(C) Yeo Yih Tang 2009. Mail: yeoyihtang@live.

com Chapter 1: Introduction to PhysicsPhysical quantities QUANTITIES that are measurable Base quantities PHYSICAL QUANTITIES that cannot be defined in terms of other physicalquantities but has its own definition Derived quantities PHYSICAL QUANTITIES that are derived from base quantities by multiplication ordivision or both Scientific notation/standard form POWERS of the base number 10 to show a very large or small number Prefixes GROUP OF LETTERS placed at the beginning of a word to modify its meaning,which act as multipliers Scalar quantity QUANTITY which has only magnitude or size(time, temperature, mass, volume, distance, density, power) Vector quantity QUANTITY which has both magnitude or size and direction(force, velocity, displacement, acceleration, momentum) Error DIFFERENCE between actual value of a quantity and the value obtained inmeasurement Systematic errors CUMULATIVE ERRORS that can be corrected, if the errors are known.(zero error, incorrect calibration of measuring instrument) Random errors ERRORS that arise from unknown and unpredictable variations in condition, andwill produce a different error every time. Random errors are caused by factorsthat are beyond the control of observers.(human limitations, lack of sensitivity, natural errors, wrong technique) Zero error ERROR that arises when the measuring instrument does not start from exactlyzero Parallax error ERROR in reading an instrument because the observer's eyes and the pointer arenot in a line perpendicular to the plane of scale Measurement PROCESS of determining value of a quantity using a scientific instrument with astandard scale Consistency ABILITY to register the same reading when a measurement is repeated(improve eliminates parallax error, greater care, not detective instrument) Accuracy DEGREE to which a measurement represents the actual value(improve repeat readings, avoid parallax/zero error, high accuracy instrument) Sensitivity ABILITY to detect quickly a small change in the value of a measurement(thermometer thin wall bulb, narrow capillary) Inferences EARLY CONCLUSION that you draw from an observation or event usinginformation that you already have on it Hypothesis GENERAL STATEMENT that is assumed to be true regarding the relationshipbetween the manipulated variable and responding variable (C) Yeo Yih Tang 2009. Mail: yeoyihtang@live.com Chapter 2: Forces and MotionDistance

how far a body travels during motion Displacement CHANGE IN POSITION of an object from its initial position in a specified direction Speed RATE OF CHANGE of distance Velocity RATE OF CHANGE of displacement Mass MEASURE of an object's inertiaAMOUNT of matter in the object Acceleration RATE OF CHANGE of velocity Inertia PROPERTY of matter that causes it to resist any change in its motion or state of rest Momentum PRODUCT of mass and velocity Force pulling or a pushing ACTION on an object Impulsive force LARGE FORCE which acts over a very short time intervalRATE OF CHANGE in momentum Gravity FORCE originated from centre of the Earth that pulls all objects towards the ground Free fall FALLING of an object without encountering any resistance from a height towardsthe earth with an acceleration due to gravity Forces inequilibrium An object is said to be in a state of equilibrium when forces act upon an object andit remains stationary or moves at a constant velocity Resultant force SINGLE FORCE which combines two or more forces which act on an object Work Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force. Energy CAPACITY of a system to do work Gravitational P E ENERGY STORED in the object because of its height above the earth surface Elastic P E ENERGY STORED in the object as a result of stretching or compressing it Kinetic energy ENERGY possessed by a moving object Power RATE at which work is done or energy is changed and transferred Efficiency ABILITY of an electrical appliance to transform energy from one form to anotherwithout producing useless energy or wastage Elasticity PROPERTY of an object that enables it to return to its original shape and dimensionsafter an applied force is removed Spring constant FORCE needed to extend a spring per unit length Elastic limit MAXIMUM STRETCHING FORCE which can be applied to an elastic material

before itceases to be elastic (C) Yeo Yih Tang 2009. Mail: yeoyihtang@live.com PRINCIPLEHooke's Law Hooke's law states that the force, F applied to a spring is directly proportional tothe spring's extension or compression, x , provided the elastic limit is not exceeded. Principle ofconservation ofenergy Principle of conservation of energy states that total energy in an isolated system isneither increased nor decreased by any transformation. Energy cannot be creatednor destroyed, but it can be transformed from one kind to another, and the totalamount stays the same. Principle ofconservation ofmomentum The principle of conservation of momentum states that, in any collision orinteraction between two or more objects in an isolated system, the totalmomentum of the system will remain constant; that is, the total initial momentumwill equal the total final momentum. Newton's firstlaw of motion Newton's first law of motion states that a body will either remain at rest orcontinue with constant velocity unless it is acted on by an external unbalancedforce. Newton'ssecond law ofmotion Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration a body experiences isdirectly proportional to the net force acting on it, and inversely proportional to itsmass. F =ma Newton's thirdlaw of motion Newton's third law of motion states that to every action there is an equal butopposite reaction. (C) Yeo Yih Tang 2009. Mail: yeoyihtang@live.com Chapter 3: Forces and PressurePressure FORCE acting normally on a unit surface area Gas pressure FORCE per unit area exerted by the gas particles as they collide with the walls of their container (due to the rate of change of momentum) Buoyant force NET FORCE acting upwards due to the difference between the forces acting onthe upper surface and the lower surface PRINCIPLELaw of Flotation Law of floatation states that the weight of an object floating on the surface of aliquid is equal to the weight of water displaced by the object.(weight of object = weight of water displaced) Pascal's Principle Pascal's principle states that a pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitteduniformly in all directions throughout the fluid. Archimedes'principle Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on a body immersed in a fluidis equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by that object(buoyant force = weight of water displaced) Bernoulli'sprinciple Bernoulli's principle states that the pressure of a moving fluid decreases as thespeed of the fluid increases, and the converse is also true.

scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd. scribd.