Bi 1 :Xy dng m hnh mt knh vi iu ch: iu ch QPSK, Knh AWGN ..

1 Bi 2: Xy dng m hnh mt knh vi iu ch: iu ch QAM, Knh AWGN ..3 Bi 3: Xy dng m hnh mt knh vi iu ch: iu ch MSK, Knh AWGN: .5 Bi 4: Xy dng mt m hnh knh nhiu: S dng hai m hnh knh l AWGN, BSC. ...8 Bi 5: M hnh knh nhiu n pha vi iu ch 256-QAM. ..10
Bi 6: M hnh c s dng m ha knh truyn vi m Hamming..13

Bi 7: M hnh c s dng m ha chp tc 2/3 (convolutioncode).. 15 Bi 8: M hnh s dng iu ch QPSK c tc ng ca fading Rayleigh. ...17 Bi 9: M hnh s dng iu ch QAM c tc ng ca fading Rayleigh 20 Bi 10 : Xy dng m hnh mt knh vi iu ch: iu ch QPSK, Knh AWGN, BSC. 22

Bi 1 :Xy dng m hnh mt knh vi iu ch: iu ch QPSK, Knh AWGN

I, y dng 1. M hnh h nh nh iu ch QPSK ng

2. : - Khi pht nguyn ng u nhin (Random Integer) : Khi ny pht s nguyn ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0, M-1]. M l s mc ca tn hiu PSK c iu ch. y t x t : i lng M c th l i lng v hng hoc v ct Nu l v hng, cc li ra ngu nhin l c lp nhau v phn b u. Nu l v ct, di ca n phi bng vi di ca thng s xc lp b n u (Initi l seed) c xc lp t u Trong trng hp ny mi li ra phi c mt di xc nh. Nu tham s xc lp b n u (Initi l seed) l khng i th kt qu ca n c th lp li. iu ch t n hiu u vo s d ng phng php iu ch kh dch ph cu phng QPSK : Khi AWGN cng nhiu Gauss trng vo trong tn hiu li vo. Tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra c th l s thc hoc s phc. Nu tn hiu vo l thc th khi ny s cng nhiu Gauss thc v to ra mt tn hiu thc li ra. Khi tn hiu li vo l phc, khi ny cng tn hiu Gauss phc v to ra mt li ra tn hiu phc. Khi s d ng s th y i mode vi li vo phc, gi tr thay i ngang bng thnh phn thc chia cho thnh phn o ca tn hiu li vo - Khi gi i iu ch DQPSK Thc hin gii iu ch, khi ph c t n hiu gc
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: khi t nh ton t l li b t hoc t l li symbol c t n hiu li vo Khi ny so snh d liu li vo ca b pht vi d liu li vo ca b thu. N tnh t l li di dng nhng con s th y i lin t c, bng cch chia tng s cp d liu khng bng nhau cho tng s d liu li vo ca ngun. - Display: Khi dng hin th kt qu t nh ton t khi rror rate calculator . Khi ny s hin th r 3 i lng: T l li / bit, Tng s bit b li, Tng s bit nhn - Gi n ch ao :Hin th cc thnh phn cng pha v vung pha ca tn hiu iu ch.Gin chm sao m t s phn b c cc im mt cch ri rc theo thi gian ca mt tn hiu iu ch, th hin r cc c im nh hnh dng xung hoc s mo ca tn hiu. II, Thit lp th ng cho tng hi : Random Integer generator: + - ry number l gi tr s nguyn h y vector c cc s nguyn xc nh khong gi tr li r -ary : 4 ; +Initi l seed i tr b n u c my pht s nguyn ngu nhin, xc nh chiu di vector li r Initial seed = 37. +S mple time Thi gi n l y mu S mple time = 1. Khi Modulato QPSK ( c nh): - lch ph pi ,Th t ch m s o Kiu nh ph n,Kiu d liu vo Kiu nguyn Khi AWGN channel: h : SNR, SNR : 10 - Initial Seed = 67: khi to gi tr ban u cho b to nhiu Gauss. - Mode: xc nh bin nhiu vi tn hiu li vo. - Input signal power(watts):cng su t ca k hiu li vo - Eb/No) hay ca mu (nu chn SNR). - Symbol period (s): khong thi gian tn ti ca k t tnh theo giy. Trng ny ch xu t hin khi ch Eb/No hay Es/No c thit lp Khi Demodulator QPSK : T t c cc gi tr mc nh Khi E o ate calculato Output data : Port Khi gi n ch ao : - S mu trn k hiu : 8 - lch mu : 0 - S im hin th : 50 - S im mi trn hin th : 10 III, Nhn xt sau khi chy chng trnh t thu c : t l li bt :1,8.10-3, s bt li : 18, s b t c so snh : 1000.
3

Tng t s SNR l 11 th : t l li bt :4.10-4, s bt li :4, s b t c so snh : 10000 S c n thip c nhiu uss trng nh hng trc tip n thng lng v ch t lng c knh truyn Qu m ph ng v qu n st gin ch m s o t th y - T l li bit R ph thuc vo t s SNR c trn truyn SNR cng ln, R cng nh v ngc li - Khi t n hiu iu ch ch qu knh truyn N, cc im trn gin ch m s o l l tng, ch ng l cc ch m xc nh v khng b d o ng r xung qu nh Nhiu Gause trng lm cho cc im trn gin chm sao b dao ng ra xung quanh v tr chun ca n mt i lng no y. Mc d nh hng ca nhiu ny ch lm cho cc im trong gin chm sao ln vo nh u xong n cng g y nh hng n qu trnh truyn ca h thng. Nu knh truyn c t l SNR ln, cc t n hiu s chng l n ln nh u v ti ph thu vic khi ph c li t n hiu l r t kh khn Trong cc trng hp trn, vi knh truyn c SNR t c 4*10 thng c t l li b t nh vy l h thng ch p nhn c
-4

IV, Biu thc ton hc T n hiu s ng m ng c biu din f0(t) = cos(0t + ) n=4 ; = t c iu ch PQSK h y QPSK c dng p(t) = cos(0t + + s(t)./4) t n hiu bng gc s(t) l xung NR l ng cc nhn gi tr

Bi 2: Xy dng m hnh mt knh vi iu ch: iu ch QAM, Knh AWGN

I. M HNH M PHNG V CC CHC NNG CA TNG KHI 1. M HNH M PHNG

2. CHC NNG CA TNG KHI

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* Random Integer generator: Khi ny pht s nguyn ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0,M-1].M l s mc ca tn hiu Q c iu ch, y 56 *Khi modulator QAM: iu ch tn hiu li vo s d ng phng php iu ch bin xung vung. Li vo c th l cc bit hoc cc s nguyn. * AWGN channel: cng nhiu Gauss trng vo trong tn hiu li vo.Tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra c th l s phc hoc s thc. * Demodulator QAM: thc hin gii iu ch, khi ph c t n hiu gc * Error Rate Calculator: Khi ny dng tnh ton t l li bit hoc t l li symbol ca d liu li vo.Tc li ca d liu thu c xc nh = tr ca d liu truyn. - Khi ny c 2 cng li vo Tx v Rx,trong Tx l cho t n hiu truyn i Rx l cho t n hiu nhn c. *Di play ( hi hin th ): Khi ny hin th cc gi tr ca li vo. Khi ny cho ta th y c t l li bit trn k t,tng s li v tng s k t. *Gi n chm sao: Hin th cc thnh phn cng pha v vung pha ca tn hiu iu ch. Gin chm sao m t s phn b c cc im mt cch ri rc theo thi gian ca 1 tn hiu iu ch,th hin r cc c im nh dng xung hoc s mo ca cc tn hiu. II. Thit lp cc thng s. - Random enteger generator: + - ry number l gi tr s nguyn h y vector c cc s nguyn xc nh khong gi tr li r -ary : 256 ; +Initi l seed i tr b n u c my pht s nguyn ngu nhin, xc nh chiu di vector li r Initial seed = 0. +S mple time Thi gi n l y mu S mple time = 1. - QAM modulator baseband : k + - ry number s im trong ch m s o t n hiu k l s nguyn cho trc M-ary = 256 ; + Input xc nh li vo l s nguyn h y nh m cc b t +Ph se offset (r d) chiu qu y c ch m s o t n hiu,t nh theo r di n Phase offset (rad)= 0 ; +Th t ch m s o Kiu nh ph n (Constellation ordering) +Kiu d liu vo Kiu nguyn : + Initi l seed khi to gi tr b n u cho b to nhiu g uss Initial seed (mc nh) ; +Eb/No : 40 ; + number of bit per symbol =1 :S bit trong 1 k + input signal power (watt) =1 :Cng su t ca k hiu li vo +Symbol periol(s) , (s) khong thi gi n tn ti c k t t nh theo (s) - Demodulator QAM : Phase offset (rad)= 0 ; Samples per symbol = 1 - Khi Error Rate Calculator: Output data : Port.
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- Khi display: mc nh. - Khi gi n ch ao: + S mu trn k hiu : 1 (Samples per symbol) + lch mu : 0 (offset sample) ; +S im hin th : 50 ; + S im mi trn hin th : 10 III, NHN T - S u khi m ph ng t th y c thnh phn nhiu ph tc ng trong qu trnh truyn th v tr cc k t c s th y i r t ln c k t nhiu khi thu s lm cho bn thu nhm vi cc k t bn cnh v g y r li k t s u khi gii iu ch - Khi ch c thnh phn nhiu tc ng ln knh truyn n ko lm nh hng n cc k t bn cnh o vic gii m bn thu s ko xy r li bt - S lng cc k t ln s t l nghch vi gi tr mc nhiu ph do ch ng t ci t b n u I , iu thc ton hc Um(t) = Amc gt(t) cos ( fct) + Ams gt(t) sin ( fct) Trong m , , , Amc , Ams tp hp cc mc bin nhn c bng cc nh x chui k b t thnh bin t n hiu g(t) t n hiu xung

Bi 3: Xy dng m hnh mt knh vi iu ch: iu ch MSK, Knh AWGN:

I, Khi m phng v chc nng tng khi. 1. M hnh

2, Ch

ng kh i:

* My pht nh phn Bernoulli. Khi pht nh phn Bernoulli to nhng s nh phn ngu nhin s d ng phn phi Bernoulli. Phn phi Bernoulli vi thng s p bng 0 vi xc su t p v bng 1 vi xc su t 1-p.
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* iu ch tn hiu ng c MSK Khi iu ch bng c s tiu. SK iu ch s d ng phng php kho dch cc

* AWGN channel: Khi AWGN cng nhiu Gauss trng vo trong tn hiu li vo.Tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra c th l s phc hoc s thc. * Demodulator MSK: thc hin gii iu ch, khi ph c t n hiu gc * Error rate calculator: Khi ny dng tnh ton t l li bit hoc t l li symbol ca d liu li vo.Tc li ca d liu thu c xc nh tr ca d liu truyn. - Khi ny c 2 cng li vo Tx v Rx,trong Tx l cho t n hiu truyn i Rx l cho tn hiu nhn c. *Display(Khi hin th ) : Khi ny hin th cc gi tr ca li vo. Khi ny cho ta th y c t l li bit trn k t,tng s li v tng s k t. *Gi n chm sao: Hin th cc thnh phn cng pha v vung pha ca tn hiu iu ch. Gin chm sao m t s phn b c cc im mt cch ri rc theo thi gian ca 1 tn hiu iu ch,th hin r cc c im nh dng xung hoc s mo ca cc tn hiu. II. Thit lp cc thng s. My pht nh phn Bernoulli. +Xc su t xu t hin gi tr 0: 0,05 ; Gi tr b n u : 51 ; Thi gian l y mu : 1; +cc mu trn khung : 1000;(Probability; initial seed; Sample time ;Samples per frame) iu ch tn hiu ng c MSK +Input type: bit; cc thng s khc mc nh Input type: cho bit dl vo l gi tr l ng cc hay kiu nh phn. Ph se offset ph b n ca dng sng tn hiu ra. Samples persymbol: s mu u r cho mooix s nguyn hoc bit u vo. Output d t type x u ra ca khi c th l 1 hoc 2. Theo mc nh l 2 Knh AWGN: +Initial seed: 67; Eb/ No : 10 ; Number of bit per symbol : 1; Input signal power : 1; Gi i iu ch tn hiu ng c MSK: +Output type : bit ; Phase offset : 0; Samples per symbol: 1. Khi Error Rate Calculation : Output data: Port. Gi n hin th cc im phn tn: Samples per Symbol : 1 ; Offset : 0 ; Points display : 40 ; New point per
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display : 10. III. Nhn xt : nhiu Gaussian trng g y r nh hng n tn hiu truyn trn knh l Lm cho pha ca tn hiu b x dch mt lng nh , iu ny lm cho cc im pha lan rng sang hai bn so vi im ph trc khi qua knh truyn o lm cho tn hiu n ni thu b nho. - Lm cho tn hiu b thng ging nn cc im x dch ln xung so vi cc im trc khi qua knh truyn. Kt qu nhiu Gaussian trng trn knh truyn lm cho cc im pha ca tn hiu MSK x dch theo cc chiu h y im ch m pha lan rng hn so vi im ch m ph trc khi qua knh truyn Nh vy tp m Gaussian trng ca knh truyn lm nh hng n ch t lng ca tn hiu truyn trn knh, nh hng ny c th hin bng mc ch m b nho t hay nhiu. Khi ch m b nho t ngh l t n hiu b thng ging t v b x dch pha t. T s tn hiu trn nhiu E b /N 0 = 45dB th tn hiu truyn qua knh b nhiu ln. Khi E b /N 0 = 60 dB gin pha ca tn hiu MSK (hnh 24) khng c s th y i so vi gin pha ca tn hiu SK trc khi truyn qua knh. Trong thc t khi m ti ni thu t vn thu c tn hiu t yu cu th nh hng ca nhiu Gaussian phi mc va phi Trong trng hp cc loi nhiu khc nh dch nh thi, dch pha v dch tn s s gy ra cc nh hng ln hn Nn khi ph c ng b trong cc phn sau ch qu n t m n khi ph c cc i lng b dch ny v cho nh hng ca nhiu Gaussian ch mc r t nh (t s E b /N 0 = 60dB). IV, Biu thc ton hc ca MSK S ng m ng c vo iu ch ca tn hiu Tn hiu MSK c biu thc ton hc nh s u SK nh s u

Trong d1(t), dQ(t) l cc bit chn, l ca dng d liu l ng cc c gi tr 1, -1 v chng nui cc nhnh cng pha v lch pha 90 ca b iu ch. d1(t) = d0, d2, d4 , dQ(t) = d1, d 3, d5 ,

Bi 4: Xy dng mt m hnh knh nhiu: S dng hai m hnh knh l AWGN, BSC.
1.M h nh - S s d ng m hnh knh S

- S d ng m hnh knh

- S d ng m hnh knh

2.chc nng cc hi: - Bernoulli Binary Generator: Khi ngun, h y c n gi l khi nh ph n ernoulli Khi ny to r d liu s gm dy bit , theo ph n b ernoulli - Hamming Encoder: Khi m ha Hamming, c nhim v m ha cc bit u vo thnh chui bit u ra bng cch chn cc bit kim tra li c ch ci thin knh truyn, khong cch ti thiu 3 - BPSK Modulator Baseband: Khi iu ch pha nh phn, c nhim v iu ch tn hiu s vi bit tng ng vi tn hiu sng c pha = -90 v bit 1 tng ng sng mang c pha = 90 (hoc ngc li). - Re[U] : loi b s ng c t n hiu bng cch loi b cc thnh phn o chuyn t dng s ng s ng dng b t - BSC : knh truyn nh ph n i xng vi xc su t th y i t v l b ng nh u (5 ) - Hamming Decoder: Khi gii m Hamming - Error Rate Calculator : khi t nh ton t l li b t hoc t l li symbol c t n hiu li vo Khi ny so snh d liu li vo ca b pht vi d liu li vo ca b thu. N tnh t l li di dng nhng con s th y i lin t c,
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bng cch chia tng s cp d liu khng bng nhau cho tng s d liu li vo ca ngun. - AWGN Channel: Khi AWGN cng nhiu trng Gauss vo trong tn hiu li vo. Tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra c th l s thc hoc s phc. - BPSK Demodulator Baseband : thc hin gii iu ch, khi ph c t n hiu gc - Display: Khi dng hin th kt qu t nh ton t khi rror r te calculator . Khi ny s hin th r 3 i lng: T l li / bit, Tng s bit b li, Tng s bit nhn. 3. Thit lp cc th ng : - Bernoulli Binary Generator: + Initial seed : 0,1 ; Samples per frame =4; + error prob bility xc su t l ,5 xc nh trong khong + Sample time :Thi gian l y mu l 1. - Khi Hamming Encoder v Hamming Decoder cng Codeword Length N=7 v Message Length K l gfprimfd(3,'min'). odeword ength x chiu di t m, l chiu di vetor u ra ess ge ength K x chiu di bn tin l chiu di vetor u vo hoc vecter nh ph n i din cho thc sinh c trng nh phn. - BPSK Modulator Baseband v khi BPSK Demodulator Baseband: cng Ph se offset S mples per symbol - s mu trn mt k t - Khi AWGN Channel: +Initial seed = 67 ; + Mode = Signal to noise ratio (Es/No) +Es/No = 2,5 ; +Input signal power = 1 ; + Symbol period = 1. -> 1.

4. Chy m phng v nhn xt , so snh cc kt qu m phng.

AWGN BSC BER Tng s bit truyn S b t li

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0,04717 0,4764 212 10 212 101

+ knh S nh hng n t n hiu truyn ln hn knh + khi Es/N0 tng ln nh hng nhiu ti t n hiu s gim h y + khi rror peob bility tng ln th R cng s gim i

N R s gim

Bi 5: M hnh knh nhiu n pha vi iu ch 256-QAM.

I, M hnh v chc nng tng khi: 1. M hnh

2.M t chc nng ca tng khi * Bernoulli binary: Khi ny pht s nguyn ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0,M-1].M l s mc ca tn hiu Q c iu ch, y 56 * Rectengunar QAM modulator Baseband: iu ch tn hiu li vo s d ng phng php iu ch bin xung vung.Li vo c th l cc bit hoc cc s nguyn. * AWGN channel: Khi AWGN cng nhiu Gauss trng vo trong tn hiu li vo.Tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra c th l s phc hoc s thc. * Phase noise (Khi n pha): Khi ny lm dch pha ca tn hiu mt lng ngu nhin. Khi n pha cng nhiu pha ti tn hiu phc, tn hiu bng c s. Khi cung c p nhiu ph nh s u To ra nhiu Gauss cng tnh (AWGN) v lc nhiu ny bng b lc s. ng nhiu vo thnh phn gc ca tn hiu vo. * Rectengunar QAM demodulator Baseband thc hin gii iu ch, khi ph c t n hiu gc * Error rate calculator: Khi ny dng tnh ton t l li bit hoc t l
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li symbol ca d liu li vo.Tc li ca d liu thu c xc nh tr ca d liu truyn.

- Khi ny c 2 cng li vo Tx v Rx,trong Tx l cho t n hiu truyn i Rx l cho tn hiu nhn c. *Display(Khi hin th ) : Khi ny hin th cc gi tr ca li vo. Khi ny cho ta th y c t l li bit trn k t,tng s li v tng s k t. *Gi n chm sao: Hin th cc thnh phn cng pha v vung pha ca tn hiu iu ch. Gin chm sao m t s phn b c cc im mt cch ri rc theo thi gian ca 1 tn hiu iu ch,th hin r cc c im nh dng xung hoc s mo ca cc tn hiu. II. Thit lp cc thng s. - Bernoulli binary + - ry number l gi tr s nguyn h y vector c cc s nguyn xc nh khong gi tr li r M-ary : 256 ; +Initi l seed i tr b n u c my pht s nguyn ngu nhin, xc nh chiu di vector li r Initial seed = 0. +S mple time Thi gi n l y mu S mple time = 0,01. + Sample per frame =500 -KHi Rectangular 256-QAM modulator baseband: M- ary number =256 ; Input type( li vo) = integer ; Constellation ordering = Binary; Nomalization method = Average power ; Average power = 1 ; Phase offset = 0; Output data type = single; *KHI AWGN channel: +Initi l number 5 3 gi tr b n u +Mode = Sisnal noise retio (Es/No) ;Es/No (dB)= 40 ; + Input signal power = 1 ; Symbol period = 0,001. * Demodulator QAM : Phase offset (rad)= 0 ; Samples per symbol = 1 *Khi Pha e noi e: Phase noise level = -66 ;Frequency offset = 200; Innitial seed = 2137; Ph se noise level quy nh c th mc nhiu n pha. Da trn gi tr dBC/hz Frequency offset x tn s b n u(hz) Innitial seed: l s nguyn k m, x gi tr b pht s ngu nhin s d ng to ra ting n. * Khi Error Rate Calculator:
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Receive delay=0; Output data = Port;. * Di play ( hi hin th ): Mc nh. *Gi n chm sao: Samples per symbol = 1; Offset = 0; Points displayed = 2500; New point per display = 300; III, Nhn xt Sau khi chy m ph ng ta th y rng vi h thng khi khng c thnh phn tp nhiu tc ng vo, da vo biu chm sao c nhn xt: - Ban u, cc im trn chm sao khi qua khi iu ch QAM l l tng. Chng l cc chm xc nh v khng b dao ng ra xung quanh. - Khi tn hiu truyn qua knh AWGN th: Tn hiu c nhiu trng, nhiu ny lm cho cc im trn gin chm sao b dao ng ra xung quanh mt i lng nh . N gy nh hng n qu trnh truyn ca h thng nhng ch n mc nghim trng. - Khi tn hiu i qua khi n pha, ta th y c s thay i r t ln trn gin chm sao.Cc im trn gin chm sao lc ny b nhiu ln ln nhau. nh hng ny gy kh khn r t ln cho vic khi ph c tn hiu. I , Biu thc ton hc: Um(t) = Amc gt(t) cos ( fct) + Ams gt(t) sin ( fct) Trong m , , , Amc , Ams tp hp cc mc bin nhn c bng cc nh x chui k b t thnh bin t n hiu g(t) t n hiu xung - Nhiu n ph c t n hiu b dch trong mt khong no g y r xe dch thi gi n khi thu s ng t n hiu, g y s i d liu l y mu iu thc m t tc ng khi n ph vo Q Um(t) = Amc gt(t) cos ( fct +(t)) + (t) m t s th y i ph h y n ph
ms

gt(t) sin ( fct +(t))

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Bi 6: M hnh c s dng m ha knh truyn vi m Hamming. I, Xy dng m hnh , m t chc nng ca tng khi 1. M hnh

2, Chc nng tng khi - Bernoulli Binary Generator: Khi ngun, h y c n gi l khi nh ph n ernoulli Khi ny to r d liu s gm dy bit , theo ph n b Bernoulli. - Hamming Encoder: Khi m ha Hamming, c nhim v m ha cc bit u vo thnh chui bit u ra bng cch chn cc bit kim tra li c ch ci thin knh truyn, khong cch ti thiu 3 - BPSK Modulator Baseband: Khi iu ch pha nh phn, c nhim v iu ch tn hiu s vi bit tng ng vi tn hiu sng c pha = -90 v bit tng ng sng mang c pha = 90 (hoc ngc li). - AWGN Channel: Khi AWGN cng nhiu trng Gauss vo trong tn hiu li vo. Tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra c th l s thc hoc s phc. - BPSK Demodulator Baseband : thc hin gii iu ch, khi ph c t n hiu gc - Hamming Decoder: Khi gii m Hamming - Error Rate Calculator : khi t nh ton t l li b t hoc t l li symbol c t n hiu li vo Khi ny so snh d liu li vo ca b pht vi d liu li vo ca b thu. N tnh t l li di dng nhng con s th y i lin t c, bng cch chia tng s cp d liu khng bng nhau cho tng s d liu li vo ca ngun. - Display: Khi dng hin th kt qu t nh ton t khi rror r te calculator . Khi ny s hin th r 3 i lng: T l li / bit, Tng s bit b li, Tng s bit nhn II, Thit lp cc thng s cho mi khi. -*Khi Bernoulli Binary Generator: + Initi l seed 6 l gi tr c my pht nh ph n bernoulli + Prob bility of zero ,5 +S mple time thi gi n l y mu + S mples per fr me khung l y mu + Output d t type double *Khi BPSK Modulator Baseband v khi BPSK Demodulator Baseband cng Phase offset = 0 v Samples per symbol = 1. * Khi Hamming Encoder v Hamming Decoder
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cng Codeword Length N=7 v Message Length K l gfprimfd(3,'min'). odeword ength x chiu di t m, l chiu di vetor u ra ess ge ength K x chiu di bn tin l chiu di vetor u vo hoc vecter nh ph n i din cho thc sinh c trng nh phn. * Khi Display mc nh, k o to r hin th ht c 3 thng s. * Khi AWGN Channel: +Initi l seed 67 khi to gi tr b n u cho khi nhiu uss + s No ,5 t s t n hiu nhiu, t s ny cng ln th nh hng c nhiu ti t n hiu cng nh +Input sign l power + Symbol period 1. *Khi Error Rate Calculator :( y, s lng bit li khi t n 100 th qu trnh m ph ng s dng li) + Receive delay = 0; + Computation delay = 0 ; +output data = Port; Kch chn Stop simulation + Target number of errors = 100 ; + Maximum number of symbols = 1e6; III, Chy m phng v nhn xt , so snh cc kt qu m phng. Vi gt Es/No =2,5 c knh Tng s bit truyn i N t thu c: 6 , s bit li:101 , t s li bit: 0,04461

Gi tr t s li bit BER t l nghch vs t s Es/No IV, Kho ng cch Hamming, trng s Hamming - Kho ng cch Hamming: Khong cch mming c s d ng trong k thut vin thng tnh s lng cc bit trong mt t nh phn (binary word) b i ngc, nh mt hnh thc c tnh s li xy ra trong qu trnh truyn thng, v v th, i khi n c n c gi l khong cch tn hiu (signal distance). Trng s Hamming: Trng s Hamming ca mt t m l s s 1 c trong t m . V d vi t m 00111010 c trng s Hamming l 4. Khong cch Hamming c nh ngha l cc bt khc nhau gia hai t m. Khong cch Hamming gia hai t m c l y bng cch dng ton t XOR tng bt ca hai t m vi nhau v khong cch Hamming l trng s ca kt qu tm c trong php XOR trn. V d ta c hai t m 0110101 v 1110001 ta c: 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 XOR 1 1 1 0 0 0 1=1 0 0 0 1 00. Vy khong cch Hamming ca 2 t m trn l 2.
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Bi 7: M hnh c s dng m ha chp tc 2/3 (convolutioncode)

I, M hnh v chc nng tng khi 1, M hnh :

2. Chc nng tng khi: Bernoulli Binary Generator: Khi ngun, h y c n gi l khi nh ph n ernoulli Khi ny to r d liu s gm dy bit , theo ph n b Bernoulli. BPSK Modulator Baseband: Khi iu ch pha nh phn, c nhim v iu ch tn hiu s vi bit tng ng vi tn hiu sng c pha = 9 v bit tng ng sng mang c pha = 90 (hoc ngc li). BPSK Demodulator Baseband: Khi gii iu ch pha nh phn, thc hin nhim v ngc li khi BPSK AWGN Channel: Khi AWGN cng nhiu trng Gauss vo trong tn hiu li vo. Tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra c th l s thc hoc s phc. Nu tn hiu vo l thc th khi ny s cng nhiu Gauss thc v to ra mt tn hiu thc li ra. Khi tn hiu li vo l phc, khi ny cng tn hiu Gauss phc v to ra mt li ra tn hiu phc. Khi s d ng s th y i mode vi li vo phc, gi tr th y i ngang bng thnh phn thc chia cho thnh phn o ca tn hiu li vo. Error Rate Calculation: L khi t nh ton t l li b t hoc t l li symbol c t n hiu li vo Khi ny so snh d liu li vo ca b pht vi d liu li vo ca b thu. N tnh t l li di dng nhng con s th y i lin t c, bng cch chia tng s cp d liu khng bng nhau cho tng s d liu li vo ca ngun. Ta c th s d ng khi ny tnh t l li bit hay t l li k hiu, v n khng t nh n s khc nhau gia cc thnh phn d liu vo. Nu li vo dng bit th khi s tnh t l li bit. Nu li vo l cc k hiu th n tnh t l li k hiu. Khi ny k tha thi gian l y mu ca tn hiu li vo. liu r c khi ny gm Tc li b t, tng s li l s cc b t khc nh u v s b t c so snh Display: Khi dng hin th kt qu t nh ton t khi rror r te c lcul tor . Convolutional Encoder: Khi m ha, s m ha tn hiu t khi BBG. Viterbi Decoder: Khi ny gii m m xon.
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II, Thit lp cc thng s M XON Bernoulli Binary Generator: Tch vo Frame based outputs. Cc thng s khc mc nh. + Probability of a zero = 0,5 +Sample time = 1; + Initial seed = 61; + Samples per frame =4; + Output data type = double; - AWGN Channel: - t Es/N0 = 0.01, Symbol perior = 1, cc thng s khc mc nh - Error Rate Calculation: +t Reveive delay = 96; + Target number of error = 100 +Output data = Port. Khi Convolution Encoder v khi Viterbi Decoder: + Cng thit lp thng s Trellis structure (c u trc Trellis) l: poly2trellis(3, [7 5]) + Thng s Operatiion Mode: Continuous Khi BPSK Modulator Baseband v khi BPSK Demodulator Baseband Phase offset = 0 v Samples per symbol = 1. + c su t c bit l + i tr b n u l 6 + Thi gi n l y mu l + S mu trn khung l 4 III, Nhn xt T kt qu m ph ng chng ta c th th y vi hai m Hamming v Convolution th: - Ging nh u ng l phng php m h bt s a li vo chui bt d liu - Khc nhau: T kt qu m ph ng ta nhn th y Cng 1 gi tr SNR th BER ca Hamming lun ln hn R ca Convolution. V vy m ha knh dng Convolution tt hn so vi Hamming I , ngha ca tc 2/3 Trong m xon, t l R = bit thng tin / bit truyn gi l t l m ha (code rate), t l ny nh hn n s bit thng tin xy ra m xon l di gii hn k (contraint length). Ta s m ha mt bn tin s d ng m xon, vi t l m ha l R = 2/3 th vi mi 2 bit thng tin s c 3 bit c truyn i v s d ng di gii hn k=5. Khi , b m ha xon s g i ra ngoi 48 bit vi mi 3 bit thng tin u vo, vi mi 1 cp bit ra s ph thuc vo bit u vo hin ti v 3 bit trc (v di gii hn k=5).
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s a li bng cch chn cc

Bi 8: M hnh s dng iu ch QPSK c tc ng ca fading Rayleigh.

1. Xy dng m hnh, m t chc nng tng khi

Chc nng cc Khi: Khi pht nguyn ng u nhin (Random Integer) : Khi ny pht s nguyn ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0, M-1]. M l s mc ca tn hiu PSK c iu ch. y t x t : i lng M c th l i lng v hng hoc v ct Nu l v hng, cc li ra ngu nhin l c lp nhau v phn b u. Nu l v ct, di ca n phi bng vi di ca thng s xc lp b n u (Initi l seed) c xc lp t u Trong trng hp ny mi li ra phi c mt di xc nh. Nu tham s xc lp b n u (Initial seed) l khng i th kt qu ca n c th lp li. iu ch t n hiu u vo s d ng phng php iu ch kh dch ph cu phng QPSK : Khi AWGN cng nhiu Gauss trng vo trong tn hiu li vo. Tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra c th l s thc hoc s phc. Nu tn hiu vo l thc th khi ny s cng nhiu Gauss thc v to ra mt tn hiu thc li ra. Khi tn hiu li vo l phc, khi ny cng tn hiu Gauss phc v to ra mt li ra tn hiu phc. Khi s d ng s th y i mode vi li vo phc, gi tr thay i ngang bng thnh phn thc chia cho thnh phn o ca tn hiu li vo - Khi gi i iu ch DQPSK Thc hin gii iu ch, khi ph c t n hiu gc : khi t nh ton t l li b t hoc t l li symbol c t n hiu li vo Khi ny so snh d liu li vo ca b pht vi d liu li vo ca b thu. N tnh t l li di dng nhng con s th y i lin t c, bng cch chia tng s cp d liu khng bng nhau cho tng s d liu li vo ca ngun. : in th kt qu t nh ton t khi rror r te c lcul tor - Khi Di c ete Time Scatter Plot Scope: Hin th cc thnh phn cng pha v vung pha ca tn hiu iu ch.
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Gin chm sao m t s phn b c cc im mt cch ri rc theo thi gian ca mt tn hiu iu ch, th hin r cc c im nh hnh dng xung hoc s mo ca tn hiu. 2. Thit lp cc thng s : - Kh i Random Integer : M-arynumber = 4 ; Initial seed = 12345 ; Sample time = 1e -5; Tch chn Frame-based outputs; Samples per frame = 50; Output data type = double. - Kh i General QAM Modulator Baseband: Signal constellation = exp(2*pi*i*[0:7]/8)] - Kh i Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channel: Mximum Doppler shift (Hz) = 40 ; Tch chn : Normalize gain vector to 0 dB overall gain; Initial seed = 12345. Cc thng s khc mc nh. ximum oppler shift gt v hng tch cc cho th y s dch chuyn ca Doppler ti Doppler spectrum type: ch nh s Doppler ca qu trnh reyleigh, tham s ny mc nh ph Jakes ver ge p th g in vector vector x li cho mi ng Initial seed;to gt cho my pht ting n Gaussian - Kh i Raised Cosine Interpolator: Tch chn : Dialog parameters; Interpolation factor = 8. - Kh i QAM Scatter Plot Scope: Sample per symbol = 8 ; + Offset(samples)=0; Points displayed = 40 ; + New points per display = 10 3. Chy m phng: T gin chm sao nhn c ta c nhn xt: hnh sd iu ch QPSK c tc ng ca fading reyleigh dn ti cc im trn gin chm sao di chuyn chng l n ln nhau, khong cch k u nhau ng thi xh thm nhiu im khc. Dn n t s R tng ln lm cho vic khi ph c v gii iu ch c tn hiu gc l kh khn 4. C nhng loi fading no v tc ng ca tng loi: Fading l hin tng sai lc tn hiu thu mt cch b t thng xy r i vi cc h thng v tuyn do tc ng c mi trng truyn dn. - F ding ph ng - F ding chn lc tn s - Fading nhanh - F ding chm Fading phng F ding m suy h o ph thuc vo tn s l khng ng k v hu nh l hng s vi ton b bng tn hiu d ng c t n hiu

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F ding ph ng thng xy r i vi cc h thng v tuyn c dung lng nh v v , do rng bng t n hiu kh nh nn f ding do truyn dn ng v do m gn nh l xem khng c chn lc theo tn s F d d d hnh thnh do phn x ti cc chng ngi cng nh s th y i c kh c x c kh quyn cng trng thu c u thu b suy gim v di chuyn trong qu trnh truyn dn Trong cc h thng chuyn tip s OS ( ine-Of-Sight), s bin thin c kh c x l nguyn nh n ch yu dn n hin tng truyn dn ng m kt qu c n l tn h o F ding th y i theo tn s Tuy nhin, h thng c bng t n hiu nh nn t n hiu suy h o f ding ng l nh nn c th b qu v f ding ng c xem l f ding ph ng i vi f ding ng, vic thc hin c nh gi bng o cng su t t n hiu thu c ti mt tn s trong bng t n hiu c trng thng k c f ding ph ng ng l ph n b thi gi n f ding vt qu mt mc no Fading p d hin tng s ng in t b h p th v b tn x do m , tuyt, song m h y cc phn t khc tn ti trong mi trng truyn dn nn cc t n hiu vo u thu b suy gim N i chung hin tng f ding ny th y i ph thuc vo thi gi n nh hng c fl t f ding tc ng ln ton b di tn t n hiu truyn trn knh l nh nh u, do vic t nh ton d tr f ding (fading margin) d dng hn (cc tn s trong bng tn u b tc ng nh nh u th ch vic tng thm pht cho t t c bng tn Thc t th c b gi l t ng iu ch nh li-AGC (Auto Gain Control) s iu ch nh mc b nhiu ny) Fading la chn tn (selective fading) y r khi bng tn c t n hiu ln hn bng thng c knh truyn o h thng tc v v ln c rng bng t n hiu ln (ln hn rng knh) s chu nhiu tc ng c selective f ding i ton b bng thng knh truyn th n nh hng khng u, ch nhiu ch t, ch lm tng ch lm gim cng t n hiu oi ny ch yu do f ding ng g y r Tc hi ln nh t c loi f ding ny l g y nhiu ln k t -ISI. Selective fading tc ng ln cc tn s khc nh u (trong cng bng tn c t n hiu) l khc nh u, do vic d tr nh fl t f ding l khng th - Fading nhanh (fast fading) h y c n gi l hiu ng oppler, nguyn nhn l c s chuyn ng tng i gi my thu v my pht dn n tn s thu c s b dch tn i lng delt _f so vi tn s pht tng ng f_thu = f_pht. (c + v_thu) / (c+v_pht) => delta_f=abs[f_thu-f_pht]=abs[v/(c+v_pht)].f_pht c dch tn s th y i theo vn tc tng i (v) gi my pht v thu (ti cng t s pht) o hin tng ny gi l f ding nh nh

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Tuy nhin, khng phi l ton b ni dung c f ding nh nh m cc hiu ng ng (multipath) cng c th k o theo s bin i nh nh c mc nhiu ti u thu g y r f st f ding - Fading ch truyn (slow fading) o nh hng c cc vt cn tr trn ng

t nh c o tng, ngn n i, i lm cho bin t n hiu suy gim, do c n gi l hiu ng b ng r m (Shadowing) Tuy nhin, hin tng ny ch xy r trn mt khong cch ln, nn tc bin i chm y s khng n nh cng t n hiu nh hng n hiu ng cho chn gi l suy h o chm vy hiu ng ny gi l F ding chm (slow fading) Nh vy, slow f ding v f st f ding ph n bit nh u mc bin i nhiu ti anten thu.

Bi 9: M hnh s dng iu ch QAM c tc ng ca fading Rayleigh.

5. Xy dng m hnh, m t chc nng tng khi

Chc nng cc Khi: * Khi pht s nguyn ng u nhin(Random enteger generator). Khi ny pht s nguyn ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0,M1].M l s mc ca tn hiu Q c iu ch, y 56 *Khi iu ch QAM. iu ch tn hiu li vo s d ng phng php iu ch bin xung vung.Li vo c th l cc bit hoc cc s nguyn. * Khi knh nhiu cng tnh AWGN. Khi AWGN cng nhiu trng Gauss vo trong tn hiu li vo.Tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra c th l s phc hoc s thc. * Khi gi i iu ch QAM Gii iu ch tn hiu li vo s d ng phng php iu ch bin xung
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vung.L tp hp cc s nguyn t 0->255 . * B tnh ton v thng k li.( error..) Khi ny dng tnh ton t l li bit hoc t l li symbol ca d liu li vo.Tc li ca d liu thu c xc nh tr ca d liu truyn. - Khi ny c 2 cng li vo Tx v Rx,trong Tx l cho tn hiu truyn i Rx l cho tn hiu nhn c. *Khi hin th Khi ny hin th cc gi tr ca li vo. Khi ny cho ta th y c t l li bit trn k t,tng s li v tng s k t. *Gi n chm sao Hin th cc thnh phn cng pha v vung pha ca tn hiu iu ch. Gin chm sao m t s phn b c cc im mt cch ri rc theo thi gian ca 1 tn hiu iu ch,th hin r cc c im nh dng xung hoc s mo c a cc tn hiu. 6. Thit lp cc thng s : - Khi Random Integer : M-arynumber = 4 ; Initial seed = 12345 ; Sample time = 1e -5; Tch chn Frame-based outputs; Samples per frame = 50; Output data type = double. - Khi General QAM Modulator Baseband: Signal constellation = exp(2*pi*i*[0:7]/8)] - Kh i Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channel: Mximum Doppler shift (Hz) = 40 ; Tch chn : Normalize gain vector to 0 dB overall gain; Initial seed = 12345. Cc thng s khc mc nh. - Kh i Raised Cosine Interpolator: Tch chn : Dialog parameters; Interpolation factor = 8. - Kh i QAM Scatter Plot Scope: Sample per symbol = 8 ; + Offset(samples)=0; Points displayed = 40 ; + New points per display = 10 7. Chy m phng: i tc ng ca fading reyleigh( loi fading c nh hng r t x u n vic thu tn hiu ti my thu), d c sd iu ch Q nhng da vo gin chm sao c iu ch Q , cc im lun di chuyn, k 1 v tr x, ngoi r c n xh nhiu im khc chng l n ln nh u o thu t n hiu ti my thu s k d dng v k cn chnh xc na. 8. Nu c fading th nn s dng loi iu ch no l hp l nht?. ti sao? Fading l hin tng sai lc tn hiu thu mt cch b t thng xy r i vi cc h thng v tuyn do tc ng c mi trng truyn dn.
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Nguyn nhn gy ra fading: Tn hiu pht i qu knh truyn v tuyn b cn bi cc ta nh, ni cao, cy ci phn x (Reflection), tn x (Scattering), nhiu x ( iffr ction) , cc hin tng ny gi chung l Fading. V kt qu l my thu t thu c nhiu phin bn khc nhau ca tn hiu pht i iu ny nh hng n ch t lng h thng Thng Tin V Tuyn Cch khc phc: Dng k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM v: - S d ng di tn r t hiu qu do cho php chng ph gia cc sng mang con. Hn ch c nh hng ca fading v hiu ng nhiu ng bng cch chia knh fading chn lc tn s thnh cc knh con fading ph ng tng ng vi cc tn s sng mang OFDM khc nhau. - Phng php ny c u im quan trng l loi b c hu ht giao thoa gia cc sng mang v giao thoa gia cc tn hiu. - Gii quyt v n fading bng qu trnh thc hin iu ch v gii iu ch trong OFDM nh s d ng php bin i FFT - OF c u im ni bt l khc ph c hin tng khng c ng dn th ng bng tn hiu ng dn. OF ng chng t nhng u im ca mnh trong cc h thng vin thng trn thc t c bit l trong cc h thng v tuyn i h i tc c o nh thng tin di ng v c trong truyn hnh s.

Bi 10 : Xy dng m hnh mt knh vi iu ch: iu ch QPSK, Knh AWGN, BSC.

QPSK l kho dch pha 4 trng thi, tc l truyn b t symbol Ngi ta thc hin bng cch : chia tn hiu tin tc cn truyn b (t) thnh 2 lung ( bt chn , v bt l ) l b (t) v b (t), tng ng vi nhnh I v nhnh Q , s u i ch nhnh vi 2 sng mang c tnh trc giao nhau v tng hp ti b cng v u ra b cng chnh l tn hiu QPSK Nh vy ngh caQPSK l chia b(t) thnh 2 lung bt chn v l v qu iu ch v tng hp ta truyn mt lc 2 bt ca tn hiu b(t). * S nguyn l b iu ch 4-PSK s d ng mt trong 4 pha lch nh u 9 , c gi l 4-PSK hay PSK cu phng (QPSK)

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Tn hiu bng gc c vo b bin i ni tip thnh song song, u r c h i lung s liu c tc bit gim i mt n , ng thi bin i tn hiu n cc thnh tn hiu i s ng m ng ti hai b trn lm lch ph nh u 9 Tng hp tn hiu u ra 2 b trn t c t n hiu 4-PSK. Tn hiu ra 2 b trn:

T n hiu r QPSK l I y dng h nh nh iu ch QPSK ng Si ulin ca Matla : Trong qu trnh iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu s ta th y rng tn hiu thng b nh hng bi mt s nguyn nhn lm cho tn hiu thu c b sai khc i so vi tn hiu gc. i m ph ng ny s d ng cc khi truyn thng khc nh u thit lp m hnh knh iu ch QPSK vi khi nhiu uss trng cng N v knh nh ph n i xng S

(Random Integer) : Khi ny pht s nguyn ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0, M-1]. M l s mc ca tn hiu PSK c iu ch y t x t : - i lng M c th l i lng v hng hoc v ct Nu l v hng, cc li ra ngu nhin l c lp nhau v phn b u. Nu l v ct, di ca n phi bng vi di ca thng s xc lp b n u (Initial seed) c xc lp t u Trong trng hp ny mi li ra phi c mt

H nh 8 : S hi :

phng iu ch QPSK

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di xc nh. Nu tham s xc lp b n u (Initi l seed) l khng i th kt qu ca n c th lp li. - iu ch t n hiu u vo s d ng phng php iu ch kh cu phng QPSK dch ph

: Khi AWGN cng nhiu Gauss trng vo trong tn hiu li vo. Tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra c th l s thc hoc s phc. Nu tn hiu vo l thc th khi ny s cng nhiu Gauss thc v to ra mt tn hiu thc li ra. Khi tn hiu li vo l phc, khi ny cng tn hiu Gauss phc v to ra mt li ra tn hiu phc. Khi s d ng s th y i mode vi li vo phc, gi tr thay i ngang bng thnh phn thc chia cho thnh phn o ca tn hiu li vo. Thng s c th th y i c l Initial seed, Mode, Eb/No (dB), Number of bits per symbol, Input signal power (watts), Symbol period (s). Khi ny s d ng khi Sign l Processing lockset's R ndom Source to ra nhiu. Thng s Initial seed trong khi khi chy to nhiu. Gi tr xc lp b n u (Initial seed) c th l s hoc v ct m di l s knh trong tn hiu li vo. C th xc nh s khc nhau ca b to nhiu bi knh AWGN t s tn hiu trn n Eb/N0 v Eb/N0 vi tn hiu ln lt l bt v l symbol, hay t l tn trn tp SNR. gc : khi t nh ton t l li b t hoc t l li symbol c t n hiu li vo Khi ny so snh d liu li vo ca b pht vi d liu li vo ca b thu. N tnh t l li di dng nhng con s th y i lin t c, bng cch chia tng s cp d liu khng bng nhau cho tng s d liu li vo ca ngun. Ta c th s d ng khi ny tnh t l li bit hay t l li k hiu, v n khng tnh n s khc nhau gia cc thnh phn d liu vo. Nu li vo dng bit th khi s tnh t l li bit. Nu li vo l cc k hiu th n tnh t l li k hiu. Khi ny k tha thi gian l y mu ca tn hiu li vo. liu r c khi ny gm Tc li b t, tng s li l s cc b t khc nh u v s b t c so snh in th kt qu t nh ton t khi rror r te c lcul tor
25

Thc hin gii iu ch, khi ph c t n hiu

 Time Scatter Plot Scope: Hin th cc thnh phn cng pha v vung pha ca tn hiu iu ch. Gin chm sao m t s phn b c cc im mt cch ri rc theo thi gian ca mt tn hiu iu ch, th hin r cc c im nh hnh dng xung hoc s mo ca tn hiu. II. l lch ph ph n Kiu d liu vo Kiu thc : + h : SNR ; +SNR : 10 ; + i tr b n u 67 (mc nh) + lch pha : pi/4 ; + th t chm sao : kiu nh phn. : + S mu trn k hiu : 8 ; + lch mu : 0 ; +S im hin th : 50 (point displayed ); +S im mi trn hin th : 10(new points per display) III. : i SNR c khi T l li bit : 1.8 * 10-3 ; S bit li : 18 ; S bit c so snh : 10004. i h s SNR c N l :
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: - ry Initi l seed l 37 Thi gi n l y mu

pi

Th t ch m s o Kiu nh

+Output type : Integer ;

: Output data : Port.

t thi gi n m ph ng l N l :

T l li bit : 4*10-4 ; S bit li : 4 ; S bit c so snh : 10004 - in ch m s o c t n hiu iu ch trc khi i qu knh N

in ch m s o c t n hiu iu ch s u khi i qu knh

S c n thip c nhiu uss trng nh hng trc tip n thng lng v ch t lng c knh truyn Qu m ph ng v qu n st gin ch m s o t th y - T l li bit R ph thuc vo t s SNR c trn truyn SNR cng ln, R cng nh v ngc li - Khi t n hiu iu ch ch qu knh truyn N, cc im trn gin ch m s o l l tng, ch ng l cc ch m xc nh v khng b dao ng r xung qu nh Khi t n hiu iu ch c qu knh nhiu uss trng, Nhiu ny lm cho cc im trn gin chm sao b d o ng ra xung quanh v tr chun ca n mt i lng no y. Mc d nh hng ca nhiu ny ch
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lm cho cc im trong gin chm sao ln vo nh u xong n cng g y nh hng n qu trnh truyn ca h thng. Nu knh truyn c t l SNR nh , cc t n hiu s chng l n ln nh u v ti ph thu vic khi ph c li t n hiu l r t kh khn Trong cc trng hp trn, vi knh truyn c SNR t c 4*10 thng c t l li b t nh vy l h thng ch p nhn c
-4

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