Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Asif
Name :
Roll No. :
Topic : Electric Field &
Potential
Ph : 939132!"#
$%!"
2. MEA&'REMENT (F P)*&+A, -'ANT+T+E&
1. If a physical quantity P. is given by
P = x + y
m n n m
AbsoluteerrorinP P X y
x y x y P
Relativeerror !errorinP 1""
P x y x y
#. IfP x y P x y$
x y P P
!errorinp 1""
P x y P
%. IfP x y orx & y .
m x n y P
P x y
+
_ + +
+ +
,
+
+
+
i.e. ! error in P = m. ! error in x + n. ! error in y.
'.
a b c
P ( ) * .
t t t
If an+ arethepercentageerrorsinthemeasurementxof( )an+*
thenpercentageerrorinP a b c .
+ +
,ignificant figure
i- all non./ero +igits are ,ignificant
0x. #%.12 3o. of s. f 4 '
ii- 5ero in bet6een t6o non/ero +igits are ,ignificant
0x. #%"'"1 3o. of s. f 4 2
iii- All /eros to the left of the first non/ero are not ,ignificant
0x. ""#%12 ".""#%12 3o. of s. f 4 '
iv- All /eros to the right of the last non/ero +igit in a measure+ value are ,ignificant
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1
0x. #%12"" m 3o. of s. f 4 2
(ean +eviation
1 # % n
+ + + ...+
@Aeviation -
n
+ + +
,tan+ar+ +eviation
# # #
1 # n
+ + ... +
@6hennisl arge.-
n
+ + +
Probable error = r = ".2>'1
t *ruevaluex X r Probableerrorr
n
1
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com #
3. .E/T(R&
M 0 +: Ma1nit2de and direction of a 3ector:
$ $
+ +
+ +
ur
$
# # #
1. IfA ai bB c8
*hen@a-magnitu+e A a b c .
@b- Cnit vector in the +irection of
uur
uur
A
AisgivenbyA .
A
+ +
+ +
ur
ur
ur
r
# # #
# # #
@c-If an+ aretheanglesma+ebyA6ithx yan+/axesthen
a b c
Dos Dos Dos .
A A A
AlsoDos Dos Dos 1.
@+-IfAisaunitvectorthena b c 1.
@e-Eectorparallel toAan+havingmagnitu+eequal
toanothervector<is gi
ur
r
ur
A
venby < .
A
M 0 ++: Trian1le la4 of 3ectors:
#. A simple pen+ulum of 6eight 6 an+ length 1 is pulle+ asi+e by a hori/ontal force
7 through a +istance r so that the string ma8es an angle 6ith vertical. *hen
# #
r
7 F*an F.
l r
+
# #
6 l
*ension* 6.
cos
l r
F
r
W
T
l
b- )amiGs theorem=
If three coplanes forces acting on a particle as sho6n in the fig
8eep it equilibrium then
P H R
,in ,in ,in
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %
Q
P
R
r
M 0 .: Pol51on la4 of 3ectors:
n equal force each of magnitu+e 7 are acting simultaneously on a particle.
0ach force ma8es an angle 6ith one then
n
%2"
a- If thentheresul tantforceis/ero.
n
%2"
b- If 1thentheresul tantforceis7.
_
,
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com '
M 0 .+: 6ot prod2ct:
+ + + + + +
r ur
r ur
r ur
r ur
r r ur ur
"
1 1 1 # # # 1 # 1 # 1 #
A<
A.< A<cos cos
A<
A.< A<cos @i.i B.B 8.8 1-
If ?" A.< ".@i.B B.8 8.i "-
@a i b B c 8-.@a i b B c 8- a a bb c c
A.< <.A
( )
r r ur ur
r ur
1
a- For8F 7., b-Po6erP 7.E c-IineticenergyI0 m .
#
+- P.0 mg.h
A.<
DomponentofAalong< Acos
<
$
r ur
r ur
r ur
EectorcomponentofAalong< @Acos -<.
A.<
Domponentof<alongA <cos
A
Eectorcomponentof<alongA @<cos -A.
M 0 .++: /ross prod2ct:
a- Ax< A<sin .n Fherenisaunitvectorprepen+iculartotheplane
containingAan+<
b- A < A<,in
c- AirectionofAx<canbefoun+fromright han+e+scre6rule
$ $
r ur
+- 0xamples =
*orqueq r 7 r Positivevector
7 7orcevector
Angularmomentum) r P r Positivevector
P )inearmomentum
r r r r
r
r r r r
r
)inearvelocityE 6 r 6 Angularvelocity
r Ra+iusvector
ur ur r ur
r
e- ifD Ax<
thenD.A " D.< "
ur r ur
ur ur r ur
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1
Area of parallelogram A < A an+ < are the t6o a+Bacent si+es of aparallelogram
1
Area of triangle A < A an+ < are the t6o a+Bacent si+es of atriangle.
#
r r ur ur
r r ur ur
$ $
x y / x y /
f- Cnit vector prepen+icular to vectors A an+ < is
A <
n
A <
A A i A B A 8 < < i < B < 8
If A an+ <are parallel then A I<
Ay Ax A/
<x <y </
+ + + +
r ur
$
$ $ $ $
r r ur ur
M 0 .+++: Application of trian1le la4:
7oat and ri3er:
If the man 6ants to reach the exactly opposite point on the other ban8 @or- to cross
the river along the shortest path he has to s6im along AD.
# #
R < F
F
R
1 F
R
Resul tant velocity E E E
E
Airection of motion of boat ,in
E
E
,in 6ith normal to +irection of flo6.
E
C B
d
A
V
w
V
m
V
R
R
F <
@or- ?" 6ith +irection of flo6.
+
*ime ta8en to cross the river t .
E
E Eelocity of 6ater.E Eelocity of boat. + Fi+th of the river.
+
#. If the man 6ants to cross the river in shortest time.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 2
V
w
V
m
V
R
a- Airection of motion of boat Along the normal @or- ?"
"
6ith +irection of flo6.
+
# #
R < F
<
F
b- Resul tantvelocityE E E .
+
c- *imeta8entocrosstherivert .
E
+- ;ori/ontal+istancetravele+bytheboatx E xt@or-+rift.
Rain and 2m8rella:
Rain is falling vertically +o6n 6ar+s 6ith a velocity Er an+ a man is moving hori/ontally
6ith a velocity Em @or 6in+ is flo6ing 6ith a velocity Em-. *o protect himself from rain
the man has to hol+ his umbrella at an angle 6ith vertical
m
r
E
6here*an
E
V
R
V
m
V
m
/han1e in 3elocit5:
1 #
E an+ E are the initial an+ final velocities of a bo+y an+ is the angle bet6een
1 #
# 1
# #
# 1 1 #
E an+ E then
Dhange in velocity
E E E
E
(agnitu+e E E E #EEDos Acceleration a .
t
+
+
ur uur
uuur uur ur
Relati3e 3elocit5
1 # If E an+ E are the velocities if t6o bo+ies A an+ < respectively then
R 1 #
1- EelocityofArelativeto<isgivenbyE E E
r uur ur uur ur
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com >
# #
R 1 # 1 #
"
R 1 #
"
R 1 #
" # #
R 1 #
E E E #EEDos
a- If " E E E
b- If 1J" E E E
c- If ?" E E E
+
+
+
R # 1
# #
R # 1 1 #
#- Eelocity of < relative to Ais given byE E E
E E E #EEDos
+
r uur uur ur ur
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com J
$. 9+NEMAT+/&
M 0 +: Freel5 fallin1 8od5:
1. 0quations of motion=
#
n
+
g 1
@a-E gt @b-; gt @c- #g; @+- s @#n 1-
# #
#;
#. *imeof+escentt . %.7inal velocity #g;.
g
u gt g;
'. Averagevelocity .
# # #
+
M 0 ++: .erticall5 pro:ected 8od5:
1. 0quations of motion=
@a- v = u 4 gt @b- h = ut . K gt
#
@c- E
#
= u
#
4 #gh
+- ,n =
g
u @#n 1-
#
#. *ime of ascent.
a
u #u J;
t timeof+escent %.*imeofflight*
g g g
#
g
u
'. (aximumheight;
#
1. A bo+y thro6n vertically up6ar+ 6ith a velocity C crosses a point p in its path after
t
1
sec 6hile going up an+ after t
#
sec 6hile coming +o6n then
1 # 1 #
#u 1
@a- t t @b-;eightofthepointh gt t
g #
+
M 0 +++: 7od5 pro:ected 3erticall5 2p4ards from the top of a to4er:
1. 0quations of motion=
@a- v = .u + gt @b- ; = .ut + K gt
#
@c- E
#
= u
#
+ #g;
@+- ,
n
=
u g&#@#n 1- +
#. A balloon is moving up6ar+s 6ith uniform velocity C. A bo+y is +roppe+ from it
6hen it is it at a height ; above the groun+ then
a- Eelocity of the bo+y after t sec E = .C + gt
b- *ime ta8en by the bo+y to reach groun+ cane be foun+ from ; = .ut + K gt
#
c- ,eparation bet6een bo+y an+ balloon after t sec = K gt
#
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com ?
+- ;eight reache+ by the bo+y above groun+ =
#
u
; .
#g
+
%. A bo+y thro6n vertically up6ar+s 6ith a velocity u from the top of a to6er
reaches the groun+ in t
1
sec. Another bo+y thro6n vertically +o6n6ar+s 6ith same
velocity from same to6er reaches the groun+ in t
#
sec. *hen
@a- ;eight of the to6er ; = K gt
1
t
#
@b- *ime ta8en by a bo+y +roppe+ freely from same to6er to reach groun+ is
1 #
t t t
1 #
#C
@c- t t
g
M 0 +.: 7od5 thro4n 3erticall5 do4n4ards 4ith initial 3elocit5 2:
1. 0quations of motion=
@a- E = u + gt @b- ; = ut + K gt
#
@c- E
#
= u
#
+ #g;
@+- ,
n
=
g
u @#n 1-
#
+
M 0 .: (8li;2e pro:ectile:
a +
a +
# #
#
usin
1. t t
g
t timeofascent t timeof+escent
C EelocityofproBection angleofproBection
#usin
#. *imeofflight*
g
u sin
%. (aximumheight; .
#g
u sin#
'. ;ori/ontalrangeR .
g
H
U
R
#. Aisplacement after t sec.
;ori/ontal +isplacement x = ut Eertical +isplacement y = K gt
#
.
%. *ime of +escent
#; #;
t . '.;ori/ontal rangeR u .
g g
1. Eelocity Bust before reaching groun+
#
E C #g; +
2. *he angle at 6hich it hits the groun+ tan y x
E &E
Resultant +isplacement
# #
s x y +
>. *he time after 6hich the velocity is perpen+icular to initial +irection t = u&g sin
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
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J. *6o bo+ies are proBecte+ hori/ontally in opposite +irections 6ith a velocities E
1
an+ E
#
from a to6er
i- *he time after 6hich the +isplacement vectors are perpen+icular
1 #
EE
t
g
ii- *he time after 6hich the velocity vectors are perpen+icular
1 #
EE
t #
g
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1#
!. 6*NAM+/ =NE>T(N?& ,A>& (F M(T+(N@
+ +
1. 7orce 7 @m - m ma 6hen mass is constant
+t +t
+ +m
7 @m - if mis changes in the case of a variable mass
+t +t
,ystem li8e a roc8et.
#. a- Fhen a lift moves up6ar+s 6ith acceleration a @or- +o6n6ar+s 6ith a
+eceleration a then apparent 6eight of a bo+y in the lift 6 = m @g + a-.
b- Fhen a lift moves up6ar+s 6ith +eceleration a @or- +o6n6ar+s 6ith an
acceleration a then apparent 6eight of a bo+y in the lift 6 = m @g . a-.
c- Fhen the lift is stationary or moving 6ith uniform velocity the 6
1
= mg.
+- Percentage change in 6eight
a
1"".
g
e- If h is the +epth of 6ater in a buc8et place+ in the lift then pressure at the
bottom of the buc8et is P = h+ @gt a-.
%. Fhen a machine gun fires NnG bullets in a time t then the force require+ to hol+
the gun is
mn
7
t
,
.
'. a- Fhen a metallic plate of mass m is hel+ in mi+ air by firing NnG shots&secon+ 6ith a
velocity u if the bullets stop +ea+ after stri8ing the plate then mnu = mg.
b- If the shot comes bac8 6ith a velocity E then nm @v+u- = mg.
1. If 6ater from a narro6 pipe hits a 6all hori/ontally 6ith a velocity v an+ stops +ea+
force acting on the 6all
#
#
+H
7 A+ +H 6hereH av
A
@volume flo6 rate-.
A = area of cross section of the pipe
+ = +ensity of 6ater.
If 6ater bounces bac8 6ith same spee+ 7 = # A+v
#
2. If a ball hits a 6all normally 6ith a velocity v an+ reboun+s 6ith same velocity change
in momentum = # mv.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1%
7orce acting on the 6all
#m
t
,
?. If hot gases are coming out of the roc8et at the rate of
_
,
+m
+t
6ith a velocity E
then
a- *hrust on the roc8et
_
,
+m
7 .
+t
b- If the roc8et moves up 6ith uniform velocity then 7 = (g
( mass of the roc8et.
c- If the roc8et moves up 6ith uniform acceleration a then 7 = (@g + a-.
If gravity is neglecte+ then 7 = (a
+- Acceleration of the roc8et after t sec a
+m
+t
@neglecting gravity-.
+m
( t
+t
_
,
,A> (F /(N&ER.AT+(N (F ,+NEAR M(MENT'M AN6 /(,,+&+(N&
M 0 +: ,a4 of conser3ation of moment2m:
A bo+y of mass m
1
moving 6ith a velocity u
1
colli+es 6ith another bo+y of mass m
#
moving 6ith a velocity u
#
if v
1
an+ v
#
are their final velocities then Accor+ing to la6 of
conservation of momentum
m
1
u
1
+ m
#
u
#
= m
1
v
1
+ m
#
v
#
If the t6o bo+ies stic8 together after collision then common velocity
t
+
1 1 # #
1 #
mu m u
E
m m
1. If bo+ies are moving in mutually perpen+icular +irections before collision then
common Eelocity
( ) ( ) +
+
# #
1 1 # #
1 #
mu m u
E .
m m
#. In case of obliquic collision i.e. after collision if the +irection of motion of bo+ies
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1'
ma8es an angle 6ith initial +irection
a- 1 1 # #
mu m u +
= @
1 1 # # xi xf
@mv m v -cos @P P - +
b- 1 1 # # yi yf
mv m v . @P P -
%. If a bullet of m come out 6ith a velocity
bullet
gun
I0 (
.
I0 m
1. In the above case the Iinetic energy of the t6o fragments is inversely proportional
to their masses.
1 #
# 1
I0 m
I0 m
+
( ) ( )
1 1
1 #
u u
1 e 1 e .
# #
+
# # # #
1 1 # # 1 1 # #
1 1 1 1
%. )oss of I0 mu m u m m
# # # #
_ _
+ +
, ,
( )
( ) ( )
#
# 1 #
1 #
1 #
1 mm
u u 1 e
# m m
+
'. A bloc8 of mass ( is suspen+e+ freely. A bullet of mass m is fire+ in to the bloc8
6ith a velocity
+
b- ;eight rise+ by the bloc8
#
#
;
g
c- (aximum angle ma+e by the bloc8 6ith vertical cos
#
#gl
+- )oss of I.0
( )
#
#
(m
( m
+
M 0 +.: /oefficient of Restit2tion:
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
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1. Doefficient of restitution
# 1
1 #
. e
u u
1
,
%. If a bo+y falls from a height h the total time ta8en to come to rest.
# 1
.
1
h e
t
g e
+
_
,
'. If a bo+y hits the groun+ 6ith a velocity v
1
an+ reboun+s 6ith a velocity v
#
then
# # #
1 # 1
p I0
e
p I0
1. Percentage loss of velocity after n bounces = @1 . e
n
- X 1"".
2. Percentage loss of momentum after n bounces = @1 . e
n
- X 1"".
>. Percentage loss of I0 after n bounces = @1 4 e
#n
- X 1"".
J. A bo+y hits groun+ 6ith a velocity u ma8ing an angle
1
then
#
1
cos
cos
e
u
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1>
. >(R9 0 P(>ER A ENERB*
M 0 +: >orC:
1. a- If a force N7G acts on a bo+y ma8ing an angle P P 6ith hori/ontal an+ +isplaces the
bo+y through a +istance N,G 6or8 +one
"
F 7., 7,cos . 6hen ?" F ".
r ur
b-F Dos
@If 7 an+ , are same-.
#
c-F Dos
@If 7 an+ t are same-.
#. For8 +one against gravity F = mgh.
%. For8 +one in imparting velocity to a bo+y
#
1
F m
#
'. For8 +one against friction on a level surface.
F 7x, mgs.P P
coefficient
of friction.
1. For8 +one in compressing or elongating a spring
#
#
1 7 1
F 8x 7x.
# #8 #
I 4 spring constant x 4 elongation
2. For8 +one in moving a bo+y up on to a smooth incline+ plane is F = @mg sin - ,.
>. For8 +one to compress or expan+ a gas
F Px E
at constant pressure.
J. a- For8 +one in pulling the bob of a simple pen+ulum asi+e through an angle from
the vertical is
( )
#
F mgl 1 cos #mgl sin .
#
_
,
m 4 mass of the bob l. length of pen+ulum
b- For8 +one in +isplacing the pen+ulum from an angle
1
P P
to an angle
#
P P
is
( )
1 1 #
F mg cos cos
?. For8 +one in pulling asi+e a bar through an angle from the vertical is
( )
#
1
F mgl 1 cos mgl sin
# #
_
,
m 4 mass of the ro+ l. length of the ro+
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1J
1". *he 6or8 +one in lifting a bo+y of mass NmG an+ +ensity N+
s
G in a liqui+ of +ensity N+
1
G
through a height NhG un+er gravity is
1
s
+
F mgh 1 .
+
_
,
11. For8 +one by external resultant force on a bo+y is equal to change in I0 of the
bo+y
( )
# #
1
F m u I0.
#
1#. For8 +one in lifting 6ater from a 6ell from a 6ell of +epth h is
"
m
F m gh
#
_
+
,
m (ass of 6ater m" (ass of rope
1%. A ro+ of mass m an+ length l lies hori/ontally on a NfloorG. *he 6or8 +one in rotating
the ro+ through an angle about one e+ge in a vertical plane is given
F = K mgl sin .
1'. In the above point the 6or8 +one in bringing the ro+ to vertical position is
F = K mgl.
11. A uniform chain of length l an+ mass m is place+ on a friction less table such that
1&n
th
of its length hanging over the e+ge. *he 6or8 +one in pulling the hanging part
on to the table is
#
.
#
mgl
F
n
M 0 ++: Po4er:
1. Average po6er P = F&t.
#. Instantaneous po6er = 7 x E = . . 7 E
uur ur
%. *he po6er of machine gun firing NnG bullets each of mass NmG in one secon+ 6ith
velocity NvG is
#
1
. .
#
P n m
'. A motor sen+s a liqui+ 6ith a velocity NEG in a tube of cross section NAG an+ N+G is the
+ensity of the liqui+ then the po6er of the motor is
%
1
.
#
P A+E
1. A motor lifts m 8g of 6ater to a height h in t sec. *hen the po6er of the motor is
mgh
P
t
.
If
then
#
1
#
.
mgh m
P
t
+
2. 0xtra po6er require+ to 8eep a conveyor belt moving 6ith constant velocity
if
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1?
gravel is falling the belt at a rate of +m&+t is
#
.
+m
P
+t
_
,
>. A vehicle moves 6ith a constant velocity E on a rough hori/ontal roa+. *he frictional
force acting on the vehicle is f then the po6er o f the engine P= f x v.
M 0 +++: Ener15:
1. I0 = K mv
#
.
#. P0 = mgh.
%. P0 of a liqui+ in a capillary tube P0 = @+- @ah- g h&# = +agh
#
& #.
+ 4 +ensity of liqui+
a 4 area of cross section of the capillary tube.
h 4 height of the liqui+ in the capillary tube.
'. P0 of a bloc8 place+ on the groun+ =
h
+lbh g. .
#
1
]
1. P.0 in a spring = K 8x
#
.
M 0 +.: ,a4 of conser3ation of ener15:
1. A bo+y is +roppe+ freely from a height h +uring collision 6ith groun+ it looses x !
of energy an+ then rises to a height NhG then
( )
1
1"" x
mgh mgh $
1""
_
,
#. In the above question if the bo+y is thro6n vertically +o6n6ar+s 6ith a velocity E
then
# 1
1"" x 1
mgh m mgh
1"" #
_ _
+
, ,
%. A bo+y of mass m is +roppe+ from a height h on to a spring of spring constant I.
If x is the compression pro+uce+ in the spring then
( )
#
1
mg h x 8x
#
+
If x Q Q Q h mgh = K 8x
#
'. A bo+y of mass m moving 6ith a velocity E colli+es 6ith a spring of spring constant
I an+ comes to rest. If x is the compression pro+uce+ in the spring then
K mv
#
= K 8x
#
M 0 .: >orC 0 Ener15 theorem:
1. For8 +one = Dhange in I0$
7 x , = K m @E
#
. u
#
-.
#. A bo+y of mass m is +roppe+ from a height h it reaches the groun+ 6ith a velocity
( )
E E #gh <
6or8 +one by air resistance F = mgh 4 K mv
#
.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com #"
%. A 8nife e+ge of mass m is +roppe+ from a height h on to a table. It penetrates a
+istance x into the table. If the resistance offere+ by the table is 7 then
7 x x = mg @h+x-. if x Q Q Q h then 7
x
= mgh
M 0 .+: Relation 8et4een 9E and Moment2m:
( )
( )
#
#
P 1
1. I0 I0 if P is same .
#m m
I0 P if mis constant .
( )
( )
0
#. P #m8 P m If I0 is same
P I0 If mis same .
%. *6o bo+ies of +ifferent mass are moving 6ith same momentum if same brea8
force is applie+ on them. *hen
1 #
# 1
1
I0 Accor+ingly6.e. theoremF.A I0.
m
1 , m
a-7x, I0 " I0 , I0
m , m
)ighter bo+y 6ill travel more +istance bet6een coming target.
b- In pulse = change in momentum
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
#. In vector notation. If r
1
r
#
r
%
R.. Are the position vectors of particles of
masses m
1
m
#
m
%
RR *hen the position vector of their center of mass is
1 1 # # n n
1 # n
m r m r ..... m r
r
m m ..... m
+ + +
+ + +
M 0 ++: .elocit5 /enter of Mass:
%. a- Eelocity of center of mass
If
1 # % n
EE E .....E are the velocities of particle of masses.
m
1
m
#
m
%
RR m
n
the velocity of their center of mass is
1 1 # # % % n n 1 # % n
cm
1 # % n 1 # % n
m m m ..... m P P P ...P
E
m m m ..... m m m m ..... m
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
cm
1 # n
b- (E P P ... P + + +
ur ur ur ur
i.e. total momentum of the system is the pro+uct of mass
of the 6hole system an+ the velocity of the center of mass.
c- If E
1
an+ E
#
are the magnitu+es of velocities of t6o particles of masses m
1
an+ m
#
then the magnitu+e of velocity of c.m.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com ##
1 1 # #
1 #
m m
E
m m
t
+
+ ve for same +irection
. ve for opposite +irection.
+- If t6o particles of masses m1 an+ m# are moving 6ith velocities E1 an+ E# at
right angles to each other then the velocity of their center of mass is given
by
# # # #
1 1 # #
cm
1 #
m m
E
m m
+
+
M 0 +++: Acceleration of center of mass:
'. a- if a
1
a
#
a
%
R.a
n
are the acceleration of particles of masses m
1
m
#
m
%
RR m
n
*hen the acceleration of their centre of mass is
ext
1 1 # # n n 1 # n
cm
1 # n
cm ext
m a m a ..... m a 7 7 ...7 7
a
m m ..... m ( (
(a 7 .
+ + + +
+ + +
If a
1
an+ a
#
are the magnitu+e of acceleration of t6o particles of masses m
1
an+ m
#
then the magnitu+e of acceleration of their centre of mass.
1 1 # #
1 #
m a m a
a- a
m m
t
+
( ) ( )
# #
1 1 # #
1 #
ma m a
b- a
m m
+
+
@If they are moving at right angles to each other-
M 0 +.: T4o particle s5stem:
1. Position of centre of mass=
*6o particles of masses m
1
an+ m
#
are separate+ by a +istance N+G. If x
1
an+ x
#
are the +istance of their center of mass from m1 an+ m# then
m
1
x
1
= m
#
x
#
1 # # 1
1 # 1 #
+ +
x m x m
m m m m
+ +
If m
1
is move+ through a +istance
1
x
to6ar+s the c.m an+ m
#
is also move+
through a +istance
#
x
to6ar+s the c.m the position of c. m remains same if
m
1 1
x
= m
# #
x
2. Sut of a uniform circular +isc of ra+ius R if a circular sheet of ra+ius r is
remove+ the centre of mass of the remaining part shits by a +istance
#
r
x
R r
+
if r =R&# then x = R&2
>. Sut of a uniform soli+ sphere of ra+ius R if a sphere of ra+ius r is remove+ the
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com #%
centre of mass of the remaining part shifts by
( )
( )
%
% %
r R r
R r
+
( 4 mass of the man ( 4 mass of the boat
b- Aistance 6al8e+ by the man relative to shore or 6ater is @) 4 x-.
?. If a square sheet of si+e a is cut in a square sheet of si+e A then the +istance
of centre of mass of remaining portion from the centre of origin sheet is
#
a
x .
#@A a-
Ifa A&#$ x A&2 #.
+
1". A uniform 6ire of length l is bent at the mi+ point into ) shape then the
coor+inates of c. m from the bent point is @x y-
l l
J J
Lmg . 7sin M
Acceleration of bo+y
8
7cos f
a .
m
F c o s
( )
6sin mg
7 . angleoffriction
cos sin cos
+
7 6ill be minimum if =
.
min
#
mg
7 6sin .
1
+
J. In case of pushing=
3 = mg + 7 sin .
7 =
Lmg + 7 sin M
8
7cos f
a .
m
+
"
if ?" +
7 becomes infinity.
;ence
?" ?" +< <
N
m g
F s i n
F c o s
F
?. Acceleration
8
7 f
a
m
_
+
,
Eelocity before reaching groun+
mg f
u
mg f
+
1%. (inimum force require+ to +isplace a bo+y is applie+ an+ the same force is
continue+ then the acceleration of the bo+y ( )
s 8
a g.
1'. A chain of uniform length N)G is place+ on a rough hori/ontal table. *he
coefficient of friction bet6een the chain an+ table is
+
(inimum fraction of length of chain that can be on the table is
1
.
1 +
11. <loc8 on a lorry=
a- *he maximum acceleration of the lorry for 6hich bloc8 beings to sli+e on the
floor of the lorry is
s
s
s
a g
ma mg
a g.
b- If a bloc8 of mass m is place+ on a lorry moving 6ith uniform acceleration a
*he force acting on the bloc8 7 = ma.
c- If a s
<
g bloc8 +oes not sli+e an+ friction force on the bloc8 is f = ma.
If
a s g >
bloc8 slips or sli+es on the floor. 7rictional force on the bloc8
8
mg.
*he acceleration @a- of the bloc8 relative to lorry is
1
8
a a g
12. Dar moving on an umban8e+ circular roa+=
a- Fhen a car goes aroun+ an unban8e+ circular roa+ the static frictional force
bet6een the 6heels an+ the roa+ provi+es the necessary centripetal force.
b- (aximum spee+ 6ith 6hich curve can be negotiate+ 6ithout s8i++ing is
max s
E rg
s
coefficient of static frictional bet6een 6heels an+ the roa+.
c- *he maximum angular velocity is
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com #>
s
max
g
F
r
1>. a- If a bloc8 having initial velocity u sli+es on a rough hori/ontal surface an+
comes to rest the acceleration of the bloc8 is
8
a g
b- Aistance travele+ by the bloc8 before coming to rest is
#
#
8
u
, , C
# g
7od5 on 3ertical s2rface.
1J. Fhen a bo+y of mass m is presse+ against a vertical surface 6ith a force P then
a- 3ormal reaction 3 =P.
b- )imiting frictional force
)
f P.
c- 7rictional force bet6een the bo+y an+ surface
P
or mg 6hich ever is less.
+- (inimum force require+ to sli+e the bo+y up6ar+s.
7 = mg +
P
e- (inimum force require+ to prevent the bo+y from sli+ing +o6n 7 = mg.
P
P
N
m g
f
1?. A boo8 of mass m is presse+ bet6een t6o han+s by applying a hori/ontal force P
6ith each han+ the boo8 +oes not sli+e if
mg
.
#P
#". A vehicle is moving on a hori/ontal surface. A bloc8 of mass NmG is stuc8 on the
front part of the vehicle. *he coefficient of friction bet6een the truc8 an+ the
bloc8 is
P P.
*he minimum acceleration 6ith 6hich the truc8 shoul+ travel so
that the bo+y +oes not sli+e +o6n is
g
a .
Lmg =
maM
&mooth inclined plane:
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com #J
#1. <loc8 on a smooth incline+ plane=
a- 3 = mg cos
b- Acceleration of sli+ing bloc8 a = g sin
c- If 1 is the length of the incline+ plane h is the height an+ x is base. *he time
ta8en to sli+e +o6n starting from rest from the top is
#) 1 #h 'x
t .
gsin sin g gsin#
+- t 6ill be minimum if
"
min
'x
if '1 t
g
m
g
s
i
n
m g
m
g
c
o
s
N
e- Eelocity of the bloc8 at the bottom of the incline+ plane is same as the spee+
attaine+ if bloc8 falls freely from the top of the incline+ plane.
E #gl sin #gh.
f- If a bloc8 is proBecte+ up the plane 6ith a velocity u the acceleration of the bloc8 is
a gsin .
g- Aistance travele+ up the plane before its velocity becomes /ero is
#
u
, .
#gsin
h- *ime of ascent is
u
t .
gsin
i- ;ori/ontal force require+ to prevent the bo+y from sli+ing +o6n 7 = mgtan .
B- *he minimum acceleration of the incline+ plane so that a bo+y place+ on it +oes not
sli+e +o6n is given by a = gtan .
Ro21h inclined plane:
##. A bo+y of mass m is place+ on a rough incline+ plane of inclination . If
is angle
of repose. 3 = mgcos .
s
) s
8
a-If bo+y +oes not sli+e f mgsin .
b- If bo+y is rea+y to sli+e f mgsin tan .
c- If bo+y sli+es +o6n 6ith uniform
acceleration given by a g@sin cos -.
<
>
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com #?
+- If the bo+y is sli+ing +o6n 6ith uniform velocity then
8 8
a " f mgsin tan .
e- 3et contact force acting on the bo+y =
# #
f 3 . +
m
g
s
i
n
m g
m
g
c
o
s
N
f
#%. If the bloc8 sli+e +o6n from the top of the incline+ plane. Eelocity at the
bottom of the plane is
( ) ( )
8 8
E #gl sin cos #gh 1 cot
#'. In the above case time of +escent is
( )
8
#)
t
g sin cos
#1. *he time ta8en by a bo+y to sli+e +o6n on a rough incline+ plane is NnG times the
time ta8en by it to sli+e +o6n on a smooth incline+ plane of same inclination an+
length then coefficient of friction is
#
1
tan 1 .
n
1
1
]
#2. If a bloc8 is proBecte+ up a rough incline+ plane the acceleration of the bloc8 is
8
a g sin cos
1
+
]
#>. a- *he +istance travele+ by the bloc8 up the plane before the velocity becomes
/ero is
( )
#
8
u
,
#g sin cos
+
b- *he time of ascent is
( )
8
u
t .
g sin cos
+
c- If the bo+y sli+es +o6n 6ith uniform velocity on the same plane then
#
8
C C
sin cos then, t
'gsin #gsin
#J. In the above case if time of +ecent is n times the time of ascent then
#
#
n 1
tan .
n 1
1
1
+
]
#?. a- 7orce nee+e+ to be applie+ parallel to the plane to move the bloc8 up 6ith
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %"
constant velocity is
( )
8 8
7 mgsin mgcos mg sin cos . + +
b- 7orce nee+e+ to be applie+ parallel to the plane to move the bloc8 up 6ith an
acceleration a is
8
7 mgsin mgcos ma. +
%". If bloc8 has a ten+ency to sli+e the force to be applie+ on the bloc8 parallel an+
up the plane to prevent the bloc8 from sli+ing is
( )
s s
7 mgsin mgcos mg sin cos .
%1. If a force P is applie+ on the bo+y up the plane then the acceleration of the
bo+y is sin .
( )
8
P mg sin cos
a .
m
+
%#. An air craft of mass m travels through a +istance , on a run6ay an+ ta8e off
6ith a velocity E in t sec. *hen.
a- 7orce applie+ by the engine
#
m
7 mg
#,
+
b- For8 +one by the engine
#
1
F mgs m
#
+
c- Po6er of the engine
#
1
mgs m
#
P .
t
+
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %1
9. R(TAT(R* M(T+(N
M A+: )ori<ontal circ2lar motion:
1. )inear velocity
+
r $angularvelocity
+t
#. )inear acceleration
a r $
angular acceleration
#
#
+ +
.
+t +t
%. *ime perio+
#
* .
1. *angential acceleration in non.uniform circular motion
#
* #
+6 +
a r r r .
+t +t
2. *he resultant acceleration in non.uniform circular motion
( ) ( )
# #
# #
r *
a a a r r . + +
>. Dentripetal force
#
#
r
m
7 mR m .
R
*angential force *
7 ma mr .
# #
r *
Innon uniformcircularmotiontheresul tantforce7 7 7 . +
J. Fhen a stone attache+ to a string is 6hirle+ in a hori/ontal circle 6ith constant
spee+ v tension in the string
#
#
m
* mR .
R
,ince
# #
# n* mR' n .
If * is the maximum tension that the string can 6ithstan+ then
#
*
n .
mR'
Fhen a bo+y on a rotating platform is Bust about to fly off
#
g
mg mR .
R
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %#
M A++: Motion of a 8od5 in a 3ertical circle:
Dase I= If a bo+y of m is tie+ to a string of length 1 an+ rotate+ in a vertical circle
6ith uniform spee+ ( )
v. v g1 . >
1". *ension in the string 6hen it ma8es an angle 6ith vertical is given by
#
m
* mgcos .
l
a- *ension at the highest point @ = 1J"
"
-
( )
#
#
min h
m
* mg ml mg * .
l
b- *ension 6hen the string is in hori/ontal position ( )
"
?"
#
#
m
* ml
l
c- *ension at the lo6est point ( )
"
" .
( )
#
#
) max
m
* mg ml mg * .
l
+ +
+- Aifferent bet6een maximum an+ minimum tensions.
max min
* * #mg.
e-
#
max
min
n 1 *
If nthen .
* n 1 1g
+
f- *ime perio+ ( )
# l l
* # Ifv g1 .
g
+
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %%
c-
#
max
#
min
u 1gl *
.
* u gl
+
+-
#
max
#
min
* u 1n 1
If nthen .
* 1 n
/ase 0+++:
1#. If the bo+y is revolving 6ith critical spee+
a- (inimum or critical spee+ of the bo+y 6hen the string ma8es an angle
6ith
vertical is given by
( ) gr % #cos . +
At the lo6est position ( )
"
1
1gr " Q
At the hori/ontal position ( )
"
1
%gr ?" Q
At the highest point ( )
"
%
gr 1J" Q
1 # %
1 # %
v = v = v 1 = %= 1
I0 = I0 = I0 1 = %= 1.
-.
At the lo6est position ( )
"
1 max
* 2mg * " . Q
Fhen the string is in hori/ontal position ( )
"
# max
* %mg * ?" . Q
At the highest position ( )
"
% min
* " * 1J" . Q
max min
* * 2mg.
c- *otal energy at the highest position.
; ; ;
mgr 1
0 I0 P0 #mgr mgr.
# #
+ +
*otal energy at the lo6est position
) ) )
1 1
0 I0 P0 mgr " mgr.
# #
+ +
) ; ; ) ; )
I0 I0 I0 #mgr$ 0 0 0 "$ P0 P0 P0 #mgr.
/ase 0+.:
1%. ,imple pen+ulum is given a hori/ontal velocity u at the lo6est position @mean
Position- then
a-
Ifu #gr <
the bo+y oscillates about A.
b-
If #gr u 1gr < <
the bo+y leaves the 6ithout completing the circle.
c-
Ifu 1gr
the bo+y completes the circle.
+- ;eight at 6hich velocity u = ". is h = u
#
&#g.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %'
e- ;eight at 6hich tension
#
u rg
* "ish .
%g
+
6ith vertical is
#
* mu &r mg@# %cos -.
1'. ,afe spee+ of a car going on a convex bri+ge to travel in contact 6ith the bri+ge
is
v gr.
11. A ball of mass NmG is allo6e+ to sli+e +o6n from rest from the top of a incline of
height NhG. 7or the ball to loop in a loop of ra+ius NrG
a- (inimum height of incline h = 1r&#.
b- NhG is in+epen+ent of mass of the ball.
12. A ball of mass N(G is suspen+e+ vertically by a string of length NlG. A bullet of mass
NmG is fire+ hori/ontally 6ith a velocity NuG on to the ball stic8s to it. 7or the
system to complete the vertical circle the minimum value of NuG is given by
( m
u 1gl.
m
+
then
a- Eelocity at the lo6est position ( ) #gl 1 cos .
b- *ension at the lo6est position
* mg % #cos . 1
]
1J. A bo+y is place+ on the top of a hemispherical bo6l an+ it is given a hori/ontal
velocity v then
a- *hrust on the bo6l 6hen the ra+ius vector turns through an angle
( )
#
m
3 mg # %cos
r
+
*he bo+y looser contact at
#
#
Dos .
%rg %
_
+
,
b- If v = " then 3 = mg L# 4 % cos
M.
*he bo+y looser contact at ( )
1
Dos #&% or h #r&%.
1?. 0quation of motion=
#
# 1 1
# # 1 #
# 1
1
a-6 6 t c- 6 t t
#
6 6
b-6 6 # +- t
#
+ +
+
1
1
]
Also 6 = #
n @if n is r.p.s-
F= #
#1. For8 +one 6 =
x .
##. Po6er P =
x6.
#%. I0 = K I6
#
.
#'. For8 +one ( )
# #
# 1
1
6 I 6 6 .
#
#1. If a bo+y of mass m is revolving in a circular path of ra+ius r 6ith a velocity v
then angular momentum of the bo+y about origin is
) = mvr = mr
#
6 = I6 6here I = mr
#
#2. A bo+y of mass m is moving 6ith a velocity v along a straight line p represente+
by ax + by + c = " then the angular momentum of the bo+y about origin
# #
c
) m .
a b
+
#>. Angular momentum of a proBectile about point of proBection 6hen it is at its
highest point.
# #
u sin
) mucos ; mucos .
#g
#J.
#
)
I0
#I
%1. 7or a uniform circular +isc.
( )
#
# '
#
m
I (R +R t t thic8ness
+t
i.e. I R if mis same.
1
I R if + is same.
%#. 7or a sphere
1&%
# 1
#&%
m
I (R +R t
A .
#
i.e. I R if mis same.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %2
1
I R if + is same.
%%. Rolling of a bo+y 6ithout slipping on a hori/ontal surface.
a- *he bo+y possesses both transnational an+ rotational 8inetic energy.
b- *otal energy of the bo+y
( ) ( )
# # # # # # #
*
1 1 1
0 mv I .0 mv 1 I &r .0 I 1 I &r .
# # #
+ + +
*
I
*ransalational I0 of the bo+y.
c- 7raction of energy associate+ 6ith translation motion ( )
# #
1& 1 I &r . +
+- 7raction of energy associate+ 6ith rotational motion ( )
# #
R&0 1& 1 r &8 . +
%'. Rolling of a bo+y +o6n an incline 6ithout slipping.
a- Acceleration of the bo+y
( )
# #
gsin
a inclinationoftheplane.
1 I &r
+
b- Eelocity acquire+ by bo+y on reaching the bottom
# #
#gh
E .
1 8 &r
+
h . height of the incline.
c- *ime ta8en to reach the bottom
#
#
8
#h 1
r
t 1&sin .
g
_
+
,
%1. Fhen a bo+y rolls +o6n 6ithout sli+ing on an incline+ plane 6ith an inclination
+
# #
#g
1 8 &r
+
1. ,oli+ sphere #&1 r
#
1&> g sin
1"gh&>
#. Aisc K r
#
#&% g sin
'gh&%
%. ,oli+ cylin+er K r
#
#&% g sin
'gh&%
'. ;ollo6 sphere #&% r
#
%&1 g sin
2gh&1
1. Ring r
#
K g sin
gh
2. ;ollo6 cylin+er r
#
K g sin
gh
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %>
M(MENT (F +NERT+A (F &(ME REB',AR 7(6+E&
,.3o. <o+y Axis (oment of
Inertia
1. Dircular ring a- Passing through centre an+ normal to its plane
b- Any +iameter
c- Any tangent in its plane
(r
#
(r
#
&#
%(r#&#
#. Dircular
Aisc
a- Passing through centre an+ normal to its plane
b- Any +iameter
c- Any tangent in its plane
(r
#
&#
(r
#
&'
1(r
#
&'
%. ,oli+
Dylin+er
a- About its axis
b- About an axis through its DT an+ normal to length
(r
#
&#
(L1
#
&1#+ r
#
&'M
'. ;allo6
Dylin+er
About its axis (r
#
1. ,oli+ sphere a- Any +iameter
b- Any tangent
#&1 (r
#
>&1 (r
#
2. ;allo6
sphere
a- Any +iameter
b- Any tangent
#&% (r
#
1&% (r
#
>. *hin
uniform ro+
a- Passing through its centre an+ normal to length
b- Passing through one en+ an+ normal to its length
(1
#
&1#
(1
#
&%
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %J
1%. BRA.+TAT+(N
M 0 +: 9epler?s ,a4s:
1. If * is the time perio+ of plant an+ R is average +istance of the planet from ,un
*hen
( )
#
# # # %
'
* R or * R
T(
#. If v1 is the velocity of the planet 6hen its +istance from ,un is + an+ v
#
is the
velocity 6hen the +istance is +
#
then accor+ing to la6 of conservation of angular
momentum.
# #
1 1 # # 1 # #
+v + v + 6 + 6 .
M 0 ++: Ne4ton?s ,a4 of 1ra3itation:
%. Travitational force bet6een t6o bo+ies of manes m1 an+ m# separate+ by
+istance
+ is given by.
1 #
#
Tmm
7 .
+
'. Fhen t6o similar spheres each of ra+ius r are in contact then the gravitation
force bet6een then 7
'
r .
1. Travitational force acting on a bo+y of mass m place+ at a +istance x +istance x
from the centre @x Q R- is given by
%
T(m
7 x
R
+
b- Percentage change in 6eight of a bo+y or @! change in g value-.
( )
1 #
#
g g R
1"" 1 1""
g
R h
1
1
1 +
]
1
#h #h
c-Ifh R g g 1 Dhangeingvalue g g.
R R
1
<<<
1
]
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com %?
Percentage change in 6eight of a bo+y
#h
1""
R
M 0 .: .ariation of 1 4ith depth:
J. Acceleration +ue to gravity at a +epth + belo6 the surface of the earth is given
by
1
+
g g 1
R
_
,
+
Dhange in gvalue g g .
R
Percentage change in 6eight of a bo+y
+
1""
R
M 0 .+: .ariation of 1 4ith latit2de:
?. a- Acceleration +ue to gravity at a latitu+e
is given by
# #
g g R6 cos .
,o +ue to rotation of the earth the value of g at equator +ecreases by
R6
#
= "."%' ms
.#
. If earth stops rotating the value of g at equator
increase by R6
#
.
At poles
"
?" g g.
,o at poles rotation rotation of earth +oes not have any effect on g
value.
b- If the 6eight of a bo+y at equator becomes /ero then
#
g R
g R6 " 6 * #
R g
M 0 .++: (r8ital 3elocit5:
1". a- orbital velocity
( )
#
"
gR Tm
.
R h R h
+ +
h
+
1%. For8 +one in shifting a satellite from orbit of r
1
to another orbit of ra+ius r
#
is
given by
# 1
1 #
T(m 1 1
6 0 0
# r r
1
1
]
1'. For8 +one by lifting a bo+y to a height h @h is comparable to R" = change in P0-
h T(m h
6 mgR
R h R R h
1 1
1 1
+ +
] ]
11. If a bo+y is proBecte+ 6ith a velocity v from the surface of the earth then the
height raise+ by the bo+y can be foun+ by
#
e e
1 h
m mgR . v comparable to v . If v v $ h
# r h
_
+
,
If v O v
e
then velocity at infinity can be foun+ using la6 of conservation of
energy i.e.
# #
1 #
1 T(m 1
m m .
# R #
_
+
,
v
1
= Eelocity of proBection.
v
#
= Eelocity at infinity.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com '1
11. &.).M
M 0 +: 6isplacement# .elocit5 and Acceleration:
1. Aisplacement after t sec y = r sin
( ) 6t . t
If particle starts from mean
position the
"$ y rsin6t.
If particle starts from extreme position
?"$y rcos6t.
#. Eelocity after t secon+s
E r 6 cos 6t.
Eelocity 6hen the +isplacement is
# #
y 6 r y .
At mean position v = r6 @maximum-
At extreme position v = " @minimum-
%. Acceleration a = .r6
#
sin 6t
i.e. a = . 6
#
y.
at 0.P a = r6
#
@maximum-.
At (.P a = " @minimum-.
'. 7orce 7 = ma = mr6
#
sin 6t.
= m6
#
y
at (.P = 7= " at 0.P 7 = mr6
#
1. *ime perio+
y #
* # .
6 a
2. 7requency
1
#
1 6 a
n .
* # y
( )
( )
>. In y r sin 6t
6t is calle+ phase
is calle+ phase constant.
t
t
+
?. P0= K m6
#
y
#
At (P P0 = " @minimum-
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com '#
Average P0 = U m6
#
r
#
At 0P P0 = K m6
#
r
#
@minimum-.
1". *otal energy 0 = K m6
#
r
#
# #
# # # # #
max max #
1 #m r
I0 P0 0 m6 r #m n r .
# *
M 0 +++: Time period of a simple pend2l2m:
11. *ime perio+ of a simple pen+ulum
l
* # .
g
1
* l *
g
1 # # #
1 1 1 #
g * l *
* l * g
1#. 7or a simple pen+ulum in a lift moving up 6ith an acceleration or coming +o6n
Fith a +eceleration
l
* #
g a
+
1%. In a lift moving up 6ith +eceleration or coming +o6n Fith a acceleration time
perio+ of simple pen+ulum
l
* #
g a
Its length is
#
g
l .
A secon+s pen+ulum is ta8en from one place to another place then the Dhange in
the length of the secon+sG pen+ulum
# 1
#
g g
l .
+
+
1?. *6o simple pen+ulum of time perio+ *1 an+ *# start vibrating from the mean
position in same phase. *he phase +ifference bet6een them after t sec. is given
by
t
# 1
# 1 # 1
# # 1 1
6 t 6 t # t .
* * * *
_ 1
1
, ]
*hey 6ill be in same phase after a time
1 #
1 #
**
t .
* *
+
#'. Fhen t6o spring of force constants 8
1
an+ 8
#
are connecte+ in parallel. *he
effective spring constant is I = 8
1
+ 8
#
.
#1. *
1
an+ *
#
are the time perio+s of t6o springs un+er same loa+.
If the springs are connecte+ in series an+ the same loa+ is attache+.
*ime perio+
# #
1 #
* * * . +
If the springs are in parallel *ime perio+
1 #
# #
1 #
**
* .
* *
+
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com '1
12. E,A&T+/+T*
Re storing 7orce 7
1. ,tress .
Area A
#. a- )ongitu+inal strain
l
l
c- Eolume strain
.
Applie+ force$ A
Sriginal length$ e
0longation
R
Fhen t6o 6ires are connecte+ in series an+ same force is applie+ then
a- ,tress is same in both 6ires
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com '2
b- Ratio of the strains = :
#
&:
1
c- *otal elongation e = e
1
+ e
#
Fhen t6o 6ires are connecte+ in parallel an+ same force is applie+ then
a- ,train is same in both the 6ires
b- Ratios of the stresses = :
1
&:
#
c- *otal force 7 = 7
1
+ 7
#
1. Fhen a rubber cor+ is suspen+e+ vertically from a support it elongates un+er its
o6n 6eight.
#
l +g
elangation e .
#:
2. <rea8ing stress
<rea8ing 7orce
Area
<rea8ing force
#
1 1 1
#
# # #
7 A r
7 A .
7 A r
(aximum possible elongation
<.,xl
.
:
,hearing strain
J. A tangential force 7 is applie+ on a cube of si+e a. if a is the lateral
+isplacement of the top face 6.r.t the bottom face
*hen ,hear stress
#
7
a
,hear strain
a 7
n
a a a
( )
( )
( )
? 1 %
i- ii- y #n 1
y 8 n
%8 #n
iii- y %8 1 # iv-
# n %8
+ +
+
1'. Percentage change in volume of a 6ire +ue to elongation
@!E- = @!1- +#@!r-
! change in volume = ! change in length + # @! change in ra+ius-
M 0 .: &train Ener15F
11. For8 +one ins stretching 6ire = strain energy store+ in the 6ire
= K x 7orce x elongation = K 7 x e
#
#
1 :Ae :Ae
6 ,.0 7
# l l
1 7l 7l
e
# AE lA
1
1
]
1
1
]
Q
Q
12. If t6o material of same material are stretche+ by same amount i.e. e is same
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 'J
( )
# '
#
' #
1 1 1 #
' #
# # # 1
1 # 1 1
# 1 # #
A r r m
6
l l m l
6 r 6 l
If mis same
6 r 6 l
6 m 6 m
if r is same if 1 is same.
6 m 6 m
1>. If t6o 6ires of same material are stretche+ by same force then
#
# '
l l l m
6
A r m r
1J. 0lastic strain energy = K stress x strain x volume
,train energy per unit volume = K stress x strain
( )
( )
#
#
stress :
strain .
#: #
1?. If l
1
an+ l
#
are the lengths of a 6ire un+er tensions *1 an+ *# the actual length
of the 6ire
1 # # 1
# 1
l * l *
.
* *
( )
# 1
6 * A A
#. a- 7orce in a++ition to 6eight require+ to lift a thin 6ire of length l from liqui+
surface is 7 = #l x * = #*l.
b- 7orce require+ to lift a thin8 circular plates of ra+ius R from liqui+ surface is
7 # Rx* # R*.
c- 7orce in a++ition to 6eight require+ to pull a circular ring from 6ater surface
is
( )
1 #
7 # * r r +
r
1
an+ r
#
are internal an+ external ra+ius.
If it is a thin ring then7 ' r* .
+- 7orce require+ to pull a thin8 rectangular plate of length 1 an+ brea+th b is
from liqui+ surface is ( ) 7 #1x* #bx* #* 1 b . + +
e- 7orce require+ to pull a thin8 rectangular frame from liqui+ surface is
( ) ( ) 7 # x #* 1 b '* 1 b . + +
f- 7orce require+ to pull a capillary tube from 6ater surface is 7 ' R*.
%. If a small +rop of 6ater is squee/e+ bet6een t6o plates the force require+ to
separate the plates
#*
7 A.
+
c- For8 one in splitting the +rop ( )
# 1&%
' R * n 1 .
+- If this process ta8es place un+er a+iabatic con+itions the temperature of V
the +rop +ecreases by
%* 1 1
t .
+s r R
1
1
]
?. Fhen n i+entical small +rops each of ra+ius r combine to from a big +rop of
ra+ius R then
a- R = n
1&%
r.
b- Aecrease in surface area ( ) ( )
# # # 1&%
n' r ' R ' R n 1 .
c- 0nergy release+ in this process ( )
# 1&%
' R * n 1 .
+- If this process ta8es place un+er a+iabatic con+itions then the temperature
of the +rop increases by
%* 1 1
t .
+s r R
1
1
]
( )
# 1&%
L' R * n 1 ms *M
e- If the energy converts into I0 then ( )
# 1&% #
' R * n 1 1&#mv .
2* 1 1
E .
+ r R
1
1
]
1". *6o +rops of ra+ii r
1
an+ r
#
combine in vacuum un+er isothermal con+itions. *hen
if r is the ra+ius of the +rop forme+
% % %
1 #
r r r . +
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 11
11. Fhen t6o bubbles of ra+ii r
1
an+ r
#
in vacuum combine un+er isothermal
con+itions the ra+ii of the bubbles forme+
# #
1 #
r r r . +
A film of 6ater is forme+ bet6een t6o straight parallel 6ires each of length
1. *he 6or8 +one in increasing the separation bet6een then by xm is 6 = #*lx.
M 0 +++: /apillar5 rise:
?. Fhen a capillary tube of ra+ius r is +ippe+ in a liqui+ of surface tension * an+
+ensity + then height of the liqui+ in the capillary tube is given by
#*cos
h
r+g
g "$ h
Note: in gravity free space the liqui+ rises to the full lengths of the capillary to be
but it 6ill not over flo6.
1 1 # # 1 1 # #
1 1
a-h b-h
r g
hr h r hg h g
1". Fhen a capillary tube is +ippe+ vertically the capillary rise is h. 6hen it is
incline+ by an angle to the vertical capillary rise =
h
cos
, ,
1J. A bubble of ra+ius r
1
is insi+e another bubble of ra+ius r
#
. *he ra+ius of a single
bubble 6hose excess pressure is equal to +ifference in pressure bet6een insi+e
of inner bubble an+ out si+e the outer bubbles is
1 # 1 #
1 1 1 '* '* '*
R r r R r r
1
+ +
1
]
1?. A long capillary tube of ra+ius r is fille+ 6ith 6ater an+ place+ vertically. *he
height of 6ater column remaining the capillary tube
'*
.
r+g
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
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M 0 +: .isco2s force:
1. Eiscous force
7 A Eelocity gra+ient.
x x
7orce require+ to +rag a plate place+ on an oil layer of thic8ness t 6ith a
velocity v is given by
7 A
t
Area of the plate.
M 0 ++: Poise2ille?s e;2ation:
2. Eolume of liqui+ flo6ing through a capillary tube in unit time is given by
( )
'
' '
1 1 1 # #
'
# # # 1 1
h+g r
Pr E h r l
E .
J l J l E h r l
_ _ _ _
, , , ,
P Pressure +ifference across the tube. P = h+g.
r
Ra+ius of the capillary$ 1
are same-.
Also
'
P J l
E 6here R
R r
,
If the t6o tubes are replace+ by a single tube of ra+ius r then
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 1'
1$. .+&/(&+T*
1 #
' '
1 # '
1 # # ' '
1 # '
l l l
r r r
1 1 1
if 1 1 1 then
r r r
+
+
'. Fhen t6o capillary tubes are connecte+ in parallel
1 #.
1 #
P P
E E E
+
'
1 1 #
'
# # 1
E r l
.
v r l
1
1
]
If the t6o tubes are replace+ by a single tube of ra+ius r
'
r
l
' '
1 #
1 #
r r
.
l l
1
1
]
@If r
1
= r
#
= r-
*hen
1 #
1 1 1
l l l
+
M 0 +++: &toCes form2las:
1. Fhen a spherical bo+y of ra+ius r is moving through a flui+ 6ith a velocity E
then the viscous force acting on bo+y is given by
7 2 rv.
1&% 1&%
7 r E m
After some time the bo+y attains constant velocity calle+ terminal
velocity in this case.
( )
*
# #&%
*
mg 2 rv if buoyancy is neglecte+
m
E r E .
r
If n i+entical +rops moving 6ith terminal velocity v. Dombine to form a signal +mp
then terminal velocity of the big +rop E = n
#&%
v
M 0 +.: /ontin2it5 e;2ation:
2.
#
1 1 # # 1 1 # #
1
E a v a v r v r v .
A
Eolume of liqui+ flo6ing through a tube in unit time @or- volume flux q = av.
M 0 .: 72o5ant force:
>. If a bo+y of volume E +ensity +
s
is immerse+ in a liqui+ of +ensity +
1
then
a- <uoyant force acting on the bo+y E
1
+
1
g 6here E
1
is the volume of the bo+y
insi+e the liqui+.
b- If the bo+y is floating then E
1
+
1
g = mg.
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 11
1 1 s 1 1 s
E+g E+ E+ E+ .
c- Apparent 6eight of the bo+y 6
1
= mg 4 7
b
.
( )
( )
1
s 1
s 1 1 s 1
1 s
i-If+ + $ 6 ".
ii-If+ + $6 vg + +
mg 1 + &+ .
>
3ote= Fith increase in temperature t
b
+ecreases hence 6
1
increases.
M 0 +.: 7erno2lli?s theorem:
J.
# #
1 1 # #
1 #
P E P E
gh gh
+ # + #
+ + + + @all are in ,I units-
#
P 3&m also P h+g.
If the liqui+ is flo6ing hori/ontally then
# #
1 1 # #
1
P E P E
+ # + #
+ +
Dhange in I0 per +ay unit mass
# #
# 1 1 #
E E P P
.
# +
?. If P
1
an+ P
#
are pressures at the top an+ bottom of the 6ings of the aero plane
then the +ynamic lift on the aero plane
( )
# 1
7 P P A$A Area of the 6ings.
+
# #
# 1
# 1
E E
P P
#
_
,
Fhere E
1
an+ E
#
are the velocities at the top an+ bottom of
the 6ings an+ + is +ensity.
M 0 .: Torricelli?s theorem:
1". A vessel fille+ 6ith a liqui+ up to a height ; has a small hole near the bottom. If
h is +epth of the hole then.
a- Eelocity of efflux from the orifice is v #gh
b- Eolume efflux H = aE
c- *ime ta8en by the 6ater to touch the base level t
( ) # ; h
t
g
+- ;ori/ontal range ( ) R # h ; h
e- R is maximum if h = ;&#
R
max
= ;
f- *ime ta8en for emptying the tan8
A #;
t h
a g
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
#
# 1
# 1
1 # 1
# 1
# 1
1 # 1
l 1
l r ra+ius of the ro+ .
m r
Aral expansion A A t.
A A
A A 1 t
A t t
Eolume expansion E E t.
E E 1 t
t t
+
! change in length
tx1""
! change in area
# tx1""
! change in Eolume
% tx1""
#. )oss or gain of a pen+ulum cloc8 +ue to a change in temperature per +ay is
( )
1
*# *1 J2'""sec.
#
%. If t6o ro+s of +ifferent material have equal lengths of 1 an+ at temperature *
1
as the temperature is increase+ to *
#
+ifferent in their final length is
( ) ( )
# 1 # 1
1 1 * * .
'. 7or an anisotropic substance if x y /
an+
are the coefficients of linear
expansion in three perpen+icular +irections then x y /
. + +
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
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1. Fhen a bimetallic strip is heate+ it ben+s. *hen the ra+ius of curvature of the
bimetallic strip
( ) ( )
# # 1
1
+
R .
* *
Fhere + is the thic8ness of each strip.
( )
# 1
* *
is change in temperature
1 #
are coefficients of linear expansion of the t6o metals.
2.
" " " "
1 1
in per 7 in per I in per 7 in per D.
? '
>. *hermal stress +evelope+ in a ro+ heate+ 6hen it is prevente+ from expansion
is calle+ thermal stress ( )
# 1
: * * .
7orce +evelope+ ( )
# 1
:A * * .
J. A 6ire is bent in the form of a ring 6ith a small gap of length
"
1 1
x at t D.
on
heating to
"
#
t D
if the gap increase to x
#
in length then the coefficient of linear
expansion of the 6ire material
( )
# 1
1 # 1
x x
x t t
?. If t6o ro+s of +ifferent materials have the +ifference bet6een their lengths at
all temperatures then
1 1 # # 1 # # 1
1 1 or 1 &1 &
# 1
1 #
1 # 1 #
x x
l an+ l
: :
1". *he change in moment of inertia of a bo+y +ue to rise in temperature
I #I t
11. (etal tapes=
a- (etal tape sho6s correct rea+ing only at a temperature at 6hich it is
constructe+.
b- A metal tape is gra+uate+ at
"
1
t D
an+ is use+ at
"
#
t D.
i-
# 1
If t t
+istance bet6een the +ivisions +ecreases then
a- Sbserve+ rea+ing ) is less than actual value
b- Dorrection to be applie+ ( )
# 1
D ) t t
c- Dorrect rea+ing ) D. +
ii- It t# Q t1 +istance bet6een the +ivisions +ecreases then
a- Sbserve+ rea+ing ) is greater than actual value
b-
D ) t
c- Dorrect rea+ing ) D.
1#. Eariation of +ensity 6ith temperature
( ) ( ) ( )
" t t "
+ + 1 or + + 1 t +
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1%. A mercury barometer has a metal scale 6hich is calibrate+ at "
"
D the pressure
as rea+ by it at t
"
D is ;
t
. *hen the pressure at "
"
D 6ill be given by
" R
; ;t 1 @ -t 1
]
R
m
1
is nearly equal to m
#
an+ hence it can be 6ritten
( )
1 #
R
# # 1
m m
.
m t t
%. If +
1
an+ +
#
are the +ensities at temperature t
1
an+ t
#
( )
( )
( )
1 # R # 1
" t R
"
t
1 #
R
1 # # 1
+ + 1 * *
+ + 1
+
+
1 t
+ +
+t + t
1 +
]
+
'. *he unoccupie+ volume in a container remains same if the volume expansion of
the container an+ that of liqui+ are same. *he con+ition for this is 1 1 s s
E E .
1. *he temperature at 6hich the +ensity of liqui+ is x! less than at
( )
"
R
x
" D is .
1"" x
2. If a liqui+ column of height h
1
at temperature t
1
balances another liqui+ column
of height h# at temperature t#.
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( )
# 1
a
1 # 1
h h
.
h t t
+
# 1
1 # # 1
E E
Et E t
+
# 1
1 # # 1
P P
Pt P t
@ at constant valume-.
%. ( )
"
1&#>% ".""%22& c. for any gas
M 0 ++: 7o5le?s la4:
'. A* constant temperature ( )
1 1 # #
1
P . or PE D PE PE
E
1. *6o vessels of volume E1 an+ E# fille+ 6ith a gas at pressure P1 an+ P# are
connecte+ the common pressure
( )
1 1 # #
1 #
PE PE
P .
E E
+
+
2. If the pressure of the gas is increase+ by x! then the ! +ecrease in volume at
constant temperature is
1""x
.
1"" x +
>. If 1
1
an+ 1
#
are the length of the air column 6ith open en+ up6ar+s an+
+o6n6ar+s respectively then ( ) ( )
# 1
1 #
# 1
l l
; h 1 ; h 1 . ; h
l l
_ +
+
,
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;
atm. Pressure.
h
@if E is constant-.
1 #
1 1 # #
P P
+* + *
If * is constant
1 #
1 #
P P
.
+ +
If P is constant
1 1 # #
+* + * .
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1%. ! change in * = ! change P + ! change in E.
1'. Fhen n
1
moles of a non reacting gas in the state @P
1
E
1
*
1
- is mixe+ 6ith n
#
moles
of gas in state @P
#
E
#
*
#
- if the resultant mixture is in the state @P E *-.
1 1 # #
1 #
PE PE PE
.
* * *
+
11. If t6o +ifferent gases of same mass occupy same volume at same pressure then
(
1
&*
1
= (
#
&*
#
@(1 (# are molecular 6eights-
1D. T)ERM(6*NAM+/&
M 0 +: Ho2le?s la4:
1. *he 6or8 +one on a system @6- is +irectly proportional to heat pro+uce+ in the
system.
6 H or 6 WH$ W '.# B&cal W 1 in ,I system
#. A bo+y of mass falls from height h an+ if it is potential energy converts into
heat then
( )
gh
mgh ms t t ,. shoul+ be in ,.I units
s
If x ! of energy is converte+ into heat then
x
mgh ms t.
1""
_
,
%. An ice bloc8 of mass ( falls from a height h an+ if its energy converts into heat
then
(gh
(gh m) m
)
) ,I Cnits.
m mass of the ice melte+
1. If a bo+y of mass m is +ragge+ on a rough surface through a +istance x then
7lat 3o.%"1 Ru88us 9 :ellus Arca+e 7ever ;ospital Roa+ <ar8athpura ;y+."""21.
Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 2#
gx
mg ms t t
,
If it is an ice bloc8 then
1
mgx m ).
(ass of the ice melte+
1
mgx
m .
)
p p v v
D (c $ D (c .
J. p v p v
D D R c c R&(.
?. *he follo6ing table sho6 the values of p v
D 9D .
T5pe of the 1as
v
D
p
D
(onoatomic
%
R
#
1
R
#
1
1.2>
%
Aiatomic
1
R
#
>
R
#
>
1.'
1
Polyatomic
@*ri.higher-
2
R
#
J
R
#
'
1.%%
%
M 0 +.: /onstant 3ol2me process: =+sochoric@
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b-
1 #
1 #
P P
* *
c- +6 = ".
+- +H = +C = n D
v
+*.
M 0 .: /onstant press2re process: =+so8aric@
1". a-
1 #
1 #
E E
* *
b- +u = nDv +*.
c- +6 = ( )
# 1
P E E
+- +H = nDp +*.
11. *he fraction of heart energy supplie+ 6hich is store+ as internal energy
+u 1
.
+H
1#. *he fraction of heat energy supplie+ 6hich is use+ in +oing external 6or8
+6 1
1 .
+H
+-
( ) ( ) Dp Dv R$ Dp&Dv r$ Dv R& 1 $ Dp R 1
e- ,lope of isothermal curve = .P&E.
f- Isothermal bul8 mo+ules = .P.
M 0 .++: Adia8atic process:
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Ph= "'" 4 2'2"221> ?%?1%#221>. 666.asifiitphysics.vriti.com 2'
( )
1 1 # #
1 1 1
1 1 # #
1 1 1
1 1 # #
p v
1 #
1 1 # #
1'. a- PE constant PE PE
b-*E Donstant *E *E
c-* P Donstant * P * P
+-+H " D D "
nR * *
PE PE
e-+6 +C .
1 1
f-A+iabatic bul8 mo+ulus P.
,lope of a+iabatic curve P&E.
@If * is same-
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