Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller

ABSTRACT
Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kinds of work done by human beings and nature. Every thing that happens in the world is the expression of flow of energy in one of its form. Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and well being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Primitive man required energy primarily in the form of food. He derived this by eating plants or animals, which he hunted. ubsequently he discovered fire and his energy needs increased as he started to make use of wood and other biomass to supply the energy needed for cooking as well as for keeping himself warm. !ith the passage of time, man started to cultivate land for agriculture. He added a new dimension to the use of energy by domesticating and training animals to work for him. !ith further demand for energy man began to use the wind for sailing ships and for driving windmills and the force of falling water to turn water wheels. "ill this time, it would not be wrong to say that the sun was supplying all the energy need#s of man either directly or indirectly and that man was using only renewable sources of energy. Here $ am presenting a system, which uses solar energy, a renewable source of energy. "his system is designed and implemented in the laboratory. "his is an approach to provide light on remotely located bridge, which is away from grid. "he lamps are turned %& when $' sensor detects vehicle at the entry of the bridge and they are kept %& till the vehicle crosses the bridge. of power makes the optimum utili(ation of energy. aving lot

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller

INTRODUCTION

$n today#s scenario, stress is laid on the fact that machine should be operated automatically without much human involvement. !e are dependent on available non)renewable sources like coal, petrol, diesel etc., which are not everlasting. "he only solution to this problem is to use renewable sources of energy efficiently, which are available to us abundantly. 'enewable sources of energy are those, which can be used over and over again i.e. inexhaustible. e.g. solar, wind, water etc., whereas non)renewable sources are those which can#t be used over and over again i.e. exhaustible. coal, petrol, natural gas etc. e.g.

olar energy is a ma*or source of energy for the olar photovoltaic is

post)fossil)fuel era, which is not too far off in the future.

the technology of converting solar energy into electricity and making it available for the various applications. Photovoltaic lighting system, with their minimal maintenance

requirements is the best option for security and street lighting in remote locations. Even in urban areas with easy access to the utility and grid, road

photovoltaic is preferred as it eliminates the need for trenching repairs, wiring metering and electric utility bills.

"he solar operated bridge light control system using microcontroller is a cost effective system. "he main aim of this system is to encourage the use of renewable sources of energy and minimi(e power wastage. "his system uses solar cell that directly converts solar energy into electrical energy. "his

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller effect is called as Photovoltaic effect. "here is wastage of power during night hours when the lights remain %& in the absence of vehicle. "he proposed system overcomes this problem by providing automatic switching of lights at night, i.e., %& in the presence of vehicle and %++ in the absence of vehicle thus saving the power. "he $' sensors are used on both sides of the bridge to sense the presence of vehicle. !hen the vehicle is approaching the bridge, it obstructs the rays through $' sensor and the fluorescent lamp is turned %&. $t remains %& till the vehicle passes the bridge to save the stored power. "he microcontroller is used to perform this task.

Proposed system:
"he schematic for the proposed scheme is shown in +ig.,. $f the vehicle enters the bridge from -H , the sensors $', followed by $'. will detect it. "he sensors $'/ followed by $'0 detect its exit. imilarly, if the vehicle enters the

bridge from 'H , the sensors $'0 followed by $'/ will detect it and the sensors $'. followed by $', detect its exit.

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller IR1 IR2 IR3 IR4

LHS

RHS

+ig ,1 Proposed chematic

"he light will be turned %& when microcontroller detects a sequence $',, $'. and will be turned %++ when it receives a sequence $'/ followed by $'0. imilarly it will also be turned %& when microcontroller detects a

sequence $'0, $'/ and will be turned %++ on the detection of sequence $'. followed by $',. "his proper sequence will avoid turning %++ of the lamps in the situation of entering the vehicle from both the sides of the bridge.

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Solar Panel

Solar check regulator

Battery

L'R to O( the light IR Tran !itter Tran IR Recei"er Rec Rec #icrocontroller $%C&1 #ain In"erter &)H*

Tran

La!p Tran Rec Rec

Tran

+igure shows the block diagram of solar operated bridge light control system using microcontroller. $t consists of the following. 1. Input B o!": $ts main function is to convert the intercepted solar power into electricity by the photovoltaic cells, to provide constant voltage for battery charging. 2.03 lead acid4.

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller #. In$erter B o!": "he conversion of 56 voltage to 76 voltage is performed by the inverter. "he inverter consists of power transistors along with '6 snubber circuit for its protection. "he output of inverter is stepped up using a step)up transformer. "he transformer provides power to the load. %. M&!ro!ontro er Un&t: "he heart of the circuit is microcontroller $6 896:,. $t controls the switching of transistors in the inverter. $t also turns %& and %++ the fluorescent lamp based on the $' sensor output.

'(rd)(re Det(& s: "he hardware consists of the following parts. 1. So (r Ce P(ne : $n the field of photovoltaics, a photovoltaic module is a packaged interconnected assembly of photovoltaic cells, also known as solar cells. 7n installation of photovoltaic modules or panels is known as a photovoltaic array or a solar panel. Photovoltaic cells typically require protection from the environment. +or cost and practicality reasons a number of cells are connected electrically and packaged in a photovoltaic module, while a collection of these modules that are mechanically fastened together, wired, and designed to be a field)installable unit, sometimes with a glass covering and a frame and backing made of metal, plastic or fiberglass, are known as a photovoltaic panel or simply solar panel. 7

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller photovoltaic installation typically includes an array of photovoltaic modules or panels, an inverter, batteries 2for off grid4 and interconnection wiring. "he solar radiation is incident on the solar cell panel. "he olar cell

converts solar energy into electrical energy. "he impedance of solar cell is low of the order of , %hm for maximum power transfer from solar cell to the battery. olar cells are always operated unbiased. %ne solar cell can provide /;<m3 max. voltage and can deliver max. //m7 current. "he voltage and current ratings are different for different applications, which can be obtained by connecting the arrays of solar cells in series and parallel combination. "he solar array consists of /; photovoltaic cells connected in series. %ne panel gives an output voltage of .< 3. 2approx4 in the presence of average sunlight. "wo solar panels are used in series to get a total output voltage of 0<3.

#.

*ener (nd B o!"&n+ D&ode: "he blocking diode is used to prevent the flow of reverse current and

hence, prevents the battery discharge in the absence of solar radiation. 7 (ener diode is used for over voltage protection of the $6 =./.

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller %. Re+u (tor (nd B(ttery C,(r+&n+ Un&t: "his unit regulates the output voltage fluctuations which consist of a temperature compensated voltage reference source, an op)amp as an error amplifier, a series pass transistor capable of ,:<m7 output current, and a transistor can be used to limit the output current. "he output voltage is

compared with this temperature compensated reference potential of =3. "he error amplifier is high gain differential amplifier, which controls the series pass transistor acting as variable resistor. $t is a small power transistor having about 8<<m! power dissipation. -. B(ttery: "he battery is charged from output of regulator, which provides .03 56. $t uses two ,.3 batteries in series to get the required output of .03 25.64. "his supply from battery is used to drive the microcontroller circuit and inverter circuit. .. Sensor Un&t: "he battery will be charged during daytime and inverter remains %++. "his is achieved by using a -5' in series with a transistor in 5arlington pair. "hus, the -5' acts as a switch to turn the lights %++ during the daytime and to turn it %& during night time on detection of presence of vehicle using $' sensor. /. In$erter: "he inverter consists of transistors and snubber circuit. "he base pulses required to drive the inverter switches are provided by the microcontroller.

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller !hen there is sufficient solar light on solar cell, $6 =./ based battery charger charges the battery. 7t night microcontroller activates the inverter and provides 76 supply to the fluorescent lamp so as to turn it %&. "he input to inverter is .03 25.64 that is provided by the batteries and the output is .03>:<H( 76. "he output of inverter is stepped up to ./<3>:<H(, using a step up transformer of ,1,< turns ratio and current rating of ,./7 which drives the load.

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller 0. M&!ro!ontro er Un&t:

MICROCONTROLL1R IC AT23C.# B o!" D&(+r(m

B o!" D&+. o4 AT23C.#

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller

IC Des!r&pt&on: "he 7"896:. is a low)power, high)performance 6M% 8)bit

microcomputer with 8 ?bytes of +lash Programmable and erasable read only memory 2PE'%M4. "he device is manufactured using 7tmel#s high 5ensity nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard 8<6:, and 8<6:. instruction set and pin out. "he on)chip flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in)system by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. @y combining a versatile 8)bit 6PA with flash on a monolithic chip the 7tmel 7"896:. is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. "he 7"896:d. provides the following standard features 1 8?bytes of +lash, .:; bytes of '7M, /. $>% lines, three ,;)bit timer>counters, six)vector, two)level interrupt architecture a full duplex serial port on)chip oscillator and clock circuitry. $n addition the 7"896:. is designed with static logic for operation down to (ero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. "he $dle Mode stops the 6PA while allowing the '7M timer>counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. "he Power down Mode saves the '7M contents but free(es the oscillator 5isabling all other chip functions until the next hardware

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller "he microcontroller 896:, controls the switching of transistors in the inverter based on the $' sensor output. "he $' sensors detect the presence of vehicle. "he tasks assigned to micro)controller are 2a4 2b4 "o respond to the -5' output for checking day and night time. "o detect the presence and direction of entry of vehicle based on $' sensors sequence generated. 2c4 "o generate the pulses for the transistor switches of the inverter to turn them %& so as to produce ac voltage. 2d4 "o turn %++ the fluorescent lamps based upon the $' sensors output depending upon the exit of the vehicle. "he input to microcontroller is applied through input buffer $6=0- .0:. "he output of microcontroller is given to relay through another buffer. "he $' sensor will provide the logic signal to microcontroller if the vehicle obstructs the $' rays. 7s per the

software, the microcontroller switches %& the inverter, so as to make the fluorescent lights %&.

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller

5LO6C'ART
tart

6heck whether ,st B .nd sensor is cut or -ast B -ast but one sensor is cut

7 6heck the readings of 756 26onnected to -5'4

$t is equal or less than AP" C -5' value -"P D -5' value

&o

Ees "urn %& relay of $nverter

"urn %++ relay of $nverter

6heck ,st B .nd sensor is cut or -ast B -ast but one sensor is cut

Ees "urn %++ Main $nverter

End

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller

6ORKING

"his circuit contains four $' trans receivers, micro controller, 'elay driver circuit, 'elay, ,; F . module -65 screen, <8<8 756 and -5' and temperature sensor. $n this type of circuit four $' sensors is connected to micro controller which is placed near the Gate, between these two $' sensor length is absolute .<).: ft. !hen the vehicle is entering then $' sensor gets affected and $'. sensor is getting affected when any vehicle is exit. "here is one relay is connected to micro controller throughout 'elay driver which is capable drive the current of 'elay. $n these 6?" 'elay one is get connected to the main line of power supply. "his relay is connected to inverter circuit which is going on H%&H condition of inverter. 7s inverter gets H%&H, it will H%&H all lights of bridge. !hen any vehicle is entered, then some binary acknowledge is given to micro controller. "hen suddenly it drives the main inverter of relay. Power takes %&, then light sensor -5' gives the 7nalog values to 756 <8<8 which converts into digitally form. 6alculation is takes placed weather the light intensity is low the lights gets is %& state through 'elay. "he pole lamps is drives to directly proportional to values to light intensity when the light intensity is high the micro controller driver the pole relay is %++ state and intensity is low 2or night4 then the lamp is %& state. !hen the vehicle get exit then micro controller drives main phase power supply relay to %++ all power supply.

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller

AD7ANTAG1S

,. .. /. 0. :. ;. =. 8.

$ntelligent lighting system with the use of microcontroller. aves the energy when the bridge is not in use. !orks automatically. -ess maintenance. 'equires no human being to operate. 7dequate in remote areas like forest. Modification can be made at any time. cheduled operation is possible.

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller

CONCLUSION
"his seminar presents solar operated bridge light control using microcontroller. "he system takes input from solar energy and converts it into electrical energy, which is used to switch %& lamps on the bridge when it detects the vehicle. "he output of the inverter used in the system is ./<3>:<H(. "his system is efficient, low cost and requires no other power input. "his system can be further generali(ed to install it on the entire street.

Solar Operated Bridge Light Controller

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