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Mohammed

Asif
Name :
Roll No. :
Topic : Electric Field &
Potential
Ph : 939132!"#
$%!"
2. MEA&'REMENT (F P)*&+A, -'ANT+T+E&
1. If a physical quantity P. is given by
P = x + y

m n n m
AbsoluteerrorinP P X y
x y x y P
Relativeerror !errorinP 1""
P x y x y
#. IfP x y P x y$
x y P P
!errorinp 1""
P x y P
%. IfP x y orx & y .
m x n y P
P x y
+
_ + +


+ +
,
+
+


+

i.e. ! error in P = m. ! error in x + n. ! error in y.
'.
a b c
P ( ) * .
t t t


If an+ arethepercentageerrorsinthemeasurementxof( )an+*
thenpercentageerrorinP a b c .

+ +
,ignificant figure
i- all non./ero +igits are ,ignificant
0x. #%.12 3o. of s. f 4 '
ii- 5ero in bet6een t6o non/ero +igits are ,ignificant
0x. #%"'"1 3o. of s. f 4 2
iii- All /eros to the left of the first non/ero are not ,ignificant
0x. ""#%12 ".""#%12 3o. of s. f 4 '
iv- All /eros to the right of the last non/ero +igit in a measure+ value are ,ignificant
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0x. #%12"" m 3o. of s. f 4 2
(ean +eviation
1 # % n
+ + + ...+
@Aeviation -
n
+ + +

,tan+ar+ +eviation
# # #
1 # n
+ + ... +
@6hennisl arge.-
n
+ + +

Probable error = r = ".2>'1
t *ruevaluex X r Probableerrorr
n
1

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3. .E/T(R&
M 0 +: Ma1nit2de and direction of a 3ector:

$ $
+ +
+ +
ur
$
# # #
1. IfA ai bB c8
*hen@a-magnitu+e A a b c .

@b- Cnit vector in the +irection of


uur
uur
A
AisgivenbyA .
A




+ +
+ +
ur
ur
ur
r
# # #
# # #
@c-If an+ aretheanglesma+ebyA6ithx yan+/axesthen
a b c
Dos Dos Dos .
A A A
AlsoDos Dos Dos 1.
@+-IfAisaunitvectorthena b c 1.
@e-Eectorparallel toAan+havingmagnitu+eequal
toanothervector<is gi
ur
r
ur
A
venby < .
A
M 0 ++: Trian1le la4 of 3ectors:
#. A simple pen+ulum of 6eight 6 an+ length 1 is pulle+ asi+e by a hori/ontal force
7 through a +istance r so that the string ma8es an angle 6ith vertical. *hen

# #
r
7 F*an F.
l r

+

# #
6 l
*ension* 6.
cos
l r


F
r
W
T
l
b- )amiGs theorem=
If three coplanes forces acting on a particle as sho6n in the fig
8eep it equilibrium then



P H R
,in ,in ,in
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Q
P
R
r

M 0 +++: Parallelo1ram la4 of 3ectors=


2 2
2 2
If R P Q(sumof the vectors)
Magnitudeof the resul tan t R P Q 2PQCos .
Qsin Psin
Direction tan tan
P Qcos Q Pcos
If R P Q(difference) R P Q 2PQCos
Qsin Psin
tan tan
P Qcos Q Pcos
If P Qthen
+
+ +


+ +
+


+ +
> <
ur ur ur
ur ur ur
If P Qthen
If P Qthen .
< >

Q
R
P

M 0 +.: Resol2tion of 3ectors:


If a vector
P
ma8es an angle 6ith hori/ontal then its hori/ontal component
Px = Pcos $ Eertical component = Py = P sin
2 2
x y
P p p +
+
r
$ $ x
x y
y
P
tan P P i P B
P


P
y
P
x
P


M 0 .: Pol51on la4 of 3ectors:
n equal force each of magnitu+e 7 are acting simultaneously on a particle.
0ach force ma8es an angle 6ith one then
n
%2"
a- If thentheresul tantforceis/ero.

n
%2"
b- If 1thentheresul tantforceis7.
_

,
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
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M 0 .+: 6ot prod2ct:



+ + + + + +

r ur
r ur
r ur
r ur
r r ur ur
"
1 1 1 # # # 1 # 1 # 1 #
A<
A.< A<cos cos
A<
A.< A<cos @i.i B.B 8.8 1-
If ?" A.< ".@i.B B.8 8.i "-
@a i b B c 8-.@a i b B c 8- a a bb c c
A.< <.A
( )


r r ur ur
r ur
1
a- For8F 7., b-Po6erP 7.E c-IineticenergyI0 m .
#
+- P.0 mg.h
A.<
DomponentofAalong< Acos
<
$




r ur
r ur
r ur
EectorcomponentofAalong< @Acos -<.
A.<
Domponentof<alongA <cos
A
Eectorcomponentof<alongA @<cos -A.
M 0 .++: /ross prod2ct:
a- Ax< A<sin .n Fherenisaunitvectorprepen+iculartotheplane
containingAan+<
b- A < A<,in
c- AirectionofAx<canbefoun+fromright han+e+scre6rule

$ $
r ur
+- 0xamples =
*orqueq r 7 r Positivevector
7 7orcevector
Angularmomentum) r P r Positivevector
P )inearmomentum

r r r r
r
r r r r
r
)inearvelocityE 6 r 6 Angularvelocity
r Ra+iusvector

ur ur r ur
r
e- ifD Ax<
thenD.A " D.< "


ur r ur
ur ur r ur
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Area of parallelogram A < A an+ < are the t6o a+Bacent si+es of aparallelogram
1
Area of triangle A < A an+ < are the t6o a+Bacent si+es of atriangle.
#


r r ur ur
r r ur ur
$ $
x y / x y /
f- Cnit vector prepen+icular to vectors A an+ < is
A <
n
A <
A A i A B A 8 < < i < B < 8
If A an+ <are parallel then A I<
Ay Ax A/
<x <y </

+ + + +


r ur
$
$ $ $ $
r r ur ur
M 0 .+++: Application of trian1le la4:
7oat and ri3er:
If the man 6ants to reach the exactly opposite point on the other ban8 @or- to cross
the river along the shortest path he has to s6im along AD.
# #
R < F
F
R
1 F
R
Resul tant velocity E E E
E
Airection of motion of boat ,in
E
E
,in 6ith normal to +irection of flo6.
E



C B
d
A
V
w
V
m
V
R

R
F <
@or- ?" 6ith +irection of flo6.
+
*ime ta8en to cross the river t .
E
E Eelocity of 6ater.E Eelocity of boat. + Fi+th of the river.
+



#. If the man 6ants to cross the river in shortest time.
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V
w
V
m
V
R
a- Airection of motion of boat Along the normal @or- ?"
"
6ith +irection of flo6.
+

# #
R < F
<
F
b- Resul tantvelocityE E E .
+
c- *imeta8entocrosstherivert .
E
+- ;ori/ontal+istancetravele+bytheboatx E xt@or-+rift.
Rain and 2m8rella:
Rain is falling vertically +o6n 6ar+s 6ith a velocity Er an+ a man is moving hori/ontally
6ith a velocity Em @or 6in+ is flo6ing 6ith a velocity Em-. *o protect himself from rain
the man has to hol+ his umbrella at an angle 6ith vertical

m
r
E
6here*an
E

V
R
V
m
V
m
/han1e in 3elocit5:
1 #
E an+ E are the initial an+ final velocities of a bo+y an+ is the angle bet6een
1 #
# 1
# #
# 1 1 #
E an+ E then
Dhange in velocity
E E E
E
(agnitu+e E E E #EEDos Acceleration a .
t
+

+
ur uur
uuur uur ur
Relati3e 3elocit5
1 # If E an+ E are the velocities if t6o bo+ies A an+ < respectively then
R 1 #
1- EelocityofArelativeto<isgivenbyE E E
r uur ur uur ur
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Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com >

# #
R 1 # 1 #
"
R 1 #
"
R 1 #
" # #
R 1 #
E E E #EEDos
a- If " E E E
b- If 1J" E E E
c- If ?" E E E
+

+
+
R # 1
# #
R # 1 1 #
#- Eelocity of < relative to Ais given byE E E
E E E #EEDos

+
r uur uur ur ur
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$. 9+NEMAT+/&
M 0 +: Freel5 fallin1 8od5:
1. 0quations of motion=
#
n
+
g 1
@a-E gt @b-; gt @c- #g; @+- s @#n 1-
# #
#;
#. *imeof+escentt . %.7inal velocity #g;.
g
u gt g;
'. Averagevelocity .
# # #


+


M 0 ++: .erticall5 pro:ected 8od5:
1. 0quations of motion=
@a- v = u 4 gt @b- h = ut . K gt
#
@c- E
#
= u
#
4 #gh

+- ,n =
g
u @#n 1-
#

#. *ime of ascent.
a
u #u J;
t timeof+escent %.*imeofflight*
g g g

#
g
u
'. (aximumheight;
#

1. A bo+y thro6n vertically up6ar+ 6ith a velocity C crosses a point p in its path after
t
1
sec 6hile going up an+ after t
#
sec 6hile coming +o6n then

1 # 1 #
#u 1
@a- t t @b-;eightofthepointh gt t
g #
+
M 0 +++: 7od5 pro:ected 3erticall5 2p4ards from the top of a to4er:
1. 0quations of motion=
@a- v = .u + gt @b- ; = .ut + K gt
#
@c- E
#
= u
#
+ #g;

@+- ,
n
=
u g&#@#n 1- +
#. A balloon is moving up6ar+s 6ith uniform velocity C. A bo+y is +roppe+ from it
6hen it is it at a height ; above the groun+ then
a- Eelocity of the bo+y after t sec E = .C + gt
b- *ime ta8en by the bo+y to reach groun+ cane be foun+ from ; = .ut + K gt
#
c- ,eparation bet6een bo+y an+ balloon after t sec = K gt
#
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
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+- ;eight reache+ by the bo+y above groun+ =
#
u
; .
#g
+
%. A bo+y thro6n vertically up6ar+s 6ith a velocity u from the top of a to6er
reaches the groun+ in t
1
sec. Another bo+y thro6n vertically +o6n6ar+s 6ith same
velocity from same to6er reaches the groun+ in t
#
sec. *hen
@a- ;eight of the to6er ; = K gt
1
t
#
@b- *ime ta8en by a bo+y +roppe+ freely from same to6er to reach groun+ is
1 #
t t t
1 #
#C
@c- t t
g

M 0 +.: 7od5 thro4n 3erticall5 do4n4ards 4ith initial 3elocit5 2:
1. 0quations of motion=
@a- E = u + gt @b- ; = ut + K gt
#
@c- E
#
= u
#
+ #g;

@+- ,
n
=
g
u @#n 1-
#
+
M 0 .: (8li;2e pro:ectile:

a +
a +
# #
#
usin
1. t t
g
t timeofascent t timeof+escent
C EelocityofproBection angleofproBection
#usin
#. *imeofflight*
g
u sin
%. (aximumheight; .
#g
u sin#
'. ;ori/ontalrangeR .
g

Eelocity of the proBectile after t sec.= E


x
= u cos L;ori/ontal componentM

E
y
= u sin . gt. LEertical componentM
(agnitu+e of Resultant velocity
# #
x y
E . +

y
1
x
Airection tan @6ithhori/ontal-.

1. Aisplacement after t secon+s.


;ori/ontal +isplacement X = u cos . *
Eertical +isplacement : = u sin t . K gt
#
Resultant +isplacement =
# #
x y . +
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2. Range is max. if = '1
"
an+ R
max
=
#
u
.
g
>. Range is same for angle of proBection an+ @?" . -.
J.
';
*an @Relationbet6een ;an+R-.
R

?. *6o bo+ies are proBecte+ 6ith same velocity u so that their hori/ontal ranges
are same @i.e. Angles of proBection are complementary-.
If ;
1
an+ ;
#
are the max. ;eights reache+ by them an+ *
1
an+ *
#
are their
time of flights an+ R is range. *hen
#
1 # 1 # 1 # 1 #
1 #R u
@a-R ' ;; @b-R gt t t t @c-; ;
# g #g
+
1". Path of the proBectile is represente+ by : = Ax 4 <x
#
6here A = *an

#
# #
g A A
< (aximum height ; Range R .
#u cos < <

11. Initial energy of the proBectile 0 = K mu


#
At maximum height I.0 = 0 cos
#
P0 = 0 ,in
#
.
1#. (inimum velocity of a proBectile = u cos @at max height-

M 0 .+: )ori<ontal Pro:ectile:
If a bo+y is thro6n hori/ontally 6ith a velocity C from a to6er of height ; then
1. Eelocity after t sec E
x
= u
y
gt #g;.

# #
y
x y
x
tan

+

H
U
R
#. Aisplacement after t sec.
;ori/ontal +isplacement x = ut Eertical +isplacement y = K gt
#
.
%. *ime of +escent
#; #;
t . '.;ori/ontal rangeR u .
g g


1. Eelocity Bust before reaching groun+
#
E C #g; +

2. *he angle at 6hich it hits the groun+ tan y x
E &E
Resultant +isplacement
# #
s x y +
>. *he time after 6hich the velocity is perpen+icular to initial +irection t = u&g sin
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J. *6o bo+ies are proBecte+ hori/ontally in opposite +irections 6ith a velocities E
1

an+ E
#
from a to6er
i- *he time after 6hich the +isplacement vectors are perpen+icular
1 #
EE
t
g

ii- *he time after 6hich the velocity vectors are perpen+icular
1 #
EE
t #
g

7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1#
!. 6*NAM+/ =NE>T(N?& ,A>& (F M(T+(N@

+ +
1. 7orce 7 @m - m ma 6hen mass is constant
+t +t
+ +m
7 @m - if mis changes in the case of a variable mass
+t +t



,ystem li8e a roc8et.
#. a- Fhen a lift moves up6ar+s 6ith acceleration a @or- +o6n6ar+s 6ith a
+eceleration a then apparent 6eight of a bo+y in the lift 6 = m @g + a-.
b- Fhen a lift moves up6ar+s 6ith +eceleration a @or- +o6n6ar+s 6ith an
acceleration a then apparent 6eight of a bo+y in the lift 6 = m @g . a-.
c- Fhen the lift is stationary or moving 6ith uniform velocity the 6
1
= mg.
+- Percentage change in 6eight
a
1"".
g

e- If h is the +epth of 6ater in a buc8et place+ in the lift then pressure at the
bottom of the buc8et is P = h+ @gt a-.
%. Fhen a machine gun fires NnG bullets in a time t then the force require+ to hol+
the gun is
mn
7
t


,
.
'. a- Fhen a metallic plate of mass m is hel+ in mi+ air by firing NnG shots&secon+ 6ith a
velocity u if the bullets stop +ea+ after stri8ing the plate then mnu = mg.
b- If the shot comes bac8 6ith a velocity E then nm @v+u- = mg.
1. If 6ater from a narro6 pipe hits a 6all hori/ontally 6ith a velocity v an+ stops +ea+
force acting on the 6all
#
#
+H
7 A+ +H 6hereH av
A

@volume flo6 rate-.
A = area of cross section of the pipe
+ = +ensity of 6ater.
If 6ater bounces bac8 6ith same spee+ 7 = # A+v
#
2. If a ball hits a 6all normally 6ith a velocity v an+ reboun+s 6ith same velocity change
in momentum = # mv.
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Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1%
7orce acting on the 6all
#m
t

6here NtG is the time of collision.


>. a- A bo+y of mass m moving 6ith a velocity v hits 6all an+ reboun+s 6ith same
velocity then change in momentum perpen+icular to the 6all
p #mvsin
force
on the 6all
#m sin
7 @ is the angle ma+e 6ith the 6all-
t


b- Dhange in momentum parallel to 6all = ".
J. 0xtra force require+ to 8eep the conveyor belt moving 6ith a velocity E 6hen
,an+ @any mass- is falling on it the rate of
+m +m
is given by 7 E.
+t +t
_


,
?. If hot gases are coming out of the roc8et at the rate of
_

,
+m
+t
6ith a velocity E
then
a- *hrust on the roc8et
_


,
+m
7 .
+t
b- If the roc8et moves up 6ith uniform velocity then 7 = (g
( mass of the roc8et.
c- If the roc8et moves up 6ith uniform acceleration a then 7 = (@g + a-.
If gravity is neglecte+ then 7 = (a
+- Acceleration of the roc8et after t sec a
+m
+t
@neglecting gravity-.
+m
( t
+t
_


,
,A> (F /(N&ER.AT+(N (F ,+NEAR M(MENT'M AN6 /(,,+&+(N&
M 0 +: ,a4 of conser3ation of moment2m:
A bo+y of mass m
1
moving 6ith a velocity u
1
colli+es 6ith another bo+y of mass m
#
moving 6ith a velocity u
#
if v
1
an+ v
#
are their final velocities then Accor+ing to la6 of
conservation of momentum
m
1
u
1
+ m
#
u
#
= m
1
v
1
+ m
#
v
#
If the t6o bo+ies stic8 together after collision then common velocity
t

+
1 1 # #
1 #
mu m u
E
m m
1. If bo+ies are moving in mutually perpen+icular +irections before collision then
common Eelocity
( ) ( ) +

+
# #
1 1 # #
1 #
mu m u
E .
m m
#. In case of obliquic collision i.e. after collision if the +irection of motion of bo+ies
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
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ma8es an angle 6ith initial +irection
a- 1 1 # #
mu m u +
= @
1 1 # # xi xf
@mv m v -cos @P P - +
b- 1 1 # # yi yf
mv m v . @P P -
%. If a bullet of m come out 6ith a velocity

from a gun of mass ( the Recoil velocity


of gun
m
E .
(

bullet
gun
I0 (
.
I0 m

Eelocity of bullet relative to gun = v + u.


'. If a stationary shell brea8s into t6o fragments they 6ill move in opposite
+irections 6ith velocities in the inverse ratio of their masses.

1 #
# 1
E m
.
E m

1. In the above case the Iinetic energy of the t6o fragments is inversely proportional
to their masses.

1 #
# 1
I0 m
I0 m

2. *he total energy release+ in the explosion


# #
1 1 # #
1 1
m m
# #
+
>. If a shell at rest explo+es into three fragments having masses in the ratio m
1
= m
#
=
(
%
if first t6o fragments travel in mutually perpen+icular +irection 6ith velocities
v
1
an+ v
#
then the velocity of the thir+ fragment is given by

( ) ( )
# #
1 1 # #
%
%
mu m u
E .
m
+

J. If a shell of mass m moving 6ith a velocity E


ur
explo+es into t6o fragments having
masses m
1
an+ m
#
an+ if 1 # E an+E
ur ur
are the velocities of the fragments then
1 #
1 #
m m m +
r r r
M 0 ++: Elastic collision:
1. 7or one +imensional elastic collision v
#
4 v
1
= u
1
4 u
#.


1 # # #
1 1
1 # 1 #
1 # 1
# #
1 # 1 #
m m #m u
u
m m m m
#mu m m
u
m m m m
_ _
+

+ +
, ,
_ _
+

+ +
, ,
,pecial cases
a- Fhen m
1
= m
#$
v
#
= u
1
v
1
= u
#
.
b- If u
#
= " @i.e. secon+ bo+y is at rest-then
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 11
If m
1
= m
#
v
#
= u
1
v
1
= "
If m
#
OO m
1
v
1
= .u
1
v
#
= "
If m
1
OO m
#
v
1
= u
1
v
#
= # u
1.
#. In case of elastic collision if the secon+ bo+y is at rest
*he fraction of I.0 transferre+ or lost by the first bo+y

( )
1 #
# #
1 #
'mm 'n
.
@m m -
n 1

+
+
Fhere n = m
1 &
m
#
%. 7raction of I.0 retaine+ by the first bo+y is

# #
# 1 f
1 # i
I0 m m 1 n
m m I0 1 n
_ _


+ +
, ,
Fhere n = m
1 &
m
#
If m
1
= m
#
fraction of I0 transferre+ is maximum an+ that is 1"" !.
M 0 +++: +n elastic collision:
1. a- 1 1 # #
mu m u +
= 1 1 # #
mv m v +
b-
# 1
1 #
e
u u

7inal velocity can be foun+ by using above t6o equations


#. If u
#
= " i.e. if the secon+ bo+y is at rest ratio of final velocities
1
#
1 e
.
1 e

+

( ) ( )
1 1
1 #
u u
1 e 1 e .
# #
+
# # # #
1 1 # # 1 1 # #
1 1 1 1
%. )oss of I0 mu m u m m
# # # #
_ _
+ +

, ,

( )
( ) ( )
#
# 1 #
1 #
1 #
1 mm
u u 1 e
# m m

+
'. A bloc8 of mass ( is suspen+e+ freely. A bullet of mass m is fire+ in to the bloc8
6ith a velocity

. If the bullet gets embe++e+ in to the bloc8 then


a- Eelocity of bloc8 after collision
m
M m


+
b- ;eight rise+ by the bloc8

#
#
;
g
c- (aximum angle ma+e by the bloc8 6ith vertical cos
#
#gl



+- )oss of I.0
( )
#
#
(m
( m

+
M 0 +.: /oefficient of Restit2tion:
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 12
1. Doefficient of restitution
# 1
1 #
. e
u u

a- Fhen a bo+y falls from a height h an+ rises to a height h


1
after first collision
6ith the groun+ then
1
h
e
h

b- ;eight rise+ after n bounces h


n
= e
#n
. h
c- Eelocity after n bounces v
n
= e
n
. E = e
n
#gh
#. If a bo+y falls from a height h the total +istance travele+ before coming to rest.
#
#
.
e
x h
e
_ 1+


1
,
%. If a bo+y falls from a height h the total time ta8en to come to rest.

# 1
.
1
h e
t
g e
+
_

,
'. If a bo+y hits the groun+ 6ith a velocity v
1
an+ reboun+s 6ith a velocity v
#
then

# # #
1 # 1
p I0
e
p I0


1. Percentage loss of velocity after n bounces = @1 . e
n
- X 1"".
2. Percentage loss of momentum after n bounces = @1 . e
n
- X 1"".
>. Percentage loss of I0 after n bounces = @1 4 e
#n
- X 1"".
J. A bo+y hits groun+ 6ith a velocity u ma8ing an angle
1

6ith vertical an+ rebounces


6ith a velocity v at an angle
#

then

#
1
cos
cos
e
u

If it is a smooth surface then


1
#
tan
.
tan
e

7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1>
. >(R9 0 P(>ER A ENERB*
M 0 +: >orC:
1. a- If a force N7G acts on a bo+y ma8ing an angle P P 6ith hori/ontal an+ +isplaces the
bo+y through a +istance N,G 6or8 +one
"
F 7., 7,cos . 6hen ?" F ".
r ur
b-F Dos
@If 7 an+ , are same-.
#
c-F Dos
@If 7 an+ t are same-.
#. For8 +one against gravity F = mgh.
%. For8 +one in imparting velocity to a bo+y
#
1
F m
#

'. For8 +one against friction on a level surface.
F 7x, mgs.P P
coefficient

of friction.
1. For8 +one in compressing or elongating a spring
#
#
1 7 1
F 8x 7x.
# #8 #

I 4 spring constant x 4 elongation
2. For8 +one in moving a bo+y up on to a smooth incline+ plane is F = @mg sin - ,.
>. For8 +one to compress or expan+ a gas
F Px E
at constant pressure.
J. a- For8 +one in pulling the bob of a simple pen+ulum asi+e through an angle from
the vertical is
( )
#
F mgl 1 cos #mgl sin .
#

_


,
m 4 mass of the bob l. length of pen+ulum
b- For8 +one in +isplacing the pen+ulum from an angle
1
P P
to an angle
#
P P
is
( )
1 1 #
F mg cos cos
?. For8 +one in pulling asi+e a bar through an angle from the vertical is
( )
#
1
F mgl 1 cos mgl sin
# #

_


,
m 4 mass of the ro+ l. length of the ro+
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1J
1". *he 6or8 +one in lifting a bo+y of mass NmG an+ +ensity N+
s
G in a liqui+ of +ensity N+
1
G
through a height NhG un+er gravity is
1
s
+
F mgh 1 .
+
_


,
11. For8 +one by external resultant force on a bo+y is equal to change in I0 of the
bo+y
( )
# #
1
F m u I0.
#

1#. For8 +one in lifting 6ater from a 6ell from a 6ell of +epth h is
"
m
F m gh
#
_
+

,
m (ass of 6ater m" (ass of rope
1%. A ro+ of mass m an+ length l lies hori/ontally on a NfloorG. *he 6or8 +one in rotating
the ro+ through an angle about one e+ge in a vertical plane is given
F = K mgl sin .
1'. In the above point the 6or8 +one in bringing the ro+ to vertical position is
F = K mgl.
11. A uniform chain of length l an+ mass m is place+ on a friction less table such that
1&n
th
of its length hanging over the e+ge. *he 6or8 +one in pulling the hanging part
on to the table is
#
.
#
mgl
F
n

M 0 ++: Po4er:
1. Average po6er P = F&t.
#. Instantaneous po6er = 7 x E = . . 7 E
uur ur
%. *he po6er of machine gun firing NnG bullets each of mass NmG in one secon+ 6ith
velocity NvG is
#
1
. .
#
P n m
'. A motor sen+s a liqui+ 6ith a velocity NEG in a tube of cross section NAG an+ N+G is the
+ensity of the liqui+ then the po6er of the motor is
%
1
.
#
P A+E
1. A motor lifts m 8g of 6ater to a height h in t sec. *hen the po6er of the motor is

mgh
P
t
.
If

is the efficiency of the motor then .


mgh
P
t

If the 6ater comes at of the pipe 6ith a velocity

then
#
1
#
.
mgh m
P
t
+

2. 0xtra po6er require+ to 8eep a conveyor belt moving 6ith constant velocity

if
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1?
gravel is falling the belt at a rate of +m&+t is
#
.
+m
P
+t

_


,
>. A vehicle moves 6ith a constant velocity E on a rough hori/ontal roa+. *he frictional
force acting on the vehicle is f then the po6er o f the engine P= f x v.
M 0 +++: Ener15:
1. I0 = K mv
#
.
#. P0 = mgh.
%. P0 of a liqui+ in a capillary tube P0 = @+- @ah- g h&# = +agh
#
& #.
+ 4 +ensity of liqui+
a 4 area of cross section of the capillary tube.
h 4 height of the liqui+ in the capillary tube.
'. P0 of a bloc8 place+ on the groun+ =
h
+lbh g. .
#
1
]
1. P.0 in a spring = K 8x
#
.
M 0 +.: ,a4 of conser3ation of ener15:
1. A bo+y is +roppe+ freely from a height h +uring collision 6ith groun+ it looses x !
of energy an+ then rises to a height NhG then
( )
1
1"" x
mgh mgh $
1""

@1"".x- remaining energy$


1
1"" x
h h.
1""

_

,
#. In the above question if the bo+y is thro6n vertically +o6n6ar+s 6ith a velocity E
then

# 1
1"" x 1
mgh m mgh
1"" #

_ _
+

, ,
%. A bo+y of mass m is +roppe+ from a height h on to a spring of spring constant I.
If x is the compression pro+uce+ in the spring then
( )
#
1
mg h x 8x
#
+
If x Q Q Q h mgh = K 8x
#
'. A bo+y of mass m moving 6ith a velocity E colli+es 6ith a spring of spring constant
I an+ comes to rest. If x is the compression pro+uce+ in the spring then
K mv
#
= K 8x
#
M 0 .: >orC 0 Ener15 theorem:
1. For8 +one = Dhange in I0$
7 x , = K m @E
#
. u
#
-.
#. A bo+y of mass m is +roppe+ from a height h it reaches the groun+ 6ith a velocity
( )
E E #gh <
6or8 +one by air resistance F = mgh 4 K mv
#
.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com #"
%. A 8nife e+ge of mass m is +roppe+ from a height h on to a table. It penetrates a
+istance x into the table. If the resistance offere+ by the table is 7 then
7 x x = mg @h+x-. if x Q Q Q h then 7
x
= mgh
M 0 .+: Relation 8et4een 9E and Moment2m:
( )
( )
#
#
P 1
1. I0 I0 if P is same .
#m m
I0 P if mis constant .

( )
( )
0
#. P #m8 P m If I0 is same
P I0 If mis same .

%. *6o bo+ies of +ifferent mass are moving 6ith same momentum if same brea8
force is applie+ on them. *hen
1 #
# 1
1
I0 Accor+ingly6.e. theoremF.A I0.
m
1 , m
a-7x, I0 " I0 , I0
m , m


)ighter bo+y 6ill travel more +istance bet6een coming target.
b- In pulse = change in momentum

7 x t = P 4 " ,in 7 an+ P are same t 6ill


7 x t = P t
1
= t
#
= 1 = 1.
,o both ta8e same time to come to rest.
'. *6o bo+ies of +ifferent mass are moving 6ith same I0. If same brea8 force is
applie+ on them then
1 #
P m
a-7x, I0 ,ince7an+ I0$aresame
,6illbesame, =, 1 =1.

,o both travel same +istance before coming to rest.


b- 7 x t = P
i
4 Pf
i
t P m
i # #
t =t m= m
;eavier bo+y ta8es more time to come to rest.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com #1
". /ENTRE (F MA&&
M 0 +: /oordinates of center of mass:
1. Particles +istribute+ in space. If @x
1
y
#
/
1
- . @x
#
y
#
/
#
- 4 are the position coor+inates
of particles of masses m
1
m
#
4 the position coor+inates of their center of mass
are
1 1 # # n n
cm
1 # n
1 1 # # n n
cm
1 # n
1 1 # # n n
cm
1 # n
m x m x ..... m x
x
m m ..... m
m y m y ..... m y
y
m m ..... m
m/ m / ..... m /
/
m m ..... m
+ + +

+ + +
+ + +

+ + +
+ + +

+ + +
#. In vector notation. If r
1
r
#
r
%
R.. Are the position vectors of particles of
masses m
1
m
#
m
%
RR *hen the position vector of their center of mass is
1 1 # # n n
1 # n
m r m r ..... m r
r
m m ..... m
+ + +

+ + +
M 0 ++: .elocit5 /enter of Mass:
%. a- Eelocity of center of mass
If
1 # % n
EE E .....E are the velocities of particle of masses.
m
1
m
#
m
%
RR m
n
the velocity of their center of mass is
1 1 # # % % n n 1 # % n
cm
1 # % n 1 # % n
m m m ..... m P P P ...P
E
m m m ..... m m m m ..... m
+ + + + + +

+ + + + +
cm
1 # n
b- (E P P ... P + + +
ur ur ur ur
i.e. total momentum of the system is the pro+uct of mass
of the 6hole system an+ the velocity of the center of mass.
c- If E
1
an+ E
#
are the magnitu+es of velocities of t6o particles of masses m
1

an+ m
#
then the magnitu+e of velocity of c.m.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com ##
1 1 # #
1 #
m m
E
m m
t

+
+ ve for same +irection
. ve for opposite +irection.
+- If t6o particles of masses m1 an+ m# are moving 6ith velocities E1 an+ E# at
right angles to each other then the velocity of their center of mass is given
by
# # # #
1 1 # #
cm
1 #
m m
E
m m
+

+
M 0 +++: Acceleration of center of mass:
'. a- if a
1
a
#
a
%
R.a
n
are the acceleration of particles of masses m
1
m
#
m
%
RR m
n

*hen the acceleration of their centre of mass is
ext
1 1 # # n n 1 # n
cm
1 # n
cm ext
m a m a ..... m a 7 7 ...7 7
a
m m ..... m ( (
(a 7 .
+ + + +

+ + +

If a
1
an+ a
#
are the magnitu+e of acceleration of t6o particles of masses m
1
an+ m
#

then the magnitu+e of acceleration of their centre of mass.

1 1 # #
1 #
m a m a
a- a
m m
t

+

( ) ( )
# #
1 1 # #
1 #
ma m a
b- a
m m
+

+
@If they are moving at right angles to each other-
M 0 +.: T4o particle s5stem:
1. Position of centre of mass=
*6o particles of masses m
1
an+ m
#
are separate+ by a +istance N+G. If x
1
an+ x
#

are the +istance of their center of mass from m1 an+ m# then
m
1
x
1
= m
#
x
#
1 # # 1
1 # 1 #
+ +
x m x m
m m m m

+ +
If m
1
is move+ through a +istance
1
x
to6ar+s the c.m an+ m
#
is also move+
through a +istance
#
x
to6ar+s the c.m the position of c. m remains same if
m
1 1
x
= m
# #
x
2. Sut of a uniform circular +isc of ra+ius R if a circular sheet of ra+ius r is
remove+ the centre of mass of the remaining part shits by a +istance
#
r
x
R r

+
if r =R&# then x = R&2
>. Sut of a uniform soli+ sphere of ra+ius R if a sphere of ra+ius r is remove+ the
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com #%
centre of mass of the remaining part shifts by
( )
( )
%
% %
r R r
R r

if r = R&# then x = R&1'


J. Fhen a person 6al8s on a boat in still 6ater centre of mass of person boat
system is not +isplace+.
a- If the man 6al8s a +istance ) on the boat the boat is +isplace+ in the
opposite +irection relative to shore or 6ater by a +istance.
m)
x
( m

+
( 4 mass of the man ( 4 mass of the boat
b- Aistance 6al8e+ by the man relative to shore or 6ater is @) 4 x-.
?. If a square sheet of si+e a is cut in a square sheet of si+e A then the +istance
of centre of mass of remaining portion from the centre of origin sheet is
#
a
x .
#@A a-
Ifa A&#$ x A&2 #.

+

1". A uniform 6ire of length l is bent at the mi+ point into ) shape then the
coor+inates of c. m from the bent point is @x y-
l l

J J

Aistance of c. m from bent point is


# #
l
x y
' #
+
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com #'
M 0 +: Motion on the hori<ontal plane:
1. )imiting friction = f
)
= f
s
@max- = s
mg
3ormal reaction 3 = mg
Iinetic friction f
8
= 8
mg
Rolling friction f
R
= R
mg
. 7
)
O f
I
O f
R
#. If 7 = " f = f
s
= " <o+y +oes not sli+e.
7 Q f
)
f = f
s
= 7 <o+y +oes not sli+e.
7 = f
)
f = f
)
= 7 4 <o+y is Bust rea+y to sli+e
7Of
)
f = f
8
4 <o+y sli+es.
;ere 7 = applie+ force @or- force that tries to +isplace the bo+y f = frictional force.
%. (inimum force require+ to +isplace a bo+y = f
)
= s
mg
.
'. minimum force require+ in +isplacing a bo+y place+ in a lift moving 6ith
acceleration.
( )
) s
f m g a . t
if the lift is falling freely f = "
1. If a bo+y is moving 6ith uniform velocity then 7 = f
8
2. For8 +one against frictional force = f
8
x , = 8
mg
x ,
>. Fhen applie+ force ma8es an angle 6ith hori/ontal @pulling-.
3ormal reaction 3 = mg 4 7 sin
7rictional force f =

Lmg . 7sin M
Acceleration of bo+y
8
7cos f
a .
m

(inimum pulling force require+ to +isplace the bo+y


7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com #1
D. FR+/T+(N
..

F r i c t i o n
N
m g
F s i n

F c o s
( )
6sin mg
7 . angleoffriction
cos sin cos


+
7 6ill be minimum if =

.
min
#
mg
7 6sin .
1


+
J. In case of pushing=
3 = mg + 7 sin .
7 =

Lmg + 7 sin M
8
7cos f
a .
m

(inimum pushing force require+ to +isplace the bo+y


( )
6sin mg
7 .
cos sin cos

+
"
if ?" +
7 becomes infinity.
;ence
?" ?" +< <
N
m g
F s i n

F c o s
F
?. Acceleration
8
7 f
a
m

@If force is applie+ hori/ontally-.


1". Acceleration of a freely falling bo+y
f
a g .
m

11. Aeceleration of a vertically proBecte+ bo+y
f
a g .
m
+
@f friction force +ue to air-.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com #2
1#. 7or a vertically proBecte+ bo+y a
u mu
t .
g f&m mg f

+ +
@If air resistance is ta8en into account-
#
u
;
f
# g
m

_
+

,
Eelocity before reaching groun+
mg f
u
mg f


+
1%. (inimum force require+ to +isplace a bo+y is applie+ an+ the same force is
continue+ then the acceleration of the bo+y ( )
s 8
a g.
1'. A chain of uniform length N)G is place+ on a rough hori/ontal table. *he
coefficient of friction bet6een the chain an+ table is

then the maximum


fractional length of chain that can be hung freely from the e+ge of the table is.
x
) 1

+
(inimum fraction of length of chain that can be on the table is
1
.
1 +
11. <loc8 on a lorry=
a- *he maximum acceleration of the lorry for 6hich bloc8 beings to sli+e on the
floor of the lorry is
s
s
s
a g
ma mg
a g.


b- If a bloc8 of mass m is place+ on a lorry moving 6ith uniform acceleration a
*he force acting on the bloc8 7 = ma.
c- If a s
<
g bloc8 +oes not sli+e an+ friction force on the bloc8 is f = ma.
If
a s g >
bloc8 slips or sli+es on the floor. 7rictional force on the bloc8
8
mg.
*he acceleration @a- of the bloc8 relative to lorry is
1
8
a a g
12. Dar moving on an umban8e+ circular roa+=
a- Fhen a car goes aroun+ an unban8e+ circular roa+ the static frictional force
bet6een the 6heels an+ the roa+ provi+es the necessary centripetal force.
b- (aximum spee+ 6ith 6hich curve can be negotiate+ 6ithout s8i++ing is
max s
E rg
s

coefficient of static frictional bet6een 6heels an+ the roa+.
c- *he maximum angular velocity is
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com #>
s
max
g
F
r

1>. a- If a bloc8 having initial velocity u sli+es on a rough hori/ontal surface an+
comes to rest the acceleration of the bloc8 is
8
a g
b- Aistance travele+ by the bloc8 before coming to rest is
#
#
8
u
, , C
# g

c- *ime ta8en by the bloc8 to come to rest is


8
u
t t C
g


7od5 on 3ertical s2rface.
1J. Fhen a bo+y of mass m is presse+ against a vertical surface 6ith a force P then
a- 3ormal reaction 3 =P.
b- )imiting frictional force
)
f P.
c- 7rictional force bet6een the bo+y an+ surface
P
or mg 6hich ever is less.
+- (inimum force require+ to sli+e the bo+y up6ar+s.
7 = mg +
P
e- (inimum force require+ to prevent the bo+y from sli+ing +o6n 7 = mg.
P

P
N
m g
f
1?. A boo8 of mass m is presse+ bet6een t6o han+s by applying a hori/ontal force P
6ith each han+ the boo8 +oes not sli+e if
mg
.
#P

#". A vehicle is moving on a hori/ontal surface. A bloc8 of mass NmG is stuc8 on the
front part of the vehicle. *he coefficient of friction bet6een the truc8 an+ the
bloc8 is
P P.
*he minimum acceleration 6ith 6hich the truc8 shoul+ travel so
that the bo+y +oes not sli+e +o6n is
g
a .

Lmg =

maM
&mooth inclined plane:
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com #J
#1. <loc8 on a smooth incline+ plane=
a- 3 = mg cos
b- Acceleration of sli+ing bloc8 a = g sin
c- If 1 is the length of the incline+ plane h is the height an+ x is base. *he time
ta8en to sli+e +o6n starting from rest from the top is
#) 1 #h 'x
t .
gsin sin g gsin#


+- t 6ill be minimum if
"
min
'x
if '1 t
g

m
g

s
i
n

m g
m
g

c
o
s
N

e- Eelocity of the bloc8 at the bottom of the incline+ plane is same as the spee+
attaine+ if bloc8 falls freely from the top of the incline+ plane.
E #gl sin #gh.
f- If a bloc8 is proBecte+ up the plane 6ith a velocity u the acceleration of the bloc8 is
a gsin .
g- Aistance travele+ up the plane before its velocity becomes /ero is
#
u
, .
#gsin

h- *ime of ascent is
u
t .
gsin

i- ;ori/ontal force require+ to prevent the bo+y from sli+ing +o6n 7 = mgtan .
B- *he minimum acceleration of the incline+ plane so that a bo+y place+ on it +oes not
sli+e +o6n is given by a = gtan .
Ro21h inclined plane:
##. A bo+y of mass m is place+ on a rough incline+ plane of inclination . If

is angle
of repose. 3 = mgcos .

s
) s
8
a-If bo+y +oes not sli+e f mgsin .
b- If bo+y is rea+y to sli+e f mgsin tan .
c- If bo+y sli+es +o6n 6ith uniform
acceleration given by a g@sin cos -.
<

>

7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com #?
+- If the bo+y is sli+ing +o6n 6ith uniform velocity then
8 8
a " f mgsin tan .
e- 3et contact force acting on the bo+y =
# #
f 3 . +

m
g

s
i
n

m g
m
g

c
o
s
N

f
#%. If the bloc8 sli+e +o6n from the top of the incline+ plane. Eelocity at the
bottom of the plane is
( ) ( )
8 8
E #gl sin cos #gh 1 cot
#'. In the above case time of +escent is
( )
8
#)
t
g sin cos


#1. *he time ta8en by a bo+y to sli+e +o6n on a rough incline+ plane is NnG times the
time ta8en by it to sli+e +o6n on a smooth incline+ plane of same inclination an+
length then coefficient of friction is
#
1
tan 1 .
n
1

1
]
#2. If a bloc8 is proBecte+ up a rough incline+ plane the acceleration of the bloc8 is
8
a g sin cos
1
+
]
#>. a- *he +istance travele+ by the bloc8 up the plane before the velocity becomes
/ero is
( )
#
8
u
,
#g sin cos

+
b- *he time of ascent is
( )
8
u
t .
g sin cos

+
c- If the bo+y sli+es +o6n 6ith uniform velocity on the same plane then

#
8
C C
sin cos then, t
'gsin #gsin


#J. In the above case if time of +ecent is n times the time of ascent then
#
#
n 1
tan .
n 1
1

1
+
]
#?. a- 7orce nee+e+ to be applie+ parallel to the plane to move the bloc8 up 6ith
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %"
constant velocity is
( )
8 8
7 mgsin mgcos mg sin cos . + +
b- 7orce nee+e+ to be applie+ parallel to the plane to move the bloc8 up 6ith an
acceleration a is
8
7 mgsin mgcos ma. +
%". If bloc8 has a ten+ency to sli+e the force to be applie+ on the bloc8 parallel an+
up the plane to prevent the bloc8 from sli+ing is
( )
s s
7 mgsin mgcos mg sin cos .
%1. If a force P is applie+ on the bo+y up the plane then the acceleration of the
bo+y is sin .
( )
8
P mg sin cos
a .
m
+

%#. An air craft of mass m travels through a +istance , on a run6ay an+ ta8e off
6ith a velocity E in t sec. *hen.
a- 7orce applie+ by the engine
#
m
7 mg
#,

+
b- For8 +one by the engine
#
1
F mgs m
#
+
c- Po6er of the engine
#
1
mgs m
#
P .
t
+

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9. R(TAT(R* M(T+(N
M A+: )ori<ontal circ2lar motion:
1. )inear velocity
+
r $angularvelocity
+t


#. )inear acceleration
a r $
angular acceleration
#
#
+ +
.
+t +t


%. *ime perio+
#
* .

'. In a circular path centripetal acceleration or ra+ial acceleration


#
#
r
a R .
R


1. *angential acceleration in non.uniform circular motion
#
* #
+6 +
a r r r .
+t +t


2. *he resultant acceleration in non.uniform circular motion
( ) ( )
# #
# #
r *
a a a r r . + +
>. Dentripetal force
#
#
r
m
7 mR m .
R


*angential force *
7 ma mr .
# #
r *
Innon uniformcircularmotiontheresul tantforce7 7 7 . +
J. Fhen a stone attache+ to a string is 6hirle+ in a hori/ontal circle 6ith constant
spee+ v tension in the string
#
#
m
* mR .
R


,ince
# #
# n* mR' n .
If * is the maximum tension that the string can 6ithstan+ then
#
*
n .
mR'

?. In an unban8e+ roa+ the centripetal force is balance+ by frictional force


#
m
mg gr.
R


Fhen a bo+y on a rotating platform is Bust about to fly off
#
g
mg mR .
R


7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %#
M A++: Motion of a 8od5 in a 3ertical circle:
Dase I= If a bo+y of m is tie+ to a string of length 1 an+ rotate+ in a vertical circle
6ith uniform spee+ ( )
v. v g1 . >
1". *ension in the string 6hen it ma8es an angle 6ith vertical is given by
#
m
* mgcos .
l


a- *ension at the highest point @ = 1J"
"
-
( )
#
#
min h
m
* mg ml mg * .
l


b- *ension 6hen the string is in hori/ontal position ( )
"
?"
#
#
m
* ml
l


c- *ension at the lo6est point ( )
"
" .
( )
#
#
) max
m
* mg ml mg * .
l

+ +
+- Aifferent bet6een maximum an+ minimum tensions.
max min
* * #mg.
e-
#
max
min
n 1 *
If nthen .
* n 1 1g
+

f- *ime perio+ ( )
# l l
* # Ifv g1 .
g

g- *otal energy at the highest point


#
; ; h
1
0 I0 P0 mv #mgr.
#
+ +
h- *otal energy at the lo6est point
i-
# #
) ) )
1 1
0 I0 P0 mv " mv .
# #
+ +
B-
; ) ; ) ; )
I0 I0 I0 "$ 0 0 0 #mgr$ P0 P0 P0 #mgr.
/ase 0++:
11. If the bo+y rotate+ 6ith non uniform spee+. If u is the velocity at the highest
point an+ v is the velocity at the lo6est point then.
a-
#
u 'gl. +
b-
#
; min
mu
* mg * u gl
l
1
>
]

#
max
m
*) mg *
l

+
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %%
c-
#
max
#
min
u 1gl *
.
* u gl
+

+-
#
max
#
min
* u 1n 1
If nthen .
* 1 n



/ase 0+++:
1#. If the bo+y is revolving 6ith critical spee+
a- (inimum or critical spee+ of the bo+y 6hen the string ma8es an angle

6ith
vertical is given by
( ) gr % #cos . +
At the lo6est position ( )
"
1
1gr " Q
At the hori/ontal position ( )
"
1
%gr ?" Q
At the highest point ( )
"
%
gr 1J" Q
1 # %
1 # %
v = v = v 1 = %= 1
I0 = I0 = I0 1 = %= 1.

b- *ension in the string 6hen it ma8es an angle

6ith vertical * = %mg @1 + cos

-.
At the lo6est position ( )
"
1 max
* 2mg * " . Q
Fhen the string is in hori/ontal position ( )
"
# max
* %mg * ?" . Q
At the highest position ( )
"
% min
* " * 1J" . Q
max min
* * 2mg.
c- *otal energy at the highest position.
; ; ;
mgr 1
0 I0 P0 #mgr mgr.
# #
+ +
*otal energy at the lo6est position
) ) )
1 1
0 I0 P0 mgr " mgr.
# #
+ +
) ; ; ) ; )
I0 I0 I0 #mgr$ 0 0 0 "$ P0 P0 P0 #mgr.
/ase 0+.:
1%. ,imple pen+ulum is given a hori/ontal velocity u at the lo6est position @mean
Position- then
a-
Ifu #gr <
the bo+y oscillates about A.
b-
If #gr u 1gr < <
the bo+y leaves the 6ithout completing the circle.
c-
Ifu 1gr
the bo+y completes the circle.
+- ;eight at 6hich velocity u = ". is h = u
#
&#g.

7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %'
e- ;eight at 6hich tension
#
u rg
* "ish .
%g
+

f- Angle 6ith vertical at 6hich velocity


#
u
v ".isDos 1 .
#gr

g- Angle 6ith vertical at 6hich the tension
#
* ".isDos #&% u &%gr.
h- *ension in the string at an angular +isplacement

6ith vertical is
#
* mu &r mg@# %cos -.
1'. ,afe spee+ of a car going on a convex bri+ge to travel in contact 6ith the bri+ge
is
v gr.
11. A ball of mass NmG is allo6e+ to sli+e +o6n from rest from the top of a incline of
height NhG. 7or the ball to loop in a loop of ra+ius NrG
a- (inimum height of incline h = 1r&#.
b- NhG is in+epen+ent of mass of the ball.
12. A ball of mass N(G is suspen+e+ vertically by a string of length NlG. A bullet of mass
NmG is fire+ hori/ontally 6ith a velocity NuG on to the ball stic8s to it. 7or the
system to complete the vertical circle the minimum value of NuG is given by
( m
u 1gl.
m
+

1>. If the bob of the simple pen+ulum is given an initial +isplacement

then
a- Eelocity at the lo6est position ( ) #gl 1 cos .
b- *ension at the lo6est position
* mg % #cos . 1
]
1J. A bo+y is place+ on the top of a hemispherical bo6l an+ it is given a hori/ontal
velocity v then
a- *hrust on the bo6l 6hen the ra+ius vector turns through an angle

( )
#
m
3 mg # %cos
r

+
*he bo+y looser contact at
#
#
Dos .
%rg %
_

+

,
b- If v = " then 3 = mg L# 4 % cos

M.
*he bo+y looser contact at ( )
1
Dos #&% or h #r&%.


1?. 0quation of motion=
#
# 1 1
# # 1 #
# 1
1
a-6 6 t c- 6 t t
#
6 6
b-6 6 # +- t
#
+ +
+
1

1
]
Also 6 = #

n @if n is r.p.s-
F= #

n&2" @if n is in rpm-.


7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %1
#". *orque
) # 1
+ l l
I .
t +t


#1. For8 +one 6 =
x .
##. Po6er P =
x6.
#%. I0 = K I6
#
.
#'. For8 +one ( )
# #
# 1
1
6 I 6 6 .
#

#1. If a bo+y of mass m is revolving in a circular path of ra+ius r 6ith a velocity v
then angular momentum of the bo+y about origin is
) = mvr = mr
#
6 = I6 6here I = mr
#
#2. A bo+y of mass m is moving 6ith a velocity v along a straight line p represente+
by ax + by + c = " then the angular momentum of the bo+y about origin
# #
c
) m .
a b

+
#>. Angular momentum of a proBectile about point of proBection 6hen it is at its
highest point.
# #
u sin
) mucos ; mucos .
#g


#J.
#
)
I0
#I

#?. (oment of inertial


# #
I mr (8 .
Parallel axes theorem
#
I Ig (x . +
Perpen+icular axes theorem x y /
I I I . +
%". 7or a uniform circular ring.
# %
# %
I (R aR +
a area of cross section
+ +ensity.
i.e. I R if mis same$ I + if R is same. I R if + is same


%1. 7or a uniform circular +isc.
( )
#
# '
#
m
I (R +R t t thic8ness
+t
i.e. I R if mis same.

1
I R if + is same.
%#. 7or a sphere
1&%
# 1
#&%
m
I (R +R t
A .

#
i.e. I R if mis same.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %2
1
I R if + is same.
%%. Rolling of a bo+y 6ithout slipping on a hori/ontal surface.
a- *he bo+y possesses both transnational an+ rotational 8inetic energy.
b- *otal energy of the bo+y
( ) ( )
# # # # # # #
*
1 1 1
0 mv I .0 mv 1 I &r .0 I 1 I &r .
# # #
+ + +

*
I
*ransalational I0 of the bo+y.
c- 7raction of energy associate+ 6ith translation motion ( )
# #
1& 1 I &r . +
+- 7raction of energy associate+ 6ith rotational motion ( )
# #
R&0 1& 1 r &8 . +
%'. Rolling of a bo+y +o6n an incline 6ithout slipping.
a- Acceleration of the bo+y
( )
# #
gsin
a inclinationoftheplane.
1 I &r


+
b- Eelocity acquire+ by bo+y on reaching the bottom
# #
#gh
E .
1 8 &r

+
h . height of the incline.
c- *ime ta8en to reach the bottom
#
#
8
#h 1
r
t 1&sin .
g
_
+

,

%1. Fhen a bo+y rolls +o6n 6ithout sli+ing on an incline+ plane 6ith an inclination

an+ height NhG.


,.3o. <o+y I
#
Acceleration Eelocity at the bottom
# #
gsin
a
1 8 &r

+
# #
#g
1 8 &r

+
1. ,oli+ sphere #&1 r
#
1&> g sin

1"gh&>
#. Aisc K r
#
#&% g sin

'gh&%
%. ,oli+ cylin+er K r
#
#&% g sin

'gh&%
'. ;ollo6 sphere #&% r
#
%&1 g sin

2gh&1
1. Ring r
#
K g sin

gh
2. ;ollo6 cylin+er r
#
K g sin

gh
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %>
M(MENT (F +NERT+A (F &(ME REB',AR 7(6+E&
,.3o. <o+y Axis (oment of
Inertia
1. Dircular ring a- Passing through centre an+ normal to its plane
b- Any +iameter
c- Any tangent in its plane
(r
#
(r
#
&#
%(r#&#
#. Dircular
Aisc
a- Passing through centre an+ normal to its plane
b- Any +iameter
c- Any tangent in its plane
(r
#
&#
(r
#
&'
1(r
#
&'
%. ,oli+
Dylin+er
a- About its axis
b- About an axis through its DT an+ normal to length
(r
#
&#
(L1
#
&1#+ r
#
&'M
'. ;allo6
Dylin+er
About its axis (r
#
1. ,oli+ sphere a- Any +iameter
b- Any tangent
#&1 (r
#
>&1 (r
#
2. ;allo6
sphere
a- Any +iameter
b- Any tangent
#&% (r
#
1&% (r
#
>. *hin
uniform ro+
a- Passing through its centre an+ normal to length
b- Passing through one en+ an+ normal to its length
(1
#
&1#
(1
#
&%
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %J
1%. BRA.+TAT+(N
M 0 +: 9epler?s ,a4s:
1. If * is the time perio+ of plant an+ R is average +istance of the planet from ,un
*hen
( )
#
# # # %
'
* R or * R
T(


#. If v1 is the velocity of the planet 6hen its +istance from ,un is + an+ v
#
is the
velocity 6hen the +istance is +
#
then accor+ing to la6 of conservation of angular
momentum.
# #
1 1 # # 1 # #
+v + v + 6 + 6 .
M 0 ++: Ne4ton?s ,a4 of 1ra3itation:
%. Travitational force bet6een t6o bo+ies of manes m1 an+ m# separate+ by
+istance
+ is given by.
1 #
#
Tmm
7 .
+

'. Fhen t6o similar spheres each of ra+ius r are in contact then the gravitation
force bet6een then 7
'
r .

1. Travitational force acting on a bo+y of mass m place+ at a +istance x +istance x
from the centre @x Q R- is given by
%
T(m
7 x
R

M 0 +++: Relation 8et4een 1 and B:


2.
#
T( '
g . g TAR A
R %

Aensity of earth
M 0 +.: .ariation of 1 4ith hei1ht:
>. Acceleration +ue to gravity at a height h above the surface of the earth is given
<y
a-
( )
#
1
#
R
g g .
R h

+
b- Percentage change in 6eight of a bo+y or @! change in g value-.
( )
1 #
#
g g R
1"" 1 1""
g
R h
1

1
1 +
]
1
#h #h
c-Ifh R g g 1 Dhangeingvalue g g.
R R
1
<<<
1
]
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %?
Percentage change in 6eight of a bo+y
#h
1""
R

M 0 .: .ariation of 1 4ith depth:
J. Acceleration +ue to gravity at a +epth + belo6 the surface of the earth is given
by
1
+
g g 1
R
_


,
+
Dhange in gvalue g g .
R

Percentage change in 6eight of a bo+y
+
1""
R

M 0 .+: .ariation of 1 4ith latit2de:
?. a- Acceleration +ue to gravity at a latitu+e

is given by
# #
g g R6 cos .

angular velocity of earth.


At equator
" #
" g g R6 .


,o +ue to rotation of the earth the value of g at equator +ecreases by
R6
#
= "."%' ms
.#
. If earth stops rotating the value of g at equator
increase by R6
#
.
At poles
"
?" g g.


,o at poles rotation rotation of earth +oes not have any effect on g
value.
b- If the 6eight of a bo+y at equator becomes /ero then
#
g R
g R6 " 6 * #
R g

M 0 .++: (r8ital 3elocit5:
1". a- orbital velocity
( )
#
"
gR Tm
.
R h R h

+ +
h

height of the orbit.


#
"
Tm '
b- If h R then gR TAR
R %
<<<
" %
g Tm '
c-If h R orbital angular velocity 6 TA
R R %
<<<
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com '"
+- *ime perio+ of the satellite
%
"
# R R %
* # # #
6 g T( ' TA

M 0 .+++: Escape 3elocit5:


11. 0scape velocity
#
#
c
#Tm J
#gR TAR
R %

c "
v # v
M 0 +E: Ener15 of a satellite:
1#.
T(m T(m
P0 I0
r #r


@r = ra+ius of the orbit$ r = R + h-.
*otal energy
T(m
0 P0 I0 .
#r

+
1%. For8 +one in shifting a satellite from orbit of r
1
to another orbit of ra+ius r
#
is
given by
# 1
1 #
T(m 1 1
6 0 0
# r r
1

1
]
1'. For8 +one by lifting a bo+y to a height h @h is comparable to R" = change in P0-
h T(m h
6 mgR
R h R R h
1 1

1 1
+ +
] ]
11. If a bo+y is proBecte+ 6ith a velocity v from the surface of the earth then the
height raise+ by the bo+y can be foun+ by
#
e e
1 h
m mgR . v comparable to v . If v v $ h
# r h
_


+
,
If v O v
e
then velocity at infinity can be foun+ using la6 of conservation of
energy i.e.
# #
1 #
1 T(m 1
m m .
# R #

_
+

,
v
1
= Eelocity of proBection.
v
#
= Eelocity at infinity.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com '1
11. &.).M
M 0 +: 6isplacement# .elocit5 and Acceleration:
1. Aisplacement after t sec y = r sin
( ) 6t . t
If particle starts from mean
position the
"$ y rsin6t.
If particle starts from extreme position
?"$y rcos6t.
#. Eelocity after t secon+s
E r 6 cos 6t.
Eelocity 6hen the +isplacement is
# #
y 6 r y .
At mean position v = r6 @maximum-
At extreme position v = " @minimum-
%. Acceleration a = .r6
#
sin 6t
i.e. a = . 6
#
y.
at 0.P a = r6
#
@maximum-.
At (.P a = " @minimum-.
'. 7orce 7 = ma = mr6
#
sin 6t.
= m6
#
y
at (.P = 7= " at 0.P 7 = mr6
#
1. *ime perio+
y #
* # .
6 a


2. 7requency
1
#
1 6 a
n .
* # y


( )
( )
>. In y r sin 6t
6t is calle+ phase
is calle+ phase constant.
t
t

M 0 ++: Ener15 of the particles:


( )
( )
( )
# # #
# #
# # max min
J. I0 1&#m6 r y
1
At (.P I0 m6 r maximum
#
At0.P I0 " minimum
I0 I0 1
Average I0 m6 r
# '

+

?. P0= K m6
#
y
#
At (P P0 = " @minimum-
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com '#
Average P0 = U m6
#
r
#

At 0P P0 = K m6
#
r
#
@minimum-.
1". *otal energy 0 = K m6
#
r
#
# #
# # # # #
max max #
1 #m r
I0 P0 0 m6 r #m n r .
# *


M 0 +++: Time period of a simple pend2l2m:
11. *ime perio+ of a simple pen+ulum
l
* # .
g

1
* l *
g

1 # # #
1 1 1 #
g * l *

* l * g

1#. 7or a simple pen+ulum in a lift moving up 6ith an acceleration or coming +o6n
Fith a +eceleration
l
* #
g a

+
1%. In a lift moving up 6ith +eceleration or coming +o6n Fith a acceleration time
perio+ of simple pen+ulum
l
* #
g a

In a freely falling lift eff


g

= ". ,o the pen+ulum +oes not oscillate. *he time
perio+ is infinity.
1'. 7or a pen+ulum of infinite length @or- for a bo+y +roppe+ in tunnel along the
+iameter the time perio+
R
* # J'.2min.
g

11. *ime perio+ of a secon+s pen+ulum is #s.
*ime perio+ remains same if
1 #
1 #
l l
.
g g

Its length is
#
g
l .

A secon+s pen+ulum is ta8en from one place to another place then the Dhange in
the length of the secon+sG pen+ulum
# 1
#
g g
l .

,o that time perio+ remains constant


12. If the simple pen+ulum is in a cart moving hori/ontally 6ith an acceleration a
then time perio+
# #
1
* #
g a

+
If the cart is moving along a circular path of ra+ius r 6ith a spee+ v then a = v
#
&r
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com '%
If the cart is sli+ing +o6n an incline+ plane incline+ at angle 6ith the
hori/ontal
l
* # .
gcos

1>. Fhen t6o simple pen+ulum of lengths l


1
an+ l
#
are get into vibration in the
same +irection at the same instant 6ith same phase.
Again they 6ill be in same phase after he shorter pen+ulum has complete+ n
oscillations. *o fin+ the value of n
n *
s
= @n . 1- *
1
an+ * 1
( )
1
s s
n * n
or .
n 1 * n 1 l


l
l
, = shorter$ l= longer
1J. *6o pen+ulum of lengths l
1
an+ l
#
@l
1
O l
#
- start vibrating from the mean position in
the same phase. *hey 6ill be again in the same phase at the mean position after
larger pen+ulum completes n oscillations an+ the shorter one completes @n + 1-
oscillations. *hen
( )
1 1 # #
#
# 1
#
n l n l .
n l
n l n 1 l .
n 1 l

+
+
1?. *6o simple pen+ulum of time perio+ *1 an+ *# start vibrating from the mean
position in same phase. *he phase +ifference bet6een them after t sec. is given
by
t
# 1
# 1 # 1
# # 1 1
6 t 6 t # t .
* * * *
_ 1

1
, ]
*hey 6ill be in same phase after a time
1 #
1 #
**
t .
* *

M 0 +.: Time period of a loaded sprin1:


#". *ime perio+ of a loa+e+ spring
(
#
8
6here 8 = 7&x.
*a8ing the mass of the spring m into consi+eration
m
(
%
* # .
8
_
+

,

*ime perio+ of the spring
x
* #
g

6here x is elongation un+er the loa+.
#1. If a spring is cut in n equal parts the spring constant of each part is 8
1
= n8.
*hen time perio+ of each part un+er the same loa+ is given by
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com ''
1 1
*
* 3 n3.
n

##. If a spring of spring constant NIG an+ length N lG is cuts in to t6o springs of
lengths N l
1
G an+ N l
#
G then the spring constants of the t6o parts is
( ) ( )
1 # 1 #
1 #
1 #
I I
I an+ I .
+ +

l l l l
l l
#%. Fhen t6o spring of force constants I1 an+ I# are connecte+ in series. *hen the
effective force constant is
1 #
1 #
II
I .
I I

+
#'. Fhen t6o spring of force constants 8
1
an+ 8
#
are connecte+ in parallel. *he
effective spring constant is I = 8
1
+ 8
#
.
#1. *
1
an+ *
#
are the time perio+s of t6o springs un+er same loa+.
If the springs are connecte+ in series an+ the same loa+ is attache+.
*ime perio+
# #
1 #
* * * . +
If the springs are in parallel *ime perio+
1 #
# #
1 #
**
* .
* *

+
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com '1
12. E,A&T+/+T*
Re storing 7orce 7
1. ,tress .
Area A

#. a- )ongitu+inal strain
l
l

percentage change in length = longitu+inal


strain x 1"".
b- ,hear strain
)ateral +isplacement bet6een t6o layers l
Perpen+icular +istance bet6een t6o layers l


c- Eolume strain
.

,hear strain = # x longitu+inal strain volume strain = % x longitu+inal strain.


M 0 +: *o2n1?s mod2l2s:
%. :oungGs mo+ulus
#
)ongitu+inal stress mgl 7l
: .
)ongitu+inal strain Ae r e

Applie+ force$ A

Area of cross section


)

Sriginal length$ e

0longation
R

Ra+ius of the 6ire.


'. 0longation
#
1 1 # #
#
# # 1 1
7l e1 7 l r :
e .
Ay e# 7 l r :
_ _ _ _


, , , ,
If 7 an+ : are same
#
# '
l l m
e .
r m r
If youngGs mo+ulus = stress then strain = 1 an+ final length
= # x initial length
m

mass of the 6ire.


( )
( )
( )
# '
1 1 #
# '
# # 1
1 1
# #
1 #
# 1
e l r
if mis same
e l r
e m
if r is same
e m
e m
if l is same
e m

Fhen t6o 6ires are connecte+ in series an+ same force is applie+ then
a- ,tress is same in both 6ires
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com '2
b- Ratio of the strains = :
#
&:
1
c- *otal elongation e = e
1
+ e
#
Fhen t6o 6ires are connecte+ in parallel an+ same force is applie+ then
a- ,train is same in both the 6ires
b- Ratios of the stresses = :
1
&:
#
c- *otal force 7 = 7
1
+ 7
#
1. Fhen a rubber cor+ is suspen+e+ vertically from a support it elongates un+er its
o6n 6eight.
#
l +g
elangation e .
#:

2. <rea8ing stress
<rea8ing 7orce
Area

<rea8ing force
#
1 1 1
#
# # #
7 A r
7 A .
7 A r

(aximum possible elongation
<.,xl
.
:

)ength of a 6ire require+ to brea8 un+er its o6n 6eight


<rea8ing stress <.,
l .
+g +g

Rigi+ity mo+ulus
>. Rigi+ity mo+ulus
*rangential stress 7
n
shearingstrain A

,hearing strain
J. A tangential force 7 is applie+ on a cube of si+e a. if a is the lateral
+isplacement of the top face 6.r.t the bottom face
*hen ,hear stress
#
7
a

,hear strain
a 7
n
a a a

M 0 ++: 72lC Mod2l2s:


?. <ul8 (o+ulus
Eolume stress E P
I
Eolumestrain E

i- If a bloc8 of coefficient of cubical expansion E is heate+ through a rise in


temperature of

the pressure to be applie+ on it to prevent its expansion
I
6here I is its bul8 mo+ulus.
ii- Fhen a rubber ball of volume E bul8 mo+ulus I is ta8en to a +epth h in 6ater
+ecrease in volume
h+gE
E
I

7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com '>
@+ = +ensity of material-
1". Fhen a pressure
p
is applie+ on a substance its +ensity changes. 3e6 +ensity
+G = +8& @8 .
p
-
11. Dompressibility= *he reciprocal of bul8 mo+ulus is calle+ Dompressibility
1
D
8

7or incompressible substances D = " 8 = =


M 0 +.: Poisson?s ration & relation 8et4een *# n and C:
( )
lateral contraction strain
1#. PoissionPs Ratio
longitu+inal elongation strain
r
transverse strain ! +ecrease in ra+ius
r
l
longitu+inal strain ! increase in length
l

i- PoissonGs ratio has no unit an+ no +imensions


ii- *heoretical limits of
= 1 to".1
iii- Practical limit of
= " to".1
iv-
If ".1
the substance is perfectly incompressible.
1%. Relation among elastic constants : n I

( )
( )
( )
? 1 %
i- ii- y #n 1
y 8 n
%8 #n
iii- y %8 1 # iv-
# n %8
+ +


+
1'. Percentage change in volume of a 6ire +ue to elongation
@!E- = @!1- +#@!r-
! change in volume = ! change in length + # @! change in ra+ius-
M 0 .: &train Ener15F
11. For8 +one ins stretching 6ire = strain energy store+ in the 6ire
= K x 7orce x elongation = K 7 x e
#
#
1 :Ae :Ae
6 ,.0 7
# l l
1 7l 7l
e
# AE lA
1

1
]
1

1

]
Q
Q
12. If t6o material of same material are stretche+ by same amount i.e. e is same
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 'J
( )
# '
#
' #
1 1 1 #
' #
# # # 1
1 # 1 1
# 1 # #
A r r m
6
l l m l
6 r 6 l
If mis same
6 r 6 l
6 m 6 m
if r is same if 1 is same.
6 m 6 m



1>. If t6o 6ires of same material are stretche+ by same force then
#
# '
l l l m
6
A r m r

1J. 0lastic strain energy = K stress x strain x volume
,train energy per unit volume = K stress x strain
( )
( )
#
#
stress :
strain .
#: #

1?. If l
1
an+ l
#
are the lengths of a 6ire un+er tensions *1 an+ *# the actual length
of the 6ire
1 # # 1
# 1
l * l *
.
* *

*hermal stress +evelope+ in a bo+y +ue to change in temperature


: t
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com '?
13. &'RFA/E TEN&+(N
M 0 +: Force d2e to &.+:
1. ,urface tension
7orce 7
* .
)ength l


# 1
6or8 +one 6
increase in Area A A

( )
# 1
6 * A A
#. a- 7orce in a++ition to 6eight require+ to lift a thin 6ire of length l from liqui+
surface is 7 = #l x * = #*l.
b- 7orce require+ to lift a thin8 circular plates of ra+ius R from liqui+ surface is
7 # Rx* # R*.
c- 7orce in a++ition to 6eight require+ to pull a circular ring from 6ater surface
is
( )
1 #
7 # * r r +
r
1
an+ r
#
are internal an+ external ra+ius.
If it is a thin ring then7 ' r* .
+- 7orce require+ to pull a thin8 rectangular plate of length 1 an+ brea+th b is
from liqui+ surface is ( ) 7 #1x* #bx* #* 1 b . + +
e- 7orce require+ to pull a thin8 rectangular frame from liqui+ surface is
( ) ( ) 7 # x #* 1 b '* 1 b . + +
f- 7orce require+ to pull a capillary tube from 6ater surface is 7 ' R*.
%. If a small +rop of 6ater is squee/e+ bet6een t6o plates the force require+ to
separate the plates
#*
7 A.
+

A= Area of 6ater la6yer. += *hic8ness of 6ater layer.


'. A metallic 6ire of +ensity + floats hori/ontal in 6ater. *he maximum ra+ius of
the 6ire so that the 6ire may not sin8 6ill be @surface tension of 6ater = *-.
#*
a-
+g
1. A metallic 6ire of +ensity + is laying hori/ontal on the surface of 6ater. *he
maximum length of 6ire so that it may not sin8 6ill be
@surface tension of 6ater = *-
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1"
# *
a-
+g

M 0 ++: &2rface ener15:


2. ,urface tension
6or8 +one 6
* 6 * A
increase in area A

*his 6or8 6ill be store+ as surface energy0 *. A .


>. a- For8 +one in forming a liqui+ +rop of ra+ius
#
R ' R *.
b- For8 +one in forming an air bubble of ra+ius r is
#
6 J r *.
c- For8 +one in increasing the ra+ius of a liqui+ +rop from R
1
to R
#
( ) ( )
# #
# 1 # 1
6 * A A ' * R R

+- For8 +one in forming of a soap film of si/e l x b is = #* lb
e- For8 +one in increasing the ra+ius of a soap bubble from R
1
to R
#
( ) ( )
# #
# 1 # 1
6 * A A J * R R

J. Fhen a big +rop of ra+ius R is split in to n i+entical +rops each of ra+ius r.
a- R = n
1&%
r.
b- Increase in surface area ( ) ( )
# # # 1 %
A n' r ' r ' R n 1 .


c- For8 one in splitting the +rop ( )
# 1&%
' R * n 1 .
+- If this process ta8es place un+er a+iabatic con+itions the temperature of V
the +rop +ecreases by
%* 1 1
t .
+s r R
1

1
]
?. Fhen n i+entical small +rops each of ra+ius r combine to from a big +rop of
ra+ius R then
a- R = n
1&%
r.
b- Aecrease in surface area ( ) ( )
# # # 1&%
n' r ' R ' R n 1 .
c- 0nergy release+ in this process ( )
# 1&%
' R * n 1 .
+- If this process ta8es place un+er a+iabatic con+itions then the temperature
of the +rop increases by
%* 1 1
t .
+s r R
1

1
]
( )
# 1&%
L' R * n 1 ms *M
e- If the energy converts into I0 then ( )
# 1&% #
' R * n 1 1&#mv .

2* 1 1
E .
+ r R
1

1
]
1". *6o +rops of ra+ii r
1
an+ r
#
combine in vacuum un+er isothermal con+itions. *hen
if r is the ra+ius of the +rop forme+
% % %
1 #
r r r . +
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 11
11. Fhen t6o bubbles of ra+ii r
1
an+ r
#
in vacuum combine un+er isothermal
con+itions the ra+ii of the bubbles forme+
# #
1 #
r r r . +
A film of 6ater is forme+ bet6een t6o straight parallel 6ires each of length
1. *he 6or8 +one in increasing the separation bet6een then by xm is 6 = #*lx.
M 0 +++: /apillar5 rise:
?. Fhen a capillary tube of ra+ius r is +ippe+ in a liqui+ of surface tension * an+
+ensity + then height of the liqui+ in the capillary tube is given by
#*cos
h
r+g
g "$ h


Note: in gravity free space the liqui+ rises to the full lengths of the capillary to be
but it 6ill not over flo6.
1 1 # # 1 1 # #
1 1
a-h b-h
r g
hr h r hg h g


1". Fhen a capillary tube is +ippe+ vertically the capillary rise is h. 6hen it is
incline+ by an angle to the vertical capillary rise =
h
cos

If is ta8en 6ith hori/ontal capillary rise


h
sin

Feight of liqui+ in capillary tube = force +ue to surface tension.


11. Feight of the liqui+ in the capillary tube
mg *cos x# r.
1#. A vessel has a small hole of ra+ius r at the bottom. *he maximum height to
6hich 6ater can be poure+ insi+e the vessel 6ithout lea8age in
#*
h .
r+g

1%. A C tube has t6o vertical limbs of ra+ii r


1
an+ r
#
6hen liqui+ is poure+ in to it the
+ifference in levels in
1 #
#* 1 1
h .
+ r r
1

1
]
M 0 +.: EGcess of press2re:
1'. 0xcess of pressure insi+e a liqui+ +rop of ra+ius
#*
r P .
r

0xcess of pressure insi+e a soap bubble
'*
P .
r

Fhere i o
P P P .
0xcess of pressure insi+e a bubble in a liqui+
#*
P.
r

7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1#
If P
"
is outsi+e pressure total pressure insi+e =P
"
+ excess pressure
11. If t6o bubbles of ra+ii r
1
an+ r
#
are in contact the ra+ius of curvature of the
interface is
1 #
# 1
rr
r .
r r

12. An air bubble of ra+ius r is at a +epth h is 6ater.


#*
P
r

Insi+e pressure
i a
#*
P P h+g .
r
+ +
1>.
1&% 1&#
1 # # #
1 1 1 1
P r E A
.
P r E A
_ _

, ,
1J. A bubble of ra+ius r
1
is insi+e another bubble of ra+ius r
#
. *he ra+ius of a single
bubble 6hose excess pressure is equal to +ifference in pressure bet6een insi+e
of inner bubble an+ out si+e the outer bubbles is
1 # 1 #
1 1 1 '* '* '*
R r r R r r
1
+ +
1
]
1?. A long capillary tube of ra+ius r is fille+ 6ith 6ater an+ place+ vertically. *he
height of 6ater column remaining the capillary tube
'*
.
r+g

7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1%
M 0 +: .isco2s force:
1. Eiscous force
7 A Eelocity gra+ient.
x x



7orce require+ to +rag a plate place+ on an oil layer of thic8ness t 6ith a
velocity v is given by
7 A
t


Area of the plate.
M 0 ++: Poise2ille?s e;2ation:
2. Eolume of liqui+ flo6ing through a capillary tube in unit time is given by
( )
'
' '
1 1 1 # #
'
# # # 1 1
h+g r
Pr E h r l
E .
J l J l E h r l
_ _ _ _



, , , ,
P Pressure +ifference across the tube. P = h+g.
r
Ra+ius of the capillary$ 1

)ength of the tube.


'
r
E
l
@if P an+

are same-.
Also
'
P J l
E 6here R
R r

it is 8no6n as flui+ resistance.


%. Fhen t6o capillary tubes are connecte+ in series then
1 #
1 #
E E E$
P P P

+
1
P
Pressure +ifference across the first tube.
#
P
Pressure +ifference across the secon+ tube.
'
1 1 #
# # 1
P l r
.
P l r
_

,
If the t6o tubes are replace+ by a single tube of ra+ius r then
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1'
1$. .+&/(&+T*
1 #
' '
1 # '
1 # # ' '
1 # '
l l l
r r r
1 1 1
if 1 1 1 then
r r r
+
+
'. Fhen t6o capillary tubes are connecte+ in parallel
1 #.
1 #
P P
E E E

+
'
1 1 #
'
# # 1
E r l
.
v r l
1

1
]
If the t6o tubes are replace+ by a single tube of ra+ius r
'
r
l

' '
1 #
1 #
r r
.
l l
1
1
]
@If r
1
= r
#
= r-
*hen
1 #
1 1 1
l l l
+
M 0 +++: &toCes form2las:
1. Fhen a spherical bo+y of ra+ius r is moving through a flui+ 6ith a velocity E
then the viscous force acting on bo+y is given by
7 2 rv.
1&% 1&%
7 r E m
After some time the bo+y attains constant velocity calle+ terminal
velocity in this case.
( )
*
# #&%
*
mg 2 rv if buoyancy is neglecte+
m
E r E .
r


If n i+entical +rops moving 6ith terminal velocity v. Dombine to form a signal +mp
then terminal velocity of the big +rop E = n
#&%
v
M 0 +.: /ontin2it5 e;2ation:
2.
#
1 1 # # 1 1 # #
1
E a v a v r v r v .
A

Eolume of liqui+ flo6ing through a tube in unit time @or- volume flux q = av.
M 0 .: 72o5ant force:
>. If a bo+y of volume E +ensity +
s
is immerse+ in a liqui+ of +ensity +
1
then
a- <uoyant force acting on the bo+y E
1
+
1
g 6here E
1
is the volume of the bo+y
insi+e the liqui+.
b- If the bo+y is floating then E
1
+
1
g = mg.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 11

1 1 s 1 1 s
E+g E+ E+ E+ .
c- Apparent 6eight of the bo+y 6
1
= mg 4 7
b
.
( )
( )
1
s 1
s 1 1 s 1
1 s
i-If+ + $ 6 ".
ii-If+ + $6 vg + +
mg 1 + &+ .

>

3ote= Fith increase in temperature t
b
+ecreases hence 6
1
increases.
M 0 +.: 7erno2lli?s theorem:
J.
# #
1 1 # #
1 #
P E P E
gh gh
+ # + #
+ + + + @all are in ,I units-
#
P 3&m also P h+g.
If the liqui+ is flo6ing hori/ontally then
# #
1 1 # #
1
P E P E
+ # + #
+ +
Dhange in I0 per +ay unit mass
# #
# 1 1 #
E E P P
.
# +


?. If P
1
an+ P
#
are pressures at the top an+ bottom of the 6ings of the aero plane
then the +ynamic lift on the aero plane
( )
# 1
7 P P A$A Area of the 6ings.
+
# #
# 1
# 1
E E
P P
#
_


,
Fhere E
1
an+ E
#
are the velocities at the top an+ bottom of
the 6ings an+ + is +ensity.
M 0 .: Torricelli?s theorem:
1". A vessel fille+ 6ith a liqui+ up to a height ; has a small hole near the bottom. If
h is +epth of the hole then.
a- Eelocity of efflux from the orifice is v #gh
b- Eolume efflux H = aE
c- *ime ta8en by the 6ater to touch the base level t
( ) # ; h
t
g

+- ;ori/ontal range ( ) R # h ; h
e- R is maximum if h = ;&#
R
max
= ;
f- *ime ta8en for emptying the tan8
A #;
t h
a g

g- *ime after 6hich the level falls from h


1
to h
#
is
( ) 1 #
A #
t h h
a g

7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 12
1!. EEPAN&+(N (F &(,+6&
1. )inear expansion
1 1 t.
( )
( )
# 1
# 1
# 1
l l
1 1 1 t
l1 t t

If same amount of heat given then


+H l +H
t then l
ms ms


( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
#
# 1
# 1
1 # 1
# 1
# 1
1 # 1
l 1
l r ra+ius of the ro+ .
m r
Aral expansion A A t.
A A
A A 1 t
A t t
Eolume expansion E E t.
E E 1 t
t t



+

! change in length
tx1""
! change in area
# tx1""
! change in Eolume
% tx1""
#. )oss or gain of a pen+ulum cloc8 +ue to a change in temperature per +ay is
( )
1
*# *1 J2'""sec.
#

%. If t6o ro+s of +ifferent material have equal lengths of 1 an+ at temperature *
1

as the temperature is increase+ to *
#
+ifferent in their final length is
( ) ( )
# 1 # 1
1 1 * * .
'. 7or an anisotropic substance if x y /
an+
are the coefficients of linear
expansion in three perpen+icular +irections then x y /
. + +
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1>
1. Fhen a bimetallic strip is heate+ it ben+s. *hen the ra+ius of curvature of the
bimetallic strip
( ) ( )
# # 1
1
+
R .
* *


Fhere + is the thic8ness of each strip.
( )
# 1
* *
is change in temperature
1 #

are coefficients of linear expansion of the t6o metals.
2.
" " " "
1 1
in per 7 in per I in per 7 in per D.
? '

>. *hermal stress +evelope+ in a ro+ heate+ 6hen it is prevente+ from expansion
is calle+ thermal stress ( )
# 1
: * * .
7orce +evelope+ ( )
# 1
:A * * .
J. A 6ire is bent in the form of a ring 6ith a small gap of length
"
1 1
x at t D.
on
heating to
"
#
t D
if the gap increase to x
#
in length then the coefficient of linear
expansion of the 6ire material
( )
# 1
1 # 1
x x
x t t

?. If t6o ro+s of +ifferent materials have the +ifference bet6een their lengths at
all temperatures then
1 1 # # 1 # # 1
1 1 or 1 &1 &
# 1
1 #
1 # 1 #
x x
l an+ l


: :
1". *he change in moment of inertia of a bo+y +ue to rise in temperature
I #I t
11. (etal tapes=
a- (etal tape sho6s correct rea+ing only at a temperature at 6hich it is
constructe+.
b- A metal tape is gra+uate+ at
"
1
t D
an+ is use+ at
"
#
t D.
i-
# 1
If t t
+istance bet6een the +ivisions +ecreases then
a- Sbserve+ rea+ing ) is less than actual value
b- Dorrection to be applie+ ( )
# 1
D ) t t
c- Dorrect rea+ing ) D. +
ii- It t# Q t1 +istance bet6een the +ivisions +ecreases then
a- Sbserve+ rea+ing ) is greater than actual value
b-
D ) t
c- Dorrect rea+ing ) D.
1#. Eariation of +ensity 6ith temperature
( ) ( ) ( )
" t t "
+ + 1 or + + 1 t +
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1J
1%. A mercury barometer has a metal scale 6hich is calibrate+ at "
"
D the pressure
as rea+ by it at t
"
D is ;
t
. *hen the pressure at "
"
D 6ill be given by
" R
; ;t 1 @ -t 1
]
R

is coefficient of real expansion of mercury

is coefficient of linear expansion of metal


1. EEPAN&+(N (F ,+-'+6&
1.
R a a R a
% relation bet6een an+ . + +
#. 7rom specific gravity bottle experiment
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
a
# % 1 #
a a
% 1 # 1 # # 1
mass of liqui+ expelle+
mass of the liqui+ remaine+ change in temperature
6 6 m m
or
6 6 * * m t t




m
1
is nearly equal to m
#
an+ hence it can be 6ritten
( )
1 #
R
# # 1
m m
.
m t t

%. If +
1
an+ +
#
are the +ensities at temperature t
1
an+ t
#

( )
( )
( )
1 # R # 1
" t R
"
t
1 #
R
1 # # 1
+ + 1 * *
+ + 1
+
+
1 t
+ +
+t + t
1 +
]
+

'. *he unoccupie+ volume in a container remains same if the volume expansion of
the container an+ that of liqui+ are same. *he con+ition for this is 1 1 s s
E E .
1. *he temperature at 6hich the +ensity of liqui+ is x! less than at
( )
"
R
x
" D is .
1"" x
2. If a liqui+ column of height h
1
at temperature t
1
balances another liqui+ column
of height h# at temperature t#.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1?
( )
# 1
a
1 # 1
h h
.
h t t

1". EEPAN&+(N (F BA&E&


M 0 +: .ol2me and press2re coefficient of a 1as.
1. Eolume coefficient
( )
"
"
"
E E
E E 1 t
E t

+
# 1
1 # # 1
E E
Et E t

@at constant pressure-.


#. Pressure coefficient
( )
"
" t
"
P P
P P 1
P t

+
# 1
1 # # 1
P P
Pt P t

@ at constant valume-.
%. ( )
"
1&#>% ".""%22& c. for any gas
M 0 ++: 7o5le?s la4:
'. A* constant temperature ( )
1 1 # #
1
P . or PE D PE PE
E

1. *6o vessels of volume E1 an+ E# fille+ 6ith a gas at pressure P1 an+ P# are
connecte+ the common pressure
( )
1 1 # #
1 #
PE PE
P .
E E
+

+
2. If the pressure of the gas is increase+ by x! then the ! +ecrease in volume at
constant temperature is
1""x
.
1"" x +
>. If 1
1
an+ 1
#
are the length of the air column 6ith open en+ up6ar+s an+
+o6n6ar+s respectively then ( ) ( )
# 1
1 #
# 1
l l
; h 1 ; h 1 . ; h
l l
_ +
+

,
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 2"
;

atm. Pressure.
h

length of mercury threa+.


J. Fhen an air bubble at the +epth h in a la8e rises to the top its volume
increases. Assuming the temperature to be constant
If the volume becomes n times
h = ; @n 4 1- @; + h- E
1
= ;E
#
An+ if ra+ius becomes n times
( ) ( )
% % %
1 #
h ; n 1 ; h r ;r +
Fhere ; = 1 atm

1" m +epth of 6ater = >2 cm of ;g.


If temperature is constant then
( )
1
#
1 #
; h E
;E
* *
+

M 0 +++: /harle?s la4:


?. At constant volume
P *
@for a given man of a gas-
( )
1 #
1 #
P P P
or constant .
* * *

1". At constant pressure
E *
@for a given man of a gas-
( )
1 #
1 #
E E E
or constant .
* * *

M 0 +.: +deal 1as e;2ation:
11. If one gram of gas is consi+ere+.
PE = r* @r = gas constant-.
If one mole of gas is consi+ere+
1 1 # #
1 #
PE PE R
PE R* . r
* * (

for n moles PE = nR*.
1#. Aifference forms of i+eal gas equation.
a- PE = nR*
b- PE = @m&(-R*
c- P = @+R*-&(
m 4 mass of the gas + 4 +ensity of the gas ( 4 molecular 6eight.
7or a given gas.
1 #
1 #
P P
m m

@if E an+ * are constant-.


1 #
1 1 # #
P P
m* m *

@if E is constant-.
1 #
1 1 # #
P P
+* + *

If * is constant
1 #
1 #
P P
.
+ +

If P is constant
1 1 # #
+* + * .
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 21
1%. ! change in * = ! change P + ! change in E.
1'. Fhen n
1
moles of a non reacting gas in the state @P
1
E
1
*
1
- is mixe+ 6ith n
#
moles
of gas in state @P
#
E
#
*
#
- if the resultant mixture is in the state @P E *-.
1 1 # #
1 #
PE PE PE
.
* * *
+
11. If t6o +ifferent gases of same mass occupy same volume at same pressure then
(
1
&*
1
= (
#
&*
#
@(1 (# are molecular 6eights-
1D. T)ERM(6*NAM+/&
M 0 +: Ho2le?s la4:
1. *he 6or8 +one on a system @6- is +irectly proportional to heat pro+uce+ in the
system.
6 H or 6 WH$ W '.# B&cal W 1 in ,I system
#. A bo+y of mass falls from height h an+ if it is potential energy converts into
heat then
( )
gh
mgh ms t t ,. shoul+ be in ,.I units
s

If x ! of energy is converte+ into heat then
x
mgh ms t.
1""
_


,
%. An ice bloc8 of mass ( falls from a height h an+ if its energy converts into heat
then
(gh
(gh m) m
)
) ,I Cnits.
m mass of the ice melte+

*he ice completely melts if h = %%.2 8m.


'. Fhen a bo+y of mass m moving 6ith velocity v is stoppe+ an+ all its I0 converts
into heat energy then
( )
#
#
1
m ms t t , ,.I units .
# #s


1. If a bo+y of mass m is +ragge+ on a rough surface through a +istance x then
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 2#
gx
mg ms t t
,


If it is an ice bloc8 then
1
mgx m ).
(ass of the ice melte+
1
mgx
m .
)

M 0 ++: First la4 of thermod5namics:


2. +H = +u + +6.
+H

+ ve if heat is supplie+ to the system.


. ve if heat is absorbe+ from the system.
+u

+ ve if temperature increases. .ve if temperature +ecreases.


( )
# 1
+6 P v v +
ve if 6or8 is +one by the gas.
. ve 6or8 is +one on the gas.
M 0 +++: v pP
D D
and relation 8et4een them:
>. A gas at constant
,pecific heat at constant pressure
p
1 +
c
m +t

@at constant pressure-.


(olar ,pecific heat at constant pressure
p
1 +
D
n +t

,pecific heat at constant pressure


1 +
c
m +t

(olar ,pecific heat at constant pressure


1 +
D .
n +t

p p v v
D (c $ D (c .
J. p v p v
D D R c c R&(.
?. *he follo6ing table sho6 the values of p v
D 9D .
T5pe of the 1as
v
D
p
D

(onoatomic
%
R
#
1
R
#
1
1.2>
%

Aiatomic
1
R
#
>
R
#
>
1.'
1

Polyatomic
@*ri.higher-
2
R
#
J
R
#
'
1.%%
%

M 0 +.: /onstant 3ol2me process: =+sochoric@
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 2%
b-
1 #
1 #
P P
* *

c- +6 = ".
+- +H = +C = n D
v
+*.
M 0 .: /onstant press2re process: =+so8aric@
1". a-
1 #
1 #
E E
* *

b- +u = nDv +*.
c- +6 = ( )
# 1
P E E
+- +H = nDp +*.
11. *he fraction of heart energy supplie+ 6hich is store+ as internal energy
+u 1
.
+H

1#. *he fraction of heat energy supplie+ 6hich is use+ in +oing external 6or8
+6 1
1 .
+H

M 0 .+: +sothermal process:


1%. a-
1 1 # #
PE PE .
b- +u = +* = ".

# 1
1 #
#
1
#
1
v P
v P
e e
v
v
e
v
v
1"
c- + +6 nR* log nR* log
PE log
#.%"% nR* log .

+-
( ) ( ) Dp Dv R$ Dp&Dv r$ Dv R& 1 $ Dp R 1
e- ,lope of isothermal curve = .P&E.
f- Isothermal bul8 mo+ules = .P.
M 0 .++: Adia8atic process:
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 2'
( )
1 1 # #
1 1 1
1 1 # #
1 1 1
1 1 # #
p v
1 #
1 1 # #
1'. a- PE constant PE PE
b-*E Donstant *E *E
c-* P Donstant * P * P
+-+H " D D "
nR * *
PE PE
e-+6 +C .
1 1
f-A+iabatic bul8 mo+ulus P.
,lope of a+iabatic curve P&E.


11. 7or a mixture of t6o gases


1 1 # # 1 1 # #
1 # 1 #
n Dp n Dp n D n D
Dp D
n n n n
+ +

+ +
Dp&Dv
12. ;eat capacity or thermal capacity or 6ater equivalent @ms- =
H& t
19. T)ERMA, RA6+AT+(N
1. Absorptivity
t
H Ha Hr
a Reflectivity r *ransimitivity t
H H H

a + r + t = 1
#. 0nergy emitte+ by a bloc8 bo+y from unit surface area in unit time is given by
'
0 * .
0 is also calle+ emissive po6er.
7or the bo+ies
'
0 e * 6here 0 emissivity.
%. *otal energy emitte+ by a bo+y in a time t is given by
'
0 e A* t.
7or a sphere ( )
# '
0 e ' R * t.
i.e.
# '
0 R * .
'. *he net heat lost or gaine+ by a bo+y at temperature * in unit time
( )
'
s '
0 e A * * .
1. 3e6tonGs la6 of cooling ( )
< s
+H
* * .
+t

<
*
*emperature of the bo+y.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 21
s
*
*emperature of the surroun+ings.
2. If the temperature of a bo+y +ecrease from *
1
to *
#
in a time t then accor+ing
to 3e6tonGs la6 of cooling.
1 # 1 #
s
* * * *
I * .
t #
+ 1

1
]
". If m

is the 6avelength correspon+ing to maximum monochromatic emissive


po6er of a bo+y at temperature * the ( )
m m
1
or * b
*

@b is a constant-.
b = #.?% x 1"
.%
m8.
J. 7or a spherical bo+y at temperature *
c- Rate of heat loss
' #
+H +H
e A* R .
+t +t
@If * is same-.
+- Rate of cooling is given by
'
'
ms+* +* e A* +* 1
e A*
+t +t ms +t R


@If * is same-
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 22

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