Caroline Chen Period 6 Chapter #30: The War to End War Big Picture Themes 1.

. President Wilson outlined the wars objectives with his Fourteen Points. They set the goals of free seas, self-determination after the war, and establishing a body to prevent future wars. 2. A military draft was instituted, the first since the Civil War. 3. Women went to work more than theyd ever done and black soldiers were drafted into the military into segregated units. 4. The Americans focussed their military effort in protecting Paris from the Germans. 5. At the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson agreed to allow England and France to punish Germany for the war. In return, they agreed to start Wilsons League of Nations. 6. However, the US Senate rejected the Treaty/League. They didnt wish to turn over Americas decision-making to a foreign body like the League of Nations. Chapter #30 Identifications George Creel George Creel was the head of the committee for the Public Information 1917, a propaganda agency that advocated what the government saw. Bernard Baruch Bernard Baruch was the head of war industries board and he attempted to mitigate confusion within the economy and insinuated his ideals on production for the U.S. war. Henry Cabot Lodge Henry Cabot Lodge was the Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and he did not support the joining of the League of Nations. James M. Cox James M. Cox was the Democratic candidate of the 1920 presidential election. He lost to Harding. Self-Determination Self-Determination was the idea that the people should have the right to select their administration. Collective security Collective Security is an exchange between states, saying that one state will look after the other, and vice versa. Normalcy Normalcy was a return to American ways, without Wilsonian compassion and empathy

Caroline Chen Period 6 Zimmerman Note The Zimmerman Note was a telegraph message sent from Germany to Mexico, urging Mexico to attack America in an alliance with Germany. It was intercepted by Americans and indirectly involved the US into WWI. Fourteen Points The Fourteen Points were fourteen points made by President Wilson outlining his goals in war and ensuring that there would be longer peace (no war). League of Nations The League of Nations is an international organization that promotes peace between countries of the world. Committee on Public Information The Committee on Public Information was a propaganda group that rallied the Americans against the Germans. They spurred American patriotism and motivated America in the war by portraying Germans in a bad light. Espionage and Sedition Acts The Espionage and Sedition Acts enforced cruel punishment to those who were in contradiction of the U.S. contributing in World War I. It served to maintain public order. Industrial Workers of the World Also called Wobblies, this anti-war group united American working class citizens and laborers, including foreign and unskilled workers. War Industries Board The War Industries Board sought help in economic affairs but failed. Nineteenth Amendment The Nineteenth Amendment was passed in 1920 and allowed women to vote in federal and state elections. Food Administration The Food Administration was headed by Herbert Hoover, who encouraged Americans to conserve food and supplies for the soldiers at war. Irreconcilables They were a group of senators, including Hiram Johnson and William Borrah, who strongly opposed the Wilsonian ideals in the Treaty of Versailles after WWI. They were also called the "Battalion of Death". Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was the treaty that ended WWI between the Allies and the Central Powers. It outlined the reparations that Germany had to pay for war damages and costs.

Caroline Chen Period 6 Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions War by Act of Germany Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann 1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war? President Wilson had to change his isolationism policy because central power Germany would revoke his slogan, "peace without victory". Germany commenced its unlimited submarine warfare. This meant that any ship, regardless of where it stems from, would be assimilated and taken down by Germany's u-boats. The majority of American citizens chose To take action on the war after Arthur Zimmermann, Germany's foreign secretary, attempted to form an alliance with Mexico through a telegram. Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned Know: Jeannette Rankin 2. Name Wilsons twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants? Wilson said he wanted "to make the world safe for Democracy" and "peace without victory". This sets America apart from other countries because other countries were fighting for money or land, while America just wanted to end the war. Wilsons Fourteen Potent Points Know: Fourteen Points 3. List several of Wilsons Fourteen Points. Most of Wilsons Fourteen Points were aimed directly to help the U.S. He advocated the disintegration of secret treaties, liberating the seas, abolishing economic borders for better trade, the supporting of self-determination to select own government, and the creation of a European Union. Creel Manipulates Minds Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There 4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort? Congress, in an attempt to prepare for war, mobilized the public and commenced the Committee on Public Information with George Creel as its leader. Creel started to send all forms of propaganda such as posters and pamphlets. Anti-Kaiser movies became popular as it showed hatred towards The Hun. Another way to get Americans motivated was through singing Over There which was a WWI song. Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood 5. How was loyalty forced during WWI? Loyalty was forced during WWI in different methods such as calling food by a different name; hamburgers were called liberty steaks and sauerkraut was called liberty cabbage. The Espionage Act and Sedition Act were used to control German-American issues. The socialist Eugene V. Debs faced conviction along with his associate William D. Haywood, because of his anti-war behavior.

Caroline Chen Period 6 The Nations Factories Go to War Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board 6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort? There were difficulties in mobilizing industry for the war effort because of capitalism and conflicting ideals. Americas resources were all over the place and therefore having a harder time to prepare for war. No one preferred the government controls but Wilson instructed Bernard Baruch to control the War Industries Board. It would be used to organize factories to cooperate with the current situation. Workers in Wartime Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies 7. How did the war affect the labor movement? The war limited the progress of labor movements and led to many violent incidents. For example, the 1919 strike and the 30,000 black strike breakers were sent. Workers were strongly discouraged from going on strike because many were sent to war and drafted. Suffering Until Suffrage Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Womens Bureau 8. How did the war affect women? Some women were against the war but those who were joined the NAWSA to support Wilsons cause. By taking part in the war effort, they are able to establish a voice for women that they deserved democracy and wanted women suffrage. Wilson agreed and made the war movement to include women suffrage. The 19th Amendment was ratified by several states and the Womens Bureau protected womens jobs after the war. Forging a War Economy Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds 9. Did government become too intrusive in peoples lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer. The government did not become too intrusive in peoples lives during the war. The Food Administration was handed to Herbert Hoover. He used applications such as Meatless Tuesdays to provide soldiers with more food. The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited alcohol and Liberty Bonds were voluntary and helped pay for two-thirds of the war. Making Plowboys into Doughboys 10. Was the governments effort to raise an army fair and effective? The governments effort to raise an army was not fair but was effective. It called for the drafting of all available men to go into war but it was a necessity that proved to be efficient. Wilson was not a particular fan of the war but he did not agree to the recruitment. Even though the drafting was not agreed unanimously, the overall patriotism of America would allow for it to be accepted socially. One major issue about the drafting was the untrained men did not gain much experience before battle.

Caroline Chen Period 6 Fighting in France--Belatedly 11. How were American troops used in Russia? Five thousand American soldiers were sent to Archangel to prevent Germans from taking Russian munitions. America Helps Hammer the Hun Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York 12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting. Marshal Foch became the supreme commander of the troops in America. The main goal was to protect France and they continually turned back Germany throughout the war. John J. Pershing was the first general who controlled American troops to set foot in Europe. He controlled the MeuseArgonne Offensive and was able to cut German railroad lines. Alvin York was well recognized for the killing and capturing of many Germans. The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany Know: Armistice 13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender? America had a lot of food, money, weapons, and men. They used these supplies to their advantage, intimidating the Germans, eventually causing Germany to surrender to the Allies. Wilson Steps Down from Olympus Know: Henry Cabot Lodge 14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice? There were many political mistakes that hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice. Many people were angered by his choice to go to Europe after the calling of the armistice. Republicans were furious by his seemingly flaunting attitude about American power. No Republicans came to Europe for the peace negotiation. In the end, Henry Cabot Lodge was sent but he was disliked by the others as well. The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations 15. How did Wilsons desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference? Vittorio Orlando, representative of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, David George, representative of Britain, and Wilson of America all met in Paris to start negotiating about the peace. They all had a common desire to give a punishment to Germany but they had many disagreements about other factors and could not create a common ground. No European nation advocated for Wilsons idea of the League of Nation but it was eventually established. Land was also split among these nations except for Italy and thus ending the peace conference. Hammering Out the Treaty Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables 16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference? Wilson fought with France over Rhineland and Saar Valley, settles a dispute between Italy and

Caroline Chen Period 6 Yugoslavia over a seaport, and fought with Japan over the Shangdong Province in China and the Pacific Islands. He broke self-determination by letting Japan have Shangdong for an indefinite period of time. The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War Know: Treaty of Versailles 17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points? Wilson compromised his fourteen points in order to create the League of Nations and sign the Treaty of Versailles. He gave in to European nations imperialism and was desperate enough to sell out his ideals in order to get what he wanted. Germans and some number of Americans were disappointed by this decision and a future war was at stake. The Domestic Parade of Prejudice 18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America? The Treaty of Versailles was criticized back in America because it established an alliance which was something that previous presidents did not advocate. This involved America with foreign affairs which would ultimately lead to future problems. Americans were also contemplating the severity of the punishment for Germany and where America stood after the war because of Britains gain in power. Wilsons Tour and Collapse (1919) 19. What was the purpose and result of Wilsons trip around the country when he returned to America? The purpose of Wilsons trip around the country when he returned to America was to spread the idea of League of Nations and obtain supporters for the treaty. Sadly, he faced opposition by the government but had the support of the people. Unfortunately, along his trip, Wilson became awfully exhausted and did not make much progress. This did not accomplish much but was an effort to get more supporters and spread awareness. Defeat Through Deadlock 20. Why was the treaty finally rejected? The treaty was finally rejected because the League of Nations did not benefit the U.S., therefore gaining many people to think of it as obsolete and useless. There was already a part of the Constitution that allowed for countries to ask for the aid of the United States. Wilson was not able to make any compromise with Lodge and their feud, along with traditionalism, isolationism, disillusionment, and partisanship, all put up with more disagreement. The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920 Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy 21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate? Wilson had planned to settle the Treaty of Versailles with a solemn referendum in the 1920 election. After Teddy Roosevelt died in 1919, all of his supporters went back to the Republican party, and Harding won easily. This showed that the American people were desperate to return to normalcy. The Betrayal of Great Expectations 22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles? Although the US didn't contribute much to the actual treaty, the real problem was that none of the

Caroline Chen Period 6 Allies were willing to give up their chance to humiliate Germany. But, the US is responsible for the League of Nations, which they backed out of. They also backed out of France's Security Treaty. Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist? Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism 23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations? Wilson's call was very realistic and very possible, but his circumstances would not allow that. He lacked external cooperation from other countries, and lacked support from his own people. So, Wilson's ideals would not become true.