra bu t.
5.
Phng php nhn ging t l ca nhng cy c trng trong ng
nghim (Bakry v Rossignol, 1985)
Th nghim trn cy Americani thuc nhm Cavendish. Cc mu dinh dung ca
cy nh mnh l (bao l, cung l hay phin l) mi cnh t 8-10 mm v cc on r

79

di 1 cm c t trong mi trng cn bn v ngoi sng. Ty mi trng chng ta

lm thay i trng thi mu cy trn.

6.
Phng php nhn ging t chi pht hoa (bp chui) (Bakry,
Lavarde, GuiGward, Rossignol v Demarly, 1985)
\S dng chi dinh dng ca pht hoa c, pht hoa l mt hnh bng b cp, bu
nhy gim 1/3 chiu di, mt vi v cc num b try, trong khi cc nhy c pht
trin y . Cc hoa cao c 5 mm v bu nhy 2 mm. Cng gn ngn ca bng th cc
hoa nch l bc cng nh dn cho n khi ch cn l cc n hoa u ngn th khng
cn thy n hoa.
Mu cy c kh trng bng cn 90o. Sau khi kh trng, b cc chi c cho n khi
t kch thc cui cng l 3-5 cm. Ct dc mu cy thnh 4 phn, mi phn c t
ng trn mi trng. Nui trong ti (hn ch s oxi ha cc hp cht phenol) trong 34 thng 27oC v 70% m, k chuyn ra sng 16g mt ngy. Sau khi a ra
sng, cc mu cy s khi ny c cy li u n c 7 tun mt ln trn mi trng
MS cha cc cht iu ha sinh trng c t l khc nhau, quan st s sn xut cc
chi dinh dng. Cc chi ny lc xut hin s ln lt c phn lp v cy li trn
mi trng c bn, ngoi sng.
Sau 2 thng, c s hot ha hu ht cc m ca chng. Du hiu ca s hot ha l cc
b phn hoa (bao hoa, bu nhy, num, bao phn) s ph i ln v cc m nch l
bc non nht ni cha c mt hoa no tng hnh s phng ln. Ngc li, l bc
khng phn ng s ha en, chai cng ri cht.

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Sau 3-4 thng nui cy, chi dinh dng dng pht trin trn cc mnh cy s khi v
cng c trn cc mu cy li. Ty trng thi phn ha hng n giai on tr hoa ca
mu cy ta c 4 phng thc pht sinh khc nhau.

o nghch sinh m tn ngn ca pht hoa hoc mt phn ca sinh m

ny tr li mt hot ng dinh dng.

Tn to trc tip cc sinh m thn, dinh dng t cc m nch non nht

cha cho n hoa thy c bng mt thng.

o nghch cc n hoa khi nguyn nch, cc l bc gi hn tr li

trng thi dinh dng n hoa cng pht trin th s o nghch cng tr, nu n hoa
cng mt giai on pht trin kh xa.

Tn to trc tip cc sinh m thn dinh dng t cc m nm k gc cc

hoa c pht trin hon ton nch l bc gi hn na ca mu cy.

II/ CAC VN TRONG NHN GING CHUI IN VITRO
1.

Chon ging va ca th nhn ging in vitro

Kho st v xy dng tp on ging chui in vitro. Trao i ging vi mng li

nghin cu chui quc t (INIBAP), ch trng cc ging chui khng bnh Sigatoka
cao. Ca th c nhn ging cn khao sat ky co bi nhim virus hay khng bng
phng phap Elisa va PCR, nht l virus gy bnh tp ngn (Bunchy top). Tin hanh
cc phng php kh virus trong chui cy m tranh lan tran ngun bnh.
Nghin cu cc t bin soma, c bit cc t bin ln, thng gp trong cc cy
chui cy m v bin php gim thiu cc t bin ny. Hin nay, t 1 c chui sau 7
ln cy chuyn sn xut 2000 cy bu t, trn s lng ny thng xut hin t
bin soma. Hng gim cc t bin l nhn phi soma.

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Quy trnh sn xut chui sch bnh v virus

2.

Anh hng cac hoocmon ln s sng con cua m nui cy

nhn ging in vitro thanh cng, s phi hp liu dung cac loai hoocmon la ti cn
thit. Tai mi giai oan khac nhau, nhu cu cua m nui cy oi hoi cung cp cac
hoocmon vi liu lng khac nhau.
2.1 Anh hng hoocmon ln cac giai oan sinh trng cua m cy
Dung dich nui cy co phi hp cac kich t cam ng cn thit

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Giai oan u: m cy thng nui trn mi trng MS a khoang, co b sung cac yu

t tai cu truc t bao a bit hoa nh IAA, BA, lng ln L-cystein (mi trng BI)
Giai oan cam ng ra r va la: thng sau 3-4 tun, cn thay i mi trng nui trn
bng mi trng MS va b sung lng nht inh auxin/citokinin (A/C). Nui cy
m chui noi ring hay trong nui cy m thc vt noi chung, ti l A/C cao hn 1 se
kich thich ra r, va nho hn 1 kich thich tao chi. Citokinin thng dung la BA hay
BPA, kich thich tao chi, tuy nhin lng thp citokinin (0.8mg /l) se h tr auxin tao
r. S dung loai auxin IAA/ IBA hay NAA tuy vao phng phap nui cy. Khi cn s
chinh xac trong nng s dung ta thng dung IBA (dang co hoat tinh cao cua IAA)
nh trong phng phap huy inh sinh trng vi mt nng auxin cao se kich thich
tao m seo khng cn thit, trong khi nng thp (di 2 mg/l) IBA h tr
citokinin tao chi. NAA c dung trong nhng phng phap it oi hoi s chinh xac
hn khi cn tao m seo khi s dung cac c quan a bit hoa cua m chui.
Mu vt se c kich thich ra chi trc bng mi trng MS b sung BA, lng
nho L-cystein: 1g /l (mi trng shifting B) trong khoang 30 ngay. Trong thi gian nay,
b sung vao mi trng vi lng tng dn cac hoocmon giup lam cng cy. Sau o,
cy c kich thich ra r vi mi trng MS b sung 1% saccar, 1- 2 mg/l NAA v 2
g/l BAP hay s dung mi trng BNIT trong 1.5 2 tun (.
Giai oan tao cum chi bt u, thng dung mi trng MS co b sung va gibberellin
(GA 3) (mi trng BT) la cn thit kich thich tao va keo dai chi, long. Tac dung
cua GA trn m chui c ghi nhn nh cht kich thich be la m ra, tranh can ng
sinh trng cua m phn sinh ngon.

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Nui in vitro chui Musa sp.

a): c quan cy trn mi trng MS (BI), b): Kich thich cm ng
c): Mu cy sau 4 tun nui
d) Cam ng phat trin la e): cam ng phat trin r
f): Trng chui trong t, sau khi lm cng cy trng (phytagel)

2.2 Anh hng cua hoocmon ln qua trinh lam cng cy

Trong qua trinh tao cy con, cn lam cng no trc khi em trng bng cac hoocmon
vi chui non in vitro rt d bi tn cng bi cac su bnh va sc thich nghi vi mi
trng thng kem hn nui trng truyn thng.

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Hiu lc ca hoocmon L-1 trong s lam cng

cy chui con Musa sp (giai oan tao chi).
A): B sung mi trng vi 2,0 g L-1
B): Cm ng trn trung kin c ha vi 3,60 g L-1
C-D): Cy con phat trin cng cap

3.

Anh hng cua anh sang ln sc sng cua cy chui con in vitro

Cy chui c nhn trng in vitro di tac ng cua anh sang va nhit t nhin
(iu kin ban t nhin) thng co la rng hn va nga mau xanh m hn so vi
nhn trng di h thng en nhn tao va iu kin phong may lanh.

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M chui phat trin di cac iu kin sang

A, B trng di anh en; C, D trng di anh sang t nhin
Thc t cho thy, nhng cy trng iu kin ban t nhin co sc sng cao hn, co le
do c thich ng dn trong qua trinh sinh trng

III/ CHM SOC SAU NHN GING CHUI IN VITRO

1.

Nhn cy trong iu kin nh sng v nhit t nhin:

Trc khi chuyn ra mi trng bnh thng, chi con c tch ra ring r, cy trn
mi trng ti sinh. Mi trng ti sinh l mi trng MS, c b sung NAA (0.1 ppm),

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v than hot tnh (1 g/l). Trong giai on ny cy chui con trong bnh tam gic c
t trong iu kin bnh thng c nhit thp, thong mt, m cao, nh sng
khuch tn nhm mc ch thun ha dn dn cy chui in vitro. Sau 30 ngy, cy
con c thn l pht trin mnh m chun b c a ra lung m. Sau khi nui cy,
cy chui con thng c chiu cao thn cy 4-5cm, trong lng ti di 1 g, ng
kinh c r khoang 2-3 cm, la dai 4.5-6 cm, thng co 4-6 si r manh dai 5-7 cm

Cy chui con nui cy m 1 va 3 thang tui

A,D cy 3 thang tui - B,C: cy 1 thang tui
2.

Thun ha ( m trn bt da):

Cy chui con cy m c chuyn ra v cy trn lung m, c c cht l x da.

y l giai on trung gian gia phng th nghim v a cy ra iu kin t nhin.
Cy con c gi m v phun cht kch thch ra r. Sau 15-20 ngy, cy con ra r, pht
trin thn l khe mnh, cao 5-7 cm.

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Cy chui va ly khoi binh va trng vao vn m

3.

Chm sc trn vn m:

Cy con lung m c cy chuyn ra trng trn lung t c trn vi t kh trng,

c x l phng bnh, v phun dinh dng bng dung dch NPK (20-20-20) long, 2
ln/tun. Sau 20 ngy cy con t kch thc 15-20 cm, chun b chuyn n cc nng
trng trng chui.

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Cy chui con 2 thang tui tai vn m

4.

Cy bu t:

Cy chui lung t c chuyn n cc nng trng trng chui bng xe, di chuyn
trong ngy. Cy con c cy vo bu t c cha phn hu c vi t theo t l 1:5.
Cy con c phun dinh dng urea 5 g/l, 2 ln/tun, phun phng bnh, nh sng c
cng mnh, c ti nc gi m. Sau 45 ngy, cy con bu t cao 25-30 cm
chun b a ra rung. Cc cy bin d b loi b.

Cy chui trng bu c 10 ngay

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Cy chui cy m giai on cui trong vn m chun b mang trng ra rung

5.

Trng trn rung:

Cy con cy m c trng trn ng rung, k thut nng hc p dng ging nh

trng cy t c. Thi gian ban u cy cy m cn nhiu nc hn cy trng t c.
Thi gian trng cy cy m thng bt u vo ma ma. Thi gian sinh trng ging
nh cy trng t c. Thi gian sinh trng ging nh cy trng t c. Sau 9-11 thng
cy ra bung chui.

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Cy chui t nui cy m trng ngoi ng

6.

Chn cy u dong

Sau v u thu hoch, cy chui c chn u dng. Chn nhng cy t tiu chun
sinh trng pht trin nhanh, khng bnh tt, nng sutt bung chui cao, cho nhiu
ni, tiu chun v qui cch tri v ni t yu cu xut khu. Cy con khe mnh c
tch ra trng ring bit theo tng khu v c a cy ngc vo in vitro v nhn
nhanh u dng.

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Vn chui gi ln t cy cy m

Cy chui c san Laba nui cy in vitro

KT LUN
Chui ang la mt trong nhng cy trng ph bin trn th gii. D trng quy m cng
nghip, nng sut cao va thi trng tiu thu trong ln lam cho vic trng chui tr
thanh mt giai phap giup xoa ngheo cho nng dn.
Tuy nhin, cy chui, nht la cac loai chui cao san co nhu cu chm soc (ct tia, bon
phn, ) cao va rt d bnh. Cn lu tm n cac vn mi trng khi ti bon
phn vi n in chui se tiu thu mt lng phn va nc ln, gy anh hng ti cac
vung xung quanh. Vi th vic tun thu ung cac quy trinh ky thut trong nui trng la

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v cung cn thit. ng thi, vic nhn cung ngun ging chui co cht lng ng
u, sach bnh bng cac ky thut nhn ging in vitro hin ai ang la nhu cu bc thit
cua ngi trng chui. Do vy cn tich cc m rng cac nghin cu ky thut nhn
ging in vitro sao cho tng h s nhn ging, giai quyt c cac vn thoai hoa
ging, sc sng cua cy con trong nhn ging in vitro.
Song song vic nhn trng, s lai tao ging chui mi sach bnh hay phuc hng cac
ging cao san ni ia la iu cn thit. Ngoai ra, cn thm nhng nghin cu cai thin
hinh dang (trai, vo,), cht lng trai (tng lng khoang cht, tinh bt, .), hng
vi trai, hay ky thut ch bin chui quy m cng nghip giai tng thi gian bao
quan. Trong trng hp cai thin nng sut va khanh su bnh cua cac ging cao
san nh chui hng ng, chui ba tiu, trng quy m cng nghip, hay nghin
cu c cac quy trinh x ly trai chui sau thu hoach se em lai li th canh tranh to
ln trn thi trng quc t, nht la cac thi trng kho tinh nh Nht Ban, EU, se em
lai ngun ngoai t di dao va kich thich cng n vic lam trong nc thng qua cac n
in chui.
Mong bai vit nay giup cung cp lng kin thc tng i v cac quy trinh ky thut
hu ich trong nhn ging va nui trng cy chui.

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