1

PARTEA A II A PART II


Lucrarea nr. II.1 Work no. II.1

COEFICIENTUL DE
CONDUCTIVITATE TERMIC

1. Principiul lucrrii

Coeficientul de conductivitate
termic este o constant fizic a materi-
alelor, care caracterizeaz proprietatea
acestora de a conduce fluxul termic. El
depinde de temperatura, natura, starea de
agregare, forma sub care se gsete
materialul i se determin pe cale
experimental.
n ipoteza plcilor plane, cu
suprafeele izoterme paralele i a
transferului termic staionar, fluxul termic
unitar transmis pe direcia normal la
suprafeele izoterme se determin cu
ecuaia lui Fourier:
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
COEFFICIENT

1. The principle of the work

The coefficient of thermal
conductivity is a physical constant of
materials, which characterizes their
property to conduct the heat flux. It
depends on temperature, the nature,
phase, and form in which the material is
in, and it can be determined
experimentally.
In the hypothesis of plane plates,
with parallel isothermal surfaces and of a
steady-state heat transfer, the heat flux
density in normal direction to the isother-
mal surfaces is determined using Fouriers
equation:

(

=
2
m
W
t q ; (1)
n care este coeficientul de
conductivitate termic, - grosimea
plcii, t - diferena de temperatur ntre
suprafeele plcii.
in which is the coefficient of thermal
conductivity, - the board thickness, t
- the temperature difference between the
plates surfaces.
2
Prin urmare, coeficientul de conduc-
tivitate termic este numeric egal cu
fluxul termic conductiv staionar, care
traverseaz unitatea de suprafa a unei
plci de grosime unitar, cnd diferena de
temperatur ntre suprafeele exterioare
este egal cu unitatea. Deci:
Accordingly, the coefficient of
thermal conductivity is numerically equal
to the steady-state conductive heat flux,
which crosses the unit surface of a plate
with unit thickness, when the temperature
difference between external surfaces is
unity. Therefore:

(

=
mK
W
t
q
. (2)
Determinarea acestui coeficient
presupune msurarea experimental a
mrimilor q , i t .

2. Schema instalaiei i
modul de lucru

Schema de principiu a instalaiei de
determinare a coeficientului de
conductivitate termic n domeniul
valorilor ( ) mK W 977 , 1 ... 029 , 0 = , al
materialelor izolatoare plane, omogene,
microporoase, fibroase sau sub form de
particule, numit Dr. Bock, este
prezentat n figura 1.
Determinarea coeficientului de con-
ductivitate termic se bazeaz pe metoda
plcii nclzitoare cu un singur corp de
prob.

The determination of this coefficient
supposes the experimental measurement
of the quantities q , and t .

2. Scheme of experimental
installation and test procedure

The principled schematic of the
installation for the determination of the
thermal conductivity coefficient in the
values range ( ) mK W 977 . 1 ... 029 . 0 = ,
of plane, homogeneous, micro-porous,
fibrous, or in-form-of particles heat-
insulating materials, called Dr. Bock, is
shown on Fig. 1.
The determination of the coefficient
of thermal conductivity is based on the
method of the heating plate with a
single sampling body.

3



Fig. 1. Schema de principiu a
instalaiei pentru determinarea
coeficientului de conductivitate termic
Fig. 1. The principled schematic of
the installation for the determination of
the thermal conductivity coefficient

Proba de material (1) se aeaz ntre
dou plci metalice plane, cea superioar
(2) cu o temperatur mai mare - constant,
ca urmare a unui aport de energie
electric, denumit nclzitoare, iar cea
inferioar (3) cu o temperatur mai
sczut - constant, ca urmare a unei
cedri de cldur, denumit rece. Placa
nclzitoare este nconjurat de o plac cu
aceeai temperatur, denumit plac de
protecie (4), eliminndu-se n acest mod
The sample (1) is placed between
two plane metallic plates, the superior (2)
with a higher temperature - that is
constant, as a result of an addition of
electric power - called heating plate, and
the inferior (3) with a lower temperature -
that is constant too, as a result of a heat
rejection, called cold plate. The heating
plate is enveloped by a plate with the
same temperature, called protective plate
(4); in this way the heat losses from the
4
pierderile de cldur de la placa
nclzitoare i astfel, n condiii
cvasistaionare, puterea electric furnizat
plcii nclzitoare este proporional cu
fluxul termic care strbate proba de
material.
Meninerea constant a temperaturii
plcii de protecie i a plcii reci se
realizeaz prin conectarea lor la circuitul
de nclzire i rcire al termostatelor (9) i
(10) prevzute cu termoregulatoarele (9a)
i (10a). Apa de rcire, care circul prin
serpentina termostatelor, pe al crei traseu
se afl termometrul (15) i rotametrul
(17), reduce ineria termic a apei de
termostatare n termostatul plcii calde i
preia cldura cedat ctre placa rece i
respectiv ctre termostatul aferent ei.
Utilizarea apei de termostatare, ca
agent termic, antrenat de pompe de
circulaie, permite stabilirea cderii de
temperatur n prob. Cu ajutorul
perechilor de termometre (6) i (7) se
poate determina valoarea medie a
temperaturii agentului termic din plcile
metalice i apoi calcula cderea de
temperatur n prob.
Fluxul termic, care strbate proba de
material de la suprafaa superioar la cea
inferioar este datorat plcii nclzitoare,
semi-ngropat n placa superioar de
heating plate being eliminated and thus,
for quasi-stationary conditions, the
electric power supplied to the heating
plate is proportional to the heat flux that
crosses the sampling material.
To keep the temperatures of the
protective plate and cold plate at constant
values, they are connected to the heating
and cooling ciruit of thermostats (9) and
(10) that are equiped with thermo-
regulators (9a) and (10a). The cooling
water that flows through the coil of the
thermostats and on whose route are placed
thermometer (15) and rotameter (17),
diminishes the thermal inertia of the water
from the hot plate thermostat and absorbs
the heat transferred to the cold plate and
to its afferent thermostat, respectively.
The utilization of the thermostat wa-
ter that is put in motion by circulation
pumps, as thermal agent, allows to set-
tling the temperature drop within the
sample. By aid of the pairs of thermo-
meters (6) and (7), the average value of
the temperature of the thermal agent from
the metallic plates can be determined and
then calculated the temperature drop in
the sampling material.
The heat flux that crosses the sam-
pling material from the superior surface to
the inferior one is the result of the heating
5
protecie, care este prevzut cu o
rezisten electric, n circuitul creia este
intercalat reostatul cu dousprezece
poziii (14). Meninerea constant a
temperaturii plcii superioare calde pe
toat suprafaa de contact cu proba de
material este realizat de termocuplul (5),
care este conectat la milivoltmetrul (12).
Dac temperatura plcii nclzitoare este
mai mare dect a plcii de protecie,
atunci acul indicator al milivoltmetrului
este deviat n stnga reperului zero, iar
circuitul rezistenei plcii nclzitoare se
ntrerupe. Atunci, aceast rezisten
nceteaz s mai furnizeze energie
electric. Cnd temperatura plcii
nclzitoare scade sub temperatura plcii
de protecie, ca urmare a continuitii
transmiterii fluxului termic probei de
material, atunci acul milivoltmetrului este
deviat n dreapta reperului zero,
refcndu-se circuitul rezistenei plcii
nclzitoare i astfel se asigur reluarea
procesului de transfer termic prin proba
de material.
Consumul de energie electric
furnizat plcii nclzitoare este
nregistrat de un contor electric (13)
amplasat n circuitul aceleiai rezistene.
n circuitul de alimentare de la reea este
amplasat transformatorul variabil cu apte
plate, which is half-buried in the superior
protection plate and equipped with an
electric resistance, on whose circuit is
inserted rheostat (14) with twelve settings.
The maintaining of the superior hot plate
at a constant temperature throughout the
contact surface with the sampling material
is attained by thermocouple (5) that is
connected to milivoltmeter (12). If the
temperature of the heating plate is higher
than that of the protecting plate, then the
pointer of the milivoltmeter is deflected
on the left side of mark zero, and the
circuit of the resistance from the heating
plate is interrupted. Then, this resistance
stops the supply with electric energy.
When the temperature of the heating plate
drops below the temperature of the
heating plate, due to the continuity in the
heat transfer to the sampling material,
then the pointer of the milivolmeter is
deflected on the right side of mark zero
and the circuit of the resistance of the
heating plate is restored. In this way the
reiteration of the heat transfer process
through the sampling material is assured.
The consumption of electric energy
that is supplied to the heating plate is
registered by an electric counter (13)
located in the circuit of the same
resistance. On the feed circuit of the
6
poziii (11).

Plcile metalice sunt nconjurate n
timpul msurtorilor de o cutie
protectoare, care are rolul de a reduce
pierderile de cldur n exterior.
Cu ajutorul a patru micrometre (8)
fixate pe placa superioar se msoar
grosimea probei de material.

n continuare se prezint modul de
lucru.

Pregtirea probelor de material
Probele din materiale de construcie,
izolatoare sau plastice se confecioneaz
sub form de plci ptrate sau circulare,
cu suprafee plane i paralele, avnd
lungimea laturii sau diametrul cuprinse
ntre 200 mm i 250 mm sau sub form de
material mrunit omogen, cu porozitate
redus i fibros (praf, granule, fibre). n
acest caz, materialul se aeaz pe placa
inferioar rece, n interiorul unei rame cu
conductivitate termic redus i cu
dimensiunile identice cu cele ale probei
compacte, dar cu o nlime puin mai
mic dect grosimea stratului de material.
Grosimea probelor este cuprins
ntre 3 i 70 mm i se stabilete n funcie
de valoarea estimat a coeficientului de
electric network is placed the variable
transformer with seven positions (11).
The metallic plates are surrounded
during the experimental measurements by
a protecting box, with the purpose to
reduce the heat losses to the outside.
The thickness of the sampling
material is measured by aid of four
micrometers (8) fixed on the superior
plate.
Next, the working routine will be
described.

Preparation of the sampling materials
The insulating or plastic
construction sampling materials are
manufactured in form of quadratic or
circular plates, with plane and parallel
surfaces, having the length of one side or
the diameter comprised between 200 and
250 mm, or in form of a homogeneous
chopped material, with reduced porosity,
and fibrous (dust, granules, fibers). In this
case, the material is set on the cold
inferior plate, inside of a frame with low
thermal conductivity and with the same
dimensions as those of the compact
sample, but with a height less than the
thickness of the material layer.
The thickness of the samples is
comprised between 3 and 70 mm and is
7

conductivitate termic pentru acel
material cu ajutorul diagramei din figura
2. Dac probele de material sunt
higroscopice, avnd n vedere c valoarea
coeficientului de conductivitate termic
depinde de coninutul de umiditate, se
determin umiditatea medie a probei n
stare umed ca medie aritmetic a
valorilor obinute prin cntrirea probei
nainte i la sfritul experimentului.
Masa probei n stare anhidr se obine
prin cntrire.

settled as function of the estimated value
of the thermal conductivity coefficient for
that kind of material by use of the
diagram shown on Fig. 2. In the case the
samples are hygroscopic, and taking into
account that the value of the thermal
conductivity coefficient depends on the
moisture content, the average moisture
content of the moist sample is determined
as the arithmetic mean of the values
obtained through weighing of the sample
before and at the end of the experiment.
The mass of the sample in the anhydrous
state is obtained through weighing.


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Grosimea probei [mm]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
.
0
2
5
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.6
0
.8
1
.0
1
.5
1.7 [kcal/m
h
grd]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Grosimea probei [mm]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
.
0
2
5
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.6
0
.8
1
.0
1
.5
1.7 [kcal/m
h
grd]


Fig. 2. Diagrama de determinare a
grosimii probelor de material i a treptei
de putere corespunztoare rezistenei
plcii de nclzire
Fig. 2. The diagram for the deter-
mination of the sampling materials thick-
ness and of the power stage corresponding
to the resistance of the heating plate
8
Fig. 3. Vedere de ansamblu a
instalaiei de determinare a coeficientului
de conductivitate termic
Fig. 3. The ensemble view of the
installation for the determination of the
thermal conductivity coefficient

Starea aerului din ncperea n care
se fac determinrile experimentale trebuie
s fie normal (temperatura de 1825
o
C
i umiditatea relativ de 5565%).

The state of the air inside the room
where the experimental determinations
are performed must be normal (the
temperature of 1825
o
C and the relative
humidity of 5565%).



Aezarea probei de material n instalaie
Se ndeprteaz cutia de protecie
(1) (fig. 3), termoizolant, se ridic placa
superioar i se aeaz proba de material
peste placa inferioar. Pentru o aderen
ct mai bun se execut cteva micri
laterale. Se deurubeaz micrometrele
plcii superioare de protecie, astfel nct
ele s nu vin pentru nceput n contact cu
The setting of the sampling material in
the installation
The protecting thermo-insulating box
(1), (Fig. 3), is removed, the upper plate is
raised and the sampling material is set on
the lower plate. For a better adherence,
several lateral movements are performed.
The micrometers of the upper protecting
plate are unscrewed, so that they shall not
9
contrauruburile fixate pe placa
inferioar. Apoi se aeaz placa
superioar peste proba de material, se
nurubeaz micrometrele pn la o
atingere uoar de contrauruburi i se
msoar grosimea probei cu ajutorul celor
patru micrometre, cu o precizie de 1/100
mm. Pentru probe cu grosimi mai mari de
25 mm se vor monta la cele patru
contrauruburi prelungitoare de 25 sau 50
mm, lungimi care se vor aduga la
valorile indicate de micrometre. n final
se reaeaz capacul de protecie.


Punerea n funciune a instalaiei
Se regleaz temperatura
termometrelor cu contact electric ale
termostatelor aflate n dulapul (3) cu
ajutorul unei chei magnetice la valoarea
de lucru a plcilor de rcire i nclzire.
Pn la realizarea temperaturilor
impuse fluidului de termostatare, ventilul
(8) rmne nchis. Dup aceea doar, se
regleaz debitul apei de rcire n cele
dou termostate prin manevrarea
ventilelor (8) i (9), astfel nct timpul de
nclzire a lichidului din termostat s fie
aproximativ egal cu timpul de rcire.
Durata acestor intervale de timp este
egal cu durata de aprindere, respectiv
come for the beginning in contact with the
counterscrews fixed on the lower plate.
Then, the upper plate is put over the
sampling material, the micrometers are
screwed until they reach slightly the
counterscrews and the thickness of the
sample is measured with the four micro-
meters, with a precision of 1/100 mm. For
samples with higher thicknesses than 25
mm, prolonging tools of 25 or 50 mm will
be fixed on the four counterscrews. These
lengths will be added to the values
indicated by the micrometers. Finally, the
protecting cover will be relocated.

The starting of the installation
The temperature indicated by the
thermometers with electric contact of the
thermostats that are placed in the closet
(3) is adjusted by use of a magnetic key to
the operating value of the cooling and
heating plates.
Until the temperature reaches the va-
lues imposed to the thermostat fluid, the
faucet (8) is closed. Only afterwards, the
flow rate of the cooling water from the
two thermostats is adjusted through the
faucets (8) and (9), so that the heating
time of the thermostat liquid shall be
approximately equal to the cooling time.
The duration of these time intervals
10
stingere a becurilor de control (10) i (11)
de pe tabloul de comand (12). Becul de
control (13) indic alimentarea cu
energie electric a rezistenei plcii
nclzitoare atunci cnd este aprins i
ntreruperea alimentrii ei, atunci cnd
este stins.
n acest sens se stabilete treapta de
putere pe diagrama din figura 2 n funcie
de grosimea medie i conductivitatea
termic estimat a probei. Punctul de
intersecie al verticalei corespunztoare
grosimii medii a probei cu curba
conductivitii termice estimate se va afla
n cmpul treptei de nclzire cutate.
Cnd acest punct se afl la limita dintre
dou trepte, se alege iniial treapta de
putere superioar. Verificarea alegerii
treptei de putere corecte se poate urmri
pe tabloul de comand. Astfel, timpul ct
este aprins becul de control corespunztor
plcii nclzitoare trebuie s fie
aproximativ egal cu timpul ct este stins.
Durata minim de pornire a
instalaiei se recomand a fi de o or.






is equal to the lighting and turn-off dura-
tions of the control bulbs (10) and (11)
from the switchboard (12). The control
bulb (13) shows the electric energy supply
of the resistance from the heating plate
when it is lightened and the interrupting of
the supply when it is dark.
Therefore, the power stage will be
established on the diagram presented on
Fig. 2 as a function of the average thick-
ness and the estimated thermal conducti-
vity of the sample. The intersection point
of the vertical corresponding to the ave-
rage thickness of the sample with the
curve of the estimated thermal conduc-
tivity will be placed in the field of the
searched heating stage. When this point is
at the limit between two stages, the higher
heating stage will be chosen initially. The
checking of the selection of the correct
power stage can be followed on the
switchboard. Thus, the time when the
control bulb corresponding to the heating
plate is turned on must be approximately
equal to the time when it is turned off.
The minimum starting duration of
the installation is recommended to be one
hour.



11
Efectuarea msurtorilor
Dup intrarea instalaiei n regim
staionar de funcionare se fac
urmtoarele determinri, din 0,5 n 0,5
ore, care se nscriu n tabelul 2:
ora i minutele indicate de ceasul (14);
indicaia contorului de energie
electric (15);
temperatura agentului termic citit la
termometrele (16) i (17) amplasate la
intrare i la ieire din placa superioar
(t
ci
, t
ce
), respectiv la termometrele (18) i
(19) ale plcii inferioare (t
ri
, t
re
);
temperatura ncperii;
temperatura apei de rcire la
termometrul (20);
Temperaturile se msoar cu
ajutorul unui sistem optic, compus dintr-o
lentil convergent (lup) i oglind, cu o
precizie minim de 2/100
o
C.
Raportul diferenei dintre dou citiri
consecutive ale energiei electrice la
contor,
i
E i al diferenei de timp
corespunztoare,
i
se consider
constant dac nu depete 2,5% din
valoarea medie a cel puin cinci citiri. n
acest caz, determinarea experimental
este ncheiat.
Instalaia se oprete prin manevrarea
ntreruptorului principal (5). Se aduc n
The performing of the measurement
When the installation works in
stationary conditions the following
measurements will be performed every 0.5
hours that will be inscribed in Table 2:
the hour and minutes indicated by
clock (14);
the indication of the electric energy
counter (15);
the temperature of the thermal agent
read at thermometers (16) and (17) placed
at the entrance and exit from the superior
plate (t
ci
, t
ce
), and at thermometers (18)
and (19) of the inferior plate (t
ri
, t
re
),
respectively;
the room temperature;
the temperature of the cooling water at
thermometer (20);
The temperatures are measured with
an optical system, made of a convergent
lens (magnifying glass) and a mirror, with
a minimum accuracy of 2/100
o
C.
The ratio of the difference between
two consecutive readings of the electric
energy on the counter,
i
E and of the
corresponding time interval,
i
is
considered to be constant if it doesnt
exceed 2.5% of the mean value of at least
five readings, the experimental determi-
nation being finished.
12


poziia iniial butonul transformatorului
(7) i butonul reostatului (4). Se ntrerupe
circulaia apei de rcire a termostatelor
prin nchiderea robinetului (8).

Se ndeprteaz din nou cutia de
protecie i se msoar grosimea probei la
sfritul experimentului cu ajutorul celor
patru micrometre. Valorile se nscriu n
tabelul 1.

Se nltur proba de material din
instalaie prin intermediul braului
pivotant (2) i se msoar apoi prin
cntrire din nou masa acesteia.

Plcile metalice se suprapun apoi,
iar indicaiile micrometrelor pn la
oprirea lor n contrauruburile fixate pe
placa inferioar reprezint erorile de
planeitate. n calcule se impun coreciile
acestor erori.

La sfrit se aeaz pe instalaie
cutia termoizolant.

Mrimile msurate se nscriu n
tabelele 1 i 2.

The installation is turned off by
pushing the main switch (5). There are
brought in initial position the button of
transformer (7) and the button of rheostat
(4). The circulation of the cooling water
from the thermostats is interrupted by
turning off the tap (8).
The protecting cover is taken off
again and the thickness of the sample is
measured at the end of the experiment by
use of the four micrometers. The values
are marked in Table 1.
The sampling material is taken out
by use of the revolving support (2) and its
mass is determined again through
weighing.
The metallic plates will be then
overlapped, and the indications of the
micrometers when they are stopped by the
counterscrews, which are fixed on the
inferior plate, represent the errors of
planarity. In calculations, corrections of
these errors are required.
Finally, on the installation the
thermo-insulating box is set.
The measured quantities are marked
in Tables 1 and 2.

13


Valoarea obinut la citirea
The value obtained at reading

Mrimi msurate
The measured quantities


Simbol
Symbol
Unitatea de
msur
The unit of
measurement

1 2 3 4 5 6
Timpul
Time

ore
hours

Temperatura apei de
rcire
The temperature of the
cooling water
w
t

o
C

Tab. 1. Grosimea probei de material Tab. 1. The thickness of the
sampling material
Grosimea probei
de material la
nceputul i sfr-
itul msurrilor/
The thickness of
the sampling ma-
terial at the be-
ginning and at the
end of the mea-
surements




Unitate
Unit



Valori msurate



Measured values




Erori



Errors




Valori corectate



Corrected values

i 1

f 1
mm
1
k +0,04mm
i 2

f 2
mm
2
k +0,24 mm
i 3

f 3
mm
3
k +0,04 mm
i 4

f 4
mm
4
k +0,05 mm
Tab. 2. Mrimi msurate Tab. 2. The measured quantities
14
Temperatura ncperii
The room temperature
t
o
C

Indicaia contorului de
energie electric
The indication of the
electric energy counter
E kWh

Consumul de energie
electric ntre dou citiri
consecutive
The consumption of
electric energy between
two consecutive
readings
i
E
kWh

Temperatura apei la
intrare n placa
superioar
The temperature of
water at the entrance in
the superior plate
ci
t
o
C

Temperatura apei la
ieire din placa
superioar
The temperature of
water at the exit from
the superior plate
ce
t
o
C

Temperatura apei la
intrare n placa
inferioar
The temperature of
water at the entrance in
the inferior plate
ri
t
o
C

15
Temperatura apei la
ieire din placa
inferioar
The temperature of
water at the exit from
the inferior plate
re
t

o
C


Treapta de putere
The power stage
- -

3. Prelucrarea datelor experimentale

Determinarea grosimii medii corectate a
probei de material:
3. Experimental data processing

The determination of the corrected
average thickness of the sampling
material:

( )
( )
[ ] m
2
4 4
i if
i ii
k
k

+

= , (3)
n care valorile se preiau din tabelul 1.
Este necesar exprimarea rezultatului n
unitatea fundamental pentru lungime n
SI.

Determinarea fluxului termic unitar:

where, the values are taken from Table 1.
It is necessary to express the result in the
fundamental unit for length in SI.


The determination of the heat flux
density:

(

=
2
m
W
k
E
k
E
q
i
i
, (4)
unde
i
E E = reprezint consumul
total de energie electric exprimat n
kWh, nregistrat de contor n intervalul de
where
i
E E = is the total
consumption of electric energy expressed
in kWh, which is registered by the counter
16
timp [h] n care instalaia a lucrat n
regim staionar i egal cu suma
consumurilor de energie electric
i
E ,
rezultate din minimum cinci citiri
consecutive la intervale egale de timp
h 5 , 0 =
i
,
i
= - intervalele de
timp corespunztoare lui E , respectiv
i
E , exprimate n ore; k - o constant a
treptei de putere, care depinde att de
raportul dintre puterea electric
consumat de placa de nclzire (deci
transformat n flux termic util) i puterea
electric total preluat de la reostat
(energia electric corespunztoare ei fiind
msurat cu ajutorul contorului electric),
ct i de aria suprafeei plcii de nclzire.
n tabelul 3 sunt nscrise valorile
constantei k pentru cele dousprezece
trepte de putere, respectiv constanta r
a
,
care reprezint rezistena termic a celulei
de msurare.
in the time interval [h], during which
the installation has worked in stationary
conditions, and that is equal with the sum
of electric energy consumptions
i
E ,
resulted from minimum five consecutive
readings at equal time intervals
h 5 . 0 =
i
;
i
= - the time
intervals corresponding to E and
i
E
respectively, expressed in hours; k - a
constant corresponding to the power stage,
which depends both on the ratio between
the electric power consumed by the
heating plate (and thus transformed in
useful heat flux) and the total electric
power taken from the rheostat (its
corresponding electric energy being
measured by the electric counter), and on
the area of the heating plate surface.
In Table 3 are written the values of
constant k for the twelve power stages,
and constant r
a
, respectively, which
represents the thermal resistance of the
measuring cell.








17
Tab.3. Constantele k i r
a
Tab.3. Constants k and r
a

Power stage
Treapta de putere
(

kW m
W
2
k
(
(

W
grd m
2
a
r
1 122,46
2 176,43
3 253,77
4 369,37
5 540,56
6 791,07
7 1172,3
8 1734,03
9 2534,18
10 3686,71
11 5328,87
12 7616,49
3
10 118 , 1



Determinarea cderii de temperatur n
proba de material:
The determination of the temperature
drop within the sampling material:

mr mc
t t t = , (5)
n care
mc
t i
mr
t sunt temperaturile
medii corectate ale plcii calde, respectiv,
reci, calculate cu relaiile:
where,
mc
t and
mr
t are the corrected
average temperatures of the hot plate and
the cold plate, respectively, calculated
with relations:
[ ] C
2

|

\
|

+
|

\
|

=
tce
ce
tci
ci
mc
k
n
t
k
n
t
t ; (6)
[ ] C
2

|

\
|

+ |

\
|

=
tre
re
tri
ri
mc
k
n
t
k
n
t
t , (7)
18
unde
re ri ce ci
t t t t , , , reprezint tempera-
turile la intrare, respectiv la ieirea apei
din placa superioar i cea inferioar, n -
numrul de citiri,
tre tri tce tci
k k k k , , , -
coreciile de temperatur pentru cele
patru termometre ale instalaiei, cuprinse
n tabelul 4.
where,
re ri ce ci
t t t t , , , are the temperatures at
the entrance and at the exit of the water
from the superior plate and the inferior
one, respectively, n number of readings,
tre tri tce tci
k k k k , , , - the temperature
corrections for the four thermometers of
the installation, included in Table 4.

Tab. 4. Coreciile de temperatur Tab. 4. The temperature corrections
Coeficieni de corecie [ ] C
Correction coefficients [ ] C
Temperatura
Temperature
[ ] C
tci
k
tce
k
tri
k
tre
k
20 + 0,05 + 0,08 + 0,07 + 0,11
25 - 0,02 + 0,05 + 0,09 + 0,08
30 + 0,07 + 0,06 + 0,05 + 0,08
35 + 0,01 + 0,05 + 0,02 + 0,02

ntruct coeficientul de conducti-
vitate termic depinde de temperatura
probei, valoarea ei medie se determin cu
relaia:
Because the coefficient of thermal
conductivity depends on the temperature
of the sample, its average value will be
determined with relation:
[ ] C
2

+
=
mr mc
m
t t
t . (8)
Determinarea coeficientului de
conductivitate termic se efectueaz cu
relaia:
The determination of the coefficient
of thermal conductivity is accomplished
with relation:

(

=
mK
W
a
r q t
q
, (9)
n care: q reprezint fluxul termic unitar; where: q is the heat flux per unit area; -
19
-grosimea medie corectat a probei de
material; t - cderea de temperatur n
proba de material,
a
r - constant a
aparatului care ine seama de rezistena
termic la trecerea fluxului termic ntre
fluidele de termostatare i suprafaa de
contact a probei de material.

Mrimile calculate se centralizeaz
n tabelul 5.
the corrected average thickness of the
sampling material, t - the temperature
drop in the sampling material,
a
r - the
constant of the apparatus, which takes
account of the thermal resistance of the
heat flux transfer between the thermostat
fluids and the contact surface of the
sampling material.
The calculated quantities will be
centralized in Table 5.



Tab. 5. Mrimi calculate Tab. 5. The calculated quantities
Mrimi calculate
Calculated quantities

Simbol
Symbol

Unitatea
de
msur
Unit of
measure
Valoare
Value

Grosimea medie calculat a probei de material
The calculated average thickness of the sampling
material
m

Consumul total de energie electric
The total electric energy consumption
i
E E =

kWh

Intervalul total de timp
The total time interval
i
=
hours

Fluxul termic consumat
The consumed heat flux

E

kW

Fluxul termic unitar
The heat flux per unit surface
q
2
m
W


Numrul de citiri
The number of readings
n -

20
Temperatura medie corectat a plcii superioare
The corrected average temperature of the
superior plate
mc
t
C
o


Temperatura medie corectat a plcii inferioare
The corrected average temperature of the inferior
plate
mr
t
C
o


Cderea de temperatur n proba de material
The temperature drop in the sampling material
t
C
o


Temperatura medie a probei de material
The average temperature of the sampling material
m
t
C
o


mK
W

Coeficientul de conductivitate termic al probei
de material
The coefficient of thermal conductivity of the
sampling material

mhgrd
kcal




4. Calculul erorilor i
interpretarea rezultatelor

Prin logaritmarea ecuaiilor (2) i (4)
i apoi prin difereniere, se obin relaiile:

4. The errors calculation and
the results analysis

Through the logarithmation of
equations (2) and (4) and then through
differentiation, the following relations will
be obtained:

( )
t
t
q
q

+ =

d d d d
; (10)

( ) ( )
i
i
i
i
i
i
k
k
E
E
q
q


+


=
d d d d
; (11)

A
A
k
k
i
i
d d
= . (12)
21
Trecnd la diferene finite i
nsumnd valorile absolute ale erorilor,
rezult:
Turning equations (10), (11) and
(12) into finite differences and adding the
absolute values of the errors, results:

( )
t
t
q
q
r

= ; (13)

( ) ( )
i
i
i
i
i
i
k
k
E
E
q
q


+

+


=

; (14)

l
l
D
D
A
A
k
k
i
i

=

2 2 . (15)
n care D reprezint diametrul probelor
circulare, l latura probelor ptrate.
n finalul lucrrii se poate compara
valoarea coeficientului de conductivitate
termic, obinut prin determinare
experimental, cu valorile coeficientului
pentru alte materiale izolatoare, din
tabelele termodinamice. Astfel, materialul
poate fi ncadrat ntr-o anumit categorie
de materiale izolatoare.
Coeficientul de conductivitate
termic depinde de densitatea corpului,
crescnd cu creterea ei.
Coeficientul de conductivitate
termic este redus n cazul materialelor
poroase datorit coninutului mare de aer
din structura poroas (acesta avnd un
coeficient de conductivitate termic foarte
sczut - n jur de mK W 024 , 0 ).


where, D is the diameter of the circular
samples, l one side of the squared
samples.
At the end of the work, the value of
the coefficient of thermal conductivity,
obtained through experimental determina-
tion, can be compared with the values of
the coefficient for other insulating mate-
rials taken from the thermodynamic tables.
Thus, the material can be framed in a
certain class of insulating materials.
The coefficient of thermal conduc-
tivity rises with the density.
The coefficient of thermal
conductivity has small values for porous
materials due to the high amount of air
from the porous structure (the air has a
very low thermal conductivity coefficient
about mK W 024 . 0 ).


22
De asemenea, coeficientul de
conductivitate termic crete cu creterea
umiditii corpului. Relaii de variaie a
coeficientului n funcie de umiditate se
pot obine pe cale experimental.
n cazul corpurilor ortotrope,
coeficientul de conductivitate termic este
diferit de-a lungul celor trei direcii
principale. De exemplu, n cazul lemnului,
coeficientul de conductivitate termic este
mai mare (valoare dubl) pe direcia
longitudinal, paralel cu fibrele, n
comparaie cu direcia perpendicular pe
fibre sau transversal. i pe direcia
transversal, valorile coeficientului sunt
diferite pe cele dou direcii, radial i
tangenial. n direcie radial, coeficientul
de conductivitate este mai mare dect n
direcia tangenial. n tabelul 6 sunt
indicate valorile coeficientului de
conductivitate pentru diferite specii de
lemn, paralel i perpendicular pe fibre:
The coefficient of thermal conducti-
vity increases with material moisture
content. Variation relations of the coeffi-
cient with respect to the moisture content
can be obtained by experimental means.
In case of orthotropic bodies, the
coefficient of thermal conductivity is
different along the three main directions.
For example, in the case of wood, the
coefficient of thermal conductivity is
higher (double) on the longitudinal
direction, parallel to the grains, than on
the perpendicular or transversal direction
to the grains. For the transversal direction,
the coefficient values are different on the
radial and tangential directions. Thus, the
thermal conductivity coefficient is higher
on radial direction than on tangential
direction. In table 5, there are shown some
values of the thermal conductivity
coefficient for different wood species,
parallel or perpendicular to the grains:









23
Tab. 5. Conductivitatea termic
pentru lemn
Tab. 5. Thermal conductivity
coefficient for wood
Coeficientul de conductivitate termic
Thermal conductivity coefficient
[W/mK]
Specie de
lemn
Wood
species
Densitate
Density
[kg/m
3
]
Umiditate
Moisture
content
[%] longitudinal radial tangential
Molid
Spruce
410 16 0,2219 0,1227 0,1047
Brad
Fir
450 - 0,279 0,107
Frasin
Ash
740 15 0,306 0,1758 0,1633
Nuc
Walnut
650 12 0,3285 0,1465 0,1382
Stejar
Oak
650 10 0,244-0,3489 0,1593-0,1803

6. Bibliografie

6. References
1. Badea A. Necula H., Stan M., Ionescu L., Blaga P., Darie G. Echipamente i
instalaii termice. Editura Tehnic, Bucureti, 2003.
2. Kreith F. Handbook of thermal engineering, CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, 2000.
4. Bcanu, G. Termodinamic, transfer de cldur i mas. Editura Dealul
Melcilor, Braov, 1998.
5. Pop M.G., Leca A., Prisecaru I., Neaga C., Zidaru G., Muatescu V., Isboiu
E.C. ndrumar. Tabele, nomograme i formule termotehnice. Editura Tehnic,
Bucureti, 1987.
6. *** Wrmedurchgangsprfer nach Dr. Bock Bedienungsanweisung
FEUTRON Fabrik Elektro-Physical Gerte Greitz, 1962.
7. *** EN 12667/2001. Determination of thermal resistance by means of
guarded hot plate and heat flow meter methods products of high and medium
resistance.















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