Các phương pháp điều khiển ĐC DC kích từ độc lập

LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP GVHD: HUYNH VAN KIEM
SVTH : HOANG TRONG LINH TRANG 1

Chng I:
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CAC PHNG PHAP IEU CHNH TOC O ONG
C MOT CHIEU KCH T OC LAP

I. KHAI NIEM CHUNG:
I. 1 nh ngha:
ieu chnh toc o ong c la dung cac bien phap nhan tao e thay oi cac thong
so nguon nh ien ap hay cac thong so mach nh ien tr phu, thay oi t thong T
o tao ra cac ac tnh c mi e co nhng toc o lam viec mi phu hp vi yeu cau.
Co hai phng phap e ieu chnh toc o ong c:
Bien oi cac thong so cua bo phan c kh tc la bien oi ty so truyen chuyen tiep
t truc ong c en c cau may san suat.
Bien oi toc o goc cua ong c ien. Phng phap nay lam giam tnh phc tap
cua c cau va cai thien c ac tnh ieu chnh. V vay, ta khao sat s ieu chnh toc
o theo phng phap th hai.
Ngoai ra can phan biet ieu chnh toc o vi s t ong thay oi toc o khi phu tai
thay oi cua ong c ien.
Ve phng dien ieu chnh toc o, ong c ien mot chieu co nhieu u viet hn so
vi cac loai ong c khac. Khong nhng no co kha nang ieu chnh toc o de dang ma
cau truc mach ong lc, mach ieu khien n gian hn, ong thi lai at chat lng
ieu chnh cao trong day ieu chnh toc o rong.
I. 2 Cac ch tieu ky thuat e anh gia he thong ieu chnh toc o:
Khi ieu chnh toc o cua he thong truyen ong ien ta can chu y va can c vao
cac ch tieu sau ay e anh gia chat lng cua he thong truyen ong ien:
I. 2. a Hng ieu chnh toc o:
Hng ieu chnh toc o la ta co the ieu chnh e co c toc o ln hn hay be
hn so vi toc o c ban la toc o lam viec cua ong c ien tren ng ac tnh c t
nhien.
I. 2. b Pham vi ieu chnh toc o (Day ieu chnh):
Pham vi ieu chnh toc o D la t so gia toc o ln nhat n
max
va toc o be nhat
n
min
ma ngi ta co the ieu chnh c tai gia tr phu tai la nh mc: D = n
max
/n
min
.
Trong o:
- n
max
: c gii han bi o ben c hoc.
- n
min
: c gii han bi pham vi cho phep cua ong c, thong thng ngi ta
chon n
min
lam n v.
Pham vi ieu chnh cang ln th cang tot va phu thuoc vao yeu cau cua tng he
thong, kha nang tng phng phap ieu chnh.
I. 2. c o cng cua ac tnh c khi ieu chnh toc o:
o cng: | = AM/An. Khi | cang ln tc AM cang ln va An nho ngha la o on
nh toc o cang ln khi phu tai thay oi nhieu. Phng phap ieu chnh toc o tot
nhat la phng phap ma gi nguyen hoac nang cao o cng cua ng ac tnh c.
Hay noi cach khac | cang ln th cang tot.
I. 2. d o bang phang hay o lien tuc trong ieu chnh toc o:
Trong pham vi ieu chnh toc o, co nhieu cap toc o. o lien tuc khi ieu chnh
toc o c anh gia bang t so gia hai cap toc o ke nhau:
= n
i
/n
i+1

Trong o:
- n
i
: Toc o ieu chnh cap th i.
- n
i + 1
: Toc o ieu chnh cap th ( i + 1 ).
Vi n
i
va n
i + 1
eu lay tai mot gia tr moment nao o.
tien cang gan 1 cang tot, phng phap ieu chnh toc o cang lien tuc. Luc nay hai
cap toc o bang nhau, khong co nhay cap hay con goi la ieu chnh toc o vo cap.
= 1 : He thong ieu chnh co cap.
I. 2. e Ton that nang lng khi ieu chnh toc o:
He thong truyen ong ien co chat lng cao la mot he thong co hieu suat lam
viec cua ong c q la cao nhat khi ton hao nang lng AP
phu
mc thap nhat.
I. 2. f Tnh kinh te cua he thong khi ieu chnh toc o:
He thong ieu chnh toc o truyen ong ien co tnh kinh te cao nhat la mot he
thong ieu chnh phai thoa man toi a cac yeu cau ky thuat cua he thong. ong thi
he thong phai co gia thanh thap nhat, chi ph bao quan van hanh thap nhat, s dung
thiet b pho thong nhat va cac thiet b may moc co the lap rap lan cho nhau.
II. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG CACH THAY OI IEN AP AT VAO PHAN
NG ONG C:
oi vi cac may ien mot chieu, khi gi t thong khong oi va ieu chnh ien ap
tren mach phan ng th dong ien, moment se khong thay oi. e tranh nhng bien
ong ln ve gia toc va lc ong trong he ieu chnh nen phng phap ieu chnh toc
o bang cach thay oi ien ap tren mach phan ng thng c ap dung cho ong c
mot chieu kch t oc lap.
e ieu chnh ien ap at vao phan ng ong c, ta dung cac bo nguon ieu ap
nh: may phat ien mot chieu, cac bo bien oi van hoac khuech ai t Cac bo bien
oi tren dung e bien dong xoay chieu cua li ien thanh dong mot chieu va ieu
chnh gia tr sc ien ong cua no cho phu hp theo yeu cau.
Phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap:
M
K K
R R
K
U
n
M E
f u
E
2
u
+
u
=
Ta co toc o khong tai ly tng: n
0
= U
m
/K
E
u
m.
o cng cua ng ac tnh c:
Khi thay oi ien ap at len phan ng cua ong c th toc o khong tai ly tng se
thay oi nhng o cng cua ng ac tnh c th khong thay oi.
Nh vay, khi ta thay oi ien ap th o cng cua ng ac tnh c khong thay oi.
Ho ac tnh c la nhng ng thang song song vi ng ac tnh c t nhien:

Hnh I. 1 Ho ac tnh c khi thay oi ien ap at vao phan ng ong c.
Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien ap phan ng thc chat la
giam ap va cho ra nhng toc o nho hn toc o c ban n
cb
. ong thi ieu chnh nhay
cap hay lien tuc tuy thuoc vao bo nguon co ien ap thay oi mot cach lien tuc va
ngc lai.
Theo ly thuyet th pham vi ieu chnh D = . Nhng trong thc te ong c ien
mot chieu kch t oc lap neu khong co bien phap ac biet ch lam viec pham vi cho
phep: U
mincp
= U
m
/10, ngha la pham vi ieu chnh:
D = n
cb
/n
min
= 10/1. Neu ien ap phan ng U < U
mincp
th do phan ng phan ng se lam
cho toc o ong c khong on nh.
Nhan xet: Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien ap at vao phan
ng ong c se gi nguyen o cng cua ng ac tnh c nen c dung nhieu trong
may cat kim loai va cho nhng toc o nho hn n
cb
.
u iem: ay la phng phap ieu chnh triet e, vo cap co ngha la co the ieu
chnh toc o trong bat ky vung tai nao ke ca khi khong tai ly tng.
Nhc iem: Phai can co bo nguon co ien ap thay oi c nen von au t c
ban va chi ph van hanh cao.

III. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG CACH THAY OI T THONG:

f u
M E
R R
K K
dn
dM
+
u
= =
2
|
U
1
U
2

U
3

TN ( U
m
)
n
0
n
cb
n
1

n
2
n
3

M
n
M
C

U
m
> U
1
> U
2
> U
3

n
cb
> n
1
> n
2
> n
3

- -
-
+ -
+ - - -
C
K
R
K

I

U

U
KT

Hnh I. 2 S o nguyen ly ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong.
ieu chnh t thong kch thch cua ong c ien mot chieu la ieu chnh moment
ien t cua ong c M = K
M
|I
va sc ien ong quay cua ong c

E

= K
E
|n. Thong thng, khi thay oi t thong th ien ap phan ng c gi nguyen
gia tr nh mc.
oi vi cac may ien nho va oi khi ca cac may ien cong suat trung bnh, ngi
ta thng s dung cac bien tr at trong mach kch t e thay oi t thong do ton hao
cong suat nho. oi vi cac may ien cong suat ln th dung cac bo bien oi ac biet
nh: may phat, khuech ai may ien, khuech ai t, bo bien oi van
Thc chat cua phng phap nay la giam t thong. Neu tang t thong th dong ien
kch t I
KT
se tang dan en khi h cuon day kch t. Do o, e ieu chnh toc o ch co
the giam dong kch t tc la giam nho t thong so vi nh mc. Ta thay luc nay toc
o tang len khi t thong giam: n = U/K
E
u.
Mat khac ta co: Moment ngan mach M
n
= K
M
|I
n
nen khi | giam se lam cho M
n

giam theo.
o cng cua ng ac tnh c:
Khi | giam th o cng | cung giam, ac tnh c se doc hn. Nen ta co ho ng
ac tnh c khi thay oi t thong nh sau:

Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong co the ieu chnh c
toc o vo cap va cho ra nhng toc o ln hn toc o c ban.
Theo ly thuyet th t thong co the giam gan bang 0, ngha la toc o tang en vo
cung. Nhng tren thc te ong c ch lam viec vi toc o ln nhat:
n
max
= 3n
cb
tc pham vi ieu chnh: D = n
max
/n
cb
= 3/1.
Bi v ng vi moi ong c ta co mot toc o ln nhat cho phep. Khi ieu chnh toc
o tuy thuoc vao ieu kien c kh, ieu kien co gop ong c khong the oi chieu dong
R
K K
M E
2
u
= |
u1
u
2

u
m

0 M
C
M
2
M
1
M
n
Hnh I. 3 Ho ac tnh c khi thay oi t thong.

n
cb

n
1
n
2

n

M
|
m
> |
1
> |
2

n
cb
< n
1
< n
2

ien va chu c ho quang ien. Do o, ong c khong c lam viec qua toc o cho
phep.
Nhan xet: Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong co the ieu
chnh toc o vo cap va cho nhng toc o ln hn n
cb
. Phng phap nay c dung e
ieu chnh toc o cho cac may mai van nang hoac la may bao ging. Do qua trnh
ieu chnh toc o c thc hien tren mach kch t nen ton that nang lng t, mang
tnh kinh te. Thiet b n gian.
IV. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG CACH THAY OI IEN TR PHU TREN
MACH PHAN NG:
Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien tr phu tren mach phan
ng co the c dung cho tat ca ong c ien mot chieu. Trong phng phap nay ien
tr phu c mac noi tiep vi mach phan ng cua ong c theo s o nguyen ly nh
sau:

Hnh I. 4 S o nguyen ly ieu chnh toc o ong c bang cach thay oi ien
tr phu tren mach phan ng.
Ta co phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap:
Khi thay oi gia tr ien tr phu R
f
ta nhan thay toc o khong tai ly tng: va o
cng cua ng ac tnh c:

se thay oi khi gia tr R
f
thay oi. Khi R
f
cang ln, | cang nho ngha la ng ac tnh
c cang doc. ng vi gia tr R
f
= 0 ta co o cng cua ng ac tnh c t nhien c
tnh theo cong thc sau:
Ta nhan thay |
TN
co gia tr ln nhat nen ng ac tnh c t nhien co o cng ln
hn tat ca cac ng ac tnh c co ong ien tr phu tren mach phan ng. Vay khi
thay oi gia tr R
f
ta c ho ac tnh c nh sau:
M
K K
R R
K
U
n
M E
f u
E
2
u
+
u
=
u
dm
M E
TN
R
K K
2
u
= |
- -
- -
+ -
+ -
-
-
I

R
f

C
K
R
K

U
E
U
KT
const
K
U
n
dm E
dm
=
u
=
0
f u
dm
M E
R R
K K
+
u
=
2
|
;

Hnh I. 5 Ho ac tnh c khi thay oi ien tr phu tren mach phan ng.
Nguyen ly ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien tr phu tren mach phan ng
c giai thch nh sau: Gia s ong c ang lam viec xac lap vi toc o n
1
ta ong
them R
f
vao mach phan ng. Khi o dong ien phan ng I
ot ngot giam xuong, con

toc o ong c do quan tnh nen cha kp bien oi. Dong I
giam lam cho moment

ong c giam theo va toc o giam xuong, sau o lam viec xac lap tai toc o n
2
vi n
2

> n
1
.
Phng phap ieu chnh toc o nay ch co the ieu chnh toc o n < n
cb
. Tren thc
te khong the dung bien tr e ieu chnh nen phng phap nay se cho nhng toc o
nhay cap tc o bang phang xa 1 tc n
1
cach xa n
2
, n
2
cach xa n
3

Khi gia tr n
min
cang tien gan en 0 th pham vi ieu chnh:
D = n
cb
/n
min
~ .
Trong thc te, R
f
cang ln th ton that nang lng phu tang. Khi ong c lam viec
toc o n = n
cb
/2 th ton that nay chiem t 40% en 50%. Cho nen, e am bao tnh
kinh te cho he thong ta ch ieu chnh sao cho pham vi ieu chnh: D = ( 2 3 )/1.
Khi gia tr R
f
cang ln th toc o ong c cang giam. ong thi dong ien ngan
mach I
n
va moment ngan mach M
n
cung giam. Do o, phng phap nay c dung e
han che dong ien va ieu chnh toc o di toc o c ban. Va tuyet oi khong c
dung cho cac ong c cua may cat kim loai.
Nhan xet: Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien tr phu tren
mach phan ng ch cho nhng toc o nhay cap va nho hn n
cb
.
u iem: Thiet b thay oi rat n gian, thng dung cho cac ong c cho can truc,
thang may, may nang, may xuc, may can thep.
Nhc iem: Toc o ieu chnh cang thap khi gia tr ien tr phu ong vao cang
ln, ac tnh c cang mem, o cng giam lam cho s on nh toc o khi phu tai thay
oi cang kem. Ton hao phu khi ieu chnh rat ln, toc o cang thap th ton hao phu
cang tang.
V. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG CACH RE MACH PHAN NG:
ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap khi ieu chnh toc o bang cach re mach
phan ng co s o nguyen ly nh sau:
TN
R
f1

R
f2

R
f3

0
M
C

n
3

n
2

n
1

n
cb

n
0

n
M, I
0 < R
f1
< R
f2
< R
f3
n
cb
> n
1
> n
2
> n
3


Hnh I. 6 S o nguyen ly phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach re mach phan
ng.
Mot he thong khi ieu chnh can toc o nho hn n
cb
va ieu chnh nhay cap. He
thong co o cng tng oi ln va thiet b van hanh n gian th ngi ta dung phng
phap re mach phan ng hay con goi la phan mach.
Theo phng phap re mach phan ng th phan ng ong c noi song song vi ien
tr va noi noi tiep vi mot ien tr khac. Phng phap nay giong vi phng phap
thay oi ien tr tren mach phan ng nhng ien ap phan ng lai khong thay oi. Do
o, phng phap nay oi hoi phai:
- ien ap at vao phan ng ong c khong thay oi.
- V dong kch t khong thay oi nen khi ieu chnh toc o, t thong khong oi lam
cho moment phu tai cho phep c gi khong oi va bang tr so nh mc.
Ta co phng trnh ac tnh c:

T phng trnh tren, ta nhan thay toc o ong c n
< n
cb
. Mat khac ta co:

o cng cua ng ac tnh c re mach phan ng |
PM
nho hn o cng cua ac
tnh c t nhien |
TN
nhng lai ln hn o cng cua ac tnh c co ien tr phu |
Rf
vi
ien tr phu chnh la R
n
.
e ieu chnh toc o ong c trong trng hp nay ta tien hanh nh sau:
Gi nguyen R
n
, thay oi gia tr R
S
:
- Khi R
S
= 0: ay la trang thai ham ong nang vi toc o ham ong nang n
HN
= 0.
M
K K
R R
R R
R
R R
R
K
U
n
M E
n S
n S
u
n S
S
E 2
u
+
+
+ u
=
M
K K
R R
R R
R
R R
R
n n
M E
n S
n S
u
n S
S
2
0
u
+
+
+
=
0 0 0
' n
R R
R
n n
n S
S
<
+
=
u
n S
S
u n u
R
R R
R
R R R >
+
+ > +
TN PM R R
n f
| | | | < < =
I

I
S

I
n

R
n

R
S

-
-
-
- -
- -
+ -
C
K

R
K

E
U

Hnh I. 7 Ho ac tnh c khi R
n
= const, R
S
thay oi.
Nh vay, khi gi nguyen R
n
, thay oi gia tr R
S
th vung ieu chnh toc o b han
che va modun o ln ac tnh c tang dan khi toc o giam.
Gi nguyen R
S
, thay oi gia tr R
n
:
- Khi R
n
= 0: R
S
khong anh hng en ng ac tnh c. Luc nay ta xem R
S
nh la
tai noi song song vi ong c. Ta co c ng ac tnh c t nhien.
- Khi R
n
= : ong c ien b h mach nen khong co ien ap ri tren phan ng
ong c. ay la trang thai ham ong nang vi R
HN
= R
S
. Ta co : I
B
= U
m
/R
S
. Ta co
ho ac tnh c nh sau:

Vay, khi gi nguyen R
S
va thay oi R
n
th pham vi ieu chnh khong b han che nh
trng hp tren. Nhng khi toc o giam xuong th o cng ng ac tnh c lai b
giam xuong.
Ngoai ra con co phng phap thay oi ong thi gia tr cua R
S
va R
n
: Phng phap
nay thng c s dung trong thc te.
So vi phng phap ieu chnh bang cach thay oi ien tr phu tren mach phan
ng ta nhan thay: Khi toc o va moment ong c nh nhau ngha la khi cong suat c
Hnh I.8 Ho ac tnh c khi R
S
= const, R
n
thay oi.

n
1

n
2

n
cb

I
TN ( R
N
= 0 )
M
C
R
n
= 0
I
B

n
R
n1

R
n2
n
0

0 < R
n1
< R
n2
< R
n
=
n
2
< n
1
< n
cb

Ta co ho ac tnh c nh sau
sau:

n
dm
A S
R
U
I R Khi = = : :
TN
n
n
0

n
3

n
2

n
1

I
I
A

M
C

R
S
= 0
R
S
=
R
S2

R
S1
-
R
S1
< R
S2

n
1
< n
2

nh nhau dong ien nhan t li trong s o re mach phan ng luon luon ln hn trong
s o ieu chnh bang ien tr phu tre n mach phan ng mot lng bang dong ien
chay qua R
S
.
Phng phap nay ch dung cho can truc, cau truc, thang may, may can thep. ong
thi tuyet oi khong dung cho may cat kim loai.
Nhan xet: Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach re mach phan ng th ieu
chnh toc o nhay cap va cho nhng toc o nho hn n
cb
.
u iem:
- Vi cung mot toc o yeu cau th o cng cua ng ac tnh c phan mach co o
cng ln hn ac tnh c dung ien tr phu tren mach phan ng.
- Thiet b van hanh n gian.
Nhc iem:
- Phng phap nay dung tiep iem e ong cat ien tr nen o tinh chnh khong
cao, ieu chnh toc o co cap, pham vi ieu chnh: D = ( 2 3 )/1.
- Do ton that cong suat trong s o nay kha ln nen pham vi ng dung b han che.
Phng phap nay ch ap dung cho ong c co cong suat nho, thi gian lam viec ngan
vi toc o thap.
VI. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG HE THONG MAY PHAT - ONG C
( F - ):
VI. 1 S o nguyen ly:
Vi nhng he thong ieu chnh toc o vo cap, pham vi ieu chnh toc o tng oi
rong. Can nhng toc o ln hn hay nho hn so vi toc o c ban va can ieu chnh
lien tuc nh truyen ong chnh cua mot so may bao ging co nang suat thap, truyen
ong quay truc can thep co cong suat trung bnh va nho, truyen ong uc ong trong
phng phap uc lien tuc th ngi ta dung he thong F - co s o nguyen ly nh
sau:


Hnh I. 9 S o nguyen ly he thong may phat ong c.
Trong o:
- SC: ong c s cap, cung cap ong lc cho toan he thong. Nhan cong suat ien
xoay chieu, bien oi ien nang thanh c nang keo may phat F va may phat kch thch
K. SC co the la ong c no, ong c ien tuy thuoc vao ch tieu ky thuat cua he
thong.
- F: May phat mot chieu kch thch oc lap, cung cap trc tiep nguon mot chieu cho
phan ng ong c.
- : ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap keo c cau san xuat ( CCSX ), la oi
tng can ieu chnh toc o trong pham vi tng oi nho.
- K: May phat kch thch, thc chat la may phat ien mot chieu ac biet co t d
ln nen co kha nang t kch. Phat ra ien mot chieu U
K
cung cap cho mach kch thch
may phat C
KF
va kch thch cua ong c C
K
.
VI. 2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:
e khi ong he thong F - ta tien hanh cac bc nh sau:
- M tat ca cac cau dao CD
1
, CD
2
.
- ieu chnh bien tr mach kch thch cua ong c R
K
tr so cc tieu sao cho
u
max
va ieu chnh bien tr mach kch thch cua may phat R
KF
tr so cc ai sao
cho u
Fmin
.
- ong cau dao CD
1
( luc nay CD
2
van h ) khi ong ong c SC. ong c SC
se quay va i cho toc o on nh. SC quay lam cho may phat F va may phat kch
thch K quay.
- ong cau dao CD
2
e chon chieu quay cho ong c la thuan hay ngc. Lu c nay
co u
F
nhng rat be se lam cho E
F
be nen U
= E
F
I
R
F
be. ong c se khi ong va
quay vi toc o thap.
-
+
CD
1
I

P
mC
I
KF
R
KF
C
KF
-
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
- - 2
I
K
R
K
C
K
1

CD
2
U
K
R
KK
C
KK
P
~

P
c2

P
c1

U

SC
n
U
1
; f
1

K F
CCSX

- e tang dan ien ap at vao ong c, ta ieu chnh bien tr R
KF
giam dan ve tr
so cc tieu ( tang dong kch t cua may phat ), do o, dong I
tang dan, ong c tang

toc o cho en khi at en n
cb
. Qua trnh khi ong en ay la cham dt.
- e ngng truyen ong ta ieu chnh R
KF
tang dan e giam dong kch thch cua
may phat lam cho ien ap phat ra cua may phat U
F
giam. Do o, toc o cua ong c
giam xuong va ngng han vao luc U
F
= 0. Sau o m cau dao CD
2
dng ong c SC.
Muon thay oi chieu quay cua ong c ta gat cau dao CD
2
sang v tr 2.
Vi he thong F - ta co the ieu chnh toc o theo hai hng nh sau:
e cho n
< n
cb
: ieu chnh bien tr R
KF
cua may phat at gia tr cc ai e giam
dong kch t cua may phat lam cho U
F
giam, toc o ong c giam xuong at n
< n
cb
.
Goi D
U
: Pham vi ieu chnh bang cach thay oi ien ap at len phan ng ong c.
Ta co: D
U
= n
cb
/n
min
= 10/1.
e cho n
> n
cb
: Ta gi U
F
tr so nh mc va ieu chnh bien tr R
K
at gia tr
cc ai e giam t thong kch thch cua ong c. Luc nay toc o cua ong c tang len
at n
> n
cb
.
Goi D
u
: Pham vi ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong cua ong c. Ta
co: D
u
= n
max
/n
cb
= 3/1.
Ket hp hai phng phap ieu chnh la giam ien ap at vao phan ng ong c U

va giam t thong u
ta c pham vi ieu chnh chung:

D = D
U
D
u
= n
max
/n
min
= 30/1.
VI. 3 Thanh lap phng trnh ac tnh c cua he thong F - :
Phng trnh ac tnh c tong quat:

Phng trnh can bang sc ien ong cua may phat: U
= E
F
I
R
F

Thay vao phng trnh ac tnh c ta c:
u
D E
uF uD
D E
F
I
K
R R
K
E
n
u
+
u
=
M
K K
R R
K
E
n
D
M E
uF uD
D E
F
2
u
+
u
=
u
E E
I
K
R
K
U
n
u
u
=
u
D E
uD
D E
I
K
R
K
U
n
u
u
=
ay la phng trnh ac tnh toc o cua he thong.
Thay I
= M / K
M
u
vao phng trnh ac tnh toc o ta c phng trnh ac tnh

c cua ong c trong he thong F - nh sau:
T phng trnh ac tnh c cua he thong ta nhan thay: ng vi moi hng ieu
chnh toc o ong c khac nhau ( ln hay nho hn so vi toc o c ban ) ta se co
nhng ho ac tnh ieu chnh khac nhau nh a trnh bay tren.

Hnh I. 10 Ho ac tnh c ieu chnh trong he thong F - .
VI. 4 anh gia he thong F - :
VI. 4. a u iem:
- He thong nay co the ieu chnh toc o vo ca p, pham vi ieu chnh rong: D = ( 10
30 )/1 bi v qua trnh ieu chnh c thc hien bang mach kch thch cua may
phat va ong c. Co the dung phng phap bien tr.
- He thong co s chuyen oi trang thai lam viec rat linh hoat, kha nang qua tai ln
nen thng c s dung cac may khai thac trong cong nghiep nho.
VI. 4. b Nhc iem:
- Dung 4 may e quay nen khi lam viec se gay tieng on ln, chiem nhieu dien tch
e at may. ong thi tong cong suat at vao he thong F - qua ln: Gap 3 lan so
vi yeu cau nen von au t ln.
- Hieu suat hoat ong cua he thong tng oi thap:
q = P
c2
/P
~
< 0,75
- ac tnh c doc nen khi co dao ong phu tai th the hien ro hn na.
- Ngoai ra, do cac may phat mot chieu co t d, ac tnh t hoa co tre nen kho
ieu chnh sau toc o.
VI. 4. c Nhan xet:
n
3

n
2

n
1

R
KF
|
R
K
|
n
cb

n
2

n
1

U
+
u
+
u
3

u
2

u
1

U
1
U
2

U
m
, u
m

n
M
0 M
C

M
K K
R R
K
E
n
D
M E
uF uD
D E
F
D
2
u
+
u
=
Vi he thong F - vong h nh tren, ta khong the thc hien viec on nh to c o
ong c la nhiem vu can thiet oi vi cac he thong truyen ong nham nang cao chat
lng san pham c gia cong tren may, nang cao chat lng ky thuat cua mot qui
trnh cong nghe ma may san xuat tham gia hoac nang cao nang suat cua may.
e thc hien nhiem vu o, ta thng dung cac he thong F- co khuech ai may
ien dung phan hoi vong kn. Trong cac he thong nay, cac bo khuech ai may ien se
s dung cac lien he phan hoi, ngha la a mot tn hieu au ra cua he thong quay tr
lai au vao cua no. Tn hieu au ra co the la ien ap, dong ien trong mach chnh
hoac toc o quay cua ong c. Tn hieu au vao la sc t ong cua khuech ai may
ien. Cac khuech ai may ien thng dung hien nay la may kch t nhieu cuon day
ieu chnh c, khuech ai may ien t kch va khuech ai may ien t trng giao
truc.
VII. HE THONG KHUECH AI MAY IEN ONG C:
VII. 1 Khuech ai may ien ( KM ):
KM la may phat mot chieu ac biet. Co 2 loai KM:
- KM t kch.
- KM t trng giao truc.
VII. 1. a Khuech ai may ien t kch:
La loai may phat ien mot chieu ac biet. Mach t c lam bang thep ky thuat
can nguoi nen co t tr nho va ac tnh t tre hep.
He thong kch t co t 3 en 4 cuon day:
- Mot cuon lam kch t oc lap ( kch t chnh ) at ien ap mot chieu vao va
dung e ieu khien sc ien ong phat ra cua phan ng may ien.
- Mot cuon lam nhiem vu t kch, lay ien ap phat ra hai au phan ng hoac
dong ien tren mach phan ng quay tr lai t kch.
- Cac cuon con lai dung e thc hien cac phan hoi trong he thong.
S o nguyen ly KM t kch:
* KM t kch theo ien ap ( t kch song song ):

U
ng

R
1
CK
1

CK
3

CK
4

CK
2

F
1

F
2

R
2

U
KM

- -
- -
- -
- -
+ -
- -
KM
TK

Hnh I. 11 S o nguyen ly KM t kch song song.

Phng trnh ac tnh c cua phng phap nay :
M
KeKm
kRnt Ru
Ke
Udm
k n
2
| |
+
=
Vi :
Rnt Rss
Rss
k
+
=
Vi phng phap nay, ta co the ieu chnh c toc o nho hn toc o c ban, ton
that nang lng thap va ieu chnh toc o nhay cap.
* KM t kch theo dong ien ( t kch noi tiep ):

Hnh I. 12 S o nguyen ly KM t kch noi tiep.
Nh cuon t kch ma ien ap phat ra cua KM c nang cao so vi may phat
thong thng. Da vao ac tnh volt-ampe cua KM ta thay:
U
mKM
= U
m1
+ U
m2

Hnh I. 13 ac tnh volt-ampe cua he thong KM.

Khi co them CK
2
th U tang len mot lng U
m2
.
He so cong suat: K
P
= P
f
/P
KT
= U
KM
I
KM
/U
K
I
K
= hang tram/1.
VII.1.b Khuech ai may ien t trng giao truc:
La may phat mot chieu ac biet:
I
KM

R
2

F
2

CK
2

CK
3

CK
4

F
1

U
KM
U
ng

R
1
CK
1

- -
+ -
- -
- - -
- -
KM
TK
CK
2

CK
1

I
K

I
m1

U
m1

U
m2

U
mKM

U
KM

- Mach t lam bang thep ky thuat ien can nguoi, cc t dang an.
- Phan kch co t 3 en 4 cuon day:
. Mot cuon lam kch thch chnh ( kch t oc lap ) tao ra t trng chnh.
. Mot cuon lam nhiem vu bu.
. Cac cuon con lai dung e thc hien phan hoi trong truyen ong.
- Tren co gop at hai cap choi than co truc vuong goc nhau. Trong o, mot
cap c noi tat vi nhau con mot cap e lay ien ap ra.

Hnh I. 14 S o tng ng KM t trng giao truc.
ng ve mat khuech ai ta co the xem KM t trng giao truc tng ng vi
hai may phat ien lam viec ke tiep nhau va co s o nguyen ly nh tren.
He so khuech ai: K
P
= K
PI
K
PII
= U
KM
I
2
/U
K
I
K
.
ay la loai may ien co he so khuech ai cao nhat, K
P
co gia tr hang ngan lan.

VII. 2 Khuech ai may ien t kch ong c dung phan hoi am toc o:
VII. 2. a S o nguyen ly:

MF
I
; K
PI
MF
II
; K
PII

U
KM

F
2
F
1

R
1
CK
1

I
1

I
2

-
-
- -
+ -
E
1
E
2
U
ng

U
1
~, f
1

-
-
-
SC
U
ng

U

CK
3
CK
2
R
2

F
2

F
3

F
1

+ -
- -
-
-
KM
TK

CCSX
F
T

n
R
1
CK
1


Hnh I. 15 S o nguyen ly khuech ai may ien t kch ong c dung phan hoi am
toc o.
Trong o:
- P
m
cua ong c s 5KW.
- CK
1
: Cuon kch thch chu ao ( kch t oc lap ), sinh ra sc t ong F
1
.
- CK
2
: Cuon t kch thch, sinh ra sc t ong F
2
cung chieu vi F
1
.
- R
2
: ieu chnh he so t kch. Gia tr R
2
cang nho th he so t kch cang ln va
ngc lai.
- CK
3
: Cuon phan hoi am toc o ( tn hieu a ve e kh F
1
), sinh ra sc t
ong F
3
ngc chieu F
1
.
VII. 2. b Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Ta co: F
3
= I
3
W
CK3

E
FT
: Sc ien ong cua may phat o toc o FT. La may phat mot chieu ac biet
c che tao vi mach t bao hoa rat sau e t thong nay phat ra hoan toan bang
hang so nen sc ien ong phat ra cua may phat ty le bac nhat vi toc o. Do o, khi
oc sc ien ong ngi ta biet c toc o theo moi quan he: E
FT
= K
E
|
FT
n
FT
=
K
E
|
FT
n.
V mach t bao hoa sau nen |
FT
xem nh la hang so nen E
FT
ty le thuan vi n
FT
.
T cac bieu thc tren, ta nhan thay khi R
3
= const th: F
3
~ I
3
~ E
FT
~ n. V vay F
3
~
n. Sc t ong cua KM: F
T
= F
1
+ F
2
+ F
3
.
He thong nay co kha nang ieu chnh toc o theo hai hng:
* e cho n > n
cb
: Ta giam t thong bang cach tang gia tr R
K
.
* e cho n < n
cb
: Ta giam ien ap at len phan ng cua ong c U
thong qua
ieu chnh giam gia tr R
1
.
3 CK 3 uFT
FT
3
R R R
E
I
+ +
=
Ngoai ra, khi ieu chnh R
2
e thay oi he so t kch ngha la thay oi o cng cua
ng ac tnh c. Thc chat qua trnh nay la nang cao o cng cua ng ac tnh c
e at c toc o cao nhat khi ong c c m rong len. ong thi nh phan hoi
am toc o ma ong c co kha nang lam viec vi toc o thap hn n
cb
/10, ngha la co
the m rong them toc o thap va cao nen ta c pham vi ieu chnh ln: D = ( 40
hang tram )/1.
He thong nay co kha nang on nh toc o khi phu tai thay oi nh khau phan hoi
am toc o: Khi ong c ang lam viec vi phu tai M
c
va toc o at yeu cau n
yc
. V ly
do nao o, moment phu tai at len truc ong c thay oi, khac n
yc
th nh qua trnh
phan hoi am toc o he thong se t ong on nh toc o at n
yc
. Qua trnh t ong nay
c giai thch nh sau: Gia s khi M
c
tang se lam cho n
giam < n
yc
. Ma khi n giam
E
FT
giam I
3
giam F
3
giam F
T
= F
1
+ F
2
+ F
3
tang E
KM
tang U
tang
n tang at en n
yc
. Va khi M
c
giam th qua trnh se t ong xay ra theo chieu ngc
lai e toc o ong c at n
yc
.

Hnh I. 16 ac tnh c cua he thong khuech ai may ien t kch ong
c dung phan hoi am toc o.

VII. 2. c Nhan xet:
* u iem: Dung sai so toc o quay tr lai ieu khien he thong e t ong on nh
toc o ( khau phan hoi trc tiep ). Viec tnh toan khau phan hoi am toc o tien hanh
rat n gian, tien li.
* Nhc iem: Dung may phat toc o nen gia thanh cua he thong cao.
VII. 3 He thong khuech ai may ien t trng giao truc ong c dung phan hoi
dng dong ien va phan hoi am ien ap:

VII. 3. a S o nguyen ly:

TN
M
n
M
C
M
C1

n
0
n
yc
n
1

U
1
~, f
1

-
-
-
-
- - -
- - + -
+ -
- -
SC
R
1
CK
1
CK
3
CK
2

U
ng

U
fhI

U
fhU

I

R
3

R
4

U

R
2

F
2
F
3

C
K
R
K

CCSX

KM
TTGT
F
1

n

Hnh I. 17 S o nguyen ly he thong khuech ai may ien t trng giao
truc ong c dung phan hoi dng dong ien va phan hoi am ien ap.
Trong o:
- CK
1
: Cuon kch thch chu ao, sinh ra sc t ong F
1
.
- CK
2
: Cuon phan hoi dng dong ien, sinh ra sc t ong F
2
cung chieu vi F
1
.
- CK
3
: Cuon phan hoi am ien ap, sinh ra sc t ong F
3
ngc chieu vi F
1
.
VII. 3. b Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Ta co: . F
2
= I
2
W
CK2
Vi:

Neu cho R
2
= const th ta c: F
2
~ I
2
~ U
fhI
~ I
F
2
~ I
.
. F
3
= I
3
W
CK3
Vi:

Khi gi cho R
3
= const th ta c: F
3
~ I
3
~ U
fhU
~ U
F
3
~ U
.
Tng t nh he thong KM t kch ong c dung phan hoi am toc o, he
thong nay cung co kha nang ieu chnh toc o theo hai hng ln hay nho hn so vi
n
cb
.
He thong nay co kha nang m rong pham vi ieu chnh, t ong on nh toc o nh
phan hoi dng dong ien va phan hoi am toc o. Gia s: Khi he thong lam viec vi
phu tai M
c
va toc o at n
yc
. Khi M
c
tang n giam nho so vi n
yc
, luc o he thong se:
M
c
tang M tang ( moment ong c tang e can bang vi phu tai ) I
tang F
2

tang. Khi I
tang AU
KM
= I
R
KK
tang U
= E
KM
AU
KM
giam F
T
= F
1

+ F
2
+ F
3
tang E
KM
tang U
tang n se tang at n
yc
. Khi M
c
giam th qua trnh
xay ra theo chieu ngc lai.
VII. 3. c Nhan xet:
* u iem: S dung thiet b n gian (ch dung cac ien tr R
2
, R
3
, R
4
) nen gia
thanh thap.
2 2
2 2
2
2
;
CK
CK
u fhI
CK
fhI
R R
R R
I U
R
U
I
+
= =
4 3
3
D
3
3
;
R R
R
U U
R
U
I
fhU
CK
fhU
+
= =
* Nhc iem: Viec tnh toan thiet ke phoi hp gia hai khau phan hoi nay e on
nh toc o la kha phc tap (khau phan hoi gian tiep).
VII. 4 Nhan xet he thong khuech ai may ien ong c:
VII. 4. a u iem:
Ngoai nhng u iem cua cac he thong F - vong h nh:
- Pham vi ieu chnh toc o rong vi o chnh xac va tin cay cao.
- Khi ong may em.
- Co kha nang ham tai sinh, tra nang lng lai cho li ien.
- Ton hao nang lng khi ieu chnh toc o va m may thap.
Cac he thong KM ong c vong kn con co nhng u iem:
- Co kha nang t ong on nh toc o ong c khi phu tai thay oi.
- Co kha nang tang tnh on nh toc o cua he thong nh khau on nh.
- Co he so khuech ai cong suat ln.
VII. 4. b Nhc iem:
He thong KM ong c co nhng nhc iem tng t nh he thong F - :
- Dung nhieu may ien vi tong cong suat lap at ln do o oi hoi gia thanh
cao.
- Hieu suat hoat ong thap.
- Dien tch lap at may rong va oi hoi nen mong chac chan nen ph ton van
hanh ln.
- Gay tieng on ln.
VIII. HE THONG KHUECH AI T - ONG C:
VIII. 1 S o nguyen ly:
Khuech ai t ( KT ) hay con goi la bo bien oi van t, la to hp cua khang
bao hoa vi chnh lu khong ie u khien.
KT c dung e lam bo ieu chnh dong ien va ien ap trong cac he thong
ieu khien, ieu chnh va kiem tra t ong.
Trong cac may nang van chuyen, KT thng c dung lam may kch thch
cho cac may phat trong he thong F - . oi vi may cat got kim loai, KT thng
c dung ket hp vi chnh lu diode ban dan e cung cap cho phan ng ong c mot
chieu vi s o nguyen ly nh sau:


Hnh I. 18 S o nguyen ly he thong KT ong c.
a). Tia ba pha.
b). Cau ba pha.
Trong cac s o nay, may bien ap BA co chc nang bien oi gia tr ien ap cho
phu hp vi yeu cau cua ong c. Tao ra so pha hoac iem trung tnh cho phu hp vi
s o chnh lu neu can va nang cao he so cong suat cua he.
Cac van khong ieu khien V
o
dung e bien oi dong ien xoay chieu thanh mot
chieu va tao ra thanh phan dong ien t t hoa cho KT.
Cuon khang bao hoa KBH dung e ieu chnh gia tr sc ien ong cua bo bien
oi.

U
1
~, f
1

( a )
C
K

R
K

BA
V
0

W
lv

- +
- -
W
k

U
k

-
- - -
- -
-
- -
-
- +

U
1
~, f
1

BA
- - -
-
-
W
k

V
0

U
k

- +
- -
- - + -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

C
K
R
K

W
lv

( b )
VIII. 2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Trong he thong KT ong c, toc o ong c c ieu chnh bang cach thay oi
tr so trung bnh cua sc ien ong chnh lu bang cach bien oi dong ien ieu khien,
tc la bien oi mc o bao hoa cua mach t.
e n gian trong viec khao sat nguyen ly hoat ong cua he thong nay, ta tach ra
mot trong ba pha t cac s o tren va gia thuyet rang ac tnh t tre cua loi thep co
dang ly tng.

Hnh I. 19
a). S o nguyen ly mot pha cua bo bien oi.
b). Dang ac tnh t tre ly tng cua loi thep.
Ta co: u
2
= U
2m
sinet = iR
t
+ X
K
( di / det )
Trong o: X
K
co gia tr thay oi theo trang thai t hoa cua loi thep. Luc au, loi
thep c t hoa co nh nh cuon ieu khien W
k
en mot gia tr B
0
nao o trong
pham vi ( -B
S
s B
0
s +B
S
).
* ban ky dng cua nguon u
2
: dong ien thuan i qua V
0
t hoa loi cuon khang,
lam cho bien o t cam bien thien. Luc nay, v loi thep cha bao hoa nen X
K
rat ln,
nguon chu yeu ri tren cuon khang con gia tr iR
t
~ 0. Ta co:
u
2
= U
2m
sinet = iR
t
+ X
K
( di/det ) = N
lv
eS ( dB / dt )
Vi ieu kien ban au: t = 0, B = B
0
, giai phng trnh nay ta c:
B = B
0
+ B
m
( 1 - coset )
Trong o:
- Bien o t cam: B
m
= U
2m
/WN
lv
S
- N
lv
: So vong day cua cuon lam viec.
- S : Dien tch tiet dien loi cua cuon khang.
- e : Tan so goc cua dong ien.
Khi loi thep bao hoa, ta co X
K
= 0. Do o, toan bo nguon ap ch at len tai. Khi o:
u
2
= U
2m
sinet = iR
t
= u
b

Vi u
b
la ien ap ra cua bo bien, tc la ien ap at tren tai.
u
2

+ -
- -
- -
I
k

U
k

W
k
R
t

V
0

( a )
B
H
+B
S

-B
S

B
0

( b )
* ban ky am cua nguon u
2
: V
0
ngng dan, dong ien t hoa khong co nen loi thep b
kh t bi cuon ieu khien W
k
va o t cam B se giam dan ve gia tr ban au B
0
,
ien ap tren tai u
b
~ u
2
= 0.
Gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap chnh lu c xac nh theo cong thc:
Trong o:
- p: So lan ap mach trong bo chnh lu.
- o: Goc bao hoa

- B
S
: T cam bao hoa.
Neu ta chon B
m
= B
S
th o = arccos ( B
0
/B
S
). Luc nay gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap
chnh lu: U
KT
= U
m
[ 1 + ( B
0
/B
S
)] = f ( B
0
).Vi:
U
m
= pU
2m
/2t
Ta nhan thay: Khi thay oi gia tr B
0
t B
S
en +B
S
ta se ieu chnh c ien ap
chnh lu U
KT
t 0 en gia tr U
2m
( p/t ). V B
0
la do dong ieu khien I
k
tao ra nen
thc chat gia tr U
KT
chnh la ham cua I
k
: U
KT
= f ( I
k
).
VIII. 3 Phng trnh ac tnh c cua he thong KT ong c:

T cong thc: n = n
0
- M/|, ta c phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c trong he
thong:

ay chnh la phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c trong he thong KT ong
c vi R
b
la ien tr trong cua he thong.
Neu xem cuon khang la phan t tuyen tnh th ta se c ho nhng ng ac
tnh c cua ong c la nhng ng tha ng song song nhau va c goi la ho ac tnh
c ly tng.

) cos 1 (
2
sin
2
2 2
o
t
e e
t
t
o
+ = =
}
m m KDT
U
p
t td U
p
U
) 1 arccos(
0
m
S
B
B B
= o
u
E
u b
E
KDT
I
K
R R
K
U
n
u
+
u
=
u
E
u b
E
S
m
I
K
R R
K
B
B
U
n
u
+
u
+
=
) 1 (
0
M
K K
R R
K
B
B
U
n
M E
u b
E
S
m
2
0
) 1 (
u
+
u
+
=
M
n
n
0

n
yc

n
1

I
k1

I
k2

I
k3

0 M
C


Hnh I. 20 Ho ac tnh c ly tng cua ong c trong he thong KT ong c.
VIII. 4 Nhan xet:
VIII. 4. a u iem:
- De che tao.
- Ben va gia thanh ha.
- Do KT la bo bien oi tnh nen khac phuc c nhng nhc iem cua he
thong F - nh a trnh bay phan tren.
VIII. 4. b Nhc iem:
- Do ien tr trong cua bo bien oi van t kha ln nen o cng cua ng ac
tnh c thap, sai so toc o ln va day ieu chnh hep.
- Ve hnh thc ieu khien, he thong KT ong c kem linh hoat hn he F - .
ao chieu quay ong c kho khan va gay ton that nang lng ln. Quan tnh
cua he KT - ong c ln do anh hng cua ien khang KT, he so cong suat
thap.


Chng II:

Sillicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) va Bo Chnh Lu

I. Sillicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR):
1. Cau tao va nguyen ly :
SCR(silicon controlled rectifier): goi la chnh lu co ieu khien, la linh kien quan
trong nhat cua ho linh kien ban dan cong suat ln co nhieu hn 3 lp P-N goi la
Thyristor. Co nhieu tai lieu goi SCR la thyristor cung v ly do o .
Thyristor gom 3 lp PN va mac vao mach ngoai gom 3 cong : ien cc anode A
cathode C va cong ieu khien G. Ve mat l thuyet ton tai cau truc PNPN va NPNP,
trong thc te ngi ta ch phat trien va s dung loai PNPN. S o thay the thyristor
bang mach transitor c ve hnh 1d. Mach tng ng nay giai thch hau het
nhng tnh chat cua SCR. Gia s anode cua thyristor chu tac dung cua ien ap dng
so vi cathode (u
AK
>0). Khi a vao mach G,K

cua cathode (tng ng vi mach
base - emiter cua transitor NPN ) xung dong I
G
, transitor se ong. Dong ien dan tiep
tuc qua mach emitor base cua transitor PNP va ong no. Cac transitor tiep tuc ong
ngay ca khi dong i
G
b ngat. Dong qua collector cua mot transitor cung chnh la dong i
qua base cua transitor th hai va ngc lai. Cac transitor v vay cung nhau duy tr
trang thai o
SCR trong thc te lam viec hoan toan giong nh SCR cua ngat ien ien t vi
tn hieu ieu khien la dong I
G
:
- Khi mi cap ien, I
G
=0 : SCR khoa thuan va ngc I
D
la dong ien ro, c mA
vi V
AK
= 0.
- Khi SCR phan cc thuan V
AK
>0, va co tn hieu ieu khien I
G
>0, SCR
chuyen sang trang thai dan ien va co kha nang t gi trang thai dan ien cho en khi
dong qua no giam ve 0.
Da vao mo hnh hai BJT, ta co the kiem tra SCR bang VOM che o o ien tr:
- Cac au AK va GA co ien tr vo cung.
- GK la moi noi PN co ien tr song song (nho hn 100 Ohm). ien tr nay lam
tang kha nang chu ap va chong kch nham do nhieu.
GATE
ANODE
CATHODE
a.
CATHODE
ANODE
GATE
P
P
N
N
J1
J2
J3
b.
ANODE
GATE P P
N
N
P
N
CATHODE
c.
CATHODE
GATE
ANODE
Q1
Q2
d.
Hnh II.1: a,b,c,d
2. Cac tnh chat va trang thai c ban:
Neu transitor b ngat, th anode co the chu c ien ap dng so vi cathode
trang thai khoa; hoac ien ap am so vi cathode - trang thai nghch.
Hien tng ong SCR tc chuyen t trang thai khoa sang trang thai dan ien co
the thc hien neu thoa man hai ieu kien sau:
-Thyristor trang thai khoa.
-Phai a xung dong I
G
>0 u ln.
Chieu thuan nghch va cac thuat ng ve dong, ap; ien ap thuan va dong thuan
c ky hieu vi ch so T dong ien khoa I
D
, ien ap khoa U
D
(xem hnh).

T
T
U
I G
A
I
U
Dong ngc
Ap ngc
U
R
I
R
G
G
Dong thuan
Ap thuan, ap khoa
K
Hnh II.2 : K hieu dong va ap cua SCR

Hien tng ngat SCR : qua trnh chuyen t trang thai dan ien sang khong dan
ien (tc trang thai nghch hoac trang thai khoa), Qua trnh nay gom hai giai oan:
1/-Giai oan lam dong thuan b triet tieu : thc hien bang cach thay oi ien tr
hoac ien ap gia anode va cathode.
2/-Giai oan khoi phuc kha nang khoa cua thyristor. Sau khi dong thuan b triet
tieu can co mot thi gian thi gian ngat, e chuyen thyristor vao trang thai khoa.
3. ac tnh tnh (Volt-Ampe) : Mo ta quan he I
T
(V
AK
) vi dong I
G
khac nhau.


V
RB
IH
I
L
T
I
G
I
V
AK
V
V
F
Hnh II.3 : ac tuyen cua SCR

G
E
A
E
SCR
VR
R
Hnh II.4 : s o th nghiem

Tren hnh II.3 va II.4 cho ta s o th nghiem va ac tuyen volt ampe cua SCR, trong
o I
T
thay oi c va dong I
G
ieu khien nh VR. ac tnh tnh SCR gom cac mien:
- V
AK
< 0: Khoa ngc : Chay qua SCR la dong ro ngc , c mA. Khi V
AK
< -V
RB

ta co hien tng gay ngc, dong
T
I tang rat cao trong khi V
AK
van gi tr so
ln SCR b hong.
- V
AK
>0 va I
G
=0 : Khoa thuan : Ta co dong ro thuan cung c mA. Khi V
AK
>V
FB

ta co hien tng gay thuan : SCR chuyen sang vung dan ien.
Ta phai chon nh mc ap cua SCR ln hn cac gia tr nay, he so an toan ien
ap thng chon ln hn hay bang 2.
Khi phan cc thuan, neu I
G
tang len t gia tr 0, V
FB
giam dan. Nh vay, dong
I
G
can phai u ln e co the s dung SCR nh mot ngat ien ien t: SCR chuyen
sang trang thai dan ngay khi c kch bat chap ien ap phan cc thuan.
- Vung dan ien : ng vi trng hp SCR a c kch khi va dan ien, sut ap
qua SCR V
AK
=V
F
khoang 1-2 volt. Trong vung dan ien co hai ac trng dong:
+I
L
:dong cai, la gia tr toi thieu cua I
T
e SCR co the duy tr trang thai dan
khi dong cc cong I
G
giam ve 0 (kch SCR bang xung).
+I
H
: dong gi, la gia tr toi thieu cua I
A
e SCR co the duy tr trang thai
dan (khi khong con dong cc cong I
G
). Neu dong anode thap hn I
H
, SCR tr ve
trang thai khoa.
I
L
khac I
H
v co qua trnh lan toa cua dong anode t vung phu can cua cc G
en toan manh ban dan khi SCR c kch ( co dong cc nen ), tng ng mat o
dong giam dan, lam cho he so khuech ai dong ien tang. Qua trnh qua o nay
con anh hng en gii han di/dt, c gii thieu trong ac trng tnh ong cua
SCR.
4. ac tnh ong (ong ngat):
a. ac tnh m: (turn on)
Co thi gian tre t
on
t khi cap dong kch I
G
en khi SCR dan, t
on
co tr so khoang
mot vai micro giay; t
on
giam khi I
G
tang.
Mot thong so khac lien quan qua trng m la gii han toc o tang dong di
T
/dt.
Toc o tang cua dong qua SCR phai nho hn gia tr cho phep e SCR khong b h
hong v qua nhiet cuc bo khi cha kp phan bo lai mat o dong ien qua no. Ngi
ta thng bao ve SCR bang cach them cuon khang noi tiep vi anode, co gia tr
khoang vai chuc micro Henry e han che di
T
/dt.

T
water
cathode
I
t
G
I
V
AK
cathode
area
distriduted
gate
water
gate
Hnh II.5 : a. ac tnh ong m va khoa cua SCR
b. Cau tao SCR cc cong co cau tao phc tap, phan
bo tren toan bo mieng ban dan e tang di/dt.

b. ac tnh khoa : ( turn off) Gia s SCR ang dan dong tai. Do ac tnh tai hay
mot tac nhan khach quan khac, dong anode giam ve 0, ap V
AK
chuyen thanh
gia tr am nh hnh 1.4. Dong anode co giai oan dan ien ngc trc khi
chuyen sang trang thai khoa ngc tng ng vi viec giai phong cac ien tch
cua cac moi noi tch luy trong che o dan. Sau ien ap V
AK
dng c at tr
lai. Qua trnh khoa SCR co hai yeu cau quan trong:
+ Can co thi gian am bao tat t
off
e SCR phuc hoi kha nang kha nang
khoa trc khi at ap dng tr lai. t
off
phu thuoc che tao va giam khi tr so ap khoa
giam.
t
off
=| | 50 .. 10 micro giay vi SCR tan so cao
| | 300 .. 100 micro giay vi SCR chnh lu.
t
off
la thong so quan trong e tnh toan mach tat SCR khi s dung nguon mot
chieu.
+ Co gii han toc o tang du/dt cua ien ap phan cc thuan e SCR kho ng
chuyen sang che o dan. Co the giai thch hien tng nay khi xet cac tu ien moi
noi. Dong nap tu du/dt cung chnh la dong kch SCR.
Gii han du/dt cua SCR phu thuoc cau tao, tang theo nh mc ap cua SCR.
Mach RC noi tiep mac song song AK cua SCR (snubber) co the cai thien du/dt. RC
mac song song GK cung han che kha nang SCR t kch do nhieu t ngoai (hnh
II.6).
Hnh II.6 : Mach bao ve SCR khoi cac che o kch dan khong mong muon
C2
SCR
R2
C1
R1

C2 =0.05 - 0.1 F ; R2 = 33 100 Ohm ; R1 tang khi ap SCR tang va/hay
dong tai giam, t 20 -100 Ohm ; C1 tang khi dong SCR tang va hay ap SCR giam,
t 0.1 0.5 F.
5. ac tuyen cong:
Bieu dien quan he ap dong gia hai cong G va K. o sai lech gia cac ac tuyen
cua cac thyristor cung loai ang ke. Hnh dang cua ac tuyen thay oi nhieu theo
nhiet o. Tren hnh ve co cac nhanh bien cua cac ac tuyen VA cua lp chuyen oi
G-K. iem lam viec cua ngo nhap phai nam trong vung xac nh bi cac nhanh bien.
Cong suat ton hao cong G b gii han bi gia tr PG(AV)
M
tc cong suat ton hao
trung bnh cc ai. Thong thng, cac thyristor cua cac bo bien oi ien ong ngat
tuan hoan va cac xung dong cung a vao lp cong mot cach tuan hoan. Gia s cac
xung nay co chieu rong th gia tr cong suat u
G
.i
G
tng ng vi xung o la:

. 2
) ( AV C
CM
P
P =
Tren hnh II.7a bieu th hai gia tr i
GT
gii han cua dong ong cua cong, va
u
GT
- gii han cua ien ap cong. Hai gii han nay cho biet vung cha gia tr cua u
G
, i
G

ma o viec kch ong SCR khong am bao thanh cong. Cac gia tr ien ap va dong
cong kch nen c thiet lap trong vung gach cheo tren hnh II.7a.
et
=t/6
=t/12
Hnh II.7 : a. ac tuyen V-A nhap cua thyristor.

b. S o thay the n gian cua mach cong.
Neu nh ta s dung mach tao xung ieu khien nh hnh II.7b th ng thang u
G

= u i
G
cat ngang vung gach cheo tren. Giao iem cua no vi ac tuyen ngo vao xac
nh cac gia tr cua i
G
, u
G
khi ong thyristor. e ong thyristor, khoang au xung dong
kch phai co tr u ln. Damg xung dong thng s dung cho cong co dang nh hnh
II.7a.
0
Hnh II.8 : Ma ch khue ch a i va ca ch ly
UG
BIE N A P XUNG
+Vcc
SCR
IG
MA CH KHUE CH A I TN
HIE U IE U KHIE N

Do tnh chat cua lp nghch khong tot

nen khong c phep xuat hien ien the am
tren no du rat nho. Khi thyristor trang thai nghch, viec kch vao cong G se lam tang
dong nghch mot cach vo ch. Cac xung ieu khien thng truyen en thyristor nh
bien ap xung. Nhiem vu cua no la tach mach cong xuat ra khoi nguon tao xung kch.
Khi s dung cac bien ap xung, can phai giai quyet van e lam tat nhanh dong t hoa
khi xung b ngat (neu khong th dong t khong ngng tang len sau moi lan a xung
vao) va van e can bao ve lp cong cua thyristor trc ien ap nghch. e giai quyet
van e tren ta co the s dung dong mach ve ra hnh II.8.
6. ac tnh nhiet :
Nh cac linh kien cong suat khac, khi lam viec SCR tieu tan nang lng va phat
nong. Muc ch cua tnh toan nhie t cho SCR la kiem tra nhiet o moi noi
j
u cua tinh
the ban dan phai be hn gia tr cho phep
max j
u , co tr so t 150 .. 200
0
C. Viec giai bai
toan nay bao gom:
-Tnh cong suat tieu tan trung bnh tren SCR trong chu ky T
}
= A
T
dt t i t v P ) ( ). (
v(t),i(t) la gia tr tc thi ap, dong qua anode cathode cua SCR. Co the tra tai
lieu cua nha san xuat, theo hai thong so : tr so trung bnh va danh dong ien hay
tch phan trc tiep t dong, ap.
-Tnh toan truyen nhiet t tinh the ban dan ra moi trng xung quanh:
moi noi vo SCR tan nhiet moi trng.
Bai toan nay co the n gian khi cho rang trong che o xac lap, chenh lech nhiet
o tren ng truyen
1
u ,
2
u t le vi cong suat tieu tan P A va thong so ac trng cua
moi trng truyen goi la ien tr nhiet R
12
:

1
u -
2
u =
12
.R P A
Ap dung vao tnh toan tan nhiet cho ban dan cong suat :
J
u -
A
u = P A . (R
JC
+R
CH
+R
HA
) vi cac tr nhiet :
+ R
JC
: the hien kha nang tan nhiet cua linh kien, cung cap bi nha san xuat, c
cung cap trc tiep hay thong qua cong suat nh mc P A (k hieu P
diss
trong cac tai
lieu tieng Anh), xac nh bang nhiet o moi noi cho phep
max j
u va nhiet o vo bang
gia tr moi trng qui nh,la 25
0
C.
+ R
CH
: ien tr nhiet khi truyen t vo cua linh kien qua tan nhiet, giam khi ap lc
tiep xuc, o nhan be mat tang. Ngi ta con co lp em bang cao su ac biet va
lam cach ien va tang tiep xuc, hay dung keo (paste) sillicon lam kn cac khe k
gia hai be mat.
+ R
HA
:ien tr nhiet khi truyen t tan nhiet ra moi trng xung quanh, la bo phan
chu yeu cho tan nhiet he thong, t le nghch vi dien tch tan nhiet. Co the giam
R
HA
khi lam en be mat (tang kha nang bc xa nhiet), hay dung quat e tan nhiet
cng bc, cac he thong cong suat rat ln , nc c bm qua tan nhiet e giam
the tch bo tan nhiet, tranh choan cho.
Tng toan nhiet thng c dung cho bai toan kiem tra, khi chon s bo SCR co the
s dung cac gia tr trung bnh hay hieu dung cua dong ien nh sau:
Dong lam viec trung bnh I
0
< Gia tr trung bnh nh mc I
AVE
hay
Dong lam viec hieu dung I
R
< Gia tr hieu dung nh mc I
RMS.
Quan he gia hai gia tr nay la :
I
RMS
=1.57 I
AVE
Do dang dong qui nh khi tnh toan nh mc cho diode va SCR la chnh lu
ban song. He so an toan dong thng chon t 1.2 en 2 lan. Viec tnh chon theo
hieu dung thng cho ket qua phu hp hn v dang dong mach ien t cong xuat
thng dang xung.
Sau khi chon gia tr nh mc, khi thi cong can phai kiem tra nhiet o vo linh
kien ban dan , khong c vt qua 65..70
0
C.
7. Mach kch thyristor:
Trong cac bo bien oi cong suat dung thyristor va mach tao xung kch vao cong
ieu khien cua no can cach ien. Tung t nh cac mach kch cho transistor, ta co the
s dung bien ap xung hoac optron, xem hnh II.9

Hnh II.9 : S o kch bang optron
K
A
G
+Vcc
U1

Xung hong ngoai do diode D
1
(LED) phat ra lam photoSCR V
1
ong tao ieu kien
e dong kch vao cong G cua thyristor V. Mach can nguon rieng cho mach cong, do o
lam tang gia thanh va kch thuc mach kch.
Mach kch dung bien ap xung c ve tren hnh II.10. Sau khi tac dung ap len
mach cong B cua transistor Q
1
. Transistor Q
1
dan bao hoa lam ien ap V
cc
xuat hien
tren cuon s cap cua bien ap xung va t o xung ien ap cam ng xuat hien pha th
cap bien ap . Xung tac dung len cong G cua thyristor. Khi khoa xung kch cho
transistor Q
1
b ngat dong qua cuon s cap bien ap xung duy tr qua mach cuon s cap
va diode D
m
.


0
Hnh II.10 : Ma ch kch s du ng bie n a p xung
+Vcc
BIE N A P XUNG
K
G

Viec a xung kch dai vao cong G lam tang them ton hao mac cong, do o co the
thay the no bang chuoi xung. Muon vay xung ieu khien ket hp vi tn hieu ra cua
bo phat xung vuong qua mach cong logic AND trc khi a vao cong B cua transistor
Q
1
(xem hnh II.11).

BIE N A P XUNG
K
G
+Vcc
BO TA O XUNG
0
+Vcc
Hnh II.11 : Ma ch kch xung ro ng s du ng bie n a p xung
GND

8. Cac linh kien khac trong ho thyristor :
1. Darlistor: La loai SCR co cau tao noi tang (cascade ) e tang he so khuech ai
dong I
A
/I
G
khi

nh mc dong ln va rat ln ( vai tram en vai ngan ampe). Luc o,
dong kch van vai ampe. Darlistor la ten thng mai , nhai theo trandidtor noi
tang la Darlington transistor. Mot so nha san xuat van dung ten SCR hay Thyristor
nhnh chu thch la cc cong c khuech ai (Amplified gate thyristor).

Mach tng ng
cua TRIAC
Hnh II.12 : K hieu va s o tng ng cac linh kien trong ho Thyristor.

2. Triac : la linh kien pho bien th hai cua ho thyristor sau SCR, co mach tng
ng la hai SCR song song ngc, c che tao vi dong nh mc en hang ngan
ampe. Mach tng ng hai SCR, song song ngc hoan toan tng thch vi triac
khi khao sat ly thuyet, nen thng c dung thay the cho nhau trong cac s o
nguyen ly mac du trong thc te chung co nhieu tnh chat khac nhau.
Triac co kha nang khoa theo hai chieu, tr nen dan ien khi co dong kch va t
gi trang thai dan cho en khi dong qua no giam ve khong.
Triac co the ieu khien bang dong G T2 ca hai cc tnh va hai chieu dong ien
tai lam s o ieu khien n gian hn mach tng g hai SCR rat nhieu.
Nhc iem rat quan trong cua Triac la de b t kch nhiet o moi noi cao va
gii han du/dt rat thap, kho lam viec vi tai co tnh cam. Luc o, ngi ta van phai
dung hai SCR song song ngc.
3. Diac: co nguyen tac hoat ong tng t nh triac nhng khong co cc cong G,
ngng ien ap gay rat thap thng la 24 V, dc dung trong cac mach phat xung
va kch thyristor vi dong xung mot vai ampe.
4. La SCR(light activated DCR ): DCR kch bang tia sang.
Co nguyen tac lam viec nh SCR nhng c kch bang dong quang ien>LA
SCR rat thich hp cho cac ng dung cao ap, khi cach ien gia mach kch va ong
lc tr nen van e phc tap, giai quyet ton kem.
5. GTO (Gate turn off SCR, SCR tat bang cc cong ).
Vi kha nang t gi trang thai dan ien, SCR khong the t tat nguon mot
chieu neu mach khong co s o ac biet e dong qua no giam ve khong. GTO cho
phep ngat SCR bang xung am cc cong. T mach tng ng hai BJT (hnh 1.2),
kha nang nay co the c d oan. Nhng trong thc te, SCR khong the tat bang
cong v cc cong ch moi cho qua trnh dan, sau o khong con tac dung.
GTO co cau tao khac hn cho phep kiem tra s dan ien t cc cong . Gia phai
tra la he so khuech ai dong khi kch con kha be, khoang vai chuc. He so khuech
ai dong khi tat xap x mi. Ngi ta che tao c GTO co dong nh mc en
vai ngan ampe.
9. Bao ve ngat ban dan:
a. Bao ve dong:
Bao ve dong cc ai (ngan mach): bao ve dong cc ai lam viec ngay khi co
hien tng vt qua dong qui nh, thng la rat ln so vi tr nh mc. Bao ve dong
cc ai con goi la bao ve ngan mach, xuat hien ngo ra hay ben trong bo bien oi, la
nguyen nhan gay ra qua dong ien rat ln can loai bo ngay, tranh h hong ngat ien
ban dan va am bao hoat ong bnh thng cua li ien.
Cau ch tac ong nhanh c s dung, co the at au vao bo bien oi hay noi
tiep linh kien c bao ve. Thong so ac trng cua cau ch la dong, ap nh mc va
tch phan dong ngan mach e cau ch chay. Tch phan nay can phai be hn tch phan
tng t e ngat ien ban dan b h hong khi qua dong ( ngan mach ), lay so tra nha
san xuat. Thi gian tch phan T thng la na chu k li cho SCR. Cuon khang noi
tiep anode cua SCR oi khi con dung e han che dong ngan mach, sao cho dong ngan
mach be hn kha nang chu ng cua SCR.
CB (ngat mach t ong-aptomat) thng gap ngo vao cac bo bien oi lam cac
nhiem vu: ong ngat, bao ve qua tai va loai bo phan mach h hong ra khoi li ien,
khong co kha nang bao ve cac phan t ban dan cong suat.
+ Bao ve qua tai (qua dong co thi gian):
Qua tai la trng hp dong ien qua mach ln hn gia tr tnh toan mot lng
khong ln, neu keo dai se gay h hong do qua nhiet cac phan dan ien. Nh vay ac
tnh qua tai co dang hyperbol, dong qua tai cang ln, thi gian cho phep cang ngan.
Bao ve qua tai c thc hien bang r le chuyen dung tac ong vao thiet b ong
ngat t ong (contactor), CB (co r le nhiet) au vao. cac bo bien oi, bo ieu
khien thng tch hp ca bo phan han dong, tac ong tc thi 120% en 200% gia tr
nh mc thiet b, lam ca nhiem vu bao ve qua tai cho ngat ien ba n dan.
2. Bao ve ap:
Vi viec chon nh mc ap cua linh kien ban dan cong suat toi thieu bang hai lan
ap khoa cc ai, ngat ien ban dan thng khong phai bao ve ap khi lam viec. Bao ve
ap c at ra e chong lai cac xung ap cam ng tren day dan nguon hay xung xuat
hien do cam ng tren he thong khi co ong ngat.

Ohm
F
Hnh II.13 : Cac mach bao ve ap cho linh kien ong ngat

Ngi ta thng dung au nguon: RC noi tiep mac song song (1), Varistor la loai
ien tr giam nhanh khi ap ln hn tr so ngng (2) va cac bo loc nguon (3) gom mac
loc LC hnh t.
Mach RC song song vi cac ngat ien (mach snubber) con lam nhiem vu bao
ve linh kien khoi cac xung ap trong mach.

II. Bo chnh lu
1.Tong quan ve bo chnh lu:
Bo chnh lu co nhiem vu bien oi dong ien xoay chieu thanh dong ien mot
chieu. Bo chnh lu c ap dung lam nguon ien ap mot chieu ; lam nguon ien mot
chieu co ieu khien cap cho cac thiet b ma, thiet b han mot chieu ; nguon ien cho
cac truyen ong ong c ien mot chieu ; nguon cung cap cho mach kch t cua may
ien mot chieu hoac may ien ong bo. Bo chnh lu con dung e chuyen oi ien
xoay chieu thanh dang mot chieu e truyen tai i xa. Bo chnh lu con tao thanh mot
bo phan trong thiet b bien tan, cycloconverter dung trong truyen ong ien ong c
xoay chieu.
Cong suat cua cac bo chnh lu co the t vai tram W en hang chuc MW.
Phan loai bo chnh lu :
Theo pha:
Bo chnh lu mot pha.
Bo chnh lu ba pha.
Theo tnh ieu khien :
Bo chnh lu khong ieu khien
Bo chnh lu ieu khien hoan toan.
Bo chnh lu ban ieu khien.
Theo hnh dang :
Bo chnh lu hnh tia.
Bo chnh lu tam giac.
Theo diode zero :
Bo chnh lu co diode zero.
Bo chnh lu khong co diode zero
So sanh cac loai chnh lu:
Bien ap:
Bien ap cach ly ap nguon cua chnh lu vi li ien. Do o tai co the chay ngan
mach trong thi gian ngan. Bien ap la bat buoc trong trng hp ta thc hien bo nguon
cho cac thiet b cong nghe ien khi ngi cong nhan co the tiep xuc trc tiep vi thiet
b co ien.
Bien ap co tac dung loc song hai bac cao. ong thi bien ap con tao cam khang
chuyen mach, do o han che s bien dang gay ra cua qua trnh chuyen mach.
Truyen ong ien la khong bat buoc dung bien ap.
Bien ap cung cap ien ap nguon co o ln phu hp vi yeu cau cua tai.
Mot hay nhieu pha:
Can oi theo qui mo cong suat : 1 pha n gian hn nhng lam lech he thong 3 pha
dung cho cong suat < 5KW hay rat << cong suat he thong. Nhieu pha : giam song hai,
dong ra phang hn.
Tia hay cau:
Tia gan lien vis dung bien ap trung tnh li ve nguyen tac la khong s dung.
Nhc iem : rat ln cua s o tia 3 pha la dong DC ve li, ch dung khi cong
suat chnh lu << li.
Hieu suat s o cau thap khi ien ap ra thap.
S o cau phc tap, ampere lap at gap oi s o tia gia thanh cao hn s o tia
tng ng.
Cho phep s dung trc tiep ap li.
Cau hon hp:
Cau hon hp, dung diode chnh lu lam giam gia thanh, tang cos , giam he so ap
mach (ap hai) khi ap ra khong am.
Mot nhc iem cua cau hon hp la ap ra dng khong chnh lu c.
Nhc iem ln cua cau hon hp la co hai bac boi chan do dong ien ban k
dng khong can xng dong co ban k am.
Cau hon hp ch dung cho tai cong suat nho so vi li.
Diode phong ien (diode zero):
Viec s dung D
0
tng t nh cau khong hoan toan nhng khong co nhc iem
hai boi chan nhng he thong khong nghch lu c.
2. Tnh chat lien tuc cua dong ien tai va he qua :
Do ien ap chnh lu u
d
tao thanh co dang xung nen gia tr ien ap nay co the tach
lam hai thanh phan: thanh phan mot chieu vi tr tc thi bang tr trung bnh ap chnh
lu U
d
va thanh phan xoay chieu:
d d d
U u u =
o

Thanh phan xoay chieu cua ap chnh lu u
d
lam dong ien tai i
d
b gn song.
Tngt nh ien ap, dong chnh lu co the tach lam hai thanh phan tng ng:
o
+ =
d d d
i I i
Thanh phan xoay chieu cua dong lam dong ien tai co the b gian oan. Khi dong
qua tai b gian oan, dang ien ap chnh lu cua tai phu thuoc vao trang thai mach tai.
V du: oi vi tai RLE khi i
d
=0
u
d
=0 neu E=0
u
d
=E neu E= 0
Cac he thc U
d
dan giai cho dong tai lien tuc khong ap dung c cho trng hp
dong gian oan. T le phan bo thi gian dong ien qua tai lien tuc (i
d
> 0) va thi gian
dong gian oan (i
d
=0) trong mot chu k xung ien ap chnh lu phu thuoc vao cac gia
tr tham so tai va goc ieu khien o. Viec tnh toan ien ap chnh lu trong trng hp
nay rat phc tap. Khi dong tai gian oan, quan he gia ien ap chnh lu va o khong
con la duy nhat. Trong ieu khien, v du ong c ien mot chieu, khi dong tai bang 0,
moment tac ong triet tieu va viec ieu khien tai khong co tac dung. Tac dung dong
tai gian oan lam ac tnh ieu khien tr nen phi tuyen, hien tng qua o cua he
ieu khien kho hieu chnh, do o trong ky thuat ngi ta co gang han che vung lam
viec cua bo chnh lu che o dong gian oan.
Tuy nhien che o dong tai gian oan thng t xay ra nen trong trng hp khong
co yeu cau chnh xac cao, viec tnh toan nh mc he tho ng co the van dung t ket
qua tnh cho dong ien tai lien tuc.
3. Mach loc ap tai va dong tai
e han che thanh phan xoay chieu cua ap chnh lu va do o lam giam o gn
song dong tai, ta co the:
1. Tang so xung kch chnh lu, v du s dung mach nhieu pha, dang cau.
2. Dung tu loc.
3. Dung cam khang loc .
4. dung diode khong mach ieu khien ban phan.
Phng phap tu loc ch dung cho tai cong suat nho. Vi cong suat ln ta co the s
dung cac phng phap con lai.
4. Hien tng chuyen mach
Trong cac phan trc, bo chnh lu c phan tch vi gia thiet bo qua tr khang
trong cua nguon ap. Hau qua la qua trnh chuyen mach gia cac nhanh cha thyristor
dien ra tc thi. Trong thc te, nguon co tr khang trong lam dong ien qua no khong
co the thay oi ot ngot. He qua, hien tng chuyen mach gia cac nhanh cha cac
thyristor khong dien ra tc thi ma keo dai mot khoa ng thi gian, hnh thanh trang thai
cac nhanh cha thyristor cung dan ien. Hien tng nay goi la hien tng trung dan
hoac hien tng chuyen mach.
Cac he qua do hien tng chuyen mach gay ra:
- Lam giam ap tai trong thi gian chuyen mach.
- Lam giam goc ieu khiencc ai cho phep.
- Lam bien dang ien ap nguon.
5. Phng phap ieu khien bo chnh lu:
Thi iem phat xung kch cho cac thyristor trong cac bo chnh lu tng ng vi
goc ieu khien da vao hai tn hieu c ban tn hieu ieu khien u
k
va tn hieu ong bo
u
p.
Tn hieu ong bo tao moc chuan ve thi gian cho viec xac nh goc ieu khien
ong thi xac lap ac tnh gia ap chnh lu trung bnh U
d
va ap ieu khien u
k
. Do o,
tn hieu c chon thay oi trong khoang thi gian xuat hien ien ap khoa tren linh
kien va no phai da vao dang ien ap nguon xoay chieu. Tn hieu ieu khien xac nh
iem lam viec tren ac tnh ieu khien va cho biet o ln goc ieu khien. Ca hai tn
hieu ieu khien va tn hieu ong bo tren co the x l da tren k thuat so hoac analog.
6. Bo chnh lu cau ba pha ieu khien hoan toan:
S o cau tao:
V1 V3 V5
V4 V6 V2
R
L
E
u
i
u
u
u
u
i
u
u
V1
V1
1
2
dK
dA
d
d
Mach nguon xoay chieu ba pha ly tng mac vao bo chnh lu cau gom 6
thyristor. Cac ien ap u
dA
,u
dK
la ien ap t iem nut chung cua cac nhom linh kien
en iem trung tnh cua nguon ap ba pha.
Phan tch :
Mach ien c phan tch vi gia thiet dong ien qua tai i
d
lien tuc. Theo phep cong
ien ap, ta co:
u
d
= u
dA
u
dK

Ta se chng minh rang neu dong tai lien tuc, ien ap u
dA
se ch phu thuoc vao goc
kch ong cua nhom linh kien ( V
1
, V
3
, V
5
) va ien ap nguon; va ap u
dK
phu thuoc goc
kch ong cua ngom (V
2
,V
4
,V
6
).
That vay, xet nhom anode (V
1
, V
3
, V
5
), gia s rang V
1
ong va V
3
, V
5
b ngat,ta co:
i
V1
=i
d
; i
V3
=0 ; i
V5
= 0.
u
V1
= 0 ;u
V3
= u
2
u
1
; u
V5
=u
3
u
1 ;
u
dA
= u
1.
Ro rang, cac he thc mo ta ien ap nhom anode khong phu thuoc vao trang thai
kch ong cac thyristor nhom cathode. Do o, e khao sat ien ap u
dA
, ta ch can xet
en trang thai kch ong cua cac thyristor (V
1 ,
V
3
,V
5
).
Cac he thc mo ta ien ap nhom anode co dang giong nh mach chnh lu tia ba
pha vi ap chnh lu u
dA
, (hnh 2.6). Goc ieu khien o v du cua V
1
, c tnh t v tr
xuat hien ap khoa tren V
1
tc u
V1
= u
1
u
3
>0.
Tng t, hoat ong nhom cathode co the phan tch di dang chnh lu mach tia
ba pha vi ap chnh lu u
dK
. Goc ieu khien, v du cua V
2
c tng t v tr xuat hien
ien ap khoa tren V
2
, tc:
u
V2
= u
2
u
3
> 0
u u
V1 V3 V5
dA
NHOM ANODE
u
1
2
u u
NHOM CATHODE
V6 V4
V2
dK
u u
1
u
2

Phng trnh ien ap tai va dong tai
u
d
= u
dA
- u
dK

u
d
= R.i
d
+ L.
dt
di
d
+ E
Tong hp cac ket qua phan tch tren, ta co the viet phng trnh mo ta trang thai
mach, v du khi V
1
, V
2
ong:
u
V1
= 0 ; u
V2
= 0 ; u
V3
= u
2
u
1 ;
u
V4
= u
3
u
1
;
i
V1
= i
d
; i
V2
= i
d
; i
V3
= 0 ; i
V4
= 0 ;
u
V5
= u
3
u
1
; u
V6
= u
3
u
2
;
i
V5
= 0 ; i
V6
= 0 ;
u
d
= u
dA
u
dK
= u
1
u
3 ;
u
d
= R.i
d
+ L.
dt
di
d
+ E ;
o th ien ap va dong ien cac ai lng mach c ve tren hnh
He qua: Khi dong ien tai lien tuc:
-Dang ien ap tai co 6 xung va ch phu thuoc vao goc ieu khien va ien ap nguon
xoay chieu. Chu ky xung chnh lu bang
6
1
chu k ap nguon T
p
=
6
1
T.
-Tr trung bnh ien ap chnh lu:
U
d
(o ) =
6
2
1
t
}
+
6
2
0
0
t
o
o
dX u
d
= U
dA
(o ) U
dK
(o ) =
t
3 3
U
m
coso
=
t
6 3
.U.coso
Vi U la tr hieu dung ap pha U =
2
m
U
.
-Pham vi goc ieu khien o : bang pham vi goc ieu khien cua cac nhom chnh lu
mach tia, tc (0, t ). Do o, ien ap trung bnh tren tai co the ieu khien thay oi
trong khoang
)
`
U U .
6 3
, .
6 3
t t
.
Dong trung bnh qua tai (RLE):
o d
I =
R
E U
d

o
;
Moi thyristor dan
3
1
chu k ap nhuom nen tr trung bnh dong ien qua no:
I
TAV
=
3
d
I
;

ien ap khoa va ap ngc cc ai xuat hien tren linh kien
U
DRM
= U
RRM
= 3 .U
m
= 6 .U ;
-Dong ien qua nguon ien ap, v du qua pha 1:
i
1
= i
V1
i
V4
;
Tr hieu dung ien qua nguon c xac nh vi gia thiet dong tai khong oi:
d d
I dX i I .
3
2
2
1
2 / 1
2
0
2
=
(
=
}
t
t
;

o
o


C CH H N NG G I II II I : :

G GI I I I T TH HI IE E U U V VI I I IE E U U K KH HI IE E N N A AT T8 89 9C C5 52 2

I I. . V VI I I IE E U U K KH HI IE E N N H HO O M MC CS S- -5 51 1
MCS-51
TM
la ho vi ieu khien do hang INTEL san xuat vao au nhng nam 80 va
ngay nay a tr thanh mot chuan trong cong nghiep. Bat au t IC tieu bieu la 8051
a cho thay kha nang thch hp vi nhng ng dung mang tnh ieu khien. Viec x l
tren byte va cac phep toan so hoc cau truc d lieu nho c thc hien bang nhieu
che o truy xuat d lieu nhanh tren RAM noi. Tap lenh cung cap mot ban tien dung
cua nhng lenh so hoc 8 bit gom ca lenh nhan va lenh chia. No cung cap nhng ho tr
m rong on-chip dung cho nhng bien 1 bit nh la kieu d lieu rieng cho phep quan l
va kiem tra bit trc tiep trong ieu khien va nhng he thong logic oi hoi x l luan l.
Sau ay la bang so sanh cac IC trong ho MCS-51
TM
:

TEN LINH
KIEN
BO NH CHNG
TRNH ON CHIP
BO NH D LIEU
ON CHIP
TIMER
8051 4 KB MROM 128 Bytes 2
8031 0 KB 128 Bytes 2
8751 4 KB EPROM 128 Bytes 2
8951 4 KB Flash ROM 128 bytes 2
8052 8 KB MROM 256 Bytes 3
8032 0 KB 256 Bytes 3
8752 8 KB EPROM 256 Bytes 3
8952 8 KB Flash ROM 256 Bytes 3

I II I. . V VI I I IE E U U K KH HI IE E N N A AT T8 89 9C C5 52 2
Do ho MCS-51
TM
a tr thanh chuan cong nghiep nen co rat nhieu hang san xuat
ra no, ien hnh la ATMEL Corporation. Hang nay a ket hp rat nhieu tnh nang da
tren nen tang ky thuat cua mnh e tao ra cac vi ieu khien tng thch vi MCS-51
TM

nhng manh me hn.
AT89C52 la mot vi ieu khien 8 bit do ATMEL san xuat, che tao theo cong nghe
CMOS, co chat lng cao, cong suat thap vi 8 KB Flash (flash programmable and
erasable read only memory). Thiet b nay c che tao bang cach s dung ky thuat bo
nh khong boc hi mat o cao cua ATMEL va tng thch vi chuan cong nghiep
MCS-51
TM
ve tap lenh va cac chan ra. Flash on-chip cho phep bo nh lap trnh c
lap trnh trong he thong bi mot lap trnh vien bnh thng. Bang cach noi 1 CPU 8 bit
vi mot Flash tren mot chip n, AT89C52 la mot vi ieu khien manh (co cong suat
ln), cung cap mot s linh ong cao va giai phap ve gia ca oi vi nhieu ng dung vi
ieu khien.
Cac ac iem chu yeu cua AT89C52 :
- Tng thch hoan toan vi ho MCS-51
TM
cua Intel.
- Bo nh chng trnh 8K Byte thuoc loai Flash Memory.
- o ben : 1000 lan ghi/xoa.
- Tan so hoat ong : 0 Hz en 24 MHz.
- 3 che o khoa bo nh.
- 256 x 8-Bit RAM noi.
- 32 ng I/O lap trnh c (4 port).
- 3 timer/counter 16-bit.
- 8 nguon ngat.
- Che o ha nguon va che o li tieu ton cong suat thap.


II.1 S lc ve cac chan cua 8952:
C 8952 co tat ca 40 chan co chc nang nh cac ng xuat nhap. Trong o co
26 chan co cong dung kep, moi ng co the hoat ong nh ng xuat nhap
hoac nh ng ieu khien hoac la thanh phan cua bus d lieu va bus a ch.

T1
T0
ieu khien
ngat
Cac thanh
ghi khac
128
byte RAM
MRO noi
Timer 2
Timer 1
Timer 0

CPU
Oscillator ieu khien bus Cac port I/O Port noi tiep
Port noi tiep
Timer 0
Timer 1
Timer 2
INT0
INT1

EA
RST
PSEN
ALE
P0 P2 P1 P3
TxD RxD
T2
EX
TE
RN
AL
U12
AT89C52
9
18
19 29
30
31
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
RST
XTAL2
XTAL1 PSEN
ALE/PROG
EA/VPP
P1.0/T2
P1.1/T2-EX
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
P2.0/A8
P2.1/A9
P2.2/A10
P2.3/A11
P2.4/A12
P2.5/A13
P2.6/A14
P2.7/A15
P3.0/RXD
P3.1/TXD
P3.2/INTO
P3.3/INT1
P3.4/TO
P3.5/T1
P3.6/WR
P3.7/RD
P0.0/AD0
P0.1/AD1
P0.2/AD2
P0.3/AD3
P0.4/AD4
P0.5/AD5
P0.6/AD6
P0.7/AD7

II.2 He thong giao tiep port:
a/ Port 0:
Port 0 la mot port hai chc nang tren cac chan 32 39. Trong cac thiet ke c
nho (khong dung bo nh m rong) no co chc nang nh cac ng I/O. oi
vi cac thiet ke ln vi bo nh m rong, no c hp kenh gia bus d lieu
va byte thap cua bus a ch.
b/ Port 1 : la mot port I/O 8-bit hai
chieu co pullup noi. au ra port 1 co the
lai 4 au vao TTL. Khi viet cac mc 1
ra cac chan port th chung c keo len
do co ien tr noi va co the dung lam
au vao. Khi vai tro la cong nhap, nhng chan cua port 1 b keo xuong thap se o
dong v co noi tr keo len.
Hn na, P1.0 va P1.1 co the c dung nh la au vao bo em timer/counter 2
ben ngoai (P1.0/T2) va xung kch (P1.1/T2EX).
Port 1 cung nhan nhng byte a ch thap trong khi lap trnh Flash va trong khi
kiem tra Flash .

Chan Chc nang thay the
P1.0 T2 (au vao em cho Timer/Counter 2)
P1.1 T2EX (xung kch capture/reload cho
Timer/Counter 2 va ieu khien trc
tiep.
c/ Port 2:
Port 2 la mot port cong dung ke p tren cac chan 21 28 c dung nh cac
ng xuat nhap hoac la byte cao cua bus a ch oi vi cac thiet ke dung bo
nh m rong.

d/ Port 3:
Port 3 la mot port cong dung kep tren cac chan 10 17. Cac chan cua port
nay co nhieu chc nang, cac cong dung chuyen oi co lien he vi cac ac tnh
ac biet cua 8952 nh bang sau:

Bit
Ten Chc nang chuyen oi
P3.0
P3.1
P3.2
P3.3
P3.4
P3.5
P3.6
P3.7
RXD
TXD
INT0\
INT1\
T0
T1
WR\
RD\
D lieu nhan cho port noi tiep
D lieu phat cho port noi tiep
Ngat 0 ben ngoai
Ngat 1 ben ngoai
Ngo vao cua Timer/counter 0
Ngo vao cua Timer/counter 1
Xung ghi bo nh d lieu ngoai
Xung oc bo nh d lieu ngoai

II.3/ Cac tn hieu ieu khien:
C 8952 co 4 tn hieu ieu khien:
a/ PSEN\ (Program Store Enable):
PSEN\ la tn hieu ra tren chan 29. No la tn hieu ieu khien cho phep bo
nh chng trnh m rong, PSEN\ thng c noi en chan OE (Output
Enable) cua mot EPROM e cho phep oc cac byte ma lenh.
PSEN\ se mc thap trong thi gian lay lenh. Cac ma nh phan cua chng
trnh c oc t EPROM qua bus d lieu va c chot vao thanh ghi lenh cua
8952 e giai ma lenh. Neu thi hanh chng trnh trong ROM noi (8952) th PSEN\
se mc thu ong (mc cao).

b/ ALE (Address Latch Enable):
Tn hieu ra ALE tren chan 30 tng hp vi cac thiet b lam viec vi cac vi
x l 8085, 8088, 8086.
C 8952 dung ALE mot cach tng t cho viec giai kenh cac bus a ch va
d lieu.
Khi port 0 c dung trong che o chuyen oi: va la bus d lieu va la
byte thap cua bus a ch, ALE la tn hieu e chot byte thap a ch vao mot
thanh ghi ben ngoai trong na au chu k bo nh. Sau o, cac ng port 0
dung e xuat nhap d lieu trong na sau cua chu k bo nh.
Cac xung tn hieu ALE co toc o bang 1/6 lan tan so dao ong tren chip va
co the c dung lam nguon xung nhp cho cac phan khac cua he thong. Neu
xung nhp tren 8952 la 12 Mhz th ALE co tan so 2 Mhz. Ch ngoai tr khi thi
hanh lenh MOVX, mot xung ALE se b mat. Trong trng hp la 8051 th
chan nay cung c lam ngo vao cho xung lap trnh cho EPROM trong chip.
c/ EA\ (External Access):
Tn hieu vao EA\ tren chan 31 thng c mac len mc cao (+5v) hoac
mc thap (GND). Neu mc cao, 8952 thi hanh chng trnh t ROM noi
trong khoang a ch thap (4K). Neu mc thap, chng trnh ch c thi
hanh t bo nh m rong.
Khi dung 8031, EA\ luon c noi mc thap v 8031 khong co bo nh
chng trnh tren chip. Neu EA\ c noi mc thap th bo nh chng trnh
ben trong 8952 se b cam va chng trnh ch c thi hanh t EPROM m
rong.
Ngi ta con dung EA\ lam chan cap ien ap 21V khi lap trnh cho
EEPROM trong 8051.
d/ RST (Reset):
Ngo vao RST tren chan 9 la ngo reset cua 8952. Khi tn hieu nay c a
len mc cao (trong t nhat 2 chu k may), cac thanh ghi ben trong 8952 c
tai nhng gia tr thch hp e khi ong he thong.
e/ Cac ngo vao bo dao ong tren chip:
Nh a thay trong cac hnh tren, 8952 co mot bo dao ong tren chip. No
thng c noi vi mot thach anh gia hai chan 18 va 19. Cac tu gi cung
can thiet nh a ve. Tan so thach anh thong thng la 12 Mhz.
f/ Cac chan nguon:
8952 hoat ong vi nguon n +5V. Vcc c noi vao chan 40 va Vss
(GND) c noi vao chan 20.

II.4/ To chc bo nh:
II.4.1/ Khao sat to chc bo nh 8952:
C 8952 co bo nh c to chc theo cau truc Harvard : co nhng vung bo
nh rieng biet cho chng trnh va d lieu.
Nh a noi tren, ca chng trnh va d lieu co the ben trong (8952); du
vay chung co the c m rong bang cac thanh phan ngoai len en toi a 64
Kbytes bo nh chng trnh va 64 Kbytes bo nh d lieu.
Bo nh ben trong bao gom ROM (8952) va RAM tren chip bao gom nhieu
thanh phan: Phan lu tr a dung, phan lu tr a ch hoa tng bit, cac bank thanh
ghi va cac thanh ghi chc nang ac biet.

FFFF

Bo nh
chng trnh

c chon
qua PSEN\

FFFF

Bo nh
d lieu

c chon
qua WR\ va
RD\

FF

00

0000

0000

Bo nh tren chip Bo nh m rong

Tom tat cac vung bo nh cua 8952.
Hai ac tnh can lu y la:
Cac thanh ghi va cac port xuat nhap a c xep trong bo nh va co the c truy
xuat trc tiep giong nh cac a ch bo nh khac.
Ngan xep ben trong RAM noi nho hn so vi RAM ngoai so vi bo x l khac.
II.4.2 Chi tiet ve bo nh RAM tren chip:
Nh se thay trong hnh sau, RAM ben trong 8952 c phan chia thanh cac bank thanh
ghi (00H 1FH), RAM a ch hoa bit (20H 2FH), RAM a dung (30H 7FH) va cac
thanh ghi chc nang ac biet trong khoang (80H FFH).
RAM a dung:
Mac du tren hnh cho thay 80 bytes RAM a dung chiem cac a ch t 30H 7FH, 32
bytes di cung t 00H 1FH cung co the c dung vi muc ch tng t (mac du ca c
a ch nay a co muc ch khac).

a ch a ch
byte a ch bit byte
a ch bit
7F
RAM a dung
FF
F0 F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2 F1 F0 B

E0 E7 E6 E5 E4 E3 E2 E1 E0 ACC

D0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 _ D0 PSW

30 B8 _ _ _ BC BB BA B9 B8 IP
2F 7F 7E 7D 7C 7B 7A 79 78
2E 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 B0 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 P3
2D 6F 6E 6D 6C 6B 6A 69 68
2C 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 A8 AF _ _ AC AB AA A9 A8 IE
2B 5F 5E 5D 5C 5B 5A 59 58
2A 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 A0 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 P2
29 4F 4E 4D 4C 4B 4A 49 48
28 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 99 khong c a ch hoa bit SBUF
27 3F 3E 3D 3C 3B 3A 39 38 98 9F 9E 9D 9C 9B 9A 99 98 SCON
26 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30
25 2F 2E 2D 2C 2B 2A 29 28 90 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 P1
24 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
23 1F 1E 1D 1C 1B 1A 19 18 8D khong c a ch hoa bit TH1
22 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 8C khong c a ch hoa bit TH0
21 0F 0E 0D 0C 0B 0A 09 08 8B khong c a ch hoa bit TL1
20 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 8A khong c a ch hoa bit TL0
1F BANK 3

89 khong c a ch hoa bit TMOD
18 88 8F 8E 8D 8C 8B 8A 89 88 TCON
17 BANK 2 87 khong c a ch hoa bit PCON
10
0F BANK 1 83 khong c a ch hoa bit DPH
08 82 khong c a ch hoa bit DPL
07 BANK 0
( Mac nh cho R0 R7 )
81 khong c a ch hoa bit SP
00 80 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 P0

RAM CAC THANH GHI CHC NANG AC BIET

Tom tat bo nh d lieu tren chip

Moi a ch trong vung RAM a dung eu co the c truy xuat t do dung
cach anh a ch trc tiep hoac gian tiep. V du, e oc noi dung a ch
5FH cua RAM noi vao thanh ghi tch luy, lenh sau se c dung:
MOV A, 5FH
Lenh nay di chuyen 1 byte d lieu dung cach anh a ch trc tiep e xac
nh a ch nguon (5FH). ch nhan d lieu c ngam xac nh trong ma
lenh la thanh ghi tch luy A.
RAM ben trong cung co the c truy xuat dung cach anh a ch gian tiep
qua R0 hay R1. V du, hai lenh sau thi hanh cung nhiem vu nh lenh n
tren:
MOV R0, #5FH
MOV A, @R0
Lenh au dung a ch tc thi e di chuyen gia tr 5FH vao thanh ghi R0,
va lenh th hai dung a ch gian tiep e di chuyen d lieu c tro bi R0
vao thanh ghi tch luy.
RAM a ch hoa tng bit:
C 8952 cha 210 bits c a ch hoa, trong o 128 bits la cac a ch byte
20H en 2FH, va phan con lai la trong cac thanh ghi chc nang ac biet.
Y tng truy xuat tng bit rieng re bang phan mem la mot ac tnh tien li
cua vi ieu khien noi chung. Cac bit co the c at, xoa, AND, OR, vi
mot lenh n. Trong khi o, a so cac vi x l oi hoi mot chuoi lenh oc
sa ghi e at c hieu qua tng t. Hn na, cac port I/O cung c a
ch hoa tng bit lam n gian phan mem xuat nhap tng bit.
Co 128 bits c a ch hoa a dung cac byte 20H en 2FH. Cac a ch
nay c truy xuat nh cac byte hoac nh cac bit phu thuoc vao lenh c
dung. V du, e at bit 67H, ta dung lenh sau:
SET 67H
Chu y rang a ch bit 67H la bit co trong so ln nhat (MSB) a ch
byte 2CH. Lenh tren se khong tac ong en cac bit khac a ch nay. Cac
vi x l se phai thi hanh nhiem vu tng t nh sau:
MOV A, 2CH ; oc ca byte
ORL A, #10000000B ; set MSB
MOV 2CH, A ; ghi lai ca byte
Cac bank thanh ghi:
32 bytes thap nhat cua bo nh noi la danh cho cac bank thanh ghi. Bo lenh
cua 8952 ho tr 8 thanh ghi (R0 R7) va theo mac nh (sau khi reset he
thong) cac thanh ghi nay cac a ch 00H 07H. Lenh sau ay se oc noi
dung a ch 05H vao thanh ghi tch luy :
MOV A, R5
ay la lenh mot byte dung a ch thanh ghi. Tat nhien, thao tac tng t co
the c thi hanh bang lenh 2 bytes dung a ch trc tiep nam trong byte th
hai:
MOV A, 05H
Cac lenh dung cac thanh ghi R0 en R7 th ngan hn va nhanh hn cac lenh
tng ng nhng dung a ch trc tiep. Cac gia tr d lieu c dung thng
xuyen nen dung mot trong cac thanh ghi nay.
Bank thanh ghi tch cc co the c chuyen oi bang cach thay oi cac bit chon
bank thanh ghi trong t trang thai chng trnh (PSW). Gia s rang bank thanh ghi 3
c tch cc, lenh sau se ghi noi dung cua thanh ghi tch luy vao a ch 18H:
MOV R0, A
Y tng dung cac bank thanh ghi cho phep chuyen hng chng trnh
nhanh va hieu qua (tng phan rieng re cua phan mem se co mot bo thanh ghi
rieng khong phu thuoc vao cac phan khac).
II.5 Cac thanh ghi chc nang ac biet:
Cac thanh ghi noi cua 8952 c truy xuat ngam nh bi bo lenh. V du
lenh INC A se tang noi dung cua thanh ghi tch luy A len 1. Tac ong nay
c ngam nh trong ma lenh.
Cac thanh ghi trong 8952 c nh dang nh mot phan cua RAM tren chip.
V vay moi thanh ghi se co mot a ch (ngoai tr thanh ghi em chng trnh
va thanh ghi lenh v cac thanh ghi nay hiem khi b tac ong trc tiep, nen
khong li loc g khi at chung vao trong RAM tren chip). o la l do e 8952
co nhieu thanh ghi nh vay. Cung nh R0 en R7, co 21 thanh ghi chc nang
ac biet (SFR: Special Function Register) vung tren cua RAM noi, t a
ch 80H en FFH. Chu y rang hau het 128 a ch t 80H en FFH khong
c nh ngha. Ch co 21 a ch SFR la c nh ngha.
Ngoai tr thanh ghi tch luy A co the c truy xuat ngam nh a noi, a so
cac SFR c truy xuat dung a ch trc tiep. Chu y rang mot vai SFR co the
c a ch hoa bit hoac byte. Ngi thiet ke phai than trong khi truy xuat bit
va byte. V du lenh sau:
SETB 0E0H
Lenh nay se set bit 0 trong thanh ghi tch luy, cac bit khac khong oi. Ta
thay rang E0H ong thi la a ch byte cua ca thanh ghi tch luy va la a ch
bit cua bit co trong so nho nhat trong thanh ghi tch luy. V lenh SETB ch tac
ong tren bit, nen ch co a ch bit la co hieu qua.
a/ T trang thai chng trnh:
T trang thai chng trnh (PSW: Program Status Word) a ch D0H cha
cac bit trang thai nh bang tom tat sau:

Bit K hieu a ch Y ngha
PSW.7 CY D7H C nh
PSW.6 AC D6H C nh phu
PSW.5 F0 D5H C 0
PSW.4 RS1 D4H Bit 1 chon bank thanh ghi
PSW.3 RS0 D3H Bit 0 chon bank thanh ghi
00 = bank 0 ( a ch 00H 07H )
01 = bank 1 ( a ch 08H 0FH )
10 = bank 2 ( a ch 10H 17H )
11 = bank 3 ( a ch 18H 1FH )
PSW.2 OV D2H C tran
PSW.1 _ D1H D tr
PSW.0 P D0H C parity chan

- C nh:
C nh (CY) co cong dung kep. Thong thng no c dung cho cac lenh
toan hoc: no se c set neu co mot so nh sinh ra bi phep cong hoac co
mot so mn bi phep tr. V du, neu thanh ghi tch luy cha FFH, th lenh
sau:
ADD A, #1
se tra ve thanh ghi tch luy ket qua 00H va set c nh trong PSWK.
C nh cung co the xem nh mot thanh ghi 1 bit cho cac lenh luan l thi hanh
tren bit. V du, lenh sau se AND bit 25H vi c nh va at ket qua tr vao c
nh:
AND C, 25H

- C nh phu:
Khi cong cac so BCD, c nh phu (AC) c set neu ket qua cua 4 bit thap
trong khoang 0AH en 0FH. Neu cac gia tr c cong la so BCD th sau lenh
cong can co DA A (hieu chnh thap phan thanh ghi tch luy) e ieu chnh
ket qua cho phu hp.
- C 0:
C 0 (F0) la 1 bit c a dung danh cho cac ng dung cua ngi dung.
- Cac bit chon bank thanh ghi :
Cac bit chon bank thanh ghi (RS0 va RS1) xac nh bank thanh ghi nao c
tch cc. Chung c xoa sau khi reset he thong va c thay oi bang phan
mem neu can. V du, 3 lenh sau cho phep bank thanh ghi 3 va di chuyen noi
dung cua thanh ghi R7 (a ch byte 1FH) en thanh ghi tch luy:
SETB RS1
SETB RS0
MOV A, R7
Khi chng trnh c hp dch, cac a ch bit ung c thay the cho cac k
hieu RS1 va RS0.
Vay, lenh SETB RS1 se giong nh lenh SETB 0D4H.
- C tran:
C tran (OV) c set sau mot lenh cong hoac tr neu co phep toan b
tran. Khi cac so co dau c cong hoac tr vi nhau, phan mem co the
kiem tra bit nay e xac nh xem ket qua co nam trong tam xac nh
khong. Khi cac so khong dau c cong, bit OV co the c bo qua. Cac
ket qua ln hn +127 hoac nho hn 128 se set bit OV.

V du, phep cong sau b tran va bit OV c set :
Hex 0F Thap phan 15
+ +
7F 127

8E 142
Ket qua la mot so co dau 8EH c xem nh 14, khong phai la mot ket
qua ung (142), v vay bit OV c set.

b/ Thanh ghi B:
Thanh ghi B a ch F0H c dung vi thanh ghi tch luy A cho cac phep
toan nhan va chia.
Lenh MUL AB se nhan cac gia tr khong dau 8 bit trong A va B roi tra ve
ket qua 16 bit trong A (byte thap) va B (byte cao).
Lenh DIV AB se chia A cho B roi tra ve ket qua nguyen trong A va phan d
trong B.
Thanh ghi B cung co the c xem nh thanh ghi em a dung. No c a
ch hoa tng bit bang cac a ch bit F0H en F7H.
c/ Con tro ngan xep:
Con tro ngan xep (SP) la mot thanh ghi 8 bit a ch 81H. No cha a ch
cua byte d lieu hien hanh tren nh cua ngan xep. Cac lenh tren ngan xep
bao gom cac thao tac cat d lieu vao ngan xep va lay d lieu ra khoi ngan
xep. Lenh cat d lieu vao ngan xep se lam tang SP trc khi cat d lieu, va
lenh lay d lieu ra khoi ngan xep se oc d lieu va giam SP.
Ngan xep cua 8952 c gi trong RAM noi va c gii han cac a ch co
the truy xuat bang a ch gian tiep. Chung la 128 bytes au cua 8952.
e khi ong lai SP vi ngan xep bat au tai 60H, cac lenh sau ay c
dung:
MOV SP, #5FH
Tren 8952 ngan xep b gii han 32 bytes v a ch cao nhat cua RAM tren chip la
7FH. S d dung gia tr 5FH v SP se tang len 60H trc khi cat byte d lieu au tien.
Ngi thiet ke co the chon khong phai khi ong lai con tro ngan xe p ma e no
lay gia tr mac nh khi reset he thong. Gia tr mac nh o la 07H va ket qua la
ngan au tien e cat d lieu co a ch la 08H.
Neu phan mem ng dung khong khi ong lai SP, th bank thanh ghi 1 (co
the ca 2 va 3) se khong dung c v vung RAM nay a c dung lam ngan
xep.
Ngan xep c truy xuat trc tiep bang lenh PUSH va POP e lu tr tam
thi va lay lai d lieu, hoac c truy xuat ngam bang cac lenh goi chng
trnh con (ACALL, LCALL) va cac lenh tr ve (RET, RETI) e cat va lay lai
bo em chng trnh.

d/ Con tro d lieu:
Con tro d lieu (DPTR) e truy xuat bo nh ngoai la mot thanh ghi 16 bit
a ch 82H (DPL: byte thap) va 83H (DPH: byte cao).
Ba lenh sau se ghi 55H vao RAM ngoai a ch 1000H:
MOV A, #55H
MOV DPTR, #1000H
MOVX @DPTR, A
Lenh au tien dung a ch tc thi e tai d lieu 55H vao thanh ghi tch luy.
Lenh th hai cung dung a ch tc thi, lan nay e tai d lieu 16 bits 1000H
vao con tro d lieu. Lenh th ba dung a ch gian tiep e di chuyen d lieu
trong A (55H) en RAM ngoai a ch c cha trong DPTR (1000H).
e/ Cac thanh ghi port xuat nhap:
Cac port cua 8952 bao gom Port 0 a ch 80H, Port 1 a ch 90H, Port 2
a ch A0H va Port 3 a ch B0H.
Tat ca cac port eu c a ch hoa tng bit. ieu o cung cap mot kha
nang giao tiep thuan li.
V du, neu mot motor c noi qua mot cuon day co transistor lai en bit 7
cua Port 1, no co the c bat va tat bang mot lenh n:
SETB P1.7 ; bat motor
CLR P1.7 ; tat motor
Cac lenh tren dung dau cham e xac nh mot bit trong mot byte. Trnh
hp dch se thi hanh s chuyen oi can thiet, v vay hai lenh sau ay la
nh nhau:
CLR P1.7
CLR 97H
Trong mot v du khac, xem xet giao tiep en mot thiet b vi mot bit trang
thai goi la BUSY, c set khi thiet b ang ban va c xoa khi thiet b a
san sang. Neu BUSY c noi ti P1.5, vong lap sau se c dung e ch
thiet b tr lai trang thai san sang:
WAIT : JB P1.5, WAIT
Lenh nay co ngha la neu bit P1.5 c set th nhay ti nhan WAIT.
Noi cach khac nhay tr lai va kiem tra lan na.
f/ Cac thanh ghi timer:
C 8952 cha ba bo nh thi/em 16 bits c dung cho viec nh thi
hoac em s kien.
Timer 0 a ch 8AH (TL0: byte thap) va 8CH (TH0 : byte cao).
Timer 1 a ch 8BH (TL1: byte thap) va 8DH (TH1 : byte cao).
Viec van hanh timer c set bi thanh ghi Timer Mode (TMOD) a
ch 89H va thanh ghi ieu khien timer (TCON) a ch 88H.
Ch co TCON c a ch tng bit.
ac biet 8952 con co timer 2 co cac thanh ghi sau:
Cac thanh ghi Timer 2 cac bit ieu khien va trang thai cha trong thanh ghi
T2CON va T2MOD cho Timer 2. Cap thanh ghi RCAP2H va RCAP2L la nhng
thanh ghi Capture/Reload trong che o capture 16 bit hay che o auto-reload 16
bit.
Thanh ghi T2CON a ch 0C8H:
TF2 EXF2 RCLK TCLK EXEN2 TR2 C/ 2 T 2 RL / CP
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Ky hieu Chc nang
TF2 C tran Timer 2, set khi Timer 2 tran va phai c clear bang phan mem. TF2
se khong set khi RCLK = 1 hoac TCLK = 1.
EXF2 C ngoai cua Timer 2, set khi xay ra capture hoac reload do T2EX xuong thap
va EXEN2 = 1. Neu ngat Timer 2 c kch hoat, EXF2 = 1 se lam CPU tro
en ISR cua Timer 2. EXF2 phai c xoa bang phan mem. EXF2 khong gay
nen ngat trong che o em len/xuong (DCEN = 1).
RCLK Kch hoat xung clock bo thu. Khi set, cac xung tran Timer 2 se la xung clock
cho bo thu port noi tiep trong mode 1 va 3. RCLK = 0 th bo thu port noi tiep se
dung cac xung tran cua Timer 1.
TCLK Kch hoat xung clock bo phat. Khi set, cac xung tran Timer 2 se la xung clock
cho bo phat port noi tiep trong mode 1 va 3. TCLK = 0 th bo phat port noi tiep
se dung cac xung tran cua Timer 1.
EXEN2 Kch hoat ben ngoai. Khi set, cho phep capture hay reload khi T2EX xuong
thap (neu Timer 2 khong s dung cho port noi tiep). EXEN2 = 0 lam cho Timer
2 bo qua cac s kien tren T2EX.
TR2 Khi ong/Dng Timer 2. TR2 = 1 lam khi ong Timer 2.
C/T2 Bit la chon timer hay counter. C/T2 = 0 : timer. C/T2 = 1 : counter em s
kien ben ngoai (kch canh xuong).
CP/RL2 La chon capture hay reload. CP/RL2 = 1: capture xay ra khi T2EX xuong thap
neu EXEN2 = 1. CP/RL2 = 0 : reload xay ra khi Timer 2 tran hoac khi T2EX
xuong thap neu EXEN2 = 1. Neu TCLK hay RCLK = 1, bit nay b bo qua va
timer b ep vao che o reload khi Timer 2 tran.

g/ Cac thanh ghi port noi tiep:
C8952 cha mot port noi tiep tren chip danh cho viec trao oi thong tin vi
cac thiet b noi tiep nh may tnh, modem hoac cho viec giao tiep vi cac IC
khac co giao tiep noi tiep (cac bo chuyen oi A/D, cac thanh ghi dch ).
Mot thanh ghi goi la bo em d lieu noi tiep (SBUF) a ch 99H se gi ca
hai d lieu truyen va nhan.
Khi truyen d lieu th ghi len SBUF, khi nhan d lieu th oc SBUF.
Cac mode van hanh khac nhau c lap trnh qua thanh ghi ieu khien
port noi tiep (SCON) (c a ch hoa tng bit) a ch 98H.
h/ Cac thanh ghi ngat:
C 8952 co cau truc 5 nguon ngat (2 mc u tien).
Cac ngat b cam sau khi reset he thong va se c cho phep bang viec ghi
thanh ghi cho phep ngat (IE) a ch A8H.
Ca hai thanh ghi c a ch hoa tng bit.
i/ Thanh ghi ieu khien cong suat:
Thanh ghi ieu khien cong suat (PCON) a ch 87H cha nhieu bit ieu
khien. Chung c tom tat trong bang sau:

Bit K hieu Y ngha
7 SMOD Bit gap oi toc o baud, neu c set th toc o baud se tang gap oi trong cac
mode1, 2 va 3 cua port noi tiep.
6 _ Khong nh ngha
5 _ Khong nh ngha
4 _ Khong nh ngha
3 GF1 Bit c a dung 1
2 GF0 Bit c a dung 0
1 PD Giam cong suat, c set e kch hoat mode giam cong suat, ch thoat khi
reset.
0 IDL Mode ch, set e kch hoat mode ch, ch thoat khi co ngat hoac reset he thong.

II.6 Bo nh ngoai:
C 8952 co kha nang m rong bo nh len en 64K bo nh chng trnh va
64K bo nh d lieu ngoai. Do o, co the dung them ROM va RAM ben
ngoai neu can.
Khi dung bo nh ngoai, Port 0 khong co n la mot port I/O thuan tuy na. No
c hp kenh gia bus a ch (A0 A7) va bus d lieu (D0 D7) vi tn
hieu ALE e chot byte thap cua a ch khi bat au moi chu k bo nh. Port 2
thong thng c dung cho byte cao cua bus a ch.
Trong na au cua moi chu k bo nh, byte thap cua a ch c cap trong
Port 0 va c chot bang xung ALE. Mot IC chot 74HC373 (hoac tng
ng) se gi byte a ch thap trong phan con lai cua chu k bo nh. Trong
na sau cua chu k bo nh Port 0 c dung nh bus d lieu va c oc hoac
ghi tuy theo lenh.
a/ Truy xuat bo nh chng trnh ngoai:
Bo nh chng trnh ngoai la mot IC ROM c cho phep bi tn hieu
PSEN\. Hnh sau mo ta cach noi mot EPROM vao 8952:

EA
PSEN
PORT 2
ALE
PORT 0
A8 - A15
D0 - D7
A0 - A7
OE
D
G
Q
74HC373
EPROM
8952

Giao tiep gia 8952 va EPROM.

Mot chu k may cua 8952 co 12 chu k xung nhp. Neu bo dao ong tren
chip c lai bi mot thach anh 12 Mhz th mot chu k ma y keo dai 1 s.
Trong mot chu k may, se co hai xung ALE va hai byte c oc t bo
nh chng trnh (neu lenh hien hanh la lenh 2 bytes th byte th hai se
c loai bo). Gian o thi gian cua mot lan lay lenh c ve hnh sau:

Gian o thi gian oc bo nh chng trnh ngoai.

b/ Truy xuat bo nh d lieu ngoai:

EA
PSEN
WR
RD
PORT 2
ALE
PORT 0
A8 -A15
D0 - D7
A0 - A7
OE
CS
WR
NC
D
G
Q
74HC373
RAM
8952

Giao tiep gia 8952 va RAM.
Bo nh d lieu ngoai la mot bo nh RAM c cho phep ghi/oc bang
cac tn hieu WR\ va RD\ (cac chan P3.6 va P3.7 thay oi chc nang). Ch
co mot cach truy xuat bo nh d lieu ngoai la vi lenh MOVX dung con
tro d lieu (DPTR) 16 bits hoac R0 va R1 xem nh thanh ghi a ch.
Ket noi bus a ch va bus d lieu gia RAM va 8952 cung giong nh EPROM
va do o cung co the len en 64 Kbytes bo nh RAM.
Ngoai ra, chan RD\ cua 8952 c noi ti chan cho phep xuat (OE\) cua
RAM va chan WR\ c noi ti chan ghi (WR\) cua RAM.
Gian o thi gian cho lenh oc d lieu ngoai c ve tren hnh sau oi vi
lenh MOVX A, @DPTR:
Gian o thi gian cua lenh MOVX.

Gian o thi gian cho lenh ghi (MOVX @DPTR, A) cung tng t ch
khac ng WR\ se thay vao ng RD\ va d lieu c xuat ra tren chan
Port 0 (RD\ van gi mc cao).
c/ Giai ma a ch:
Neu co nhieu EPROM va/hoac nhieu RAM c giao tiep vi 8952, th
can phai giai ma a ch.
Mach giai ma cung tng t nh cac he vi x l khac. V du, neu dung
nhieu EPROM va RAM 8Kbytes th bus a ch can phai c giai ma e
xac nh IC nh nao c chon.

Ngi ta thng dung IC giai ma 74HC138 vi cac ngo ra c noi ti
cac ngo vao chon chip (CS) tren cac IC nh. Hnh sau ve mot he thong vi
nhieu EPROM 8K 2764 va RAM 8K 6264:

Giai ma a ch.
d/ Xep chong bo nh chng trnh va d lieu ben ngoai:
V bo nh chng trnh la ROM, nen nay sinh mot van e bat tien khi
phat trien phan mem cho 8051/8031. oi vi 8952 a cai tien bang cach
thay the bang EEPROM, hoac dung mot cach e khac phuc nhc iem
tren la xep chong cac vung nh chng trnh va d lieu.
Mot IC RAM co the cha ca chng trnh va d lieu bang cach noi
ng OE\ cua RAM vao mot mach logic AND cua PSEN\ va RD\.
Mach tren hnh sau cho phep mot IC RAM c dung lam bo nh
chng trnh va d lieu:
Vay mot chng trnh co the c tai vao RAM (bang cach ghi no nh
bo nh d lieu) va thi hanh (bang cach truy xuat no nh bo nh chng
trnh).
II.7 Lenh Reset:
C8952 c reset bang cach gi chan RST mc cao t nhat trong hai
chu k may va tra no ve mc thap.

R1
100
0
Vcc
R2
8.2k
SW1
1 2
MACH RESET HE THONG
RESET
C
10uf

RST co the c kch bang tay dung mot nut bam hoac co the c kch
khi cap ien dung mot mach R-C.

Trang thai cua tat ca cac thanh ghi trong 8952 sau khi Reset he thong
c tom tat trong bang sau:

Thanh ghi Noi dung
em chng trnh 0000 H
Tch luy 00 H
B 00 H
PSW 00 H
SP 07 H
DPTR 0000 H
Port 0 3 FF H
IP XXX00000 B
IE 0XX00000 B
Cac thanh ghi nh thi 00 H
SCON 00 H
SBUF 00 H
PCON ( HMOS ) 0XXXXXXX B
PCON ( CMOS ) 0XXX0000 B

Quan trong nhat trong cac thanh ghi tren la thanh ghi em chng trnh,
no c at lai 0000H.
Khi RST tr lai mc thap, viec thi hanh chng trnh luon bat au a
ch au tien trong bo nh chng trnh: a ch 0000H.
Noi dung cua RAM tren chip khong b thay oi bi lenh Reset.
III. TAP LENH CUA 8952 :
Tap lenh 8952 co 255 lenh gom 139 lenh 1 byte, 92 lenh 2 byte va 24
lenh 3 byte.
III.1 Cac che o anh a ch:
a/ a ch thanh ghi:
C8952 co bon bank thanh ghi, moi bank co 8 thanh ghi anh so t R0
en R7. Tai moi thi iem ch co mot bank thanh ghi c tch cc.

Muon chon bank thanh ghi nao ta ch can gan cac bt nh phan thch hp
vao RS1 (PSW.4) va RS0 (PSW.3) trong thanh ghi trang thai chng trnh
(PSW).
Ngoai ra, mot so thanh ghi ac biet nh thanh ghi tch luy, thanh ghi con tro d
lieu cung c xac nh trong cac lenh tren nen khong can bit a ch.
Trong cac lenh nay thanh ghi tch luy c k hieu la A, con tro d
lieu la DPTR, thanh ghi em chng trnh la PC, c nh la C, cap
thanh ghi tch luy la AB.
b/ a ch trc tiep:
Trong che o nay, cac thanh ghi ben trong 8952 c anh a ch trc
tiep bang 8 bits a ch nam trong byte th hai cua ma lenh.
Ma lenh n n n
a ch thanh ghi

Du vay, trnh hp dch cho phep goi ten cac thanh ghi chc nang ac
biet (co a ch trc tiep t 80H en FFH).
V du, P0 cho Port 0, TMOD cho thanh ghi che o timer,
c/ a ch gian tiep:
R0 va R1 c dung e cha a ch tam o nh ma lenh tac ong en.
Ngi ta qui c dung dau @ trc R0 hoac R1.

d/ a ch tc thi:
Ngi ta dung dau # tr c cac toan hang tc thi. Cac toan hang o co
the la mot hang so, mot k so hay mot bieu thc toan hoc Trnh hp
dch se t ong tnh toan va thay the d lieu vao ma lenh.

e/ a ch tng oi:
a ch tng oi c dung trong cac lenh nhay.
C8952 dung gia tr 8 bit co dau e cong them vao thanh ghi em
chng trnh (PC).
Tam nhay cua lenh nay trong khoang t 128 en 127 o nh. Trc khi
cong, thanh ghi PC se tang en a ch theo sau lenh nhay roi tnh toan a
ch offset can thiet e nhay en a ch yeu cau.
Ma lenh a ch trc tiep
a ch trc tiep
Ma lenh i
a ch gian tiep.
Ma lenh D lieu tc thi
a ch tc thi.
Nh vay, a ch mi la a ch tng oi so vi lenh ke tiep ch khong
phai ban than lenh nhay. Thng lenh nay co lien quan en nhan c
nh ngha trc.

f/ a ch tuyet oi :
a ch tuyet oi ch dung trc cac lenh ACALL va AJIMP.
Cac lenh 2 byte nay dung e re nhanh vao mot trang 2Kbyte cua bo nh
chng trnh bang cach cap 11 bit a ch thap (A0-A10) e xac nh a
ch ch trong trang ma. Con 5 bit cao cua a ch ch chnh la 5 bit hien
hanh trong thanh ghi em chng trnh.
V vay, a ch cua lenh theo sau lenh re nhanh va a ch ch cua lenh
re nhanh can phai cung trang ma 2Kbyte (co cung 5 bits a ch cao).

A10
XAC NH
TRANG MA
A15
XAC NH A CH
TRONG TRANG MA
A9 A0

g/ a ch dai :
a ch dai ch dung cho lenh LCALL va LJIMP. Cac lenh nay chiem 3
byte va dung 2 byte sau (byte 2 va byte 3) e nh a ch ch cua lenh
Ma lenh Offset tng oi
a ch tng oi.
A10-A8 Ma lenh Offset tng oi
a ch tuyet oi
(16 bit). u iem cua lenh nay la co the s dung trong toan bo vung nh
64 Kbyte.
Tuy nhien, lenh nay chiem nhieu byte va le thuoc vao v tr vung nh.

h/ a ch tham chieu:
a ch tham chieu dung mot thanh ghi c ban (hoac thanh ghi em
chng trnh PC hoac thanh ghi con tro d lieu DPTR) va a ch offset
(trong thanh ghi tch luy A) e tao a ch c tac ong cho cac lenh JMP
hoac MOVC.
Cac bang nhay va bang tm kiem de dang c tao ra e s dung a ch
tham chieu.
a ch c ban Offset
PC hoac DPTR + ACC = a ch can truy xuat

a ch tham chieu.

III.2 Cac nhom lenh cua 8952:
Tap lenh cua 8952 c chia lam 5 nhom:
So hoc
Luan l
Chuyen d lieu
Chuyen ieu khien
Cac ch dan thiet lap lenh:
Rn : Thanh ghi R0 en R7 cua bank thanh ghi c chon.
Data : 8 bit a ch vung d lieu ben trong. No co the la vung RAM d lieu
trong (0-127) hoac cac thanh ghi chc nang ac biet.
@Ri : 8 bit vung RAM d lieu trong (0-255) c anh a ch gian tiep qua
thanh ghi R0 hoac R1.
#data : Hang 8 bit cha trong cau lenh.
#data16 : Hang 16 bit cha trong cau lenh.
addr16 : 16 bit a ch ch c dung trong lenh LCALL va LJMP.
addr11 : 11 bit a ch ch c dung trong lenh ACALL va AJMP.
rel : Byte offset 8 bit co dau c dung trong lenh SJUMP va nhng lenh
Ma lenh A15 - A8 A7 A0
a ch dai
nhay co ieu kien.
bit : Bit c nh a ch trc tiep trong RAM d lieu noi hoac cac thanh
ghi chc nang ac biet.
a/ Nhom lenh x l so hoc:
ADD A, Rn (1 byte, 1 chu k may) : Cong noi dung thanh ghi Rn vao thanh
ghi A.
ADD A, data (2, 1) : Cong trc tiep 1 byte vao thanh ghi A.
AAD A, @Ri (1, 1) : Cong gian tiep noi dung RAM cha tai a ch c
khai bao trong Ri vao thanh ghi A.
ADD A, #data (2, 1) : Cong d lieu tc thi vao A.
ADDC A, Rn (1, 1) : Cong thanh ghi va c nh vao A.
ADDC A, data (2, 1) : Cong trc tiep byte d lieu va c nh vao A.
ADDC A, @Ri (1, 1) : Cong gian tiep noi dung RAM va c nh vao A.
ADDC A, #data (2, 1) : Cong d lieu tc thi va c nh vao A.
SUBB A, Rn (1, 1) : Tr noi dung thanh ghi A cho noi dung thanh ghi Rn va c
nh.
SUBB A, data (2, 1) : Tr trc tiep A cho mot so va c nh.
SUBB A, @Ri (1, 1) : Tr gian tiep A cho mot so va c nh.
SUBB A, #data (2, 1) : Tr noi dung A cho mot so tc thi va c nh.
INC A (1, 1) : Tang noi dung thanh ghi A len 1.
INC Rn (1, 1) : Tang noi dung thanh ghi Rn len 1.
INC data (2, 1) : Tang d lieu trc tiep len 1.
INC @Ri (1, 1) : Tang gian tiep noi dung vung RAM len 1.
DEC A (1, 1) : Giam noi dung thanh ghi A xuong 1.
DEC Rn (1, 1) : Giam noi dung thanh ghi Rn xuong 1.
DEC data (2, 1) : Giam d lieu trc tiep xuong 1.
DEC @Ri (1, 1) : Giam gian tiep noi dung vung RAM xuong 1.
INC DPTR (1, 2) : Tang noi dung con tro d lieu len 1.
MUL AB (1, 4) : Nhan noi dung thanh ghi A vi noi dung thanh ghi B.
DIV AB (1, 4) : Chia noi dung thanh ghi A cho noi dung thanh ghi B.
DA A (1,1) : Hieu chnh thap phan thanh ghi A.
b/ Nhom lenh luan l :
ANL A, Rn (1, 1) : AND noi dung thanh ghi A vi noi dung thanh ghi Rn.
ANL A, data (2, 1) : AND noi dung thanh ghi A vi d lieu trc tiep.
ANL A, @Ri (1, 1) : AND noi dung thanh ghi A vi d lieu gian tiep trong
RAM.
ANL A, #data (2, 1) : AND noi dung thanh ghi vi d lieu tc thi.
ANL data, A (2, 1) : AND mot d lieu trc tiep vi A.
ANL data, #data(3, 2): AND mot d lieu trc tiep vi d lieu tc thi.
ANL C, bit (2, 2) : AND c nh vi mot bit trc tiep.
ANL C, /bit (2, 2) : AND c nh vi bu cua mot bit trc tiep.
ORL A, Rn (1, 1) : OR thanh ghi A vi thanh ghi Rn.
ORL A, data (2, 1) : OR thanh ghi A vi mot d lieu trc tiep.
ORL A, @Ri (1, 1) : OR thanh ghi A vi mot d lieu gian tiep.
ORL A, #data (2, 1) : OR thanh ghi A vi mot d lieu tc thi.
ORL data, A (2, 1) : OR mot d lieu trc tiep vi thanh ghi A.
ORL data, #data(3, 2): OR mot d lieu trc tiep vi mot d lieu tc thi.
ORL C, bit (2, 2) : OR c nh vi mot bit trc tiep.
ORL C, /bit (2, 2) : OR c nh vi bu cua mot bit trc tiep.
XRL A, Rn (1, 1) : XOR thanh ghi A vi thanh ghi Rn.
XRL A, data (2, 1) : XOR thanh ghi A vi mot d lieu trc tiep.
XRL A, @Ri (1, 1) : XOR thanh ghi A vi mot d lieu gian tiep.
XRL A, #data (2, 1) : XOR thanh ghi A vi mot d lieu tc thi.
XRL data, A (2, 1) : XOR mot d lieu trc tiep vi thanh ghi A.
XRL data, #data (3, 2): XOR mot d lieu trc tiep vi mot d lieu tc thi.
SETB C (1, 1) : at c nh.
SETB bit (2, 1) : at mot bit trc tiep.
CLR A (1, 1) : Xoa thanh ghi A.
CLR C (1, 1) : Xoa c nh.
CPL A (1, 1) : Bu noi dung thanh ghi A.
CPL C (1, 1) : Bu c nh.
CPL bit (2, 1) : Bu mot bit trc tiep.
RL A (1, 1) : Quay trai noi dung thanh ghi A.
RLC A (1, 1) : Quay trai noi dung thanh ghi A qua c nh.
RR A (1, 1) : Quay phai noi dung thanh ghi A.
RRC A (1, 1) : Quay phai noi dung thanh ghi A qua c nh.
SWAP A (1, 1) : ao 2 nible cua thanh ghi A .
c/ Nhom lenh chuyen d lieu:
MOV A, Rn (1, 1) : Chuyen noi dung thanh ghi Rn vao thanh ghi A.
MOV A, data (2, 1) : Chuyen d lieu trc tiep vao thanh ghi A.
MOV A, @Ri (1, 1) : Chuyen d lieu gian tiep vao thanh ghi A.
MOV A, #data (2, 1) : Chuyen d lieu tc thi vao thanh ghi A.
MOV Rn, A (1, 1) : Chuyen noi dung thanh ghi A vao thanh ghi Rn.
MOV Rn, data (2, 2) : Chuyen d lieu trc tiep vao thanh ghi Rn.
MOV Rn, #data (2, 1) : Chuyen d lieu tc thi vao thanh ghi Rn.
MOV data, A (2, 1) : Chuyen noi dung thanh ghi A vao mot d lieu
trc tiep.
MOV data, Rn (2, 2) : Chuyen noi dung thanh ghi Rn vao mot d lieu
trc tiep.
MOV data, data (3, 2) : Chuyen mot d lieu trc tiep vao mot d lieu
trc tiep.
MOV data, @Ri (2, 2) : Chuyen mot d lieu gian tiep vao mot d lieu
trc tiep.
MOV data, #data (3, 2) : Chuyen mot d lieu tc thi vao mot d lieu
trc tiep.
MOV @Ri, A (1, 1) : Chuyen noi dung thanh ghi A vao mot d lieu
gian tiep.
MOV @Ri, data (2, 2) : Chuyen mot d lieu trc tiep va o mot d lieu
gian tiep.
MOV @Ri, #data (2, 1) : Chuyen mot d lieu tc thi vao mot d lieu
gian tiep.
MOV DPTR, #data16 (3, 2): Chuyen mot hang 16 bit vao thanh ghi con tro
d lieu.
MOV C, bit (2, 1) : Chuyen mot bit trc tiep vao c nh.
MOV bit, C (2, 2) : Chuyen c nh vao mot bit trc tiep.
MOVC A, @A+DPTR (1, 2): Chuyen byte bo nh chng trnh co a ch la
@A + DPTR vao thanh ghi A.
MOVC A, @A + PC(1, 2) : Chuyen byte bo nh chng trnh co a ch la
@A + PC vao thanh ghi A.
MOVX A, @Ri (1, 2) : Chuyen d lieu ngoai (8 bit a ch) vao thanh ghi
A.
MOVX A, @DPTR (1, 2) : Chuyen d lieu ngoai (16 bit a ch) vao thanh ghi
A.
MOVX @Ri, A (1, 2) : Chuyen noi dung A ra d lieu ngoai (8 bit a ch).
MOVX @DPTR, A (1, 2) : Chuyen noi dung A ra d lieu ngoai (16 bit a ch).
PUSH data (2, 2) : Chuyen d lieu trc tiep vao ngan xep va tang SP.
POP data (2, 2) : Lay d lieu trc tiep ra khoi ngan xep va giam SP.
XCH A, Rn (1, 1) : Trao oi d lieu gia thanh ghi Rn va thanh ghi A.
XCH A, data (2, 1) : Trao oi gia thanh ghi A va mot d lieu trc tiep.
XCH A, @Ri (1, 1) : Trao oi gia thanh ghi A va mot d lieu gian tiep.
XCHD A, @Ri (1, 1) : Trao oi gia nibble thap (LSN) cua
cua thanh ghi A va LSN cua d lieu gian tiep.
d/ Nhom lenh chuyen quyen ieu khien :
ACALL addr11 (2, 2) : Goi chng trnh con dung a ch tuyet oi.
LCALL addr16 (3, 2) : Goi chng trnh con dung a ch dai.
RET (1, 2) : Tr ve t lenh goi chng trnh con.
RETI (1, 2) : Tr ve t lenh goi ngat.
AJMP addr11 (2, 2) : Nhay tuyet oi.
LJMP addr16 (3, 2) : Nhay dai.
SJMP rel (2, 2) : Nhay ngan.
JMP @A + DPTR (1, 2) : Nhay gian tiep t con tro d lieu.
JZ rel (2, 2) : Nhay en A bang 0.
JNZ rel (2, 2) : Nhay en A khong bang 0.
JC rel (2, 2) : Nhay en c nh c at.
JNC rel (2, 2) : Nhay neu c nh khong c at.
JB bit, rel (3, 2) : Nhay tng oi neu bit trc tiep c at.
JNB bit, rel (3, 2) : Nhay tng oi neu bit trc tiep khong c at.
JBC bit, rel (3, 2) : Nhay tng oi neu bit trc tiep c at,
roi xoa bit.
CJNE A, data, rel (3, 2) : So sanh d lieu trc tiep vi A va nhay neu
khong bang.
CJNE A, #data, rel (3, 2) : So sanh d lieu tc thi vi A va nhay neu
khong bang.
CJNE Rn, #data, rel (3, 2) : So sanh d lieu tc thi vi noi dung thanh
ghi Rn va nhay neu khong bang.
CJNE @Ri, #data, rel (3, 2) : So sanh d lieu tc thi vi d lieu gian tiep
va nhay neu khong bang.
DJNZ Rn, rel (2, 2) : Giam thanh ghi Rn va nhay neu khong bang.
DJNZ data, rel (3, 2) : Giam d lieu trc tiep va nhay neu khong bang.



CHNG IV:

THIET KE PHAN CNG

S o khoi tong quat cua he thong ieu khien ong c :

KHOI NHAP
D LIEU
KHOI
NGUON
+ TACH
ZERO +
LECH
PHA
KHOI VI
X LY
KHOI
HOI TIEP
KHOI
KHUECH
AI VA
CACH
LY
KHOI XUAT
D LIEU
MACH
CONG
SUAT

Nhiem vu cac khoi trong he thong :
Khoi nguon + tach zero + lech pha :
+ Tao nguon nuoi +5V,+24V cho mach ieu khien.
+ Tao goc lech pha
6
t
.
+ Tach iem zero e xac nh thi iem ng vi goc kch bang khong.
Khoi vi x ly :
+ Phat xung kch cho cac SCR.
+ X ly cac tn hieu hoi tiep, tn hieu nhap.
+ Hien th ket qua.
Khoi khuech ai va cach ly :
+ Khuech ai tn hieu kch t vi x ly e co the kch c SCR.
+ Cach ly mach ieu khien va mach ong lc.
Mach cong suat :
+ Chnh lu ien ap xoay chieu ba pha thanh ien ap mot chieu cung cap cho ong c
DC.
Khoi hoi tiep :
+ Hoi tiep tn hieu ap va dong e hieu chnh toc o va moment cua ong c.
Khoi nhap d lieu :
+ a d lieu ngi s dung mong muon vao vi x ly.
Khoi xuat d lieu :
+ Hien th ket qua len cac led 7 oan.
1. Mach cong suat :
S dung ong c DC 6000W co ien ap nh mc U
m
= 24VDC, dong ien nh
mc I
m
= 250A, toc o quay xac lap la 1500 RPM, thi hang at toc o xac lap la 5s.
s o cau chnh lu moi SCR ch dan 1/3 chu k ap nguon nen tr trung bnh dong
ien qua no la:
A 33 , 83
3
250
3
I
I
m
TAV
= = = .
ien ap khoa va ap ngc cc ai at len SCR la:
V 89 , 538 220 . 6 U 6 U 3 U U
m RRM DRM
= = = = = .
Chon he so an toan dong K
I
=2.
He so an toan ap la K
U
=3.
Ap khoa va ap ngc cc ai tren SCR la: U
chon
= K
U
.U
DRM
= 1616,66V
Dong trung bnh cc ai qua SCR la : I
chon
= K
I
.I
TAV
= 166.66A
Ta chon SCR co so hieu BStN 35110 co cac tham so k thuat nh sau:

type U
DRM
(V)
U
DSM

(V)
I
tRMS

(A)
I
Fav

(A)
I
tSM
(A)
P
Gmax
(W)
By t
(ns)
BStN 35110 1650 1650 440 280 6160 20 10000

}
dt i
2

(A
2
s)
U
gt
(V)
I
gt

(A)
I
h
(A)
U
gmax
(V)
I
gmax
(A)
t
q
(ms)
D Case No.
190000 1.5 0.25 0.25 10 10 200000 S DIN41893 361

Bao ve dong cho linh kien tren ta dung cau ch tac ong nhanh co dong nh mc
la 105A, tch phan cua dong ngan mach e cau ch chay
}
dt i
2
=155000 (A
2
s).
Bao ve ap ta s dung mach RC song song vi hai chan A, K cua SCR.
Dung mach R//C mac song song hai chan G, K cua SCR e chong kch nham do
nhieu nen mac gan SCR.
e hoi tiep ien ap ve ta dung may phat toc (tachometer) co ty so gia ien ap va
toc o quay la 1000 (vong/phut)/8.2Volt nham cach ly mach ieu khien gia mach
ieu khien va mach ong lc.
Dung ien tr shunt = 0.001 Ohm e hoi tiep dong ve e hieu chnh moment.
S o mach ong lc :

Q2
C10
0.47u
R11
100
C2
0.47u
F1
C11
1u
C12
0.47u
F1
PHA Bt
R7
100
C7
1u
R10
33
R9
100
C3
1u
PHAN HOI DONG
Q6
R2
33
C1
1u
SHUNT
PHAN
HOI
AP
Q4
F1
R12
33
PHA Ct
R5
100
PHA Bs
R3
100
R6
33
U1
P11
P12
S11
S12
P21
P22
S21
S22
P31
P32
S31
S32
Q3
PHA As
F1
T
-
+
TACHOMETER
1
2
PHA At
C6
0.47u
R8
33
PHA Cs
PHA Bt
C9
1u
PHA At
Q5
R1
100
Q1
F1
C8
0.47u
R4
33
F1
A
-
+
MOTOR SERVO
1
2
C4
0.47u
C5
1u
PHA Ct

TNH TOAN MAY BIEN AP:
ien ap tren cuon s cap : U
SC
= 380V
ien ap tren cuon th cap : U
TC
= 18V
T so vong day cuon s cap va cuon th cap may bien ap :
047 . 0
380
18
U
U
N
N
K
SC
TC
SC
TC
= = = =
Tr hieu dung dong ien qua cuon th cap :
245 300 .
3
2
I .
3
2
I
d TC
= = = (A)
Tr hieu dung dong ien qua cuon s cap :
I
SC
= K.I
TC
= 0.047x245 = 11.515 (A)
Cong suat bieu kien cua cuon th cap :
S
TC
= 3.U
TC
.I
TC
=3x18x245=13230 (W)
Cong suat bieu kien cua cuon s cap :
S
SC
= 3.U
SC
.I
SC
= 3x380x11.515=13127 (W)
Cong suat bieu kien may bien ap :
5 . 13178
2
13230 13127
2
S S
S
TC SC
T
=
+
=
+
= (W)
He so s dung may bien ap k
T
= 1.05
2. Khoi nguon + lech pha + tach zero:
a. Khoi lech pha:

Khoang xuat hien ap
khoa tren SCR 1
t/6 7t/6
o=0

oi vi mach cau chnh lu ba pha, goc kch o khong tnh t thi iem 0 v ap
khoa ch xuat hien tren linh kien t goc pha
(
t t
6
7
,
6
nen goc kch o = 0 tai thi
iem
6
t
.
Mach lech pha: do tnh chat cua nguon ba pha th t thuan s o tia ap day AC
cham hn ap pha A mot goc 30
0
, nh vay mach lech pha c thc hien n gian
bang cach s dung ap day a vao mach ieu khien.


O

b. Khoi nguon : tao ien ap DC 5V va 24V lam nguon nuoi cho mach vi ieu
khien, mach khuech ai, mach hoi tiep va cac mach khac.
Mach nguon :

380VAC
0
-18
C3
100uf
Vcc
D4
0
Vcc = 5V
TA1
LM7805C
IN OUT
G
N
D
0
TA2
+9
-9
ie n
a p da y
AC
Vur = 24V
0
D3
D2
C1
0.1uf
D1
0
+18
C4
1000uf
0
0
C2
1000uf

mach nay ta dung chnh lu iem gia nen ta s dung bien ap co iem gia
ra V 9 va V 18 . Hai tn hieu TA1, TA2 c dung cho mach tach zero.
c. Khoi tach zero : xac nh thi iem goc kch 0 = o e a vao vi ieu khien
AT89C52 dung lam moc e phat xung kch. Ta dung mach sau:

TA1/TA2
R3
330
Vcc
R6
10k
Vcc
INT0/INT1
0
D4
+
-
LM358
3
2
1
8
4
0
D6
R4
1k


mach nay ta s dung OP-AMP LM358 dung c nguon n. Hai diode co
nhiem vu xen ap vao LM358, ngo ra se c a vao ngo interupt cua vi ieu
khien.
Dang song cua ngo vao va ra :
Ngo ra LM358

3. Khoi vi x ly :
Vi ieu khien 89C52 senhan cac tn hieu at, tn hieu hoi tiep x ly phat ra
xung kch e on nh toc o cho ong c.
IC 74LS393 tao tan so hoat ong 2 MHz cho ADC 0809 bang cach lay tan so
thach anh a vao 74LS393 chia 6 ta c tan so 2MHz.
IC ULN2004 dung lam em ien ap 5V qua 15V ngo ra Port 1 cua vi x ly
ngo ra cua ULN2004 phai dung ien tr keo len.
Cong dung cac port cua vi ieu khien AT89C52 :
+ Port 1 : P1.1 P1.6 la sau ngo kch xung cho 6 SCR theo th t t SCR1 en
SCR6.
+ Port 0 : dung xuat nhap d lieu

S o mach :

D7
AD10
INT1
AD14
CLK12
U33A
74LS393
7
1
4
1 3
4
5
6
2
G
N
D
V
C
C
A QA
QB
QC
QD C
L
R
CS1
CS2
AD12
CS4
OUT5
C14
10uf
CLK
U19
ULN2004
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
9
G
N
D
I1
I2
I3
I4
I5
I6
I7 O7
O6
O5
O4
O3
O2
O1
C
O
M
M
O
N
P3.1
U16
AT89C52
9
18
19
2
0
29
30
31
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
RST
XTAL2
XTAL1
G
N
D
PSEN
ALE/PROG
EA/VPP
V
C
C
P1.0/T2
P1.1/T2-EX
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
P2.0/A8
P2.1/A9
P2.2/A10
P2.3/A11
P2.4/A12
P2.5/A13
P2.6/A14
P2.7/A15
P3.0/RXD
P3.1/TXD
P3.2/INTO
P3.3/INT1
P3.4/TO
P3.5/T1
P3.6/WR
P3.7/RD
P0.0/AD0
P0.1/AD1
P0.2/AD2
P0.3/AD3
P0.4/AD4
P0.5/AD5
P0.6/AD6
P0.7/AD7
0
AD13
OUT4
CS6
OUT6
Vcc
/RD
Vcc
0
D1
0
D3
KHO I VI X LY
Vcc
Vcc AD9
R21
8.2k
AD13
AD15
C13
30pf
AD14
OUT2
0
D5
AD11
D6
U32
74LS138
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
7
1
5
2
3
6
4
1
6
8
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
A
G2B
B
C
G1
G2A
V
C
C
G
N
D
P3.0
CS5
R7
100
CS3
CLK12
Vcc
C12
30pf
CS7
Vcc
CS0
0
D2
SW1
1 2
INT0
X2
D4
D0
/WR
AD15
OUT3
AD8
OUT1
0
0

Mach giai ma a ch la IC 74LS138; ta co bang phan vung a ch nh sau:

Mach tao xung dao ong cho vi x ly gom thach anh X2 12 MHz va hai tu C12,
C13. Nh vay, vi ieu khien AT89C52 hoat ong vi chu k may la 1 s .
Mach reset: gom R7, R21, C14 va SW1 tao xung reset khoang 2 lan chu k may
e reset vi ieu khien AT89C52.
CHIP
SELECT
BANG PHAN VUNG
A CH
CS0 0000H 1FFFH
CS1 2000H 3FFFH
CS2 4000H 5FFFH
CS3 6000H 7FFFH
CS4 8000H 9FFFH
CS5 A000H BFFFH
CS6 C000H DFFFH
CS7 E000H - FFFFH
4. Khoi khuech ai va cach ly:
Do tn hieu phat ra t vi x ly khong u nang lng e kch cac SCR do o ta
phai dung mach khuech ai, ta phai ieu chnh tn hieu kch trong vung kch c.
Va yeu cau cua mach ieu khien la phai cach ly vi mach ong lc ta co the dung
optron hoac bien ap xung. Ta s dung bien ap xung v mach bien ap xung n gian
hn optron va khong can s dung nguon rieng.
Mach khuech ai va cach ly:

D7
OUT1
BAX
1 6
2 5
K
M1
R11
3.3k
Rhd
2.2
G
VUR
D39
0
D8

ien tr R11 la ien tr keo len cua ngo ra vi mach ULN2004.
Diode D7, D8 dung e ngan ap am a vao cong kch GK. Diode D39 lam tat
nhanh dong t hoa khi xung b ngat.
ien tr Rhd han dong qua MOSFET M1.
Xac nh ap, dong kch SCR :
Do ta kch xung co chieu dai la 1ms bang 1/10 chu k dong ien li tan so
50Hz. Cong suat ton hao trung bnh cc cong nam ngoai vung gach cheo hnh
ve ben di.
Theo hnh ve vung c gach cheo la vung am bao kch; ta chon iem kch co
U
G
= 5 V va I
G
=5 A.
Chon ty so BAX giam ap t 4 : 1 e giam dong qua transitor va nguon cap ien.
Ap ngo vao BAX la 20V va dong qua cuon s la 1,25 A vay ien tr cuon s la R
s

= 20/1.25=16 Ohm.
Chon loi bien ap xung la 0.8 cm
2
. So vong day cua cuon s la 400 vong, day co
tiet dien la 0.02 mm
2
. So vong day cua cuon th la 100 vong, day co tiet dien la
0.07mm
2
.


Chon MOSFET:
Dong MOSET la I
D
= 1.25A va ap tren cc DS la V
DS
= 4 V. Chon he so khuech
ai dong K
I
=3. ta chon c MOSFET co so hieu BUZ 60 co cac tham so ky thuat
nh sau:

Type Kanal V
DS
(V)
I
D

(A)
R
DS
(on)
(Ohm)
BSS
60
N 400 5.5 1.0

5. Khoi hoi tiep :
Vi mach ADC 0809 chuyen oi tn hieu tng t ra tn hieu so (8 bit). ien ap
so sanh (V
REF
) la 3,6V. Toc o toi a cua ong c la 1760 RPM ap hoi tiep ve la
14,4 V ta phai giam ap nay bang ien ap so sanh 3.6V, ta se co he so ty le 3,6/14,4
ta chon hai ien tr R9=820 Ohm va R13=3,3K.
Tng t, ta co dong ien toi a qua ong c Imax = 300 A. A p t ien tr
Shunt hoi tiep ve se la 0.3V suy he so ty le 3,6/0,3; ta chon ien tr R76=8,2K va
R77=680 Ohm.
Cac ien tr R1 va R5 lam cho OPAMP hoat ong on nh hn.

S o mach:
+
-
LM358/SO
3
2
1
8
4
CS2
I1
/WR
D3
RL
10K
CH5
D7
D5
D2
Vcc
START
3.6V
START
C27
1u
Vcc
J8
1
0
J7
1
I1
JH2
1
1
0
0
P3.1
P3.0
Vcc
0
R9 820
PHA N HO I A P
/RD
R77
680
Vcc
Vcc
0
R5
10K
D0
I2
0
0
D1
0
VUR
/WR
R76
8.2K
0
0
0
CS7
U37
74AC02
7 14
2
3
1
4
13
10
5
6
11
12
8
9
GND VCC
A0
B0
O0
O1
O2
O3
A1
B1
A2
B2
A3
B3
R8
2K
CS2
OE
+
-
LM358/SO
3
2
1
8
4
D6
OE
CLK
D4
I2
JH1
1
1
U22
ADC0809
26
27
28
1
2
3
4
5
12
16
10
9
7
17
14
15
8
18
19
20
21
25
24
23
6
22
1
1
1
3
IN0
IN1
IN2
IN3
IN4
IN5
IN6
IN7
REF+
REF-
CLK
OE
EOC
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
A0
A1
A2
START
ALE
V
C
C
G
N
D
0
0
PHA N HO I DO NG
+
-
U5A
LM358/SO
3
2
1
8
4
R13
3.3K

6. Khoi nhap d lieu: nhap cac gia tr at cho toc o va moment.ta s dung cac
phm nhan nh hnh sau:

0
Vcc
D2
0
D6
D4
U8
74LS245
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
19
1
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
2
0
1
0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
G
DIR
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
V
C
C
G
N
D
74AC32
1
2
3
1
4
7
Vcc
Vcc
D1
D0
0
D3
/RD
CS1
D7
PORT 0
SL
D5
R1
SW2
1 2
0

IC 74LS245 va 74AC32 dung e m rong port 0. R1 la ien tr keo len nguon.
Hoat ong cua mach: khi SW2 ngat, ien ap ngo vao 74lS245 luon la 5V; khi SW2
ong ien ap nay se bang 0V.

7. Khoi xuat d lieu: hien th gia tr at va gia tr toc o hoi tiep ve. Ta s dung
cac en LED 7 dung phng phap chot.
S dung chot 74LS573 co ngo vao c noi vi port 0 cua vi ieu khien. ien
tr 330 giam dong vao LED. IC 74AC02 tao tn hieu chon chip cho chot 74LS573.
S o mach hien th:

D0
330
CH5
D2
D3
7SEG5
A
B
C
D
E
F
V2
V1
DP
G
Vcc
CS3
74HC573
2
0
V
C
C
G
N
D
OC
C
1D
2D
3D
4D
5D
6D
7D
8D
1Q
2Q
3Q
4Q
5Q
6Q
7Q
8Q
/WR
0 D1
D6
74AC02
2
3
1
D4
CH5
D7
Vcc
D5
0

8. Giai thuat vi ieu khien:
Y tng giai thuat:

t/3
2t=20ms
t/3 o
t/3=3333s
2t
o t/3 t/3

Khi vi ieu khien nhan c tn hieu interupt INT0 hoac INT1 se khi ong
timer0 vi thi gian la alpla, gia tr nay c nhap t ban phm (hieu chnh vong
h) hoac tnh trong phan hieu chnh PI (hieu chnh vong kn vi gia tr au la
ms 5
2
=
t
e ap chnh lu ra bang 0). Khi timer0 tran chng trnh se thc hien :
khi ong Timer1 vi thi gian co nh 1/6 chu k la s 3333
6
2
=
t
; neu nguon ngat
la INT0 th vi ieu khien phat ra xung kch 1ms cho SCR1. Khi timer1 tran chng
trnh se thc hien lai viec khi ong timer1 va kch cho SCR2. tng t nh vay
cho SCR3 roi i timer 0 tran chuan bi cho lan kch ke tiep. Chng trnh se thc
hien tng t cho INT1.
Lu o giai thuat vong h :

i = i + 1
j=6
j=4
nga t ngoa i 0
no
no
j = j + 1
i = 1
Kch SCR i
Thie t la p che o nga t
ngoa i ca nh xuo ng cho
INT0 va INT1; timer 0 va
1 che o 1
Kh i o ng timer
1 delay 1/6 chu k
yes
yes
yes
yes
kch SCR j
Nha p go c kch alpha
no
co nga t
timer 0
tra n
Kh i o ng timer 0
delay go c kch alpha
i = 1
j= 4
i=3
yes
no

Hieu chnh vong kn:
Bo ieu khien so : cac vi x ly, hat nhan cua bo ieu khien, hien nay rat thong
dung trong cac he thong ieu khien cong nghiep. Sc manh vi x ly la cung cap
cac ac iem mi nh la t ieu chnh, ieu khien a bien, va he chuyen gia. Kha
nang giao tiep cua vi x ly qua cac ng bus va cac mang cuc bo la mot ly do
khac ma no c cac bo ieu khien so chap nhan. Bo ieu khien so dung cho ieu
khien vong kn gom cac kieu (mode) ieu khien PI, PD, PID.
Lay mau (Sampling):
Mot bo ieu khien so se o bien ieu khien tai nhng thi iem xac nh, c
phan thanh khoang thi gian (time interval), goi la thi gian lay mau, t A . Moi lan
lay mau (hay o lng) bien ieu khien se chuyen oi thanh cac so binary lam
input cho cac may vi tnh so hoac microcomputer. May tnh tr cac tn hieu lay
mau vi tn hieu at (setpoint) e xac nh cac sai so (error samples).
e
1
= sp c
m1
= sai so lan lay mau au tien.
e
2
= sp c
m2
= sai so lan lay mau th hai.
e
3
= sp c
m3
= sai so lan lay mau th ba.
.
.
.
e
n
= sp c
mn
= sai so lan lay mau hien tai.
Giai thuat ieu khien (control algorithms):
Sau khi tnh sai so, bo ieu khien PID theo mot thu tuc goi la giai thuat PID e
tnh cac ngo ra ieu khien da tren cac sai so : e
1
, e
2
, e
3
, ,e
n
. Giai thuat PID co
hai loai, ban cap bac (positional version) va ban gia tang (incremental version).
Ban cap bac (positional version) xac nh v tr valve, da tren cac tn hieu sai so.
Phng trnh (4.1) version n gian cua giai thuat cap bac.
t
e
PD e . t . PI Pe v
n
n
1 j
j n n
A
A
+ A + =

=
(4.1)
vi v
n
= vi tr valve hien tai, percent of full scale.
P = o li ieu khien.
e
n
= sai so hien tai, percent of full scale.
t A = thi gian lay mau, second.
I = integral action rate, second
-1
.
D =derivative action time constant, second.

1 n n n
e e e

= A = thay oi theo tn hieu sai so.
Lu o giai thuat nh sau:

TNH HE SO D
Ae = e - e
D =P*D*Ae /DELTA
n
TNH HE SO I
I = I +
P*I*DELTA* e
TNH HE SO P
P = P * e
TNH SAI SO
e = sp - C
LAY D LIEU
C T ADC
V = P + I + D
A V RA DAC
n
I LAN LAY
MAU KE TIEP
n
I = INTEGRAL MODE ACTION
DELTA = THI GIAN LAY MAU DUNG TNH HE SO D
P = PROPORTIONAL MODE ACTION
D = DERIVATIVE MODE ACTION
n n n-1
n n n
n
n
n-1
n
n n
n
n
e = SAI SO TH n
SP = IEM AT
C = MAU TH n CUA BIEN IEU KHIEN
mn n
mn
n
mn
Ban gia tang (incremental version) xac nh s thay oi cua v tr valve,
0
1 n n n
v v v

= A , da vao cac sai so. Giai thuat gia tang (incremental algorithm) co
the c xac nh bang cach s dung phng trnh (4.1) e xac nh v
n
va v
n-1
sau
o thc hien phep tr se c phng trnh (4.2).

t
e
PD e t PI Pe v
1 n
1 n
1 j
j 1 n 1 n
A
A
+ A + =

=

|
.
|
\
|
A
A A
+ A + A = A

t
e e
PD te PI e P v
1 n n
n n n
(4.2)
vi
1 n n n
v v v

= A

1 n n n
e e e

= A

2 n 1 n n 1 n n
e e 2 e e e

+ = A A
Giai thuat gia tang (incremental) ac biet thch hp vi cac thiet b au ra gia
tang nh ong c bc (stepper motor). Giai thuat cap bac (positional) t nhien hn
co thuan li la bo ieu khien co nh v tr valve. Neu thi gian lay mau, t A , ngan
hn hang so thi gian tch phan (integral action time constant) nhieu, T
i
= 1/I, giai
thuat cap bac (positional) se lam viec nh mot bo ieu khien analog.

Hieu chnh tch phan (the integral mode):
Hieu chnh tch phan c tnh phng trnh 4.1 co the cho ket qua khong
thoa man. He so nay c tnh theo phng trnh 4.1 nh sau:

=
A =
n
1 j
j
e t PI tern Integral (4.3)
v du, hieu chnh tch phan phai thay oi mot lng tnh bang
integral mode change = PI. t A .e
j
(4.4)
Khi gia tr PI. t A nho hn 1, ieu o se thuan li hn e s dung PI. t A , c lu
tr trong may tnh di dang so nguyen (integer). Phng trnh 4.4 se c sa lai
I
DIV
=
t PI
1
A

Integral mode change =
DIV
j
I
e
(4.5)
Neu PI. t A rat nho, may tnh se bo qua cac sai so nho do thieu o phan giai
(insufficient resolution). V du, xet mot bo ieu khien so co chieu dai 12-bit. o
phan giai cua 12 bit binary la 1/4096. e minh hoa mot iem, ta gia s rang 1 so
binary 12 bit tng ng vi mot khoang cac sai so t -2048 en +2047. Neu P=0.5,
s 1 t = A , va I = 0.002 s
-1
th
PI. t A =(0.5)(1)(0.002) = 0.001
I
DIV
= 1000
Bat k gia tr nao cua sai so ln hn -1000 va nho hn +1000 ( 48% cua khoang
full_scale ) se cho ket qua trong integral mode change nho hn 1, se c bo qua.
Thay oi nho nay sau o se mat tr khi o phan giai cua may tnh thay oi nh v
du tiep theo. Ket qua cuoi cung luon co mot sai so offset ma hieu chnh tch phan
khong the triet tieu c.
Mot cach giai quyet sai so offset nay la tang chieu dai word cua may tnh. Mot
word 16 bit co o phan giai 1/65.536, co the bieu dien khoang sai so t -32.768
en 32.767. ieu nay se giam sai so offset con khoang 3% khoang full-scale.
Mot cach khac la cong mot phan khong dung en cua tong cac sai so vi sai so
hien tai, e
n
, trc khi tnh integral mode change. v du trc, sai so 900 xuat hien
hai lan lien tuc se khong tnh c integral mode change v mau be hn 1000. Tuy
nhien, mau au tien c gi lai, tong se la 1800 se tnh integral mode change cua
1800/1000 =1 d 800. So d 800 c gi lai va se cong vi sai so lan lay mau
ke tiep. Moi lan so d tch luy cong vi sai so hien tai ln hn 1000, mot so tang
khac se cong vi integral mode change.

Hieu chnh vi phan (dirivative mode)
Hieu chnh vi phan c tnh phng trnh 4.1 cung co the cho ket qua khong
thoa man. Mot tn ieu bien oi cham, v du, ket qua trong hieu chnh vi phan
jumpy. ieu nay se xuat hien the nao va ieu g c lam e nhuyen hoa hieu
chnh vi phan.
Hieu chnh vi phan c tnh theo phng trnh (4-1)
Derivative tern = PD |
.
|
\
|
A

t
e e
1 n n

Phan so |
.
|
\
|
A

t
e e
1 n n
thc s la mot d oan mc thay oi cua sai so, de/dt. t A
c co nh bang mc lay mau, nh vay ta ch can tap trung phan (e
n
e
n-1
), c
thay the bang est
1
. He so vi phan c tnh bang est
1
goi la D
1
.
est
1
= e
n
e
n-1
D
1
=
t
1 est
PD
A

Neu P=6, 1 t = A , va D=100 s, th
D
1
=
1 1
est 600 est
1
100
6 =
Bang 1 ch he so vi phan c tnh t bien ieu khien giam tai mc 0,5%/1s.
Chu y D
1
ch la 0 hoac 600, bi v phong oan, est
1
, la 0 hoac 1.
e phong oan tot hn la dung cac mau trc e cai tien s phong oan. V du
dung bon mau trc e oan e A . Ta goi phong oan nay est
2
,va he so vi phan la
D
2
.
est
2
= (e
n
+ e
n-1
) (e
n-2
e
n-3
)
D
2
=
t 2
est
PD
2
2
A

Neu P=6, s 1 t = A ,va D = 100s, th
D
2
=
2 2
est 150 est
4
100
6 =

Bang 1:

n c c
m
e est1 D
1
est2 D
2
1 9.5 9 0 0 0 0 0
2 9.0 9 0 0 0 0 0
3 8.5 8 1 1 600 1 150
4 8.0 8 1 0 0 2 300
5 7.5 7 2 1 600 2 300
6 7.0 7 2 0 0 2 300
7 6.5 6 3 1 600 2 300
8 6.0 6 3 0 0 2 300
9 5.5 5 4 1 600 2 300
10 5.0 5 4 0 0 2 300

Bang 1 ch cac phong oan lam nhuyen he so vi phan nh the nao. est
2
ng vi chu
k lay mau la 2s. No dung 2 mau e phong oan e
n
va hn hai mau e phong oan e
n-
2
. Thanh phan 2
2
tnh D
2
tang chu k lay mau len 2 lanva dung hai mau e e tnh gia
tr trung bnh. Ta co the m rong nhieu mau trc. Mot phong oan est
5
se tang len 5
va dung 5 mau e d oan e
n
va 5 mau e oan e
n-5
.
est
5
= (e
n
+ e
n-1
+ e
n-2
+ e
n-3
+e
n-4
) (e
n-5
e
n-6
+ e
n-7
+ e
n-8
+ e
n-9
)

=
t 5
est
PD
2
5
A

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Bui Quoc Khanh Nguyen Van Lien Nguyen Th Hien. TRUYEN ONG
IEN.
2. Bo Mon Ky Thuat ien T Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa Thanh Pho Ho Ch
Minh. GIAO TRNH VI X LY.
3. TOM TAT BAI GIANG IEN T CONG SUAT 2
4. PTS. Nguyen Van Nh. BAI GIANG IEN T CONG SUAT 1 & BAI TAP.
5. Robert N.Bateson. INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEM
TECHNOLOGY.
6. Dng Minh Tr. S O CHAN LINH KIEN BAN DAN.
7. SACH TRA CU THYRISTOR AZ60000.
8. Pham Th C Trng Trong Tuan My Le Minh Cng. MACH IEN 1
9. Mot So Luan Van Lien Quan cua Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa va Trng ai
Hoc S Pham Ky Thuat.




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LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP GVHD: HUYNH VAN KIEM

SVTH : HOANG TRONG LINH TRANG 1

va sc ien ong quay cua ong c

ot ngot giam xuong, con

giam lam cho moment

tang dan, ong c tang

ta c pham vi ieu chnh chung:

vao phng trnh ac tnh toc o ta c phng trnh ac tnh

Hnh II.7 : a. ac tuyen V-A nhap cua thyristor.

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