Computational Fluid Dynamics

Copyright 2013-2014

Dr. Avinash Chandra

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Introduction

A drawing from Windsor Collection Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Copyright 2013-2014

Dr. Avinash Chandra

2-Feb-14

Introduction

Dr. Avinash Chandra

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Introduction

Fluids are so common in our lives

Dr. Avinash Chandra 5 2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Introduction

Dr. Avinash Chandra

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Fluid flow ...

Fluid flows encountered in everyday life include
Meteorological phenomena (rain, wind, hurricanes, floods, fires) Environmental hazards (air pollution, transport of contaminants) Heating, ventilation and air conditioning of buildings, cars etc. Combustion in automobile engines and other propulsion systems Interaction of various objects with the surrounding air/water Complex flows in furnaces, heat exchangers, chemical reactors etc.
Copyright 2013-2014

Processes in human body (blood flow, breathing, drinking ...) and many more

Dr. Avinash Chandra

2-Feb-14

CFD is
Computational fluid dynamics is the science of predicting Fluid flow, Heat transfer, Mass transfer, Chemical reactions &
Copyright 2013-2014

Related phenomena by solving the mathematical equations which govern these processes using numerical procedures
Dr. Avinash Chandra 8 2-Feb-14

Why CFD ?
Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Tacoma, Washington (1940)
Total Cost: $6.4 million After 4 months only Nov. 7, 1940 High wind having speed: 35+ mph Bridge began to undulate violently Vibrations generated in due to the aerodynamic forces
Copyright 2013-2014

The main span of the bridge collapsed within 1 hr (approx.) Further designs were tested in a wind tunnel before being built, which became standard for all future designs
Dr. Avinash Chandra 9 2-Feb-14

Why CFD ?
Prototyping and scale up of physical models are time-consuming, physically limited and costly. CFD is fast, accurate and cost-effective. Fluid flow analysis is becoming increasingly important to the performance and manufacturing of a wide range of products It has the potential to substantially improve performance of every product that relies upon fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena CFD can be used for scale-up studies as well as in circumstances where it is difficult or even impossible to test through experimentation. It solve problems ranging from landing probes on Mars to maximizing the effectiveness of drug delivery systems.
Dr. Avinash Chandra 10 2-Feb-14
Copyright 2013-2014

Why CFD ?
It can be applied to almost any situation involving fluid motion CFD gives a deeper insight into designs CFD enables us to virtually look inside a design and see how it performs CFD is a tool for predicting what will happen under a given set of circumstances, it can quickly answer many 'what if?' questions It can predict how a design will perform, and allow testing of many variations until you arrive at an optimal result Foresight gained from CFD helps to design better and faster Retrofit improvements are built and installed with minimal downtime In total you save time and money while creating better products
Copyright 2013-2014

Dr. Avinash Chandra

11

2-Feb-14

How CFD ?

CAD Model

CFD Equivalent

Dr. Avinash Chandra

12

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Pressure, Temperature & Velocity Fields

Outcome of CFD !
The result of CFD analysis is relevant to engineering data and these data are used in:
Conceptual studies of new designs. Detailed product development. Troubleshooting. Re-design.

CFD analysis complements testing and experimentation Reduces the total effort required in the laboratory.
Copyright 2013-2014

Dr. Avinash Chandra

13

2-Feb-14

CFD Modeling Overview

Dr. Avinash Chandra

14

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

CFD Analysis: Basic Basic Steps

Problem identification and pre-processing
Define your modelling goals Identify the domain you will model Design and create the grid

Solver execution
Set up the numerical model Compute and monitor the solution

Post Processing
Examine the results Consider revision to the model
Dr. Avinash Chandra 15 2-Feb-14
Copyright 2013-2014

Defining Modeling Goals

What results are you looking for, and how will they be used? What are the available modelling options? Identify physical models need to be include in your analysis Simplify the model Make appropriate assumptions If required use UDF (User Defined Functions) What degree of accuracy is required? How quickly do you need the results?
Copyright 2013-2014

Dr. Avinash Chandra

16

2-Feb-14

Identify the Domain

Isolate a piece of the physical system Identify the begin and end point of computational domain Define boundary conditions Extend the domain to a point where reasonable data exists If possible, simplify or approximate the problem as a 2D or
Copyright 2013-2014

axisymmetric problem

Dr. Avinash Chandra

17

2-Feb-14

Design & Create the Grid

Identify the complexity of the geometry and flow Specify the degree of grid is required in each region of the domain Grid should be sufficiently fine to capture high gradients near the wall and in

complex geometry Use adaptation to improve resolution You should know the limitations of computer resources
Copyright 2013-2014

Dr. Avinash Chandra

18

2-Feb-14

SetSet -up the Numerical Model

Select appropriate physical models: Turbulence, Multiphase, Combustion, etc. Define material properties: Fluid / Solid / Mixture Prescribe operating conditions Prescribe boundary conditions at all boundary zones Provide an initial solution Setup solver controls
Copyright 2013-2014

Setup convergence monitors

Dr. Avinash Chandra

19

2-Feb-14

Solution Procedure Overview

Dr. Avinash Chandra

20

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Examine the Results

Examine the results to review solution and extract useful data Visualization tools can be used to get: Overall flow pattern Flow is separating or not Isotherm pattern Pressure profiles, etc. Numerical reporting tool can be used to calculate quantitative results: Forces and moments
Copyright 2013-2014

Average heat transfer coefficients Surface and volume integrated quantities Flux balance, etc.
Dr. Avinash Chandra 21 2-Feb-14

Consider Revision to the Model

Are physical model is appropriate? Is flow turbulent? Is flow steady? Are there compressibility effects? Are there 3D effects? Are boundary conditions correct? Is the computational domain large enough? Are boundary conditions appropriate? Are boundary values reasonable? Is grid adequate? Can grid adapted to improve results? Is the solution grid independent? Does boundary resolution need to be improved?

Dr. Avinash Chandra

22

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Case studystudy-1

Dr. Avinash Chandra

23

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Case studystudy-1
Governing equations are
Continuity

U x U y + =0 x y

LU Re =

X- momentum

DU x p 1 xx yx = + + Dt x Re x y DU y p 1 yx yy = + + Dt y Re x y

Pe = Re.Pr
cp
Copyright 2013-2014

Y- momentum

Pr =

Energy
Dr. Avinash Chandra

D 1 2 2 = 2+ Dt Pe x y 2
24 2-Feb-14

Case studystudy-1

Computational domain and numerical grid

Copyright 2013-2014

Dr. Avinash Chandra

25

2-Feb-14

Case studystudy-1

Dr. Avinash Chandra

26

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Case studystudy-1

Dr. Avinash Chandra

27

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Case studystudy-1

Dr. Avinash Chandra

28

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Case studystudy-1

Dr. Avinash Chandra

29

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Case studystudy-1

Dr. Avinash Chandra

30

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Case studystudy-2

Steady/ Transient Flow and heat transfer characteristics from a semi-circular cylinder to Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids

Copyright 2013-2014

Case studystudy-2
Problem statement

Dr. Avinash Chandra

32

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Case studystudy-2
Simplifying assumptions
2-D, laminar flow Incompressible flow Constant thermo-physical properties of the fluids (Density, viscosity, power-law index, etc.)

Dr. Avinash Chandra

33

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Case studystudy-2
Continuity equation:

U x U y + =0 x y

x-Momentum equation:

DU x p 1 2 = + Ux Dt x Re
DU x p 1 2 = + Uy Dt y Re
D 1 = 2 Dt Re Pr
Copyright 2013-2014

y-Momentum equation:

Thermal energy equation:

Re =

2 n U

C p m U n 1 Pr = k D
34 2-Feb-14

Dr. Avinash Chandra

Case studystudy-2
PowerPower -law Model

ij = 2 ij
= m (2 I 2 )
( n 1) / 2

1 = ( jU i + iU j ) ij 2

= ij ji I2
i j

ij

Rate of deformation tensor

Second invariant of rate of strain I2

tensor

Dr. Avinash Chandra

35

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Case studystudy-2
The physically realistic Boundary Conditions (non-dimensional) for this flow may be written as follows: At the inlet boundary:

U x = 1; U y = 0;

=0

At cylinder surface:

U x = 0; U y = 0; = 1

At the exit boundary:

where

+ Uc =0 t x
Uc = 1 = U x , U y and
Copyright 2013-2014

Dr. Avinash Chandra

36

2-Feb-14

Case studystudy-2
Critical Reynolds number At the onset of vortex formation

Chandra & Chhabra, Chhabra, Appl. Math. Model. 35 (2011) 57665766-5785

Dr. Avinash Chandra 37 2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Case studystudy-2
Critical Reynolds number
At the onset of vortex shedding

Rec = 26.58 + 32.39 n + 10.46 n2 69.53 n3 + 51.99 n4 12.02 n5

Average error = 0.7%; Maximum error = 0.3%
Dr. Avinash Chandra 38 2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Chandra & Chhabra, Chhabra, Appl. Math. Model. 35 (2011) 57665766-5785

Case studystudy-2
Streamline profiles

Steady Flow

Chandra & Chhabra, Chhabra, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 54 (2011) 2734 2734-2750
Dr. Avinash Chandra 39 2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Case studystudy-2
Streamline profiles
Unsteady Flow

Chandra & Chhabra, Chhabra, Numer. Numer. Heat Transfer A, 63 (2013) 489 489-510
Dr. Avinash Chandra 40 2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Case studystudy-2
Isotherm profiles
Steady Flow

Chandra & Chhabra, Chhabra, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 54 (2011) 2734 2734-2750
Dr. Avinash Chandra 41 2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Case studystudy-2
Isotherm profiles
Unsteady Flow

Chandra & Chhabra, Chhabra, Numer. Numer. Heat Transfer A, 63 (2013) 489 489-510
Dr. Avinash Chandra 42 2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Summary
Calculate until you get a converged solution Try to obtain higher order solution Refine grid and recalculate until grid-independent solution is obtained All solvers provide tools for judging and improving convergence and ensuring stability All solvers provide tools for checking and improving accuracy Solution accuracy will depend on the appropriateness of the physical models that you choose and the boundary conditions that you specify
Copyright 2013-2014

Dr. Avinash Chandra

43

2-Feb-14

Acknowledgements

Organizers of the workshop Department of Chemical Engineering My colleagues All the participants

Dr. Avinash Chandra

44

2-Feb-14

Copyright 2013-2014

Thank You for Your Kind Attention

Copyright 2013-2014

Dr. Avinash Chandra

45

2-Feb-14