You are on page 1of 16

Lucrarea nr. I.

Work no. I.5

PUTEREA CALORIC A COMBUSTIBILILOR GAZOI

HEATING VALUE OF GASEOUS FUELS

1. Principiul lucrrii
Puterea caloric (numit i cldur

1. The principle of the work


The heating value of a gaseous fuel is

de ardere) a unui combustibil gazos the heat released during the complete reprezint cldura degajat prin arderea combustion of one cubic meter of fuel in complet a unui metru cub de combustibil isobaric fiind aduse la o temperatur de 20 5C . Dac apa din produsele de ardere se condenseaz determinarea aceasta n puterii aparatul calorice conditions, the combustion n condiii izobare, produsele de ardere products being brought to the temperature of 20 5C . If the water from the combustion pro-

pentru ducts condenses inside the apparatus for the prin determination of the heating value in this de way the heat of condensation is extracted

extrgndu-se

cldura

condensare - se ob ine puterea caloric the higher heating value can be determined, superioar, iar dac apa se evacueaz sub and if the water is evacuated in form of form de vapori aa cum este cazul vapour as it happens in the majority of the celor mai multe instalaii industriale i thermal plants and machines results the maini termice se ob ine puterea lower heating value. caloric inferioar. The method used to determine the Metoda de determinare a puterii heating value of gaseous fuels consists in calorice a combustibililor gazo i const n the complete combustion of a known arderea cunoscute complet de gaz a unei cantiti amount of combustible gas and the transfer, i without losses, of the heat released during The increase in the water combustibil

transmiterea, fr pierderi, a cldurii the combustion process to an amount of degajate n procesul de ardere, ctre o water.

cantitate de ap. Se determin creterea de temperature and the mass of the water are temperatur a apei i masa de ap , cldura determined, the mass specific heat of water specific masic a apei fiind cunoscut. being known.

2. Schema instala iei experimentale 2. Scheme of experimental installation i modul de lucru


Schema instalaiei utilizate se va

and test procedure


The schematic of the experimental

urmri n figura 1. Gazul natural prelevat installation can be seen on Fig. 1. The de la reea, al crui debit poate fi reglat cu natural gas from the feed circuit, whose ajutorul robinetului 1, este adus printr-un flow rate can be adjusted by aid of tap 1, is tub de cauciuc la regulatorul de presiune brought through a rubber tube to the 5, apoi la contorul de gaz 2, etalonat n pressure regulator 5, and then to the gas litri. La ieirea din contor, gazul - a crui meter 2, which is graduated in liters. At the temperatur i presiune sunt indicate de exit from the gas-meter, the gas - whose termometrul 3 i respectiv de manometrul temperature and pressure are indicated by cu tub U cu ap, 4, ambele montate la thermometer 3 and U - tube manometer partea superioar a contorului este with water 4, respectively, both fixed at the condus la arztorul 6 prevzut cu un top of the gas-meter is directed to burner robinet 7 pentru reglarea cantitii de gaz 6 equipped with tap 7, for the adjustment of si cu o rondel 8, pentru reglarea cantitii the amount of gas and with a roundel 8, for de aer necesar arderii. Arztorul se the adjustment of the amount of air needed fixeaz cu un urub de prindere 9 pe tija for combustion. The burner is fixed with 10, prin intermediul bucei 11, astfel nct screw 9 on rod 10 using a bush 11, so that flacra s se afle n interiorul i coaxial cu the flame will be inside the calorimeter and tubul cilindric interior al calorimetrului coaxially with the inner cylindrical tube of 12. the calorimeter 12.

Fig. 1. Schema instalaiei pentru determinarea puterii calorice a combustibililor gazoi Gazele de ardere sunt evacuate din

Fig. 1. The schematic of the installation for the determination of the heating value of gaseous fuels The combustion products are removed

calorimetru prin racordul 13, prevzut cu from the calorimeter through connection 13, un termometru 14 i cu o clapet de reglaj equipped with thermometer 14 and with an 15. Condensul care se prelinge pe adjustment valve 15. The condensate that suprafeele metalice ale calorimetrului drops on the metallic surfaces of the este evacuat prin tubul 16 i captat n calorimeter is evacuated through tube 16 cilindrul gradat 17. Apa de rcire, al crei and caught in the graduated cylinder 17. debit poate fi reglat cu ajutorul robinetului The cooling water, whose flow rate can be 18, intr n calorimetru prin intermediul adjusted by aid of tap 18, enters the vasului de preaplin 19. Temperatura apei calorimeter through the overflow vessel 19. la intrare n calorimetru i ieire din acesta The temperature of water at the entrance in este indicat de termometre digitale cu the calorimeter and at its exit is indicated by sondele de temperatur 20 i respectiv 21. digital thermometers with temperature

Apa evacuat din calorimetru poate fi probes 20 and 21, respectively. The water dirijat cu ajutorul robinetului cu trei ci removed from the calorimeter can be 22 spre canal, sau n vasul gradat 23, directed by aid of a three-way tap 22 to the atunci cnd, n timpul experienei, se drain, or collected in a graduated vessel 23, msoar cantitatea apei de rcire. seciune prin calorimetrul instalaiei, unde only when, during the experiment, the On Fig. 2a is shown a section through n figura 2a este prezentat o amount of cooling water must be measured. se poate urmri drumul gazelor de ardere the calorimeter of the installation; it can be i al apei de rcire, precum i poziia de seen the passage of the combustion montaj a arztorului. funcionare a debitmetrului. Cantitatea de products, cooling water and the fixing On Fig. 2b is shown the working schen figura 2b se prezint schema de position of the burner. gaz care debueaz prin tubul (1) al crui matic of the gas-meter. The amount of gas cap t este situat deasupra nivelului apei that comes out through tube (1), whose end din contor, rotete paletele (2) n sensul is placed above the water level in the gasindicat de sgeat i odat cu aceasta acul meter, rotates blades (2) in the direction indicator prin pe cadranul (3), iar etalonat nivelul ei al indicated by the arrow and together with se the gas-meter. The water is introduced in level is checked from outside on the level de funcionare a pointer (4). The operation schematic of the contorului. Apa se introduce n debitmetru them, the indicator on the graduated dial of plnia controleaz din exterior, la indicatorul de the gas-meter through funnel (3) and its nivel (4). Schema regulatorului de presiune este redat pe

figura 2c. Amortizarea oscilaiilor de pressure regulator is shown on Fig. 2c. The presiune (deci de debit) ale gazului damping of the pressure oscillations (and natural se realizeaz a prin variaia therefore of the flow rate) of the natural gas de sub is obtained through the corresponding corespunztoare spaiului

clopotul (1). Cnd presiunea gazului este modification of the space inside the mobile n cretere, clopotul se ridic, gazul se bell-shaped cover (1). When the pressure of destinde, iar presiunea acestuia se reduce. gas is about to increase, the bell rises, the gas expands and its pressure decreases.

b.

a. Fig. 2. Componentele instalaiei:


a calorimetrul; b - contorul de gaz; c - regulatorul de presiune

c. Fig. 2. Components of the installation:


a - calorimeter; b - gas-meter; c - pressure regulator

Cu ajutorul greutilor adiionale (2)

With help of some additional weights

introduse pe tija (3), solidar cu clopotul (2) introduced on rod (3), fixed on bell (1), (1) se regleaz presiunea limit admisibil the admissible limit pressure of the gas that a gazului care alimenteaz arztorul. Cnd supplies the burner is adjusted. When the presiunea valoarea l gazului limit, natural supapa (4) dep ete pressure of the natural gas exceeds the limit nchide pressure, valve (4) closes the entrance presiunea reopens it when the pressure of the gas falls

orificiul de intrare a gazului n regulator i orifice of the gas in the regulator and redeschide atunci cnd

acestuia coboar sub aceast limit. under this limit. The tightness of the space Etanarea spaiului de sub clopot fa de inside the bell mediul ambiant este asigurat cu ap. Pentru punerea n funciune a with respect to the surroundings is assured by water. In order to put the installation in the next operations ( Fig. 1). water draining. the calorimeter is turned on, attentively, so that the water to exceed the level in the overflow vessel (19). is taken out of the calorimeter and the tightness of the feed circuit is checked by an incomplete opening of the gas tap (1) and turning off tap (7) of the burner. doesnt move, then the pipe is tight. slowly and, by the manipulation of tap (1), the pressure of the gas is adjusted, so that the manometer (4) of the gas-meter will indicate a pressure of (2040) mm H2O. After a complete rotation of the pointer of the gas-meter (2), necessary for the removal of the air from its inside and from the pressure regulator, the gas is fired. The gas flow-rate is adjusted so that a rotation of the pointer of the gas-meter shall be completed in 175 seconds (approx. 3 min.)

instalaiei se realizeaz operaiile care working conditions, it can be accomplished urmeaz (v.fig.1). poziia de evacuare a apei la canal. de la reeaua circuitului de alimentare al calorimetrului astfel ca apa s dep easc nivelul preaplinului din vasul (19). se verific etaneitatea conductei de alimentare prin deschidere parial a robinetului de gaz (1) i nchiderea robinetului (7) al arztorului. nu se deplaseaz, conducta este etan. (7) i prin manevrarea robinetului (1) se regleaz presiunea gazului, astfel nct manometrul (4) al contorului de gaz s indice o suprapresiune de (20...40) mm H2O. Dup ce acul indicator al debitmetrului (2) a fcut o rotaie complet, necesar pentru eliminarea aerului din interiorul acestuia i din regulatorul de presiune, se aprinde gazul. Se regleaz debitul de gaz astfel nct o rotaie a acului indicator al contorului s Se manevreaz robinetul (22) n Manipulate tap (22) in the position of Se deschide cu atenie robinetul de ap The water tap from the feed circuit of

Se scoate arztorul din calorimetru i The burner

Dac acul indicator al contorului (2) If the indicator of the gas-meter (2) Se deschide uor robinetul arztorului The tap of the burner (7) is turned on

se

fac

timp

de 175

secunde

By aid of roundel (8) of the burner, the gas flow-rate is adjusted, so that the flame shall not contain regions with incomplete combustion (the flame must be colored in blue, without sections colored in yellow). inside the calorimeter and fixed coaxially to its cylindrical tube; a periodical checking of the flame of the burner will be accomplished using a mirror. was introduced in the calorimeter, an accurate calibration of the water flow-rate through the calorimeter is performed by manipulating tap (18), so that the difference between the temperatures of the water at the entrance and exit, indicated by the digital thermometers (29) and (21), should be of (810)K. The temperature of the combustion products is checked at the exit of the calorimeter and read at thermometer (14). It must be very close to that of the gas at the entrance in the gas-meter and to the temperature of the surroundings. The collect vessel (23) is placed under the connection corresponding to the

(aproximativ 3 minute). Cu ajutorul rondelei (8) a arztorului se regleaz debitul de aer, astfel ca flacra s nu prezinte regiuni de ardere incomplet poriuni colorate n galben). Se introduce cu atenie arztorul n calorimetru, care se fixeaz coaxial cu tubul cilindric interior al acestuia i cu controlul flcrii arztorului. Dup aproximativ cinci minute de la introducerea arztorului n calorimetru se execut prin manevrarea robinetului (18) reglajul fin al debitului de ap care trece prin calorimetru, astfel ca diferen a dintre temperatura apei la intrare i la ieire, indicat de termometrele numerice (29 i (21) s fie de (8...10)K. Se verific temperatura gazelor de ardere, la ieirea din calorimetru, citinduse la termometrul (14). Ea trebuie s fie foarte apropiat de cea de la intrare a gazului combustibil n contor i de temperatura mediului ambiant. Se aeaz vasul de colectare (23) n dreptul racordului iar corespunztor vasul (17) al sistemului de evacuare a apei din calorimetru, pentru captarea apei rezultate din condensarea

(flacra s fie colorat n albastru, fr The burner is introduced attentively

ajutorul unei oglinzi se va face periodic At approx. five minutes later the burner

evacuation system of water from the calorimeter. The graduated cylinder (17), for collecting condensate water resulted from the condensation of the water vapour

vaporilor de ap din gazele de ardere, sub racordul (16). se ateapt intrarea calorimetrului n regim permanent, moment consemnat atunci cnd diferen a de temperatur a apei la intrare i ieire s-a stabilizat la o valoare minute). msurtorile prin realizarea succesiunii operaiilor care urmeaz. Se urmrete acul indicator debitmetrului (2) i cnd acesta trece prin dreptul diviziunii 5 se aduce robinetul cu trei ci (22) n poziia corespunztoare dirijrii apei n vasul (23). Din acest moment se aeaz vasul (17) sub racordul (16), se citesc temperaturile t1 la termometrul (20) i t2 la termometrul (21). nregistrarea temperaturilor se va face la intervale egale de timp, de exemplu cnd acul ajunge indicator n al debitmetrului dreptul constant (aproximativ zece

from the combustion products is placed under connection (16). necessary to wait until the calorimeter operates in stationary conditions; this moment can be observed when the temperature difference of water at the entrance and exit is stabilized at a constant value (approx. ten minutes). can be performed following the next successive operations:

Dup aceast prim etap pregtitoare After this first preparing stage it is

Din acest moment se pot efectua From this moment the measurements

al The pointer of the gas-meter (2) is followed and when it passes through division 5, the three-way tap (22) is brought in the position corresponding to the conduction of the water into vessel (23). From this moment the graduated cylinder (17) is placed under connection (16), temperatures t1 and t2 are read at thermometers (20) and (21), respectively. The registration of the temperatures is made at equal time periods, for example, when the pointer of the gas-meter goes through divisions 5, 2, 4, 1, 3 and 5. show that through the gas-meter have passed 10 L, tap (22) is turned on the position corresponding to the distribution of the water to the draining, the readings at the thermometers are interrupted, the amount

diviziunilor 5, 2, 4, 1, 3 i 5. arat c prin debitmetru au trecut 10 L se rsucete robinetul (22) n poziia corespunztoare distribuirii apei la canal, se ntrerup citirile la termometre, se msoar cantitatea de ap colectat, m ,

In momentul cnd indicaiile acului When the indications of the pointer

n vasul (23) i cantitatea de condens, mc , colectat n vasul (17). Se citete temperatura i

of collected water m within vessel (23) is measured and also the amount of condensate,
mc ,

collected

within

graduated

cylinder (17). gas within the gas-meter pm are read, and also the atmospheric pressure p0 at the barometer existing in the laboratory.

suprapresiunea gazului p m , n contor, Temperature t and gage pressure of the precum i presiunea atmosferic p0 la barometrul existent n laborator.

Se scoate arztorul din calorimetru, se The burner is taken off the calorimeter, nchide robinetul (1) i numai dup aceasta se nchide robinetul de ap de la reeaua de alimentare a calorimetrului. tap (1) is turned off and only afterwards the water tap from the feeding system of the calorimeter is turned off.

3. Rezultate experimentale
n tabelul 1 se vor nregistra rezultatele msurtorilor. Tab. 1. Rezultate experimentale Mrimi msurate Measured quantities Simbol Symbol

3. Experimental results
Table 1 will be filled in with the measuring results. Tab. 1. Experimental results Unitatea de msur Unit Valoarea Value

Temperatura ambiant The ambient temperature Presiunea barometric The barometric pressure Temperatura gazului n contor The gas temperature in the gasmeter

t0

C
mmHg

p0

Suprapresiunea gazului n contor The gage pressure of the gas in the gas-meter Temperatura gazului de ardere la ieirea din calorimetru The temperature of the combustion products at the exit from calorimeter Volumul de gaz combustibil ars The volume of the fired combustible gas Masa apei de rcire colectat The mass of the collected cooling water Masa de condensat colectat The mass of the collected condensate The temperature of water at the entrance in the calorimeter Temperatura apei la intrarea n calorimetru The temperature of water at the exit of the calorimeter Temperatura apei la ieirea din calorimetru
t2 t1
C m V

pm

mmH2O

tg

kg

mc

kg

4. Prelucrarea datelor experimentale 4. Experimental data processing


Dac sunt ndeplinite condiiile din If the conditions according to the

definirea puterii calorice i se neglijeaz definition of the heating value are fulfilled transferul de cldur ntre calorimetru i and the heat transfer between the calorimediul ambiant, atunci cldura degajat meter and the surroundings is ignored, prin arderea combustibilului gazos este then the heat released during the combegal cu cea transmis apei care circul ustion of the gaseous fuel is equal to that prin calorimetru. Deoarece vaporii de ap din transferred to the water which flows through the calorimeter. Because the water vapour from the produsele de ardere condenseaz la combustion products condenses when trecerea prin calorimetru, puterea caloric passing through the calorimeter, the higher superioar se calculeaz cu relaia: heating value is determined with relation:

Qs =
n care:

m c (t 2 t1 ) kJ 3 , VN mN
where:

(1)

m - masa apei de rcire care circul

m the mass of the cooling water

prin calorimetru n timpul experienei that flows through the calorimeter during [kg];
c - cldura specific a apei: 4,187

the experiment [kg];


c the specific heat of water: 4.187

kJ/kgK;
t2 -

kJ/kgK; temperatura medie a apei la


t2 the mean water temperature at

ieirea din calorimetru [oC];


t1 temperatura medie a apei la

the exit of the calorimeter [oC];


t1 the mean water temperature at

intrarea n calorimetru [oC];


VN volumul de gaz combustibil ars

the entrance in the calorimeter [oC];


VN the volume of the combustible

n timpul experienei, redus la starea gas fired during the experiment, reduced normal fizic [m3N]; to physical standard conditions [m3N];

Reducerea la condiii normale a utiliznd formula:

The reduction of the combustible gas to the physical standard conditions is made using formula:

volumului de gaz combustibil se face volume

VN = V n care mrimile care intervin sunt: fizic egal cu 101325 N/m2; fizic egal cu 273,15 K; contor; n contor T = t + 273,15 [K ] ;

p TN m3 N , pN T

[ ]

(2)

where the dimensions present in the the standard atmospheric

pN presiunea la starea normal relation are: pN TN temperatura la starea normal pressure, equal to 101325 N/m2; TN the standard atmospheric V the fired gas volume at the state T the absolute temperature of the p the partial pressure of the gas in the gas-meter, V Volumul de gaz ars la starea din temperature, equal to 273.15 K; T temperatura absolut a gazului it is in the gas-meter [m3]; p presiunea parial a gazului gas in the gas-meter; combustibil n contor, considernd c gazul este saturat cu vapori de ap (vezi combustible se calculeaz cu relaia:

schema de funcionare a contorului) care considering that the gas is saturated with water vapour (as the operation schematic of the gas-meter shows it), which is calculated with relation:

p = 133,32 p0 + 9,81 pm pv [Pa ],

(3)

unde mrimile care intervin sunt: p0 where the mentioned quantities are: p0 presiunea atmosferic [mm Hg]; pm the atmospheric pressure [mm Hg]; pm suprapresiunea gazului n contor [mm the gage pressure of the gas in the gasH2O]; pv presiunea de saturaie a meter [mm H2O]; pv the saturation vaporilor de ap [Pa] la temperatura a pressure of water vapour [Pa] at the gazului n contor, care se obine din temperature t [oC] of the gas in the gastabelul 2. meter, that can be taken from Table 2.

Tab. 2. Presiunea de saturaie a

Tab. 2. The saturation pressure of

vaporilor de ap t [oC] 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Dac n pv [Pa] 871,9 934,7 1001,3 1072,1 1147,3 1227,7 1311,8 1401,6 1496,7 timpul t [oC] 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 experienei se pv [Pa] 1597,4 1704,1 1817,0 1936,4 2062,0 2196,0 2337,0 2486,0 2643,0

water vapour t [oC] 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 pv [Pa] 2808 2982 3166 3360 3564 3779 4004 4241 4491

If during the experiment the amount

msoar cantitatea de ap rezultat din of water resulted from the condensation of condensarea vaporilor de ap din gazele the water vapour from the combustion de ardere la trecerea prin calorimetru gases as they pass the calorimeter ( mc ) is ( mc ) atunci se poate determina puterea measured, then the lower heating value caloric inferioar cu relaia: can be determined with relation:
Qi = Qs r mc , VN

(4)

n care r = 2512 kJ/kg este cldura de where r = 2512 kJ/kg represents the heat condensare a vaporilor de ap. Cu ajutorul mrimilor msurate i of condensation of the water vapour. By means of the measured data

consemnate n tabel se vor determina, marked in the table, there will be


innd seama i de formulele (1...5), determined, according to formulas (15),

puterea caloric superioar i puterea the higher and the lower heating values of caloric inferioar ale gazului combustibil the experimented combustible gas, which experimentat i se vor nscrie n tabelul 3. will be introduced in Table 3.

Tab. 3. Mrimi calculate

Tab. 3. Calculated quantities

Mrimi calculate Calculated quantities Higher heating value Lower heating value

Simbol Symbol
Qs

Unit of measurement Unitatea de msur kJ/m3N kJ/m3N

Value Valoarea

Qi

5. Calculul erorilor i interpretarea rezultatelor


Eroarea de determinare a puterii calorice provine din erorile

5. The errors calculation and the results analysis


The error made in the determination

de of the heating value derives from the

determinare a cantitilor de ap colectat, errors in determining the amounts of a temperaturilor apei la intrarea i ieirea collected water, the temperatures of water din calorimetru, a volumului de gaz at the inlet and exit from the calorimeter, combustibil, a temperaturii gazului n the contor i a presiunii pariale a gazului. logaritmare i difereniere, rezult: combustible gas volume, the temperature of the gas in the gas-meter By logarithmation and differen-

Utiliznd relaiile (1) i (2), prin and the partial pressure of the gas. tiation of relations (1) and (2) results:
dQs dm dt2 dt1 dVN = + Qs m t2 t1 VN
dVN dV dT 133,32 dp0 + 9,81 dpm = + . V V T p

(5)

(6)

Trecnd

de

la

diferen iale

la

By changing the differentials into values of the errors, there will be:

diferen e finite i nsumnd valorile finite differences and adding the absolute absolute ale erorilor, se obine:

r Qs =

Qs m t2 + t1 VN = + + , Qs m t2 t1 VN

(7)

n care eroarea relativ la determinarea where the relative error in determining the volumului de gaz n condiii normale gas fizice este: volume for physical standard conditions is: VN V T 133,32 p0 + 9,81 pm = + + . VN V T p Analog, pentru puterea caloric forma: (8)

Analogous, for the lower heating in form of:

inferioar se obine eroarea relativ sub value, the relative error can be expressed

r Qi =

Qi mc m V 1 = ( r Qs ) Qs + r + r c N . Qi VN V N V N Qi

(9)

Erorile absolute ale valorilor msude precizie i de rezoluia aparatului. Puterea caloric a hidrocarburi gazoase este prezentat n tabelul de mai jos:

The absolute errors of the measured count the accuracy class and the resoluThe heating values of several

rate se vor aprecia innd seama de clasa data will be appreciated taking into acctorva tion of the apparatus. gaseous hydrocarbons are presented in the table below:
Tab. 4. Puterea caloric a hidroTab. 4. The heating values of

carburilor gazoase Gazul Gas Metan Methane CH4 Etan Ethane C2H6
Qs Qi

gaseous hydrocarbons Gazul Gas Propan PropaneC3H8 Butan Butane C4H10


Qs Qi

kJ/m3N 39890

kJ/m3N 35910

kJ/m3N 100800

kJ/m3N 93400

70400

64200

134000

126500

Hidrogen Hydrogen H2 12770 10800

Monoxid de carbon Carbon monoxyde CO Hidrogen 58900 56900 sulfurat Hydrogen sulphide H2S 25620 23650 12720 12720

Acetilena Acetylene C2H2 GPL (gaz petrolier lichefiat) LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) 119290 116360

Etilen Ethylene C2H4

64000

60020

6. Bibliografie

6. References

1. Marinescu M. tefnescu D., Chisacof A., Adler O. Instalaii de ardere.


Culegere de probleme. Editura Tehnic, Bucureti, 1985.

2. ova D. Heat Engineering. Ed. Universitii Transilvania, Braov, 2006 3. Ungureanu C., Secreeanu N., Ionel I. Gaze combustibile, Editura Politehnica Timioara, 2003. 4. *** SR ISO 6976+C2:1999. Gaz natural. Calculul puterii calorifice, densitii,
densitii relative i indicelui Wobbe din compoziie.

5. *** STAS 3361/1-1987. Gaze combustibile naturale. Determinarea puterii


calorifice n calorimetrul cu circula ie de ap.

6. *** STAS 3361/2-1987. Gaze combustibile naturale. Calculul puterii calorifice


pe baza compoziiei chimice.

Cuprins

Contents

You might also like