Thiết kế kit điều khiển nhiệt độ

Luan An Tot Nghiep Thiet Ke Kit ieu Khien Nhiet o
GVHD TS:(co)Nguyen Th Phng Ha 1 SV:Vo Quang Hau

LI CAM N

Trc khi vao luan va n nay em xin cam
n cac thay co cua bo mon ieu khien t ong
a truyen at cho em cac kien thc trong suot
thoi gian qua.Em xin cam n co Nguyen Th
Phng Ha a giup em trong thi gian lam
luan van qua .va em cung xin cam n ban be
a giup em khi lam luan van
Em xin chan thanh cam n cac
thay co

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MUC LUC

Chng1:gii thieu ve he thong ieu khien nhiet o --------------------- 1
I / khai niem ve he thong ieu khien nhiet o ----------------------- 1
II/ cac nguyen tac ieu khien nhiet o ------------------------------- 1
III/cac loai cam bien nhiet o ------------------------------------------ 2
IV/mo hnh tong quat va cac phng phap o nhiet o ------------ 3
Chng 2:cam bien nhiet ------------------------------------------------------ 6
I/ cac thong so cam bien ------------------------------------------------- 6
II/cac loai cam bien thong dung ---------------------------------------- 6
Chng 3:gii thieu vi x ly AT89C57 ------------------------------------- 11
I/gii thieu cau truc phan cng ho MCS51 -------------------------- 11
II/khao sat s o chan 8952,va chc nang tng chan -------------- 13
III/cau truc ben trong vi ieu khien ----------------------------------- 15
IV/hoat ong timer cua 8952 ------------------------------------------- 23
V/hoat ong Port noi tiep ---------------------------------------------- 32
VI/tap lenh ho 8952 ------------------------------------------------------ 39
Chng 4:m rong port dung 8255 ------------------------------------------- 45
I/cau truc phan cng ----------------------------------------------------- 45
II/ cau truc phan mem --------------------------------------------------- 47
III/ Giao tiep 8255 vi vi x ly ---------------------------------------- 47
Chng 5 :thiet ke mach ------------------------------------------------------ 49
I/ gii thieu cac linh kien chnh ---------------------------------------- 51
II/thiet ke kit vi x ly --------------------------------------------------- 54
III/ thiet ke mach ieu khien cong suat ------------------------------ 58
IV/ thiet ke mach ban phm -------------------------------------------- 60
V/ thiet ke mach nguon ------------------------------------------------ 61
VI/ thiet ke mach hien th ---------------------------------------------- 63
VII/ thiet ke khoi hieu chnh zieger Nichol -------------------------- 64
VIII/ thiet ke mach x ly ADC ---------------------------------------- 68
Chng 6: lu o giai thuat --------------------------------------------------- 72
Chng 7:chng trnh phan mem ------------------------------------------- 80

PHAN M AU

Ngay nay ky thuat vi ieu khien a tr nen quen thuoc trong cac nganh ky
thuat va trong dan dung. T cac day chuyen san xuat ln en cac thiet b gia
dung, chung ta eu thay s hien dien cua vi ieu khien. Cac bo vi ieu khien
co kha nang x ly nhieu hoat ong phc tap ma ch can mot chip vi mach nho,
no a thay the cac thiet b ieu khien ln va phc tap bang nhng mach ien
gon nhe, de dang thao tac s dung.
Chnh v cac ly do tren, viec tm hieu, khao sat vi ieu khien la ie u ma cac
sinh vien nganh ien ma ac biet la chuyen nganh ieu khien t ong phai het
sc quan tam.
Cac bo ieu khien s dung vi ieu khien tuy n gian nhng e van hanh va
s dung c lai la mot ieu rat phc tap. Phan cong viec x ly chnh van phu
thuoc vao con ngi, o chnh la chng trnh hay phan mem. Tuy chung ta
thay cac may tnh nga y nay cc ky thong minh, giai quyet cac bai toan phc
tap trong vai phan trie u giay, nhng o cung la da tren s hieu biet cua con
ngi. Neu khong co s tham gia cua con ngi th he thong vi ieu khien
cung ch la mot vat vo tri. Do vay khi noi en vi ieu khien cung giong nh
may tnh bao gom 2 phan la phan cng va phan mem.
Cac bo vi ieu khien theo thi gian cung vi s phat trien cua cong nghe ban
dan a tien trien rat nhanh, t cac bo vi ieu khien 4 Bit n gian en cac bo
vi ieu khien 32 Bit. Vi cong nghe tien tien ngay nay cac may tnh co the i
en viec suy ngh, tri thc cac thong tin a vao, o la cac may tnh thuoc the
he tr tue nhan tao.
Mac du vi ieu khien a i c nhng bc dai nh vay nhng e tiep can
c vi ky thuat nay khong the mot van e n gian mot sm mot chieu Viec
hieu c c che hoat ong cua bo vi ieu khien 8 Bit la c s e chung ta tm
hieu va s dung cac bo vi ieu khien toi tan hn, ay chnh la bc i au tien
khi chung ta muon xa m nhap sau hn vao lnh vc nay.
e tm hieu bo vi ieu khien va tao nen tan cho viec nghien cu sau nay th
viec trang b nhng kien thc ve vi ieu khien cho sinh vien la het sc can
thiet. Nen em chon e tai Thiet ke va thi cong he thong Kit Vi ieu Khien
8952 ng dung vao viec ieu khien nhiet o

Chuong It
GIOI THIEt HE THONG IEt NHIEN
NHIET O

I.Khai niem ve he thong ieu khien nhiet o:
Nhiet o la ai lng vat ly hien dien khap moi ni va trong nhieu lnh
vc, ac biet la trong cong nghiep v moi san pham , thiet b hay ieu kien lam
viec can nhng nhiet o khac nhau .Muon co c nhiet o phu hp can phai
co mot he thong ieu khien.Tuy theo tnh chat ,yeu cau cua qua trnh ma no
oi hoi cac phng phap ieu khien thch hp
He thong ieu khien nhiet o co the phan lam hai loai :He thong ieu
khien hoi tiep (feedback control system) va he thong ieu khien tuan t
(sequence control system)
ieu khien hoi tiep thng c xac nh va giam sat ket qua ieu khien ,
so sanh no vi yeu ca u thc thi va t ong ieu chnh ung .
ieu khien tuan t thc hien tng bc ieu khien tuy theo hoat ong ieu
khien trc khi xac nh tuan t.
II/ cac nguyen tac ieu khien :
1.Nguyen tac thong tin phan hoi:
Trong cac qua trnh ieu khien ,ton tai hai dong thong tin mot t c quan
chu quan en oi tng va mot t oi tng i ngc ve c quan ieu khien ,
c goi la lien ket ngc hay hoi tie p .
a) Qua trnh ieu khien theo
nguyen tac bu nhieu:
Tac ong vao oi tng la
luat ieu khien u theo nguyen tac
bunhieu e at au ra c mong
muon,nhng khong quan sat tn
hieu ra c .
Ve nguyen tac ,oi vi he
phc tap th ieu khien theo mach h khong cho ket qua tot .
b) ieu khien theo sai lech:
C quan ieu khien quan
sat c, so sanh vi nh chuan
ieu mong muon r e chon luat
ieu khien u.
Nguyen tac ay la
ieu chnh linh hoat ,loai sai
n
ieu khien
oi tng
u c
r
ieu khien
e u
n
c
-
oi tng

lech ,th nghiem va sa.ay la nguyen tac c ban trong ieu khien.
2.Nguyen tac a dang tng xng:
Muon qua trnh ieu khien co chat lng th s a dang cua c quan
ieu khien phai tng xng vi s a dang cua oi tng .Tnh a dang cu a c
quan ieu khien co the dung e che ng oi tng the hien :kha nang thu
thap thong tin , lu tr ,phan tch x ly ,chon quyet nh ,to chc thc hien.
3.Nguyen tac bo sung ngoai:
Mot he thong luon ton tai va hoat ong trong moi trng cu the va co
tac ong qua lai cha t che vi moi trng o .Trong ieu kien tha nhan
nguyen tac bo sung ngoai sau:tha nhan co mot oi tng cha biet (hop
en)tac ong vao he thong va ta phai ieu khien ca he thong lan hop en.
4.Nguyen tac d tr:
V nguyen tac 3 luon coi thong tin cha ay u phai e phong cac bat
trac co the xay ra va khong c dung toan bo lc lng trong ieu kien bnh
thng . Von d tr la khong s dung ,nhng can e bao am cho he thong van
hanh an toan .
5.Nguyen tac phan cap:
oi vi mot he thong phc tap can xay dng nhieu lp ieu khien bo
sung cho trung tam ,e khuech ai kha na ng ieu khien .Phai tranh khuynh
hng hnh thc va phan cap qua ang ,x ly cho ung nhien vu va quyen han
moi cap
6.Nguyen tac can bang noi:
Moi he thong can c xay dng vi c che can bang noi e co kha
nang t giai quyet nhng bien ong xay ra.
III.Cac loai ieu khien:
S phan loai ieu khie n co tnh chat quy c
1.ieu khien on nh hoa:
Muc tieu ieu khien la ket qua au ra bang au vao chuan r(t) = const
vi sai lech cho phep e
xl
(sai so che o xac lap)
e(t) = r(t) - c(t) s e
xl

ac biet khi au ra he thong can gi la hang so ,ta co he thong ieu
chnh hay he thong on nh .
V du: he thong on nh nhiet o ,ien ap ,ap suat ,nong o toc o
2.ieu khien theo chng trnh:
Neu r(t) la mot ham nh trc theo thi gian ,yeu cau ap ng ra cua
he thong sao chep lai cac gia tr cua tn hieu vao r(t) th ta co he thong ieu
khien theo chng trnh .
V du: he thong ieu khien may cong cu CNC ,ieu khien t o ng nha
may xi mang Hoang Thach ,he thong thu tha p va truyen so lieu he thong ien,
quan ly vat t nha may

3.ieu khien theo doi:
Neu tn hieu tac ong vao he thong r(t) la mot ham khong bet trc theo
thi gian ,yeu cau ieu khien ap ng ra c(t) luon bam sat c r(t) ,ta co he
thong theo doi.ieu khien theo doi c s dung rong rai trong cac he thong
ieu khien vu kh ,he thong lai tau ,may bay

4.ieu khien toi u ham muc tieu at cc tr:
V du cac bai toan qui hoach ,van tru trong kinh te ,ky thuat eu la cac
phng phap ieu khien toi u.
IV.Mo hnh tong quat va cac phng phap o nhiet o:
1.Mo hnh he thong ieu khien:

He thong o va ieu khien nhiet o la mot ang cua he thong thu thap
d lieu .Nhn chung mot he thong thu thap d lieu ay u co nhng thanh phan
sau:
- Phan thu thap d lieu t oi tng ben ngoai vao he thong vi x ly -may
tnh. Phan nay gom cac cam bien ,mach gia cong tn hieu ,bo chuyen oi
tn hieu tng ong sang tn hieu so (ADC) va cac thiet b ngoa i vi khac
nh nguon, ng day truyen d lieu
- Phan ieu khien : bao gom he vi x ly , may tnh va he thong tac ong vao
oi tng .
- Phan mem: la chng trnh cho kt x ly tai cho va chng trnh cho may
tnh nham thu nhan d lieu va ieu khien nhiet o cung nh giao tiep vi
ngi s dung .Cac thanh phan tren lien quan chat che vi nhau ,tao thanh
mot he thong hp nhat .T phan tch tren mot he thong thu thap d lieu
(ADS)se co nhng thanh phan cau truc sau:

N
ADC
Digital
Controll
HTD
K
C
CAM BIEN
+
-
y(t)
u(kt) e(kt)

2.Chc nang cac khoi trong he thong ieu khien:
2.1.Kt chu vi x ly:
Kit s dung mot chip vi x ly ,la n v master nhan yeu cau t ngi s
dung va truyen d lieu cho cac slave kha c , ay s dung ky thuat truyen
thong a x ly e giao tiep kit chu va cac kit x ly slave,gi a kit chu va may
tnh, ch co the giao tiep khi tac ong phm t kit .
Kit chu co thiet ke phan cng nh cac kit slave, duy ch co them ve
phan cng mang truyen va phan chng trnh quan ly cac thong so cua cac n
v slave.
2.2.khoi thu thap d lieu
Khoi thu thap d lieu co nhiem vu thu nhan cac gia tr o t cam bien
va bien oi sang tnh hieu so e kt co the x ly
2.4. Chng trnh ieu khien:
Thc hien viec giao tiep gia cac vi x ly va kit chu ,gia kit chu va
may tnh ,at tr.
3.Cac phan t trong thiet b o va phng phap o nhiet o:
3.1.Cac phan t trong thiet b o:
- CAM BIEN
Phan t bien oi cac ai lng khong ien sang ai lng ien,bo phan
nay thng dung thermocouple.
- BO CHE BIEN TN HIEU
Kenh n
Kenh 1
DON
KENH
TNG
T
KT
LU
TR
VA
IEU
KHIEN
ADC
Mach oi tng 1
Mach
Gia cong n

BO
PHAN
KENH
May
tnh
chu
Mach oi tng n
Mach
Gia cong 1

Bien oi tn hieu ien thu c t thermocouple cho phu hp v i mc
vao mach bien oi tn hieu A/D.
- BO HIEN TH KET QUA
Hien th ket qua thu c di dang hien th so.
- BO IEU KHIEN
Thc hien ieu khientheo phng phap PID hay ON/OFF.
- MACH KHUYECH AI CONG SUAT
Khuech ai tn hieu ieu khien e ieu chnh nhiet o.
3.2.Cac phng phap o:
Hien nay co rat nhieu phng phap o khac nhau :t n gian en phc
tap, t loai co o chnh xac va en loai chnh xac cao.
- o nhiet o bang cot thuy ngan.
- o nhiet o bang ien tr.
- o nhiet o bang cap nhiet ien.
- o nhiet o bang diode va transistor .
- Dung cu o nhiet theo nhiet nong chay cua cac chat.
- Dung cu o nhiet o theo dong ien bc xa.
- o nhiet o bang IC cam biem nhiet.
- o nhiet o bang cam bien thach anh.
o nhiet o dung cam bien thach anh co u iem hn so vi cac phng
phap khac ,v no co o chnh xac cao ,viec chuyen oi dang so rat de dang oi
vi thong tin lien quan en tan so.
V du: ac tnh o lng cua tinh the thach anh do hang Heulett Packard che
tao co:
+ Khoang o -80
o
C 250
o
C.
+ Khoang tuyen tnh 0.05% khoang o.
+ o nhay 1000HZ
o
C .
+ Kha nang o 0.0001
o
C.
Tuy nhien co han che la kho che tao ,cac mach dao ong thach anh kho
tinh chnh.
a) Cach lap at bo cam ng nhiet:
V tr cua cam ng nhiet anh hng rat ln en viec o ac va ieu
khien nhiet o cua vat the .Cam ng nhiet cang xa nguon nhiet th cang vot lo
cao do o tuy theo ye u cau cu the ma ta lap at v tr thch hp
b) Quan he gia cac thang o nhiet o:
T
o
C =T(
o
K)-273.15
T
o
C ={T(
o
F)-32}5/9



Chuong IIt
CAM HIEN NHIET O

Cam bien nhiet o la dung cu chuyen oi ai lng nhiet thanh cac ai
lng vat ly khac chang han nh ien, ap suat, o gian n dai, o gian n
khoi, ien tr, Cam bien nhiet o la phan t khong the thieu trong bat ky
he thong o lng ieu khien nhiet o nao. Cam bien nhiet o co kha nang
nhan biet c tn hieu nhiet o mot cach chnh xac, trung thc va chuyen oi
thanh tn hieu co the o lng c nh ien ap, dong ien, ien tr, the tch
ap suat
I.CAC THONG SO CAM BIE N:
1.Thong so cau tao: c quyet nh do nha san xuat va phu thuoc vao tng
loai cam bien.
2.Thong so s dung: bao gom cac yeu to sau:
+ Khoang lam viec : la khoang nhiet o ma cam bien co kha nang khi
cha b bao hoa . Khoang lam viec cao hay thap la do tnh chat cau tao
va tnh ly hoa cu a tng loai cam bien qui nh.
+ o nhay: c nh ngha:

df: s thay oi ai lng o cu a cam bien
dx : s thay oi ai lng vat ly.
+ Ngng o nhay: la mc thap nhat ma cam bien co the phat hien c.
+ Tnh tre: con goi la quan tnh cua cam bien. Tnh tre cua cam bien tao
ra sai so cu a phep o. Toc o thay oi cua ai lng o phai phu hp
vi tnh tre cua cam bien. Neu ai lng o thay oi qua nhanh ma
quan tnh cua cam bien ln th khong the o chnh xac c. Moi cam
bien eu co tnh tre do anh hng cua vo bao ve.
II.CAC LOAI CAM BIEN THONG DUNG:
1.Cap nhiet ien :
Cap nhiet ien la dung cu o nhiet o thng c s dung rong rai
trong cong nghiep.C s che tao cap nhiet ien da tren cac nguye n ly sau:
- Hieu ng Thomson: qua mot day dan co dong ien I va hieu nhiet tren day
la T1-T2 th se co mot s hap thu hay toa nhiet.
- Hieu ng Pentier: khi co dong ien i qua mot moi noi cua hai da y dan th
tai v tr moi noi se co s hap thu hay toa nhiet
dx
df
s =

- Hieu ng Seebeck: trong mot day dan bat ky , khi co s chenh lech nhiet
o tai mot iem th ngay tai iem o se xuat hien mot suat ien ong
- nh luat Macmut: trong mot mach ien kn cua day dan ong nhat bat ky
s phan bo nhiet o ra sao, suat ien ong tong cong cua mach luon bang
khong.
- Nguyen tac:
Nguyen tac cau tao cua cap nhiet ien d a theo c s thc nghiem sau:
Khi nung nong mot day kim loai hay mot oan day ,tai o tap trung ien t t
do va co khuynh hng khuech tan t ni tap trung nhieu en ni tap trung t .
Co ngha la au nong (+)sang au nguoi(-) (hieu ng seebeck). oan day
xuat hien mot suat ien ong Thomson phu thuoc vao ban chat cua day kim
loai.
Ro rang ay neu ta dung hai day kim loai ong chat a ,noi vi nhau
qua hai iem T1 va T2 trong mach se xuat hien hai suat ien ong bang nhau
nhng ngc chieu nhau nen tong suat ien ong bang khong.
Nhng neu mach kn tren c cau tao bi hai day kim loai khac nhau a
va b th tong suat ien ong xuat hien trong mach nay bang suat ien ong
Thomson phu thuoc vao nhiet o tuyet oi T1,T2 hai au moi ghep cua day
dan .Ngoai ra trong mach con co suat ien ong Seebeck ,ieu nay c giai
thch la do s tap trung khac nhau cu a ien t t do hai au moi ghep . Mat
khac ,do s xuat hien the nang tiep xuc tai khu vc moi ghep bi hai da y dan
khong ong chat . ly thuyet tren c the hien bang cong thc:

E
ab
(T1,T2)=E
ab
(T2)-E
ab
(T1)

Trong o:
+ E
ab
(T1,T2) : tong suat ien ong trong mach kn khi hai au moi ghep
co nhiet o T1,T2.
+E
ab
(T1) : suat ien ong Thomson xuat hien trong mach tai moi ghep
co nhiet o T1.
+E
ab
(T2) : suat ien ong Thomson xuat hien trong mach tai moi ghep
co nhiet o T2.
Cong thc tren chnh la c s che tao cap nhiet ien .Neu e chuan mot
au co nhiet o T1=0
o
C th suat ien ong hai au cap nhiet tai moi ghep khi
T2=T la:

3 2
2
1
2
1
CT BT AT
EO
+ + =

A,B,C la cac hang so phu thuoc vao vat lieu che tao. Nh vay suat ien
ong E
0
la ham phi tuyen oi vi nhiet o .Noi cach khac o nhay cua cap

nhiet thay oi trong tng khoang o.Hoac ve mat toan hoc ham Eo c xem
la tuyen tnh vi nhiet o khi B,Cs A.
Tom lai: suat ien ong c xem la tuyen tnh vi nhiet o trong
khoang lam viec nao o tuy theo cau tao cua tng loai kim loai e lam cap
nhiet.
- Cau tao :
Cap nhiet ien c che tao bang hai si kim loai khac nhau ,va co t
nhat la hai moi noi.Mot au c gi nhiet o chuan goi la au ra au con
lai tiep xuc vi oi tng o.
Cap nhiet ien co cc dng va cc am,cc dng thng anh dau
mau o
Tuy theo vat lieu che tao ,cap nhiet ien c phan thanh cac loai sau:

- Vat lieu cau tao
Ve nguyen tac ,khi ot nong moi han cua hai kim loai bat ky eu phat
sinh mot suat ien ong nhiet .Nhng khong phai tat ca cac kim loai va hp
kim nao cung eu dung lam cap nhiet c.Vat lieu lam cap nhiet ien oi hoi
mot so yeu cau sau:
+ o tinh khiet cao
+ tnh chong an mon tot
+ o nong chay cao hn nhiet moi trng can o
+ mot so tnh chu yeu nh dan ien ,dan nhiet tot
+ tnh lap lai trong khoang mot thi gian dai
T1
E
ab
(T1,T2)
BO HIEN TH
b
a
T2
b
20
40
30
50
10
1800 1400 1000 600 200
60
T (
0
C)
70
E(mV)
R
J
T
K
S
E
B
E
J
K
T
E: Chromel/constantan
J: Sat/constantan
T: ong/constantan
K: Chromel/Alumel
R: Platin-Rodi(13%)/Platin
S: Platin-Rodi(10%)/Platin
B: Platin-Rodi(30%)/Platin-Rodi(6%)


Ngoai ra o chnh xac cua cap nhiet ien con phu thuoc vao o chnh
xac che tao va ly tnh cua moi trng o.
- Cach s dung:
e cap nhiet o co the lam viec tot va lau ben ,khi s dung can lu y:
+ Cap nhiet ien can co vo bao ve e chong tac ong xam thc cua moi
trng yeu cau oi vi vo boc la cach ien nhng khong cach nhiet.
+ Phai at cap nhiet ni thch hp v thng la nhiet khong phan bo eu.
+ V tr lap at phai tranh cho co t trng ,ien trng manh.
+e cap nhiet thang ng e phong ong bao ve b bien dang do nhiet cao.
+Nen lap at day bu vao ong sat noi at e tranh nhieu .
2.Nhiet ke ien tr:
Nguyen ly lam viec cua nhiet ke la da vao s thay oi ien tr theo
nhiet o cua cac vat lieu dan ien.
2.1.Nhiet ien tr kim loai:
- Cau tao:
Vat lieu cau tao ien tr kim loai oi hoi cac yeu cau sau:
+ He so nhiet ln
+ ien tr suat ln
+ Tnh on nh ly hoa tot
+ Tnh thuan khiet
- o nhay:
o nhay S cua nhiet ien tr kim loai co dang sau:
R
R
R
S = =
o : la he so nhiet ie n tr.
R
o
: la ien tr 0
o
C.
- He so nhiet ien tr:
He so nhiet ien tr cua kim loai se tnh nh sau:

dT R
dR
= o
He so nhiet o phu thuoc vao tnh ong nhat cua kim loai .
2.2.Nhiet ien tr ban dan:
Thay oi nhiet o c che tao bang chat ban dan thng goi la
Thermistor
Thanh phan chnh cua thermistor la bot cua cac oxyt kim loai nh May
nghien bi,Fe,Ni,hoa c cac hon hp tinh che nh MgAl
2
O
4
,Zn
2
TiO
4

- Phan loai:
Nhiet ien tr ban dan c chia than hai loai :
Nhiet ien tr Pct :la loai nhiet ien tr co he so nhiet dng ,ngha la
nhiet o tang th R gia m.

Nhiet ien tr Nct: thanh phan chnh la bot kim loai nh: MnAl
2
O
4
va
Zn
2
TiO
4
.o tin cay cua nhiet ien tr ban dan phu thuoc vao o tinh khiet
cua vat lie che tao .Nct thng co hnh dang nh:dang hat ,dang da ,dang
khoen.
- He so thu nhiet o:
Thermistor se b ot nong khi khi nhiet o moi trng xung quanh tang
t nhiet o T0 en T ,nh vay la nhiet ien tr a tieu thu c mot cong suat
theo cong thc nh sau:
W= C(T-T
0
)
C : la he so thu nhiet cua ien tr :la nang lng can thiet e lam tang
nhiet o cua Thermistor len 1
o
C so vi nhiet o xung quanh,co n v la
wm/
o
C .
- Cach s dung:
Khi s dung nhiet ke khong nen dung nhiet ien tr nhie t o qua cao
hay qua thap lam c cau tinh the kim loai thay oi ,cung khong nen e ni qua
am se tao ieu kien cho ien tr r khong kiem soat c .Khong nen at ien
tr kim loai ni co chan ong rung hay va ap .
- Cac u iem: co o chnh xac cao,co the ke t noi vi may tnh
3.IC cam bien nhiet o:
ay la mach tch hp nhan tn hieu nhiet o chuyen oi thanh ien ,cho
phep o c dang bien ap hay dong.
Mot so loai IC cam bien thong dung:LX5700, LX135, LM235, LM335,
AD590, LM134,


CHtONG 3 t
GIOI THIEt I Xt L1 AT B9CS2

I. GII THIEU CA U TRUC PHAN C NG HO MSC-51 (8951):
-ac iem va chc nang hoat ong cua cac IC ho MSC-51 hoan toan
tng t nh nhau. ay gii thieu IC8951 la mot ho IC vi ieu khien do hang
Intel cua My san xuat. Chung co cac ac iem chung nh sau:
Cac ac iem cua 8952 c tom tat nh sau :
\ 8 KB EPROM ben trong.
\ 128 Byte RAM noi.
\ 4 Port xuat /nhap I/O 8 bit.
\ Giao tiep noi tiep.
\ 64 KB vung nh ma ngoai
\ 64 KB vung nh d lieu ngoai.
\ X l Boolean (hoat ong tren bit n).
\ 210 v tr nh co the nh v bit.
\ 4 s cho hoat ong nhan hoac chia.
\ 3 Bo nh thi timer.

S o khoi cua 8951:

INT1\
INT0\
OTHER
REGISTER
128 byte
RAM
128 byte
RAM
8051\8052

ROM
4K: 8031
4K: 8051
EPROM
4K: 8951
INTERRUPT
CONTROL

SERIAL PORT
TIMER 0
TIMER 1
TIME 2

CPU
OSCILATOR
BUS
CONTROL
I/O PORT
SERIAL
PORT
EA\

RST
ALE\
PSEN\
P
0
P
1
P
2
P
3

Address\Data
TXD RXD
TIMER 2
TIMER1
TIMER1

II. KHAO SAT S O CHAN 89C52, CHC NANG T NG CHAN:
1.S o chan 8951:
30pF

30pF

S o chan IC 8951
2. Chc nang cac chan cua 8951:
- 8951 co tat ca 40 chan co chc nang nh cac ng xuat nhap. Trong
o co 24 chan co tac dung kep (co ngha 1 chan co 2 chc nang), moi ng co
the hoat ong nh ng xuat nhap hoac nh ng ieu khien hoac la thanh
phan cua cac bus d lie u va bus a ch.
a.Cac Port:
Port 0 :
- Port 0 la port co 2 chc nang cac chan 32 39 cu a 8951. Trong cac thiet
ke c nho khong dung bo nh m rong no co chc nang nh cac ng IO. oi
vi cac thiet ke c ln co bo nh m rong, no c ket hp gi a bus a ch va
bus d lieu.

32 AD7
33 AD6
34 AD5
35 AD4
36 AD3
37 AD2
38 AD1
39 AD0

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

28 A15
27 A14
26 A13
25 A12
24 A11
23 A10
22 A9
21 A8

40
Vcc
XTAL.1

XTAL.2

PSEN\

ALE

EA\

RST

Vss

P0.7
P0.6
P0.5
P0.4
P0.3
P0.2
P0.1
P0.0

P1.7
P1.6
P1.5
P1.4
P1.3
P1.2
P1.1
P1.0

P2.7
P2.6
P2.5
P2.4
P2.3
P2.2
P2.1
P2.0

18
19
12 MHz

P3.7
P3.6
P3.5
P3.4
P3.3
P3.2
P3.1
P3.0

17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10

RD
WR
T1
T0
INT1
INT0
TXD
RXD

8951
29
30
31
9
20

Port 1:
- Port 1 la port IO tren cac chan 1-8. Cac chan c ky hieu P1.0, P1.1,
P1.2, co the dung cho giao tiep vi cac thiet b ngoai neu can. Port 1 khong
co chc nang khac, v vay chung ch c dung cho giao tiep vi cac thiet b
ben ngoai.
Port 2:
- Port 2 la 1 port co tac dung kep tren cac chan 21 - 28 c dung nh
cac ng xuat nhap hoac la byte cao cua bus a ch oi vi cac thiet b dung
bo nh m rong.
Port 3:
- Port 3 la port co tac dung kep tren cac cha n 10 - 17. Cac chan cua port
nay co nhieu chc nang, cac cong dung chuyen oi co lien he vi cac ac tnh
ac biet cua 8951 nh bang sau:
Bit Ten
Chc nang chuyen oi
P3.0 RXT Ngo vao d lieu noi tiep.
P3.1 TXD Ngo xuat d lieu noi tiep.
P3.2
P3.3
P3.4
P3.5
P3.6
P3.7
INT0\
INT1\
T0
T1
WR\
RD\
Ngo vao ngat cng th 0.
Ngo vao ngat cng th 1.
Ngo vao cua TIMER/COUNTER th 0.
Ngo vao cua TIMER/COUNTER th 1.
Tn hieu ghi d lieu len bo nh ngoai.
Tn hieu oc bo nh d lieu ngoai.

. Cac ngo tn hieu ieu khien:
Ngo tn hieu PSEN (Program store enable):
- PSEN la tn hieu ngo ra chan 29 co tac dung cho phep oc bo nh
chng trnh m rong thng c noi en chan 0E\ (output enable) cu a
Eprom cho phep oc cac byte ma lenh.
- PSEN mc thap trong thi gian Microcontroller 8951 lay lenh. Cac
ma lenh cua chng trnh c oc t Eprom qua bus d lieu va c chot vao
thanh ghi lenh ben trong 8951 e giai ma lenh. Khi 8951 thi hanh chng trnh
trong ROM noi PSEN se mc logic 1.
Ngo tn hieu ieu khien ALE (Address Latch Enable ) :
- Khi 8951 truy xuat bo nh ben ngoai, port 0 co chc nang la bus a
ch va bus d lieu do o phai tach cac ng d lieu va a ch. Tn hieu ra
ALE chan th 30 dung lam tn hieu ieu khien e giai a hp ca c ng a
ch va d lieu khi ket noi chung vi IC chot.
- Tn hieu ra chan ALE la mot xung trong khoang thi gian port 0
ong vai tro la a ch thap nen chot a ch hoan toan t ong.

Cac xung tn hieu ALE co toc o bang 1/6 lan tan so dao ong tren chip va
co the c dung lam tn hieu clock cho cac phan khac cua he thong. Chan
ALE c dung lam ngo vao xung lap trnh cho Eprom trong 8951.
Ngo tn hieu EA\(External Access):
- Tn hieu vao EA\ chan 31 thng c mac len mc 1 hoac mc 0. Neu
mc 1, 8951 thi hanh chng trnh t ROM noi trong khoang a ch thap 8
Kbyte. Neu mc 0, 8951 se thi hanh chng trnh t bo nh m rong. Chan
EA\ c lay lam chan cap nguon 21V khi lap trnh cho Eprom trong 8951.
Ngo tn hieu RST (Reset) :
-Ngo vao RST chan 9 la ngo vao Reset cua 8951. Khi ngo vao tn
hieu nay a len cao t nhat la 2 chu ky may, cac thanh ghi ben trong c
nap nhng gia tr thch hp e khi ong he thong. Khi cap ien mach t ong
Reset.
Cac ngo vao bo dao ong X1, X2:
- Bo dao ong c tch hp ben trong 8951, khi s du ng 8951 ngi thiet ke
ch can ket noi them thach anh va cac tu nh hnh ve trong s o. Tan so thach
anh thng s dung cho 8951 la 12Mhz.
Chan 40 (Vcc) c noi len nguon 5V.
III. CAU TRUC BEN TRONG VI IEU KHIEN
1. To chc bo nh:

FFFF FFFF
FF

00

On - Chip 0000 0000
Memory

External Memory

CODE
Memory

Enable
via
PSEN

DATA
Memory

Enable
via
RD & WR

Bang tom tat cac vung nh 8951.

7F FF
F0 F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2 F1 F0 B
RAM a dung
E0 E7 E6 E5 E4 E3 E2 E1 E0 ACC

D0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 PSW

30 B8 - - - BC BB BA B9 B8 IP
2F 7F 7E 7D 7C 7B 7A 79 78
2E 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 B0 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 P.3
2D 6F 6E 6D 6C 6B 6A 69 68
2C 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 A8 AF AC AB AA A9 A8 IE
2B 5F 5E 5D 5C 5B 5A 59 58
2A 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 A0 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 P2
29 4F 4E 4D 4C 4B 4A 49 48
28 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 99 khong c a ch hoa bit SBUF
27 3F 3E 3D 3C 3B 3A 39 38 98 9F 9E 9D 9C 9B 9A 99 98 SCON
26 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30
25 2F 2E 2D 2C 2B 2A 29 28 90 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 P1
24 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
23 1F 1E 1D 1C 1B 1A 19 18 8D khong c a ch hoa bit TH1
22 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 8C khong c a ch hoa bit TH0
21 0F 0E 0D 0C 0B 0A 09 08 8B khong c a ch hoa bit TL1
20 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 8A khong c a ch hoa bit TL0
1F Bank 3 89 khong c a ch hoa bit TMOD
18 88 8F 8E 8D 8C 8B 8A 89 88 TCON
17 Bank 2 87 khong c a ch hoa bit PCON
10
0F Bank 1 83 khong c a ch hoa bit DPH
08 82 khong c a ch hoa bit DPL
07 Bank thanh ghi 0 81 khong c a ch hoa bit SP
00 (mac nh cho R0 -R7) 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 P0

CAC THANH GHI CHC NA NG AC BIET

- Bo nh trong 8951 bao gom ROM va RAM. RAM trong 8951 bao gom
nhieu thanh phan: phan lu tr a dung, phan lu tr a ch hoa tng bit, cac
bank thanh ghi va cac thanh ghi chc nang ac biet.
- 8951 co bo nh theo cau truc Harvard: co nhng vung bo nh rieng
biet cho chng trnh va d lieu. Chng trnh va d lieu co the cha ben trong
8951 nhng 8951 van co the ket noi vi 64K byte bo nh chng trnh va 64K
byte d lieu.
Hai ac tnh can chu y la :
Cac thanh ghi va cac port xuat nhap a c nh v (xac nh) trong
bo nh va co the truy xuat trc tiep giong nh cac a ch bo nh khac.
Ngan xep ben trong Ram noi nho hn so vi Ram ngoai nh trong cac bo
Microcontroller khac.
RAM ben trong 8951 c Phan chia nh sau:
Cac bank thanh ghi co a ch t 00H en 1FH.
RAM a ch hoa tng bit co a ch t 20H en 2FH.
RAM a dung t 30H en 7FH.
Cac thanh ghi chc nang ac biet t 80H en FFH.
RAM a dung:
- Mac du tren hnh ve cho thay 80 byte a dung chiem cac a ch t 30H
en 7FH, 32 byte di t 00H en 1FH cung co the dung vi muc ch tng t
(mac du cac a ch nay a co muc ch khac).
- Moi a ch trong vung RAM a dung eu co the truy xuat t do dung kieu
a ch trc tiep hoac gian tiep.
RAM co the truy xua t tng bit:
- 8951 cha 210 bit c a ch hoa, trong o co 128 bit co ch a cac byte co
cha cac a ch t 20F en 2FH va cac bit con lai cha trong nhom thanh ghi
co chc nang ac biet.
- Y tng truy xuat tng bit bang phan mem la cac ac tnh manh cua
microcontroller x ly chung. Cac bit co the c at, xoa, AND, OR, . . . , vi 1
lenh n. a so cac microcontroller x ly oi hoi mot chuoi lenh oc sa -
ghi e at c muc ch tng t. Ngoai ra cac port cung co the truy xuat
c tng bit.
- 128 bit truy xuat tng bit nay cung co the truy xuat nh cac byte hoac nh
cac bit phu thuoc vao lenh c dung.
Cac bank thanh ghi:
- 32 byte thap cua bo nh noi c danh cho cac bank thanh ghi. Bo lenh
8951 ho tr 8 thanh ghi co ten la R0 en R7 va theo mac nh sau khi reset he
thong, cac thanh ghi nay co cac a ch t 00H en 07H.

- Cac lenh dung cac thanh ghi RO en R7 se ngan hn va nhanh hn so vi
cac lenh co chc nang tng ng dung kieu a ch trc tiep. Cac d lieu c
dung thng xuyen nen dung mot trong cac thanh ghi nay.
- Do co 4 bank thanh ghi nen tai mot thi iem ch co mot bank thanh ghi c
truy xuat bi cac thanh ghi RO en R7 e chuyen oi viec truy xuat cac bank
thanh ghi ta phai thay oi cac bit chon bank trong thanh ghi trang thai.
2. Cac thanh ghi co chc nang ac biet:
- Cac thanh ghi noi cua 8951 c truy xuat ngam nh bi bo lenh.
- Cac thanh ghi trong 8951 c nh dang nh mot phan cua RAM tren chip
v vay moi thanh ghi se co mot a ch (ngoai tr thanh ghi bo em chng
trnh va thanh ghi lenh v cac thanh ghi nay hiem khi b tac ong trc tiep).
Cung nh R0 en R7, 8951 co 21 thanh ghi co chc nang ac biet (SFR:
Special Function Register) vung tren cua RAM noi t a ch 80H en FFH.
Chu y: tat ca 128 a ch t 80H en FFH khong c nh ngha, ch co
21 thanh ghi co chc nang ac biet c nh ngha san cac a ch.
- Ngoai tr thanh ghi A co the c truy xuat ngam nh a noi, a so cac
thanh ghi co chc nang ac biet SFR co the a ch hoa tng bit hoac byte.
- Thanh ghi trang thai chng trnh (PSW: Program Status Word):


T trang thai chng trnh a ch D0H c tom tat nh sau:
BIT SYMBO
L
ADDRESS DESCRIPTION
PSW.7 CY D7H Cary Flag
PSW.6 AC D6H Auxiliary Cary Flag
PSW.5 F0 D5H Flag 0
PSW4 RS1 D4H Register Bank Select 1
PSW.3 RS0 D3H Register Bank Select 0
00=Bank 0; address
00H07H
01=Bank 1; address
08H0FH
10=Bank 2; address
10H17H
11=Bank 3; address
18H1FH
PSW.2 OV D2H Overlow Flag
PSW.1 - D1H Reserved
PSW.0 P DOH Even Parity Flag
Chc nang tng bit trang tha i chng trnh
- C Carry CY (Carry Flag):
- C nh co tac dung kep. Thong thng no c dung cho cac lenh
toan hoc: C=1 neu phep toan cong co s tran hoac phep tr co mn va ngc
lai C= 0 neu phep toan cong khong tra n va phep tr khong co mn.
- C Carry phu AC (Auxiliary Carry Flag):
- Khi cong nhng gia tr BCD (Binary Code Decimal), c nh phu AC
c set neu ket qua 4 bit thap nam trong pham vi ieu khien 0AH 0FH.
Ngc lai AC= 0.
- C 0 (Flag 0):
C 0 (F0) la 1 bit c a dung dung cho cac ng dung cua ngi dung.

- Nhng bit chon bank thanh ghi truy xuat:
- RS1 va RS0 quyet nh day thanh ghi tch cc. Chung c xoa sau khi
reset he thong va c thay oi bi phan mem khi can thiet.
- Tuy theo RS1, RS0 = 00, 01, 10, 11 se c chon Bank tch cc tng
ng la Bank 0, Bank1, Bank2, Bank3.

RS1 RS0 BANK
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 2
1 1 3

- C tran OV (Over Flag) :
- C tran c set sau mot hoat ong cong hoac tr neu co s tran toan
hoc. Khi cac so co dau c cong hoac tr vi nhau, phan mem co the kiem
tra bit nay e xac nh xem ket qua co nam trong tam xac nh khong. Khi cac
so khong co dau c cong bit OV c bo qua. Cac ket qua ln hn +127
hoac nho hn 128 th bit OV = 1.
- Bit Parity (P):
- Bit t ong c set hay Clear moi chu ky may e lap Parity chan
vi thanh ghi A. S em cac bit 1 trong thanh ghi A cong vi bit Parity luon
luon chan. V du A cha 10101101B th bit P set len mot e tong so bit 1 trong
A va P tao thanh so chan.
- Bit Parity thng c dung trong s ket hp vi nhng thu tuc cua
Port noi tiep e tao ra bit Parity trc khi phat i hoac kiem tra bit Parity sau
khi thu.
- Thanh ghi B:
- Thanh ghi B a ch F0H c dung cung vi thanh ghi A cho cac
phep toan nhan chia. Lenh MUL AB se nhan nhng gia tr khong dau 8 bit
trong hai thanh ghi A va B, roi tra ve ket qua 16 bit trong A (byte cao) va
B(byte thap). Lenh DIV AB lay A chia B, ket qua nguyen at vao A, so d
at vao B.

- Thanh ghi B co the c dung nh mot thanh ghi em trung gian a
muc ch. No la nhng bit nh v thong qua nhng a ch t F0HF7H.
- Con tro Ngan xep SP (Stack Pointer) :
- Con tro ngan xep la mot thanh ghi 8 bit a ch 81H. No cha a ch cua
byte d lieu hien hanh tren nh ngan xep. Cac lenh tren ngan xep bao gom
cac lenh cat d lieu vao ngan xep (PUSH) va lay d lieu ra khoi Ngan xep
(POP). Lenh cat d lieu vao ngan xep se lam tang SP trc khi ghi d lieu va
lenh lay ra khoi ngan xep se lam giam SP. Ngan xep cua 8031/8051 c gi
trong RAM noi va gii han cac a ch co the truy xuat bang a ch gian tiep,
chung la 128 byte au cua 8951.
- e khi ong SP vi ngan xep bat au tai a ch 60H, cac lenh sau
ay c dung:
MOV SP , #5F
- Vi lenh tren th ngan xep cua 8951 ch co 32 byte v a ch cao nhat
cua RAM tren chip la 7FH. S d gia tr 5FH c nap vao SP v SP tang len
60H trc khi cat byte d lieu.
- Khi Reset 8951, SP se mang gia tr mac nh la 07H va d lieu a u
tien se c cat vao o nh ngan xep co a ch 08H. Neu phan mem ng dung
khong khi ong SP mot gia tr mi th bank thanh ghi1 co the ca 2 va 3 se
khong dung c v vung RAM nay a c dung lam ngan xep. Ngan xep
c truy xuat trc tie p bang cac lenh PUSH va POP e lu tr tam thi va lay
lai d lieu, hoac truy xuat ngam bang lenh goi chng trnh con ( ACALL,
LCALL) va cac lenh tr ve (RET, RETI) e lu tr gia tr cua bo em chng
trnh khi bat au thc hien chng trnh con va lay lai khi ket thuc chng trnh
con
- Con tro d lieu DPTR (Data Pointer):
-Con tro d lieu (DPTR) c dung e truy xuat bo nh ngoai la mot
thanh ghi 16 bit a ch 82H (DPL: byte thap) va 83H (DPH: byte cao). Ba
lenh sau se ghi 55H vao RAM ngoai a ch 1000H:
MOV A , #55H
MOV DPTR, #1000H
MOV @DPTR, A
- Lenh au tie n dung e nap 55H vao thanh ghi A. Lenh th hai dung
e nap a ch cua o nh can lu gia tr 55H vao con tro d lieu DPTR. Lenh

th ba se di chuyen noi dung thanh ghi A (la 55H) vao o nh RAM ben ngoai
co a ch cha trong DPTR (la 1000H).
- Cac thanh ghi Port (Port Register):
- Cac Port cua 8951 bao gom Port0 a ch 80H, Port1 a ch
90H, Port2 a ch A0H, va Port3 a ch B0H. Tat ca cac Port nay eu co
the truy xuat tng bit nen rat thuan tien trong kha nang giao tiep.
- Cac thanh ghi Timer (Timer Register):
- 8951 co cha hai bo nh thi/ bo em 16 bit c dung cho viec nh
thi c em s kien. Timer0 a ch 8AH (TLO: byte thap ) va 8CH (THO:
byte cao). Timer1 a ch 8BH (TL1: byte thap) va 8DH (TH1: byte cao).
Viec khi ong timer c SET bi Timer Mode (TMOD) a ch 89H va
thanh ghi ieu khien Timer (TCON) a ch 88H. Ch co TCON c a ch
hoa tng bit .
- Cac thanh ghi Port noi tiep (Serial Port Register) :
- 8951 cha mot Port noi tiep cho viec trao oi thong tin vi cac thiet
b noi tiep nh may tnh, modem hoac giao tiep noi tiep vi cac IC khac. Mot
thanh ghi em d lieu noi tiep (SBUF) a ch 99H se gi ca hai d lieu
truyen va d lieu nhap. Khi truyen d lieu ghi len SBUF, khi nhan d lieu th
oc SBUF. Cac mode van khac nhau c lap trnh qua thanh ghi ieu khien
Port noi tiep (SCON) c a ch ho a tng bit a ch 98H.
- Cac thanh ghi ngat (Interrupt Register):
- 8951 co cau truc 5 nguon ngat, 2 mc u tien. Cac ngat b cam sau khi
b reset he thong va se c cho phep bang viec ghi thanh ghi cho phep ngat
(IE) a ch A8H. Ca hai c a ch hoa tng bit.
- Thanh ghi ieu khien nguon PCON (Power Control Register):
- Thanh ghi PCON khong co bit nh v. No a ch 87H cha nhieu
bit ieu khien. Thanh ghi PCON c tom tat nh sau:
\ Bit 7 (SMOD) : Bit co toc o Baud mode 1, 2, 3 Port noi tiep khi set.
\ Bit 6, 5, 4 : Khong co a ch.
\ Bit 3 (GF1) : Bit c a nang 1.
\ Bit 2 (GF0) : Bit c a nang 2 .
\ Bit 1 (PD) : Set e khi ong mode Power Down va thoat e reset.

\ Bit 0 (IDL) : Set e khi ong mode Idle va thoat khi ngat mach hoac
reset.
Cac bit ieu khien Power Down va Idle co tac dung chnh trong tat ca
cac IC ho MSC-51 nhng ch c thi hanh trong s bien dch cua CMOS.
Hoat ong Reset:
- 8951 co ngo vao reset RST tac ong mc cao trong khoang thi
gian 2 chu ky xung may, sau o xuong mc thap e 8951 bat au
lam viec. RST co the kch bang tay bang mot phm nhan thng h,
s o mach reset nh sau:

+ 5 V
Reset

Manual Reset
IV/ HOAT ONG TIMER CUA 8952:
1. GII THIEU:
- Bo nh thi cua Timer la mot chuoi cac Flip Flop c chia lam 2,
no nhan tn hieu vao la mot nguon xung clock, xung clock c a vao Flip
Flop th nhat la xung clock cua Flip Flop th hai ma no cung chia tan so clock
nay cho 2 va c tiep tuc.
- V moi tang ke tiep chia cho 2, nen Timer n tang phai chia tan so
clock ngo vao cho 2
n
. Ngo ra cu a tang cuoi cung la clock cua Flip
Flop tran Timer hoac c ma no kiem tra bi phan mem hoac sinh ra
ngat. Gia tr nh phan trong cac FF cu a bo Timer co the c ngh
nh em xung clock hoac cac s kien quan trong bi v Timer c
khi ong. V du Timer 16 bit co the em en t FFFFH sang 0000H.
- Hoat ong cua Timer n gian 3 bit c minh hoa nh sau:

RST

10 F
8.2 KO
100O

Timer Flip Flops.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

- Trong hnh tren moi tang la mot FF loai D phu nh tac ong canh
xuong c hoat ong mode chia cho 2 (ngo ra Q\ c noi vao D). FF c la
mot bo chot n gian loai D c set bi tang cuoi cung trong Timer. Trong
bieu o thi gian, tang au oi trang thai tan so clock, tang th hai oi
trang thai tan so tan so clock . . . So em c biet dang thap phan va
c kiem tra lai de dang bi viec kiem tra cac tang cua 3 FF. V du so em
4 xuat hien khi Q2=1, Q1=0, Q0=0 (4
10
=100
2
).
- Cac Timer c ng dung thc te cho cac hoat ong nh hng. 8951
co 2 bo Timer 16 bit, moi Timer co 4 mode hoat ong. Cac Timer dung e
em gi, em cac s kien can thiet va s sinh ra toc o cua toc o Baud bi s
gan lien Port noi tiep.
- Moi s nh thi la mot Timer 16 bit, do o tang cuoi cung la tang th
16 se chia tan so clock vao cho 2
16
= 65.536.
- Trong cac ng dung nh thi, 1 Timer c lap trnh e tran mot
khoang thi gian eu an va c set c tra n Timer. C c dung e ong bo
chng trnh e thc hien mot hoat ong nh viec a ti 1 tang cac ngo vao
hoac gi d lieu em ngo ra. Cac ng dung khac co s dung viec ghi gi eu
eu cua Timer e o thi gian a troi qua hai trang thai (v du o o rong
xung).Viec em mot s kien c dung e xac nh so lan xuat hien cua s
kien o, tc thi gian troi qua gia cac s kien.
- Cac Timer cua 8951 c truy xuat bi viec dung 6 thanh ghi chc
nang ac biet nh sau :
-

D
Q

Q
0

D
Q

Q
1

D
Q

Q
2

D
Q

Q
3

Flag FF
Clock
Q
0

(LSB)
Q
1

Q
2
(MSB)
Count
Flag

Timer SFR Purpose Address Bit-
Addressable
TCON Control 88H YES
TMOD Mode 89H NO
TL0 Timer 0 low-byte 8AH NO
TL1 Timer 1 low-byte 8BH NO
TH0 Timer 0 high-byte 8CH NO
TH1 Timer 1 high-byte 8DH NO

2. CAC THANH GHI IEU KHIEN TIMER
2.1. Thanh ghi ieu khien che o timer TMOD (timer mode register) :
- Thanh ghi mode gom hai nhom 4 bit la: 4 bit thap at mode hoat
ong cho Timer 0 va 4 bit cao at mode hoat ong cho Timer 1. 8 bit
cua thanh ghi TMOD c tom tat nh sau:


Bit Name Timer Description
7 GATE 1 Khi GATE = 1, Timer ch lam viec khi INT1=1
6 C/T 1 Bit cho em s kien hay ghi gi
C/T = 1 : em s kien
C/T = 0 : Ghi gi eu an
5 M1 1 Bit chon mode cua Timer 1
3 GATE 0 Bit cong cua Timer 0
2 C/T 0 Bit chon Counter/Timer cua Timer 0
Hai bit M0 va M1 cua TMOD e chon mode cho Timer 0 hoac Timer 1.
M1 M0 MODE DESCRIPTION
0 0 0 Mode Timer 13 bit (mode 8048)
0 1 1 Mode Timer 16 bit
1 0 2 Mode t ong nap 8 bit
1 1 3
Mode Timer tach ra :Timer 0 : TL0 la Timer 8
bit c ieu khien bi cac bit cua Timer 0.
TH0 tng t nhng c ieu khien bi cac
bit cua mode Timer 1.
Timer 1 : c ngng lai.
- TMOD khong co bit nh v, no thng c LOAD mot lan bi phan
mem au chng trnh e khi ong mode Timer. Sau o s nh gi co the
dng lai, c khi ong lai nh the bi s truy xuat cac thanh ghi chc nang
ac biet cua Timer khac.



2.2. Thanh ghi ieu khien timer TCON (timer control register):
- Thanh ghi ieu khien bao gom cac bit trang thai va cac bit ieu khien
bi Timer 0 va Timer 1. Thanh ghi TCON co bit nh v. Hoat ong cua tng
bit c tom tat nh sau :
Bit Symbol Bit
Address
Description
TCON.7 TF1 8FH C tran Timer 1 c set bi phan cng
s tran, c xoa bi phan mem hoac bi
phan cng khi cac vect x l en thu tuc
phuc vu ngat ISR
TCON.6 TR1 8EH Bit ieu khien chay Timer 1 c set
hoac xo a bi phan mem e chay hoac
ngng chay Timer.
TCON.5 TF0 8DH C tran Timer 0(hoat ong tng t TF1)
TCON.4 TR0 8CH Bit ieu khien chay Timer 0 (giong TR1)
TCON.3 IE1 8BH C kieu ngat 1 ngoai. Khi canh xuong xuat
hien tren INT1 th IE1 c xoa bi phan
mem hoac phan cng khi CPU nh hng
en thu tuc phuc vu ngat ngoai.
TCON.2 IT1 8AH C kieu ngat 1 ngoai c set hoac xoa
bang phan mem bi canh kch hoat bi s
ngat ngoai.
TCON.1 IE0 89H C canh ngat 0 ngoai
TCON IT0 88H C kieu ngat 0 ngoai.
2.3. Cac nguon xung nhp cho timer (clock sources):
- Co hai nguon xung clock co the em gi la s nh gi ben trong va s
em s kien ben ngoai. Bit C/T trong TMOD cho phep chon 1 trong 2 khi
Timer c khi ong.

+ S bam gi ben trong (Interval Timing):
- Neu bit C/T = 0 th hoat ong cua Timer lien tuc c chon vao bo
Timer c ghi gi t dao ong tren Chip. Mot bo chia 12 c them vao e
giam tan so clock en 1 gia tr phu hp vi cac ng dung. Cac thanh ghi TLx
va THx tang toc o 1/12 lan tan so dao ong tren Chip. Neu dung thach anh
12MHz th se a en toc o clock 1MHz.
- Cac s tran Timer sinh ra sau mot con so co nh cua nhng xung
clock, no phu thuoc vao gia tr khi tao c LOAD vao cac thanh ghi THx va
TLx.
+ S em cac s kien (Event Counting) :
- Neu bit C/T = 1 th bo Timer c ghi gi t nguon ben ngoai trong
nhieu ng dung, nguo n ben ngoai nay cung cap 1 s nh gi vi 1 xung tren
s xay ra cua s kien. S nh gi la s em s kien. Con so s kien c xac
nh trong phan mem bi viec oc cac thanh ghi Timer. Tlx/THx, bi v gia tr
16 bit trong cac thanh nay tang len cho moi s kien.
- Nguon xung clock ben ngoai a vao chan P3.4 la ngo nhap cua xung
clock bi Timer 0 (T0) va P3.5 la ngo nhap cua xung clock bi Timer 1 (T1).
- Trong cac ng dung em cac thanh ghi Timer c tang trong ap ng
cua s chuyen trang thai t 1 sang 0 ngo nhap Tx. Ngo nhap ben ngoai c
th trong suot S5P2 cu a moi chu ky may: Do o khi ngo nhap a ti mc cao
trong mot chu ky va mc thap trong mot chu ky ke tiep th bo em tang len
mot. Gia tr mi xuat hien trong cac thanh ghi Timer trong suot S5P1 cua chu
ky theo sau mot s chuyen oi. Bi v no chiem 2 chu ky may (2s) e nhan ra
s chuyen oi t 1 sang 0, nen tan so ben ngoai ln nhat la 500KHz neu dao
ong thach anh 12 MHz.

On Chip
Oscillator
12

C/T
T0 or T1
pin
Timer
Clock
0 = Up (internal Timing)
1 = Down (Event Counting)
Crystal

2.4. s bat au, ket thuc va s ieu khien cac timer (starting, stopping
and controlling the timer) :
- Bit TRx trong thanh ghi co bit nh v TCON c ieu khien bi phan
mem e bat au hoac ket thuc cac Timer. e bat au cac Timer ta set bit
TRx va e ket thuc Timer ta Clear TRx. V du Timer 0 c bat au bi
lenh SETB TR0 va c ke t thuc bi lenh CLR TR0 (bit Gate= 0). Bit TRx
b xoa sau s reset he thong, do o cac Timer b cam bang s mac nh.
- Them phng phap na e ieu khien cac Timer la dung bit GATE
trong thanh ghi TMOD va ngo nhap ben ngoai INTx. ieu nay c dung e
o cac o rong xung. Gia s xung a vao chan INT0 ta khi ong Timer 0 cho
mode 1 la mode Timer 16 bit vi TL0/TH0 = 0000H, GATE = 1, TR0 = 1. Nh
vay khi INT0 = 1 th Timer c m cong va ghi gi vi toc o cua tan so
1MHz. Khi INT0 xuong thap th Timer o ng cong va khoang thi gian cua
xung tnh bang s la s em c trong thanh ghi TL0/TH0.

Timer Operating Mode 1.

2.5. S khi ong va truy xuat cac thanh ghi timer:
- Cac Timer c khi ong 1 lan au chng trnh e at mode hoat
ong cho chung. Sau o trong chng trnh cac Timer c bat au, c xoa,
cac thanh ghi Timer c oc va cap nhat theo yeu cau cua tng ng dung
cu the.
INTO (P3.2)
On Chip
Oscillato
r
12

TL0 TH0
TF0
C/T
TR0
GATE

12 MHz
T0 (P3.4)

- Mode Timer TMOD la thanh ghi au tien c khi gan, bi v at
mode hoat ong cho cac Timer. V du khi ong cho Timer 1 hoat ong
mode 1 (mode Timer 16bit) va c ghi gi bang dao ong tren Chip ta dung
lenh : MOV TMOD, # 00001000B. Trong lenh nay M1 = 0, M0 = 1 e vao
mode 1 va C/T = 0, GATE = 0 e cho phep ghi gi ben trong ong thi xoa cac
bit mode cua Timer 0. Sau lenh tren Timer van cha em gi, no ch bat au
em gi khi set bit ieu khien chay TR1 cua no.
- Neu ta khong khi gan gia tr au cho cac thanh ghi TLx/THx th
Timer se bat au em t 0000Hlen va khi tran t FFFFH sang 0000H no se bat
au tran TFx roi tiep tuc em t 0000H len tie p . . .
- Neu ta khi gan gia tr au cho TLx/THx, th Timer se bat au em t
gia tr khi gan o len nhng khi tran t FFFFH sang 0000H lai e m t 0000H
len.
- Chu y rang c tran TFx t ong c set bi phan cng sau moi s
tran va se c xoa bi phan mem. Chnh v vay ta co the lap trnh ch sau
moi lan tran ta se xoa c TFx va quay vong lap khi gan cho TLx/THx e
Timer luon luon bat au em t gia tr khi gan len theo y ta mong muon.
- ac biet nhng s khi gan nho hn 256 s, ta se goi mode Timer t
ong nap 8 bit cu a mode 2. Sau khi khi gan gia tr au vao THx, khi set bit
TRx th Timer se bat au em gia tr khi gan va khi tran t FFH sang 00H
trong TLx, c TFx t ong c set ong thi gia tr khi gan ma ta khi gan
cho Thx c nap t ong vao TLx va Timer lai c em t gia tr khi gan
nay len. Noi cach kha c, sau moi tran ta khong can khi gan lai cho cac thanh
ghi Timer ma chung van em c lai t gia tr ban au.
- 3. CAC CHE O TIMER VA C TRAN (TIMER MODES AND
OVERFLOW):
- 8951 co 2 Timer la Timer 0 va timer 1. Ta dung ky hieu TLx va Thx
e ch 2 thanh ghi byte thap va byte cao cua Timer 0 hoac Timer 1.
3.1. Mode Timer 13 bit (MODE 0) :

Overflow
- Mode 0 la mode Timer 13 bit, trong o byte cao cua Timer (Thx) c
at thap va 5 bit trong so thap nhat cu a byte thap Timer (TLx) at cao e hp
thanh Timer 13 bit. 3 bit cao cua TLx khong dung.
TLx (5 bit) THx (8 bit) TFx
Timer Clock

3.2. Mode Timer 16 bit (MODE 1) :

- Mode 1 la mode Timer 16 bit, tng t nh mode 0 ngoai tr Timer
nay hoat ong nh mot Timer ay u 16 bit, xung clock c dung vi s ket
hp cac thanh ghi cao va thap (TLx, THx). Khi xung clock c nhan vao, bo
em Timer tang len 0000H, 0001H, 0002H, , va mot s tran se xuat hien
khi co s chuyen tren bo em Timer t FFFH sang 0000H va se set c tran
Time, sau o Timer em tiep.
- C tran la bit TFx trong thanh ghi TCON ma no se c oc hoac ghi
bi phan mem.
- Bit co trong so ln nhat (MSB) cua gia tr trong thanh ghi Timer la bit
7 cua THx va bit co trong so thap nhat (LSB) la bit 0 cua TLx. Bit LSB oi
trang thai tan so clock vao c chia 2
16
= 65.536.
- Cac thanh ghi Timer TLx va Thx co the c oc hoac ghi tai bat ky
thi iem nao bi pha n mem.
3.3. Mode t ong nap 8 bit (MODE 2) :

Overflow
Reload

-Mode 2 la mode t ong nap 8 bit, byte thap TLx cua Timer hoat ong
nh mot Timer 8 bit trong khi byte cao THx cua Timer gi gia tr Reload. Khi
bo em tran t FFH sang 00H, khong ch c tran c set ma gia tr trong THx
cung c nap vao TLx : Bo em c tiep tuc t gia tr nay len en s
chuyen trang thai t FFH sang 00H ke tiep va c the tiep tuc. Mode nay th
phu hp bi v cac s tran xuat hien cu the ma moi luc ngh thanh ghi TMOD
va THx c khi ong.

TLx (8 bit) THx (8 bit) TFx
Timer Clock
Timer Clock
TL x (8 bit) TFx
TH x (8 bit)

3.4 Mode Timer tach ra (MODE 3) :

- Mode 3 la mode Timer tach ra va la s khac biet cho moi Timer.
- Timer 0 mode 3 c chia la 2 timer 8 bit. TL0 va TH0 hoat ong
nh nhng Timer rieng le vi s tran se set cac bit TL0 va TF1 tng ng.
- Timer 1 b dng lai mode 3, nhng co the c khi ong bi viec
ngat no vao mot trong cac mode khac. Ch co nhc iem la c tran TF1 cua
Timer 1 khong b anh hng bi cac s tran cua Timer 1 bi v TF1 c noi
vi TH0.
- Mode 3 cung cap 1 Timer ngoai 8 bit la Timer th ba cua 8951. Khi
vao Timer 0 mode 3, Timer co the hoat ong hoac tat bi s ngat no ra ngoai
va vao trong mode cua chnh no hoac co the c dung bi Port noi tiep nh la
mot may phat toc o Baud, hoac no co the dung trong hng nao o ma khong
s dung Interrupt.
V. HOAT ONG PORT NOI TIEP
1. Gii thieu
8951 co mot port noi tiep trong chip co the hoat ong nhieu che o tren
mot day tan so rong. Chc nang chu yeu la thc hien chuyen oi song song
sang noi tiep vi d lieu xuat va chuyen oi noi tiep sang song song vi d
lieu nhap.
Port noi tiep cho hoat ong song cong (full duplex: thu va phat o ng thi)
va em thu (receiver buffering) cho phep mot ky t se c thu va c gi
trong khi ky t th hai c nhan. Neu CPU oc ky t th nhat trc khi ky t
th hai c thu ay u th d lieu se khong b mat.
Hai thanh ghi chc na ng ac biet cho phep phan mem truy xuat en port
noi tiep la: SBUF va SCON. Bo em port noi tiep (SBUF) ia ch 99H nhan
d lieu e thu hoac phat. Thanh ghi ieu khien port noi tiep (SCON) ia ch
98H la thanh ghi co ia ch bit cha cac bit trang thai va cac bit ieu khien.
TL1 (8 bit) TH1 (8 bit)
TL1 (8 bit)
TH0 (8 bit)
TF0
TF1
Timer Clock
Timer Clock
Timer Clock
Overflow

Cac bit ieu khien at che o hoat ong cho port noi tiep, va cac bit trang thai
Bao cao ket thuc viec phat hoac thu ky t . Cac bit trang thai co the c kiem
tra bang phan mem hoac co the lap trnh e tao ngat.
2. Cac thanh ghi va cac che o hoat ong cua port noi tiep:
2.1. Thanh ghi ieu khien port noi tiep:
Che o hoat ong cua port noi tiep c a t bang cach ghi vao thanh ghi
che o port noi tiep (SCON) a ch 98H .Sau ay cac ban tom tat thanh ghi
SCON va cac che o cua port noi tiep:
Bit
Ky
hieu a ch Mo ta
SCON.7
SCON.6
SCON.5

SCON.4
SCON.3

SCON.2
SCON.1

SCON.0
SM0
SM1
SM3

REN
TB8

RB8
TI

RI
9FH
9EH
9DH

9CH
9BH

9AH
99H

98H
Bit 0 cua che o port noi tiep
Bit 1 cua che o port noi tiep
Bit 2 cua che o port noi tiep . Cho phep
truyen thong x ly trong cac che o 2 va 3,
RI se khong b tac ong neu bit th 9 thu
c la 0
Cho phep bo thu phai c at len 1 e thu
cac ky t
Bit 8 phat, bit th 9 c phat trong che o 2
va 3, c at va xoa bang phan mem.
B it 8 thu, bit th 9 thu c
C ngat phat. at len 1 khi ket thuc phat ky
t, c xoa bang phan mem
C ngat thu. at len 1 khi ket thuc thu ky t,
c xoa bang phan mem

Tom tat thanh ghi che o port noi tiep
SM0 SM1 Che o Mo ta Toc o baud
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
2
3
Thanh ghi dch
UART 8 bit
UART 9 bit
UART 9 bit
Co nh (Fosc /12 )
Thay oi ( at bang timer )
Co nh (Fosc /12 hoac Fosc/64 )
Thay oi ( at bang timer )

Cac che o port noi tiep
Trc khi s dung port noi tiep, phai khi ong SCON cho ung che o. V
du, lenh sau:
MOV SCON, #01010010B
Khi ong port noi tiep cho che o 1 (SM0/SM1=0/1), cho phep bo thu
(REN=1) va c ngat phat (TP=1) e bo phat san sang hoat ong.

2.2. Che o 0 (Thanh ghi dch n 8 bit):
Che o 0 c chon bang cac thanh ghi cac bit 0 vao SM1 va SM2 cua
SCON, a port noi tiep vao che o thanh ghi dch 8bit. D lieu noi tiep vao
va ra qua RXD va TXD xuat xung nhp dch, 8 bit c phat hoac thu vi bit
au tien la LSB. Toc o baud co nh 1/12 tan so dao ong tren chip.
Viec phat i c khi ong bang bat c lenh nao ghi d lieu vao SBUF.
D lieu dch ra ngoai tren ng RXD (P3.0) vi cac xung nhp c gi ra
ng TXD (P3.1). Moi bit phat i hp le (tren RXD) trong mot chu ky may,
tn hieu xung nhap xuong thap S3P1 va tr ve cao S6P1.

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2
P1

ALE

I.

Viec thu c khi ong khi cho phep bo thu (REN) la 1 va bit ngat
thu (RI) la 0. Quy tac tong quat la at REN khi bat au chng trnh e khi
ong port noi tiep, roi xoa RI e bat au nha n d lieu. Khi RI b xoa, cac xung
nhp c a ra ng TXD, bat au chu ky may ke tiep va d lieu theo xung
Mot chu ky may
Data Out
Bit Data Hp Le
Shift Clock S3P1
S6P1
Phong to
WRITE to
SBUF
ALE
Data Out
RXD
Shift Clock
(TXD)
Gian o thi gian Port noi tiep phat che
o 0

OSC

nhp ng RXD. Lay xung nhp cho d lieu vao port noi tiep xay ra canh
ng cua TXD.
Mot chu ky may

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
D7

2.3. Che o 1 (UART 8 bit vi toc o baud thay oi c):
che o 1, port noi tiep cua 8951 lam viec nh mot UART 8 bit vi toc
o baud thay oi c. Mot UART (Bo thu phat ong bo van nang) la mot
dung cu thu phat d lieu noi tiep vi moi ky t d lieu i trc la bit start
mc thap va theo sau bit stop mc cao. o i khi xen them bit kiem tra chan le
gia bit d lieu cuoi cung va bit stop. Hoat ong chu yeu cu a UART la chuyen
oi song song sang noi tiep vi d lieu nhap.
che o 1, 10 bit c phat tren TXD hoac thu tren RXD. Nhng bit o
la: 1 bit start (luon luon la 0), 8 bit d lieu (LSB au tien) va 1 bit stop (luon
luon la 1). Vi hoat ong thu, bit stop c a vao RB8 trong SCON. Trong
8951 che o baud c at bang toc o bao tran cua timer 1.
Tao xung nhp va ong bo hoa cac thanh ghi dch cua port noi tiep trong
cac che o 1,2 va 3 c thiet lap bang bo e m 4 bit chia cho 16, ngo ra la
xung nhp toc o baud. Ngo vao cua bo em nay c chon qua phan mem

2.4. UART 9 bit vi toc o baud co nh (che o 2):
Khi SM1=1 va SM0=0, cong noi tiep lam viec che o 2, nh mot
UART 9bit co toc o baud co nh, 11 bit se c phat hoac thu:1bit start, 8 bit
16

Xung nhp toc o baud
Thanh ghi dch port no i tiep
Gian o thi gian phat noi tiep che o 0
Data out
Shift clock
Toc o baud


data, 1 bit data th 9 co the c lap trnh va 1 bit stop. Khi phat bit th 9 la
bat c g a c a vao TB8 trong SCON (co the la bit Parity) .Khi thu bit
th 9 thu c se trong RB8. Toc o baud che o 2 la 1/32 hoac 1/16 tan so
dao ong tren chip.
2.5. UART 9 bit vi toc o baud thay oi c (che o 3):
Che o nay giong nh che o 2 ngoai tr toc o baud co the lap trnh
c va c cung ca p bi Timer.That ra cac che o 1, 2, 3 rat giong nhau.
Cai khac biet la toc o baud (co nh trong che o 2, thay oi trong che o 1
va 3) va so bit data (8 bit trong che o 1,9 trong che o 2 va 3).
2.6. Khi ong va truy xuat cac thanh ghi cong noi tiep:
+ Cho Phep Thu
Bit cho phep bo thu (REN=Receiver Enable) Trong SCON phai c at
len 1bang phan mem e cho phep thu cac ky t thong thng th c hien viec
nay au chng trnh khi khi ong cong noi tiep, timer Co the thc hien
viec nay theo hai cach. Lenh:
SETB REN ; at REN len 1
Hoac lenh
MOV SCON,#XXX1XXXXB ; at REN len 1 hoac xoa cac bit
khac tren SCON khi can (cac X phai la 0 hoac 1 e at che o lam viec)
+Bit d lieu th 9:
Bit d lieu th 9 can phat trong cac che o 2 va 3 phai c nap vao trong TB8
bang phan mem. Bit d lieu th 9 thu c at RB8. Phan mem co the can
hoac khong can bit d lieu th 9, phu thuoc vao ac tnh ky thuat cua thiet b
noi tiep s dung (bit d lieu th 9 cung ong vai tro quan trong trong truyen
thong a x ly )
+Them 1 bit parity:
Thng s dung bit d lieu th 9 e them parity vao ky t. Nh a nhan
xet chng trc, bit P trong t trang thai chng trnh (PSW) c at len 1
hoac b xoa bi chu ky may e thiet lap kiem tra chan vi 8 bit trong thanh tch
luy.
+Cac c ngat:
Hai c ngat thu va phat (RI va TI) trong SCON ong mot vai tro quan
trong trong truyen tho ng noi tiep dung 8951/8051. Ca hai bit c at len 1
bang phan cng, nhng phai c xoa bang phan mem.
2.7. Toc o baud port noi tiep
Nh a noi, toc o baud co nh cac che o 0 va 2. Trong che o 0 no
luon luon la tan so dao ong tren chip c chia cho 12. Thong thng thach
anh an nh tan so dao ong tren chip nhng cung co the s dung nguon xung
nhp khac.


Dao ong Xung nhp
tren chip toc
o baud
a. Che o 0

SMOD=0
Dao ong
tren chip SMOD=1

Dao ong
tren chip

c. Che o 1 va 3
Cac nguon tao xung nhp cho port noi tiep
Mac nhien sau khi reset he thong, toc o baud che o 2 la tan so bo dao
ong chia cho 64, toc o baud cung b anh hng bi 1 bit trong thanh ghi ieu
khien nguon cung cap (PCON) bit 7 cua PCON la bit SMOD. at bit SMOD
len 1 lam gap oi toc o baud trong cac che o 1, 2 va 3. Trong che o 2, toc
o baud co the b gap oi t gia tr mac nhien cua 1/64 tan so dao ong
(SMOD=0) en 1/32 tan so dao ong (SMOD=1)
V PCON khong c nh a ch theo bit, nen e at bit SMOD len 1
can phai theo cac lenh sau:
MOV A,PCON ; lay gia tr hien thi cua PCON
SETB ACC.7 ; at bit SMOD len 1
MOV PCON,A ; ghi gia tr ngc ve PCON
Cac toc o baud trong cac che o 1 va 3 c xac nh bang toc o tran
cua timer 1. V timer hoat ong tan so tng oi cao, tran timer c chia
them cho 32 (hoac 16 neu SMOD =1 ) trc khi cung cap toc o xung nhp cho
port noi tiep.

3. To chc ngat trong 8051
Vi ieu Khien co 5 nguon ngat:2 nguon ngat ngoai,2 ngat timer va 1 ngat Port
noi tiep, tat ca cac nguon ngat b cam sau khi reset he thong va cho phep bi
phan mem
Xung nhp toc
o baud
32
16
Xung nhp toc
o baud
12

64
32
b. Che o 2
SMOD=1
SMOD=
0

3.1.Cho Phep va Khong Cho Phep Ngat
Moi nguon ngat c cho phep hoac khong cho phep thong qua
thanh ghi chc nang ac biet co cac bit c a ch hoa IE (Interrupt Enable)
tai a ch 0A8H.
BIT SYMBOL BIT ADDRESS DESCRIPTION
(1:ENABLE,0:DISABLE)
IE.7
IE.6
IE.5
IE.4
IE.3
IE.2
IE.1
IE.0
EA
EA
ET2
ES
ET1
EX1
ET0
EX0
AFH
AEH
ADH
ACH
ABH
AAH
A9H
A8H
Global Enable/Disable
Undefined
Enable Timer 2 Interrupt (8052)
Enable Serial Port Interrupt
Enable Timer 1 Interrupt
Enable External 1 Interrupt
Enable Timer 0 Interrupt
Enable External 0 Interrupt
3.2. VecT Ngat
Khi ngat c chap nhan gia tr c a vao PC (Program Counter) goi la
vector ngat (Interrupt Vector)

INTERRUPT FLAG VECTOR ADDRESS
System Reset
External 0
Timer 0
External 1
Timer 1
Serial Port
Timer 2
RST
IE0
TF0
IE1
TF1
RI OR TI
TF2 OR EXF2
0000 H
0003 H
000B H
0013 H
001B H
0023 H
002B H

3.3. Ngat Port noi Tiep
Ngat Port noi tiep xay ra khi ca 2 c ngat truyen (TI) hoac c ngat nhan
(RI) c at. Ngat truyen xay ra khi bit cuoi cung trong SBUF truyen xong
tc la luc nay thanh ghi SBUF rong .Ngat nhan xay ra khi SBUF a hoan thanh
viec nhan va ang i e oc tc la luc nay thanh ghi SBUF a y. Ca hai c
ngat nay c at bi phan cng va xoa bang phan mem.

VI. TAP LE NH CUA 8952.
Tap lenh 8952 co 255 lenh gom 139 lenh 1 byte, 92 lenh 2 byte va 24
lenh 3 byte.
1. Cac che o anh a ch: trong tap lenh co 8 che o anh a ch:
a)Thanh ghi a ghi:

8952 co 4 bank thanh ghi, moi bank co 8 thanh ghi 1nh so t R0 en
R7. Tai moi thi iem ch co mot bank thanh ghi c tch cc.

Ngoai ra, mot so thanh ghi ac biet nh thanh ghi tch luy ACC,B,DPTR.
b)a ch trc tiep:
Trong che o nay, ca c thanh ghi ben trong 8952 c anh a ch trc
tiep bang 8 bit a ch nam trong byte th hai cua ma lenh.

c)a ch gian tiep:
R0 va R1 c dung e cha a ch o nh ma lenh tac ong en. ngi
ta quy c dung dau @ trc R0 hoac R1.

d)a ch tc thi:
Ngi ta dung # trc cac toan hang tc th i. Cac toan hang o co the
la mot hang so, mot ky so hay mot bieu thc toan hoc...

e)a ch tng oi:
a ch tng oi c dung trong cac lenh nhay 8952 dung gia tr 8 bit
co dau e cong them vao thanh ghi em chng trnh (PC). Tam nhay cua lenh
nay trong khoang t 128 en 127 o nh. Trc khi cong , thanh ghi PC se tang
en a ch theo sau lenh nhay roi tnh toa n a ch offset can thiet e nhay
en a ch yeu cau. Nh vay a ch mi la a ch tng oi so vi lenh ke
tiep ch khong phai la ban than lenh nhay. Thng lenh nay co lien quan en
nhan c nh ngha trc.

n n n Ma le nh
a ch thanh ghi
Ma lenh a ch trc tiep
a ch trc tiep
Ma le nh i
a ch gian tiep
Ma lenh Dlieu tc thi
a ch tc thi
a ch tng oi
Ma le nh Offset tng o i

f)a ch tuyet oi:
a ch tuyet oi ch dung trong cac lenh ACALL va JIMP. Cac lenh 2
byte nay dung e re nhanh vao mo t trang 2 Kbyte cua bo nh trng trnh
bang cach cap 11 bit a ch thap (A0-A10) e xac nh a ch ch trong trang
ma. Con 5 bit cao cua a ch ch (A11-A15) chnh la 5 bit cao hien hanh trong
thanh ghi em chng trnh. V vay a ch cua lenh theo sau lenh re nhanh va
a ch ch cua lenh re nhanh va a ch ch cua lenh re nhanh can phai cung
trang ma 2 Kbyte (co cung 5 bit a ch cao).

g)a ch dai:
a ch dai ch dung cho lenh LCALL va LJIMP. Cac lenh nay chiem 3
byte va dung 2 byte sau (byte 2 va byte 3) e nh a ch ch cua lenh (16
bit). u iem cua lenh nay co the s dung trong toan bo vung nh 64 Kbyte.
Tuy nhien, lenh nay chiem nhieu byte va le thuoc vao v tr vung nh.

h)a ch tham chieu:
a ch tham chieu dung mot thanh ghi c ban (hoac thanh ghi em
chng trnh PC hoac thanh ghi con tro d lieu DPTR) va a ch offset (trong
thanh ghi tch luy A) e tao a ch c tac ong cho cac lenh JMP hoac
MOVC. Cac bang nhay va bang tm kiem de dang c tao ra e s dung a
ch tham chieu
A15 A11 A10 A0
Xac nh trang ma xac nh a ch trong trang ma
Ma Offset tng o i A10-A8
a ch tuyet oi
Ma lenh
A15-A8 A7-A0
a ch dai
+
PC hoa c DPTR ACC
=
a ch c ta c o ng Offset
a ch c ba n
a ch tham chieu

2. Cac nhom lenh cua 8952:
Tap lenh cua 8952 c chia thanh 5 nhom:
- So hoc.
- Luan ly.
- Chuyen d lieu.
- Chuyen ieu khien.
a)Nhom lenh x ly so hoc:
ADD A,Rn (1byte,1chu ky may): cong noi dung thanh ghi Rn vao thanh ghi A
ADD A,data (2,1): Cong trc tiep 1 byte vao thanh ghi A.
ADD A,@Ri (1,1): Cong gian tiep noi dung RAM cha tai a ch c
khai bao trong Ri vao thanh ghi A.
ADD A,#data (2,1):Cong d lieu tc thi vao A.
ADD A,Rn (1,1): Cong thanh ghi va c nh vao A.
ADD A,data (2,1): Cong trc tiep byte d lieu va c nh vao A.
ADDC A,@Ri (1,1): Cong gian tiep noi dung RAM va c nh vao A.
ADDC A,#data (2,1): Cong d lieu tc thi va c nh vao A.
SUBB A,Rn (1,1): Tr noi dung thanh ghi A cho noi dung thanh ghi Rn
va c nh.
SUBB A,data (2,1): Tr trc tiep A cho mot so va c nh.
SUBB A,@Ri (1,1): Tr gian tiep A cho mot so va c nh.
SUBB A,#data (2,1): Tr noi dung A cho mot so tc thi va c nh.
INC A (1,1): Tang noi dung thanh ghi A len 1.
INC Rn (1,1): Tang noi dung thanh ghi Rn len 1.
INC data (2,1): Tang d lieu trc tiep len 1.
INC @Ri (1,1): Tang gian tiep noi dung vung RAM len 1.
DEC A (1,1): Giam noi dung thanh ghi A xuong 1.
DEC Rn (1,1): Giam noi dung thanh ghi Rn xuong 1.
DEC data (2,1): Giam d lieu trc tiep xuong 1
DEC @Ri (1,1): Giam gian tiep noi dung vung RAM xuong 1.
INC DPTR (1,2): Tang noi dng con tro d lieu len 1.
MUL AB (1,4): Nhan noi dung thanh ghi A vi noi dung thanh ghi
B.
DIV AB (1,4): Chia noi dung thanh ghi A cho noi dung thanh ghi B.
DA A (1,1,): hieu chnh thap phan thanh ghi A.
b)Nhom lenh luan ly:
ANL A,Rn (1,1): AND noi dung thanh ghi A vi noi dung thanh ghi Rn.
ANL A,data (2,1):AND noi dung thanh ghi A vi d lieu trc tiep.
ANL A,@Ri (1,1): AND noi dung thanh ghi A vi d lieu gian tiep
trong RAM.
ANL A,#data (2,1): AND noi dung thanh ghi vi d lieu t c thi.

ANL data,A (2,1): AND mot d lieu trc tiep vi A.
ANL data,#data (3,2): AND mot d lieu trc tiep vi A mot d lieu tc thi.
ANL C,bit (2,2):AND c nh vi 1 bit trc tiep.
ANL C,/bit (2,2): AND c nh vi bu 1 bit trc tiep.
ORL A,Rn (1,1): OR thanh ghi A vi thanh ghi Rn.
ORL A,data (2,1): OR thanh ghi A vi mot d lieu trc tiep.
ORL A,@Ri (1,1): OR thanh ghi A vi mot d lieu gian tiep.
ORL A,#data (2,1):OR thanh ghi A vi mot d lieu tc thi.
ORL data,A (2,1): OR mot d lieu trc tiep vi thanh ghi A.
ORL data,#data (3,1):OR mot d lieu trc tiep vi mot d lieu tc thi.
ORL C,bit (2,2): OR c nh vi mot bit trc tiep.
ORL C,/bit (2,2): OR c nh vi bu cua mot bit trc tiep.
XRL A,Rn (1,1): XOR thanh ghi A vi thanh ghi Rn.
XRL A,data (2,1): XOR thanh ghi A vi mo d lieu trc tiep.
XRL A,@Ri (1,1): XOR thanh ghi A vi mot d lieu gian tiep.
XRL A,#data (2,1): XOR thanh ghi A vi mo d lieu tc thi.
XRL data,A (2,1): XOR mot d lieu trc tiep vi thanh ghi A.
XRL dara,#data (3,1): XOR mot d lieu trc tiep vi mot d lieu tc thi.
SETB C (1,1): at c nh.
SETB bit (2,1): at mot bit trc tiep.
CLR A (1,1): Xoa thanh ghi A.
CLR C (1,1): Xoa c nh.
CPL A (1,1): Bu noi dung thanh ghi A.
CPL C (1,1): Bu c nh.
CPL bit (2,1): Bu mot bit trc tiep.
RL A (1,1): Quay trai noi dung thanh ghi A.
RLC A (1,1): Quay trai noi dung thanh ghi A qua c nh.
RR A (1,1): Quay pha i noi dung thanh ghi A.
RRC A (1,1): Quay phai noi dung thanh ghi A qua c nh.
SWAP (1,1): Quay trai noi dung thanh ghi A 1 nibble (1/2byte).

c) Nhom lenh chuyen d lieu:
MOV A,Rn (1,1):Chuyen noi dung thanh ghi Rn vao thanh ghi A.
MOV A,data (2,1): Chuyen d lieu trc tiep vao thanh ghi A.
MOV A,@Ri (1,1): Chuyen d lieu gian tiep vao thanh ghi A.
MOV A,#data (2,1): Chuyen d lieu tc thi vao thanh ghi A.
MOV Rn,data (2,2): Chuyen d lieu trc tiep vao thanh ghi Rn.
MOV Rn,#data (2,1): Chuyen d lieu tc thi vao thanh ghi Rn.
MOV data,A (2,1): Chuyen noi dung thanh ghi A vao d lie u trc tiep.

MOV data,Rn (2,2):Chuyen noi dung thanh ghi Rn vaod lieu trc tiep.
MOV data,@Ri (2,2): Chuyen mot d lieu gian tiep vao d lieu gian tiep.
MOV @Ri,A (1,1): Chuyen noi dung thanh ghi A vao d lieu gian tiep.
MOV @Ri,data (2,2): Chuyen mot d lieu trc tiep vao d lieu gian tiep.
MOV @Ri,#data (2,1): Chuyen d lieu tc thi vao d lieu gian tiep.
MOV DPTR,#data (3,2): Chuyen mot hang 16 bit vao thanh ghi DPTR.
MOV C,bit (2,1): Chuyen mot bit trc tiep vao c nh.
MOV bit,C (2,2): Chuyen c nh vao mo t bit trc tiep.
MOV A,@A+DPTR (1,2): Chuyen byte bo nh chng trnh co a ch la
@A+DPRT vao thanh ghi A.
MOVC A,@A+PC (1,2): Chuyen byte bo nh chng trnh co a ch la
@A+PC vao thanh ghi A.
MOV A,@Ri (1,2): Chuyen d lieu ngoai (8 bit a ch) vao thanh ghi A.
MOVX A,@DPTR (1,2): Chuyen d lieu ngoai (16 bit a ch) vao A.
MOVX @Ri,A (1,2): Chuyen noi dung A ra d lieu ngoai (8 bit a ch).
MOVX @DPTR,A (1,2): Chuyen noi dung A ra d lieu ngoai (16 bit a ch).
PUSH data (2,2) : Chuyen d lieu trc tiep vao ngan xep va tang SP.
POP data (2,2) : Chuyen d lieu trc tiep vao ngan xep va giam SP.
XCH A,Rn (1,1) : Trao oi d lieu gia thanh ghi Rn v2 thanh ghi A.
XCH A,data (2,1) : Trao oi gi a thanh ghi A va mot d lieu trc tiep.
XCH A,@Ri (1,1) : Trao oi gi a thanh ghi A va mot d lieu gian tiep.
XCHD A,@R (1,1) : Trao oi gia nibble thap (LSN) cua thanh ghi A va LSN
cua d lieu gian tiep.
d) Nhom lenh chuyen ieu khien:
ACALL addr11 (2,2): Goi chng trnh con dung a ch tuyet oi.
LCALL addr16 (3,2): Goi chng trnh con dung a ch dai.
RET (1,2): Tr ve t lenh goi chng trnh con.
RETI (1,2): Tr ve t lenh goi ngat.
AJMP addr11 (2,2): Nhay tuyet oi.
LJMP addr16 (3,2): Nhay dai.
SJMP rel (2,2):Nhay ngan.
JMP @A+DPTR (1,2): Nhay gian tiep t con tro d lieu.
JZ rel (2,2): Nhay neu A=0.
JNZ rel (2,2): Nhay neu A kho ng bang 0.
JC rel (2,2): Nhay neu c nh c at.
JNC rel (2,2): Nhay neu c nh khong c at.
JB bit,rel (3,2): Nhay tng oi neu bit trc tiep c at.
JNB bit,rel (3,2):Nhay tng oi neu bit trc tiep khong c at.
JBC bit,rel (3,2):Nhay tng oi neu bit trc tiep c at,roi xoa bit.

CJNE A,data,rel (3,2): So sanh d lieu trc tiep vi A va nhay neu khong
bang.
CJNE A,#data,rel (3,2): So sanh d lieu tc thi vi A va nhay neu khong
bang.
CJNE Rn,#data,rel (3,2): So sanh d lieu tc thi vi noi dung thanh ghi Rn va
nhay neu khong bang.
CJNE @Ri,#data,rel (3,2): So sanh d lieu tc thi vi d lieu gian tiep va
nhay neu khong bang.
DJNZ Rn,rel (2,2): Gian thanh ghi Rn va nhay neu khong bang.
DJNZ data,rel (3,2): Giam d lieu trc tiep va nhay neu khong bang.

Chuong It
MO HONG POHT DtNG PII B2SS

I CAU TRUC PHAN C NG 8255A:
8255A la IC ngoai vi c che tao theo cong nghe LSI dung e giao tiep
song song gia Microprocrssor va thiet b ie u khien ben ngoai.

PA3
PA2
PA1
RD\
CS\
GND
PA4
PA7
WR\
RESET
PA0
DO
1
2
4
5
6
7
37
36
33
3
8255A
8 A1
40
35
39
34
D1
PA5
PA6
16
9
24
23
22
25
26
27
29
30
31
17
10
11
12
13
14
15
21
18
19
20
32
28
38
A0
PC7
PC6
PC5
PC4
PC0
PC1
PC2
PC3
PB0
PB1
PB2
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
VCC
PB7
PC6
PC5
PC4
PC3
8255A
(PDIP)
TOP VIEW
PIN OUTS
PA7-PA0
PC7-PC4
PC3-PC0
PB7-PB0
D0-D7
RD\
WR\
RESET
A0
A1
CS\

Ten cac chan 8255A:
D
7
D
0
: Data bus (Bi-Direction).
RESET Reset input.
CS\ Chip : select
RD\ Read : input
WR\ Write : input
A
0
A
1
: Prot Address
PA7PA0 : Port A
PB7PB0 : Port B
PC7PC0 : Port C
8255A giao tiep vi Microprocrssor thong qua 3 bus : bus d lie u bit
D
7
D
0
bus a ch A
1
A
0
, bus ieu khien RD\,WR\.SC\.Reset.
Ma lenh, thong tin trang thai va d lieu eu truyen tren 8 ng d
lieu D
7
D
0
. Microprocrssor gi d lieu en 8255A hoac Microprocrssor oc d
lieu t 8255A tuy thuoc vao lenh dieu khien. Cac ng tn hieu RD\,WR\ cua
8255A c ket noi vi cac ng RD\, WR\ cua Microprocrssor.
Tn hieu Reset dung e khi ong 8255A khi cap ien, khi b Reset cac
thanh ghi ben trong cua 8255A eu b xoa va 8255A trang thai san sang lam

viec. Khi giao tiep vi Microprocrssor, ngo vao tn hieu Reset nay c ket
noi tn hieu Reset Out cua Microprocrssor.
Tn hieu Chip select CS\ dung e la chon 8255A khi Microprocrssor,
giao tiep vi nhieu 8255A.
8255A co 3 Port xuat nhap (I/O) co ten la Port A,Port B, Port C, moi Port
8255A bit. Port A gom PA
0
-PA
7
, Port B gom PB
0
-PB
7
, Port C gom cac bit PC
0
-
PC
7
. Cac Port nay co the la cac Port Input hay Output tuy thuoc vao lenh ieu
khien, lenh ieu khien do Microprocrssor gi en cha trong thanh ghi lenh
(con goi la thanh ghi ieu khien) e ieu khien 8255A .
cac ng a ch A
1
A
0
cua 8255A dung e la chon cac Port va thanh ghi
A
1
A
0
=00
2
dung e chon Port A, A
1
A
0
=01
2
dung e chon Port B, A
1
A
0
=10
2
dung
e chon Port C, A
1
A
0
=11
2
dung e chon thanh ghi ieu khien.
Trong s o khoi cua 8255A , cac Port I/O cua 8255A chia ra lam 2
nhom : nhom A gom Port A va bit cao cua Port C,nhom B gom Port B va 4 bit
thap cua Port C. e s dung cac Port cua 8255A ngi lap trnh phai gi t
ieu khien ra thanh ghi ieu khien e 8255A nh cau hnh cho cac Port ung
theo yeu cau ma ngi lap trnh mong muon.
NHOM A NHOM B
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
MODE
SELEC
TION
1:ACTI
VE
MODE
SELECTION
00:MODE 0
01:MODE 1
1X:MODE2
Port A
1:INPUT
0:OUTPUT
Port C
1:INPUT
0:OUTPUT
MODE
SELECTI
ON
1:MODE1
0:MODE0
Port B
1:IN
PUT
0:OUT
PUT
Port C
1:IN
PUT
0:OUT
PUT
Cau truc t ieu khien cua 8255A.

II. CAU TRUC PHAN MEM CUA 8255.
Do cac Port ra cua 8255A c chia ra lam 2 nhom A va nhom B tach
ri nen t ieu khien cua 8255A cung c chia lam 2 nhom.
Cac bit D
2
D
1
D
0
dung e nh cau hnh cho nhom B:
+ Bit D
0
dung e thiet lap 4 bit thap cua Port C, D
0
=0 Port C xuat
d lieu (output), D
0
=1 Port thap la port nhap d lieu (Input).
+ Bit D
1
dung e thiet lap Port B , D
1
=0- Port B la Port xuat d lieu
(output), D
1
=1 Port B la Port nhap d lieu (input).
+ Bit D
2
dung e thiet lap Mode ieu khien cu a nhom B:
D
2
=0: nhom B hoat ong modem 0.
D
2
=1: nhom B hoat ong modem 1.

Cac bit D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
dung e nh cau hnh cho nhom A:
+ Bit D
3
dung e thiet lap 4 bit cao cu a Port C, D
3
=0-Port C la Port
xuat d lieu (output),D
3
=1 Port C la Port nhap d lieu (input).
+ Bit D
4
dung e thiet lap Port A, D
4
=0- Port A la Port xuat d lieu
(output), D
4
=1-Port A la Port nhap d lieu (input).
+ Bit D
6
D
5
dung e thiet lap Mode ieu khien cua nhom B:
D
6
D
5
=00:nhom A hoat ong modem 0.
D
6
D
5
=01: nhom A hoat ong modem 1.
D
6
D
5
=1x: nhom A hoat ong modem 2.
III. GIAO TIEP GIA VI X L VI 8255A .
- Vi mach 8255A co the giao tiep vi vi x ly theo hai kieu xuat nhap (I/O)
va kieu bo nh.
- Khi vi x ly giao tiep vi 8255A. Theo kieu I/O th no ch dung 8255A
ng a ch t A
0
en A
7
, con khi giao tiep theo kieu bo nh th no dung
16 ng A
0
en A
15
e giao tiep, v vay dung lng giao tiep theo kieu I/O
thap hn dung lng giao tiep theo kieu bo nh.
1.Giao tiep kieu I/O.
Khi thiet ke vi x lygiao tiep vi 8255A theo kieu I/O th viec giao
tiep thong qua hai lenh: In addr Port va Out addr Port. D lieu giao tiep
luon cha trong thanh ghi A, a ch port(addr port) co o dai 8255A bit.
Cung giong nh bo nh. Vi x ly co the giao tiep vi nhieu vi mach
8255A. Vi 8255A bit a ch, neu xem moi mot a ch truy xuat mot o nh
th vi x ly co kha nang truy xuat 255 o nh(vi 256 a ch). Moi vi mach
8255A chiem 4 a ch 93 port va 1 thanh ghi ieu khien, nen so lng vi mach
8255A co the giao tiep vi vi x ly la 64.
Khi ket noi gia vi x ly va vi mach 8255A th ng a ch A
0
va A
1

dung e la chon cac cong va thanh ghi ieu khien, con cac ng A
2
-A
7
dung
e la chon vi mach hoat ong, thong thng cac ng a ch nay c a
vao vi mach giai ma roi cac ngo ra cua vi mach giai ma se a chan CS\ cua
cac vi mach 8255A.
V du: thiet ke 2 vi mach 8255 A giao tiep vi vi x ly theo kieu I/O. Ta
co bang a ch cac vi mach 8255A.

IC A
7
A
6
A
5
A
4
A
3
A
2
A
1
A
0
HEX
8255I 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
1
0
1
00
03
8255II 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
04
07


8255I chiem 1 vung a ch t 00
H
en 03
H
a ch cua port A=00
H
, port
B=01
H
,port C=02
H
va a ch cua thanh ghi ieu khien =03
H
.
8255-I chiem mot vung a ch t 04H en 07H, a ch cu a: port
A=04H, port B=05H, port C=06H va a ch cua thanh ghi ieu khien=07H.
2.Giao tiep kieu bo nh.
Khi thiet ke giao tiep 8255 vi vi x ly theo kieu bo nh; ve chc nang
cua 8255 khong co g thay oi ch thay oi ve a ch truy xuat. Kieu I/O, a
ch cua port hay thanh ghi co o dai 8255A bit, kieu bo nh, a ch cua port
hay thanh ghi se co o dai 16 bit giong nh bo nh nen goi la kieu bo nh.
Khi thiet ke IO theo kieu bo nh th moi port hay thanh ghi ieu khien
cua 8255, c xem la tng o nh. Khi o vi x ly giao tiep vi 8255 giong
nh bo nh va 2 lenh IN va OUT khong con tac dung.
Kieu bo nh ch s dung trong cac he thong nho n gian.
3.ng dung cua 8255:
IC giao tiep IO 825 co rat nhieu ng dung trong cac he thong ieu khien
dung MicroProcessor, 8255 ong vai tro la IC giao tiep gia MicroProcessor va
oi tng ieu khien.
Cac ng dung cua 8255 la truyen d lieu, giai ma hien th, giai ma ban
phm, giao tiep ieu khien tuy theo yeu cau.
+5V
D
A
T
A
M
i
c
r
o
P
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
r
CONTROL BUS
D7-D0
WR\ WR\ WR\
RD\ RD\ RD\
CS\ CS\ CS\
8255A 1 8255A 2
8255A 8
A1-A0
a e n ngo va o CS\ cu a ca c 8255A
A
B
C
E0
E1
E2
O0
O1
O2
O3
O4
O5
O6
O7
Giao tiep IC8255A vi Microprocessor.


Chuong x
THIET NE MACH

Ngay nay cong nghe vi x ly phat trien , cac mach so a c tch hp
thanh nhng vi x ly nho a chc nang v the viec thiet ke cac bo ieu khien
dung trong ky thuat ieu khien tr nen de dang hn ,va cac bo vi x ly nay
ngay cang c pho bien rong rai ,va gia thanh khong cao.
Cac bo ieu khien so co nhieu u iem hn so vi cac bo ieu khien
tng t. o la s thch hp cao ve phan cng, tan dung kha nang la p trnh ieu
nay lam giam gia thanh cho san pham.Khi muon thay oi oi tng ieu khien
th chung ta ch can lap trnh lai cho phu hp vi oi tng can ieu khien
,viec thay oi chng trnh ieu khien la chung ta ch can thiep vao phan mem
ieu nay th de dang hn la can thiep vao phan cng va cung ton kem hn
v e cho phu hp vi oi tng ma chung ta can ieu khien th chung ta phai
thiet ke lai phan cng cho tng thch .Ngoa i ra viec ieu khien ca c oi t ng
thng d a vao cac nh luat toan hoc ,vat ly do o viec thay oi phan mem
th hieu qua hn va o cnh xac cao hn
Ngay nay cong nghe may tnh rat phat trien ,chung ta khong ch muon
ieu khien cac oi tng ma con muon thu thap cac d lieu cua oi tng lu
cac thong tin nay lai e so sanh va co bien phap khac phuc cac nhc iem
cua he thong e em lai ket qua cao nhat ,ieu nay cung tr nen n gian v
cac vi x ly co the lap trnh c cho phep chung ta thc hien c mong
muon .
Ngoai ra cac may tnh so con co the ieu khien nhieu oi tng, nhieu
qua trnh trong cung mot luc bang cach phan kenh ieu nay cung c can
thiep bang phan mem.


Hinh 2: s o s lc he thong ieu khien o dung MC8952

Trong trng hp s dung vi ieu khien 8952 e tao bo ieu khien nhiet
o. e tng thch ve mat s dung vi cac bo ieu khien PID so trong cong
nghiep, d lieu ve nhiet o at se c nhap t ban phm va lu tr trong
RAM, d lieu nay se c bo ieu khien so truy cap moi chu ky ieu khien
e tnh toan ieu khien. Do o he thong ieu khien nhiet o nay l;a mot dang
cua he thong ieu khien so hnh 1a. T o ta co the hnh dung he thong nay
mot cach s lc nh tren hnh 2.
Tuy nhien e thc hien tot qua trnh giao tiep gia ngi va bo ieu
khien, he thong can phai co mot bo hien th e trnh bay cac d lieu ma ngi
s dung can, va mot ban phm e ngi s dung co the nhap cac lenh va cac
thong so can thiet cho qua trnh ieu khien.
Cac chng tiep theo trong phan nay se lan lt trnh cach thc tnh
toan, thiet ke cac khau cua he thong: bo x ly trung tam dung MC8952 CARD
thu thap d lieu, card ieu khien cong suat, ban phm va khoi hien th ong
thi trnh bay cach thc tnh toan suy luan va ;lap chng trnh quan ly va ieu
khien he thong.

Nhan d lieu ve
ADC

LO IEN
Khuyech
ai

Nhiet o at
Bo X Ly
Trung Tam
Mach
cong suat
Giao Tiep ieu khien
DATA BUS
AC
CAM BIEN

I/ GII THIEU VE CAC LINH KIEN CHNH TRONG MACH:
MICROCONTROLLER 8952: chc nang cua IC 8952 giong nh chc
nang cua 8951nhng c cai tien hn 8951la co them timer 2 ,co dung lng
bo nh chng trnh la 8K,c them 128 byte ram .Nen phan nay em ch gii
thieu them ve timer 2 cua 8952 ,cac dac tnh con lai em a gii thieu ku
chng II cua phan gii thieu ve ly thuyet
RAM 6264:
RAM 6264 co cau truc 8 KB * 8 Bit co kha nang nap va xoa d lieu
nhieu lan mot cach de dang, nhng d lieu nay co ngay se b mat khi ngat
nguon cung cap. Ram nay co the c lap vao mach khi can en bo nh d
lieu ngoai va co the bo khi khong can thiet.
Cac chan cua 6264:
+ Cac chan a ch A0 4 A12: nh v c 8KB.
+ Cac chan d lieu DO 4 D7: Cho phep xuat, nhap data 8 bit. Qua trnh
xuat d lieu 8bit c ieu khien bi cac chan /CS1 va /OE. Qua trnh nhap
d lieu nay c ieu khien bi cac chan /CS2 va /WE.
U8
MCM6264
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
25
24
21
23
2
20
26
27
22
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
CS1
CS2
WE
OE
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7

+ Chan /CS1: Tch cc mc 0 cho phep EPROM lam viec. Khi cha n nay
mc 1 EPROM che o standby.
+ Chan /CS2: Tch cc mc 1 cho phep EPROM lam viec khi chan nay
mc 1 EPROM che o Standby. Trong ng dung nay chan nay c keo
len 1.
+ Chan /OE: Tch cc mc 0 cho phep xuat d lieu ra cac chan
DO 4 D7.
+ Chan /We: Tch cc mc 0 cho phep nhap d lieu vao cac chan DO 4
D7 e lu vao RAM.

IC 74LS573 : La thanh ghi chot 8 bit khi truy xuat bo nh ngoa i. No
gom 8 D-FF co ngo ra 3 trang thai c ieu khien chot va xuat d lieu bang
chan G va chan /OC.

IC 74LS245:
La bo em d lieu hai chieu 3 trang thai co the ieu khien c. No
c dung e em d lieu vao ra trc khi qua bus 34 chan.
Cac chan cua IC 74LS245:
U3
74LS245/SO
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
19
1
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
G
DIR
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8

+ Cac chan d lieu A1 4 A8 va B14 B8: La hai ngo Data 8bit. Qua trnh
em d lieu qua lai gia hai ngo nay c ieu khien bi hai chan /G va DIR.
+Chan /G: Tch cc mc 0 cho phep bo em hoat ong.
+Chan /DIR: Khi bo em trong trang thai hoat ong, neu chan DIR
mc logic 1 th d lieu cac chan A1 4 A8 se c em sang cac chan B14
B8. Con neu chan DIR mc logic 0 th d lieu se c em theo chieu ngc
lai.

IC74LS244:
La bo em 1 chieu 3 trang thai gom 2 bo em rieng re. Khi chan /1G
mc 0 th d lieu mc chan ngo vao 1A14 1A4 se c em sang cac
U2
74HC573 1
11
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
OE
LE
VCC
1Q
2Q
3Q
4Q
5Q
6Q
7Q
8Q
1D
2D
3D
4D
5D
6D
7D
8D
GND

U1
MOC3020
1
2
6
4
chan 1Y14 1Y4. Con khi chan /2G mc 0 th d lieu cac chan ngo vao
2A1 4 2A4 se c em sang cac chan 2Y14 2Y4. Trng hp ca hai chan
/1G va /2G eu mc 1 th bo em khong c kch hoat.
U2
74LS244
2
4
6
8
11
13
15
17
1
19
18
16
14
12
9
7
5
3
1A1
1A2
1A3
1A4
2A1
2A2
2A3
2A4
1G
2G
1Y1
1Y2
1Y3
1Y4
2Y1
2Y2
2Y3
2Y4

Max232
U3
MAX232
13
8
11
10
1
3
4
5
2
6
12
9
14
7
1
5
1
6
R1IN
R2IN
T1IN
T2IN
C+
C1-
C2+
C2-
V+
V-
R1OUT
R2OUT
T1OUT
T2OUT
G
N
D
V
C
C

Triac :la thiet b co kha nang khoa 2 chieu,tr nen dan ien (t nhan 6 sang
chan 4) khico dong kch(chan 3)va no se ngng dan khi dong kch qua no ve 0
ac iem triac gom 2 SCR mac oi song,c che tao vi dong nh
mc ln,cong suat ieu khien be

Optron triac: ho moc cua Motorola
Q1
TRIAC
3
1
2

Optron triac co kha nang ieu khien khi ap chan 1 va chan 1 qua
zero se kch ong cho dong qua chan 6 en chan 4,optron triac co tan so
ong ngat ln,co kha nang kethp vi cac thiet b ien t khac

ien ap cho phep Dong kch Thiet b
250v 30 Moc3009
250v 15 Moc3010
250v 10 Moc3011
400v 30 Moc3020
400v 15 Moc3021
II/ THIET KE KIT VI X LY 8952
La bo x ly trung tam cua bo ieu khien ,co the thch ng vi nhieu ng
dung khac nhau do chng trnh ma no cha nh : ieu khien ong c mot
chieu,ieu khien nhieto , ieu khien thiet b bao chay Co nhiem vu x ly
cac so lieu cua bo ieu khien ,giao tiep vi cac thiet b ngoai vi,giao tiep may
tnh
Do o kit vi x ly 8952 c thiet ke la kit vi x ly van nang co s o
nguyen ly nh tren hnh trang ke vi cac tnh nang sau:
+Dung e o va ieu khien nhiet o .KIT co the hoat ong ieu khien
nhiet o theo ac tuyen nam ngang hoac a c tuyen theo ham nac vi so bc
co the thay oi theo c nhap trong qua trnh nhap gia tr ieu khien ,lng
nhiet o thay oi theo moi bc ,thi gian ,va thi gian thay oi moi bc .
Trong kit chung ta co the la chon phng phap ieu khien :
+ ieu khien theo phng phap PID cho ra o boc lo be ,thi gian tien
ti xac lap nhanh .Tuy nhien phai tnh toa n cac thong so PID chnh xac cac
khau hieu chnh PID phu thuoc rat nhieu vao oi tng ieu khien ,neu khau
hieu chnh khong tot co the lam cho he thong hoat ong khong on nh
+ieu khien theo phng phap ON_OFF thc hien de dang vi moi oi
tng ieu khien cac khau tnh toan n gian ,tuy nhien thi gian tien ti xac
lap ln ,o boc lo ln
+Khong ieu khien dung e xac nh ham truyen cua lo nhiet thong qua
viec oc gia tr vung nh ngoai sau khi cho lo hoat ong
+ co ngo giao tiep noi tiep co kha nang giao tiep vi may tnh hay cac
thiet b khac co ngo giao tiep noi tiep theo tieu chuan RS232.
+ Ta co the cho kit chay che o
Che o 1: Che o th nghiem: trong che o nay ta ket noi kit 8952 vi
may tnh qua ng truyen noi tiep. Khi o ta co the nap chng trnh ieu
khien di dang ma may cua 8952 t may tnh vao RAM roi cho chay th e
chnh sa; truy cap ca c o nh tren kit.

Che o2: Che o chay: trong che o nay ta s dung chng trnh a
hoan chnh t viec chay th trong che o 1 nap vao EPPROM. Luc nay kit tr
thanh mot kit ieu khien chuyen dung.

T o ta thay ro c iem manh cua kit la ch bang viec thay the
cac chng trnh trong ROM chung ta co the s dung c no nh
mot kit van nang hay kit ieu khien chuyen dung.
Thi gian quet led la 1ms
Thi gian o la 1ms va c lu so lieu o vao ram ngoai sau moi phut
Tnh toan hieu chnh PID
Bo ieu khien cong suat dung timer 0 tao chu ky ieu khien va thay oi t
so thi gian theo phng phap ieu rong xung
S dung IC 8952 co dung lng bo nh chng trnh 8KB
Co kha nang m rong ba port nhap xuat thong qua IC 8255
Bo nh d lieu ngoai s dung IC 6264 co dung lng bo nh 8KB chia
eu cho 2 kenh o
Co kha nang thong tin vi may tnh thong qua IC max232
S dung sau led e hien th co a ch 6000H led se sang khi d lieu xuat
ra a ch nay va c ieu khien thong qua IC chot 74LS573
Bo dao ong dung thach anh 11.059MHZ e kit co toc o (baud ) 9600
phu hp vi toc o cua may tnh ,thach anh c noi thang vao hai chan XTAL
cua IC 8952 va c loc nhieu qua hai tu 30pF
Chan RESET cua KIT c noi vi to hp RC va nut nhan e co the reset
moi khi bat au hoat ong hoac nhan reset khi co yeu cau
Chan EA c noi vi ien tr keo len cho phep KIT thc hien chng trnh t
ROM noi
PORT0:va lam nhien vu Byte thap a ch thong qua IC chot IC74573
va la port d lieu cho he thong c noi vao khoi xuat LED e hien th ong
thi noi vi cac chan D0 en D7 cu a ADC 0809 e oc d lieu o ve
PORT1: c s dung nh port xuat nhap c noi vi khoi nut nhan
thong IC em 74245 e nhap so lieu vao cho KIT .Moi khi co nhan nut thong
qua port1 KIT se nhan biet cai at gia tr cho port ieu khien
PORT 2 :La BIT cao a ch (A8 en A15) cac chan A8 en A12 ben
ram ngoai e phan biet vung a ch cho RAM ,cac chan A13,A14,A15 c
noi en IC 74138 e phan vung cho cac thiet b ngoai vi khac
PORT P3.0& P3.1 :dung e giao tiep vi may tnh qua cong com thong
qua max232 e co the nhan tnh hieu ieu khien t may tinh hay co the lu d
lieu vao may tnh
PORT p3.3 c dung cho viec ieu khien ong ngat lo

bo giai ma ic 74138 thc hien giai ma 8kb cho moi bc

A13 A14
A15
/CS a ch
0 0 0 0 0000H1FFFH dung cho khoi adc
0 0 1 1 2000H3FFFH S dung ng a ch cho
bo nh ngoai ngoai
0 1 0 2 4000H5FFFH S dung cho khoi hien th
0 1 1 3 6000H7FFFH S dung cho ng a ch
8255
1 0 0 4 8000H9FFFH Dung cho khoi m rong
1 0 1 5 A000HBFFFH Dung cho khoi m rong
1 1 0 6 C000HDFFFH Dung cho khoi m rong
1 1 1 7 E000HFFFFH Dung cho khoi m rong

BO NH D LIEU NGOAI :c dung e lu gia tr ieu khien va so
lieu o sau moi lan he thong hoat ong e co the tham khao va oi chieu cho
cac qua trnh ieu khien lan sau ,cung nh xac nh ham truyen cua lo khi thc
hien chc nang khong ieu khien .S dung IC 6264 co dung lng 8KB ,chan
ra Y1 cua khoi giai ma a ch c noi vao chan \CS1 cua RAM nen co a
ch t :
+ 2000H 2FFFH : dung cho kenh 0
2000H 200FH :dung e lu gia tr ieu khien cho kenh 0
2010H 2FFFH :dung e lu gia tr ieu o trc o cua kenh 0
+ 3000H en 3FFFH dung cho kenh 1
3000H 300FH :dung e lu gia tr ieu khien cho kenh 1
3010H 3FFFH :dung e lu gia tr ieu o trc o cua kenh 1
KHOI NGOAI VI 8255:dung e m rong port xuat nhap co a ch c s .
Chan A0,A1 cua 8255 c noi thang vao ng a ch A0,A1 cua khoi x ly
do vay 8255 co a ch
+ 6000H la a ch cua port A
+ 6001H la a ch cua port B
+ 6002H la a ch cua port C
+ 6003H la a ch thanh ghi t ieu khien


III/ THIET KE MA CH IEU KHIEN:
Co 2 phng phap e ieu khien lo :
Phng phap ieu rong xung
Phng phap ieu khien tuyen tnh
oi tng ieu khien la lo nhiet co quan tnh ln ,nen dung phng phap ieu
rong xung co u iem hn ,do khau hieu chnh c thiet ke khong qua phc
tap cho o chnh xac kha tot thi gian xac lap be .Trong khi o phng phap
ieu khien ON_OFF co khau hieu chnh de thiet ke va khau hieu chnh co the
ap dung tot cho moi doi tng ,nhnh no co o vot lo ln ,thi gian xac lap
ln.
Theo phng phap ieu rong xung ,ta s dung port p3.3 e ieu khien
nh mot cong tac ien t e ong ngat nguon ien cung cap ot lo .e am
bao cach ly tot ta can cho qua mach ieu khien OPTO TRIAC co
Do lo nhiet co quan tinh ln nen ta can cho n chu k ieu khien lo phai
ln hn nhieu so vi chu k ien ap li cung cap
R3
1.2K
2 1
C8
1uF
R1
330
2 1
U 220V
U5
LO
1 2
. .
R2
330
2
1
U4
MOC3020
1
2
6
4
P3.4 Q1
TRIAC 3
2
1
MACH DIEU KHIEN LO
L1
10uH
1
2

R1 dung e han dong qua OPTO TRIAC MOC3020
R3 e han dong qua chan kch TRIAC
L dung e han chong hien tng dong vao TRIAC tang ot ngot
To hp RC chong s tang ap ot ngot tren TRIAC
HOA T ONG: khi p3.2 mc 1 se kch dan cho dong qua chan 4 den chan 6
kch TRIAC hoat ong cho ap xoay chieu cung cap lo ,con khi p3.2 khong tch
cc th OPTO TRIAC khong kch cho TRIAC v the triac ngat ap cung cap lo .
V the khi muon tang o nong cua lo ta se thay oi cong suat cua lo bang
cachthay oi thi gian kch T
on
thong qua port P3.3

Phng phap ieu rong xung vi:
T
on
:thi gian kch dan ong
T khien
Khi o cong suat cung cap :P= a*P
max
Vi :
T
T
a
ON
=

IV/ THIET KE MACH BAN PHM :
kit nay ta thiet ke mach ban phm nh mot thiet b ngoai vi gom 6 nut
e co the nhap gia tr ieu khen cho kit theo yeu cau
RESET e tac ong vao chan RST
TA NG e tac ong vaoport P1.0 ,dung e ta ng gia tr tng ng
so ang nhap nhay
GIAM e tac ong vaoport P1.1, dung e giam gia tr tng ng
so ang nhap nhay
LEFT e tac ong va oport P1.2, dung e chuyen so nhap nhay
sang so ben trai ke no
RIGHT e tac ong vaoport P1.3,dung e chuyen so nhap nhay
sang so ben phai ke no
ENTER e tac ong vaoport P1.4,e nhap gia tr tng ng va
chuyen sang nhap gia tr cho thong so ke tiep
Khi co mot phm c nhan th vi x ly se oc trangthai thong qua port
1 e nhan biet phm nao c nhan va x ly tng ng vi chc na ng cua no
e chong doi phm ta thc hien bang phan mem,mot phm ch c
cong nhan khi no c nhan lien tuc 10 chu k may va chc nang tng ng se
thc thi khi no c nha ra
Cac nut khi noi vao port1 c cho qua IC74LS245 e tranh tnh trang
khi nut nhan tac ong ong thi vi x ly lai xuat ra
T
Ton

P1.3
SW6 SW4
VCC
U9
74LS245
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
19
1
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
1
0
2
0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
G
DIR
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
G
N
D
V
C
C
VCC
SW5
R131
1k
P1.4
R132
1k
SW3
D5
LED
VCC
R134
1k
R133
1k
D4
LED
D6
LED
R135
1k
P1.0
P1.1
SW2
P1.2
D7
LED
D3
LED

V/ THIE T KE KHOI NGUON :

S o khoi mach nguo n
+Mach s dung ien ap li 220v_50Hz
+Bien ap 220v_3A du ng e ha the con ien ap khoang 24v
+Bo chnh lu cau gom 2 cau diod dung e chuyenien ap xoay chieu
ra ien ap mot chieu
+Bo nan ien ap gom cac tu phan cc co gia tr 2200F
+On ap gom cac IC 7805 dung e on ap 5v
IC 7812 ,7912 dung e on ap ra dien ap 12v
+Bo loc gom cac tu xoay chieu co gia tr 0,1F
s o mach nguon :
Bien ap
3A
Khoi chnh
lu
Bo
nan 1
On ap
1
Bo loc
2
220v
5v
12v
Comment [V1]:

C1
2200
U1
TL780-12C
1 3
2
IN OUT
G
N
D
C3
2200
C7
0.1u
JH2
0v
1
1
JP3
+5v
1
2
3
4
C6
0.1u
U2
UC7912C
2 3
1
IN OUT
G
N
D
- +
D10
RS407L
2
1
3
4
C2
2200
JP1
+12v
1
2
3
4
5
6
JP2
-12v
1
2
3
4
5
6
MACH NGUON
C5
0.1u
JH3
18v
1
1
- +
D9
RS407L
2
1
3
4
U3
SG7805
SG7805
1 3
2
IN OUT
G
N
D
JH1
24v
1
1
C4
2200
JH4
6v
1
1
Nguon cung cap cho bo nh ngoai :bo nh ngoai dung e lu gi gia tr
ieu khien va gia tr olan trc nen ta can co nguon nuoi bat ke khi kit khong
hoat ong

V1
0Vdc
R4
1k
2 1
C9
C
NGUON NUOI RAM
D12
1N1185A
1 2
D11
1N1185A
1 2
VCC
VCC(RAM)

dung PIN 3,6v cung cap khi tat nguon .Diod D1 dung e ngan
khong cho nguon PIN o vao nguon Vcc, diod D2 dung e cho viec
nguon nap vao PIN khi mach hoat ong


VI / KHOI HIEN TH: Gom 6 led anod chung,hoat ong theo phng phap
chot moi thi iem ch hien th tng led .Do mat ngi co kha nang lu anh
50ms
Nen moi chu k quet led toi thieu la 20Hz,nen chu kid hien th toi thieu la
20*6=120 Hz
VCC
R37
100
B
J3
CON2
1
2
R30 10K
Q13
BF421
2
3
1
VCC
D1
AD0
T
R
2
Q10
BF421
2
3
1
FA G
R25
10k
EF
VCC
E
T
R
1
L
1
D7
U13
LEG7
7642191
0
3
8 5
ABCDEFG
+
+ DP
L1
L
5
AD2
D4
U12
LEG7
7642191
0
3
8 5
ABCDEFG
+
+ DP
D
L4
C
A
T
R
4
L2
R23
1k
VCC
B
C
T
R
2
VCC
E D
R38
100
D2
Q12
BF421
2
3
1
AD4
AD1
U11
LEG7
7642191
0
3
8 5
ABCDEFG
+
+ DP
D5
U14
LEG7
7642191
0
3
8 5
ABCDEFG
+
+ DP
T
R
5
R35
100
AA
D6
U4
74HC573
1
11
2
0
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
OE
LE
V
C
C
1Q
2Q
3Q
4Q
5Q
6Q
7Q
8Q
1D
2D
3D
4D
5D
6D
7D
8D
G
N
D
C
D3
R36
100
G
G
L
4
R19
1k
D
AD5
G
D1
R29 10K
B
G
R26
10K
C
D4
L
3
L3
G
T
R
5
R39
100
F
L5
B
R28
10K
U5
7446
7
1
2
6
4
5
3
13
12
11
10
9
15
14
1
6
8
1
2
4
8
BI/RBO
RBI
LT
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
V
C
C
G
N
D
E
T
R
6
D
U10
LEG7
7642191
0
3
8 5
ABCDEFG
+
+ DP
T
R
1
F
L0
F
R41
100
C
R40
100
G
E
BUS CHON LED
T
R
4
U15
LEG7
7642191
0
3
8 5
ABCDEFG
+
+ DP
C
E
AD7
F
R27 10K
D
B
L
0
CS2
D3
Q15
BF421
2
3
1
A
Q14
BF421
2
3
1
D
D5
A
U6
74LS138
1
2
3
6
4
5
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
7
1
6
8
A
B
C
G1
G2A
G2B
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
V
C
C
G
N
D
R22
1k
D6
B
D7
D
L
2
T
R
3
AD3
E
C
B
Q11
BF421
2
3
1
T
R
3
D2
R21
1k
R20
1k
F
VCC
AD6
R24
1k

KHOI HIEN TH 1 GOM :
IC 74247 e giai ma cho led anod chung ,cac ngo vao IC c lay t 4
bit thap cua IC chot U4 (D0,D1,D2,D3),ngo ra IC74247 c noi vi cac chan
data cu a 6led tren o co ien tr 330O e han dong cho led
IC74138 dung e giai ma chon cho led sang tng thi iem,ngo ra IC
U5 c noi vao cc B cua transito A1015 cua led tng ng , cc C
cua A1015 c noi voi chan 3&chan 8 chan cung cap nguon dng
cho led,ngo vao U5 c lay t 3 bit cao cua IC chot U4 (D4,D5,D6)
khi ta can hien th led nao th cho cac ngo vao (D4,D5,D6) se co mot
gia tr xac dnh
D0 D1 D2
0 0 0 Y0 LED 6
0 0 1 Y1 LED 5
0 1 0 Y2 LED 4
0 1 1 Y3 LED 3
1 0 0 Y4 LED 2
1 0 1 Y5 LED1
LED 6:dung e hien th kenh o va ieu khien ,cac gia
tr t 0-7 tng ng vi 8 kenh o va ieu khien c cha tronh o
nh 20H

LED 5 dung e hien th v tr chc nang tng ng khi
nhap gia tr cho .cuoi LED 5 co au cham tnh se sang len khi LED 5
c kch e phan biet gia phan chc nang va gia tr tng ng e
nhap cua phan chc nang o

Led 5 Chc nang
Tat Chon kenh o
0 Dang chc nang o nhiet o
1 Nap gia tri nhiet o ban au
2 Nap so bc ieu khien
(neu la khong th se ieu khien theo ac tuyen ngang)
3 Nap phng phap ieu khien
4 Chu k lay mau
5 Kp
6 Ki
7 Kd

LED 4,LED 3,LED 2,LED 1 hien th gia tr nhap hoac
gia tr o ve .oi vi chc nang hien th o ve th LED 1 dung e hien
thi phan le con3 LED con lai se gi nhiem vu hieh th phan chang
cho gia tr o .cuoi LED 2 ta s dung dau cham tnh
Cac chan vao cua IC giai ma cho LED lay 4 bit thap va
chan vao e giai ma chon LED lay 3bit ke t 8 ngo ra cua IC chot
LED co a ch t 4000H,ngo vao cua IC chon LED se lay gia tr trc
tiep port 0 cua IC x ly
KHOI HIEN TH 2 GOM: 8 led n e phuc vu cho mach nut nhan va
nguon ien cung cap cho mach
3LED d0,d1,d2dung e bao hieu cho biet mach co c nguon
cung cap khong,khi co nguon cung cap LED se sang len ,khi mot
nguon cung cap nao b s co th LED tng ng ay se b tat .3 LED
nay co gan ien tr noi tiep e han dong,gia tr ien tr :chon
R=330O
250
20.10
5V
R
3
= =

5 LED d3,d4,d5,d6,d7:dung cho mach nut nhan c thiet ke nh hnh _
khi co mot nut nao c nhan th LED tng ung cua nut ay se sang len

VII / THIE T KE KHOI HIEU CHNH PID ZIEGER NICHOL:

1/at tnh lo nhiet c chon phong th nghiem ieu khien t ong co
cac ac iem:
Cong suat van hanh 600W
ien ap van hanh 220V
Buong ot 20cm x 25cm x 25cm

R
U
UI UICOS P
2
~ ~ =

80
600
220
P
U
R
2 2
~ = =

ien tr lo :R=80O

Lo nhiet co ac tnh la lay ien cung cap au vao qua ien tr ot
nong e cho san pham ra la nhiet do ,thc te lng nhie t nay ngoai
viec ot nong e tang nhiet o ben trong lo ma no con cung cap
nhiet ra ben ngoai ,nen thc te phng trnh can bang nang lng
nay rat kho thet lap nen ta xem gan ung bai toan thanh moi trng
nung ong nhat ang nhiet .ta co ham truyen cua lo la

(
+

c T P

1 TS
k

P:cong suat cung cap di dang ien nang
K:he so ty le quan he gia ngo vao va ngo ra trang thai xac lap
T:thi gian quan tnh cua lo nhiet
Theo thc nghiem Zieger Nichol e xuat ra he thong la khau bieu
ien bac cao do tnh chat tre cua lo nhiet

( )
1 TS
e k
s H
Ls
+
=

trong o L:thi gian tre cua lo nhiet
khai ttrien Tay Lo gan ung e
-Ls
ta c ham truyen se la he thong
tuyen tnh bac 2

( )
( )( ) 1 LS 1 TS
k
s H
+ +
=
vay ziegler Nichol xap x he thong vi he bac nhat co khau tre hay
he co khau tuyen tnh bac 2va c xac nh ham truyen bang thc nghiem khi
ve qua trnh qua ohe thong vi ngo vao ham nac


ieu khien
PID so
ZOH KDCS
Ham truyen
lo
Khoi o lng
E(iT)
T
E
s
Bo hieu chnh pid can thiet ke se la:
e thiet ke khau hieu chnh PID ta phai xem khai quat toan bo he
thong c minh hoa nh sau

S) T
S T
1
(1 k G(s)
d
i
p
+ + = (*)
hay viet theo dang khac:
S k
S
k
k G(s)
d
i
p
+ + =
e thiet ke bo ieu khien so th can phai tm dang ri rac e viet
chng trnh ieu khien bang phan mem thc hien bien oi ri rac
hoa khau hieu chnh ta c:
-oi vi khau ty le:

p p
K ) Z(K Gp(z) = =

-oi vi khau vi phan

z
1 z
T
1
)F(z) z (1
T
1
dt
df(t)
Z Gd(z)
1
kT
= = |
.
|
\
|
=

Ham truyen khau vi phan:

Tz
1 z
k (z) G
d d

=

-oi vi khau tch phan : co 3 phng phap tnh tch phan
cach 1 :tnh tch phan theo hnh thang ABCD
Cach 2 :tnh tch phan theo hnh ch nhat ABFD
Cach 3 : tnh tch phan theo hnh ch nhat AECD
Theo cach 1 ta co :
B
E
F
C
D
f(KT)
F[(k-1)T]
[k-1]T kT

f(kT)] 1)T] [f[(k
2
T
1)T] u[(k u(kT) + =

1 - z
1 z
2
T K
F(z)
U(z)
K (z) G
i
i i
+
= =

Bo ieu khien nhiet o dang tong quat :

1 z
1 z
2
T K
z
1 z
T
K
k Gc(z)
i d
p
+ =
(2*)
khau hieu chnh se c thiet ke va tnh toan bang phan memva
c thc hien thong qua phng phap ieu rong xung ,u iem la phan cng
de thc hien ,hoc tnh linh ong cao ,de thay oi cho phu hp vi oi tng
ieu khien
Zieger Nichol a e xuat ra xac nh hang so kp ,thi hang tch phan
Ti ,hang so vi phan Td cua ham hieu chnh thch hp ng voi ham truyen vi
cac thong so (k,T,L)xac nh

Phng phap hieu
chnh
K
p
T
i
T
d
P
L
T

0
Pi
L
T 0.9

0.3
L

0
Pid
L
T
1.2
2xL 0.5xL

oi vi khau hieu chnh thc hien dang 2 ta co:
Kp=Kp

i
p
i
T
K
K =

Kd=KpxTd
Nhan 2 ve cho tha so (1-z-1) roi qui ong 2 ve ta c

( ) | |
| |
1 1 I
2 1
d
1
P
z U(z) z E(z) E(z)
2
T K
T
z E(z) z 2E(z) E(z)
K z E(z) E(Z) K z U

+ + +
+
+ =

( ) | |
| | 1)T] - U[(k 1)T] - E[(k E(kT)
2
T
I
K
T
2)T] - E[(k 1)T] - 2E[(k E(kT)
d
K 1)T] - E[(k E(kT)
P
K kT U
+ + +
+
+ =


1)T) U[(n
T
K
2)T] E[(n
)
2
T K
T
2K
1)T](K E[(n )
2
T k
T
kd
E(nT)(k U(kT)
d
i d
p
i
p
+ +
+ +
+ + =

VIII / THIET KE MACH O NHIE T O :
ai lng nhiet la mot ai lng khong the phan chia nho va
cung khong the o hoac nhan biet thong qua cac ai lng khac ma phai
dung thiet b chuyen e o ta co the dung :
+Dung cap nhiet ien (thermocouple)
+dung nhiet ien tr bang ien tr kim loai hay ban dan
+Dung cacIC cam bien nhiet chuyen dung
LX5700,LM335,AD809
Moi loai cam bien nhiet ieu co ac iem va c s dung moi
ieu kien thch hp
Trong luan van nay ta s dung cam bien cap nhiet ien
(thermocouple) loai K (AL_CR)do co tam o rong (co the o en
1000C)ien ap ra ty le tuyen tnh vi nhiet o e thiet ke trong mach ,de
mua ga ca phu hp
Cap nhiet co cau tao la 2 day kim loai khac nhau ,mot au c
han dnh lai ,mot au c t do .Khi nhiet o tai nhiet o au han dnh
thay oi th au t do se phat sinh ra ie n ap 2 day kim loai do hieu
ng nhiet ien
cac at tnh cua thermocuople:
co tam o en 16000
au o nho gon nen co the o nhung ni co the tch be sc
ien ong c xem la tuyen tnh vi nhiet o
o nhay s=40V/0C
Ta co s tng quan venhiet o va suat ien ong ra tai Thermocuople

T(0C) 0 5 10 15 20
E(m) 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
T(
0
C) 25 30 35 40 45
E(mV) 1.00 1.20 1.41 1.61 1.82
T(
0
C) 50 55 60 65 70
E(mV) 2.02 2.23 2.43 2.64 2.85
T(
0
C) 75 80 85 90 95
E(mV) 3.06 3.26 3.47 3.68 3.89
T(
0
C) 100 110 120 130 150

E(mV) 4.1 4.61 4.82 5.33 6.15

e co the oc chnh xac gia tr o ve ta can phai bu nhiet ,bu cuoi
au t donham tranh nhiet o tai o thay oi lam anh hng gia tr o,e
thc hien viec bu nay ta thc hien mach bu bang cach li dunghe so nhiet
cua diod(co the la transitor)
Chon ADC: hien nay tren th trng co nhieu loai ADC vi toc o
phan giai va cac phng phap bien oi cung nh thi gian bien oi khac
nhau nh:
ADC HB1 la bo adc bien oi 12 bit toc o bien oi 220S
TLC549 o phan giai 8 bit
ADC0809 la 8 kenh 8 bit
Trong luanvan nay chung ta chon IC ADC0809,do Thong dung
tren th trng gia thanh phu hp va co cac ac iem phu hp vi thiet ke
+AD tac ong nhanh thi gian chuyen oi khoang 100-120s tuy
theo tan sung clock a vao
+Co 8kenh hoat ong oc lap nhau
+Khong can tinh chnh cho AD
+Ngo ra co 3 tranh thai co the noi thang ti data bus,xuat tnh
hieu dang song song tng thch mc TTL
+dai tn hieu analog vao chan Vref t 0- 5V
+Dong tieu yhu be toi a khoang0.3mA
+Nguon nuoi 5V
+hoat ong theo phng phap boen oi xap x lien tiep
cach thc hoat ong: khi muon chuyen oi,ta kichs vao chan
start va chan ALE mot xung th adc0809(U11) se xet chan I0 ,I1,I2 e
chon kenh nhan gia tr dien ap analog can chuyen khi chuyen oi xong se
xuat gia tri ve chot tai IC va ch lenh oc ve vi x ly .Trong qua trnh
chuyen oi chan EOC muc khong,khi chuyen oi xong Chan EOC se
chuyen trang thai sang mc1bao hieu ket thuc chuyen oi,do vay ta cung
co the li dung chan nay e oc d lieu ve ,tuy nhien thoi gian oi khoang
100s nen ta co the lap ch 120s chuyen oi xong e oc ve nen chan
EOC khong dung ti
Tnh toan thiet ke mach chuyen oi adc:
+Tnh hieu au o cam bien c a ra oan day bu va keo ti
mach o e noi vao mot trong 2 kenh
+Li dung he so nhiet cua diod (hay transitor) e bu nhiet au t do
cua cam bien ,tnh toan sao cho tong ien ap tren diod khi nhie t o thay
oi va ien ap b thay oi au t do la khong

Ta co:

0
R6
V
R4
V
R3
V
R1
V
0 D R TC
= + + +
(3)
VTC :ien ap au thermocouple
Vd :ien ap tren diod
VR :ien ap tren bien tr VR11 dung e chnh khong
V25 :ien ap ngo ra tren diod nhiet o 250
CD: he so nhiet diod
C :he so nhiet thermocouple
Ta:nhiet o moi trng
Td:nhiet o o
Vi :

) T C(T ) T C(T V
d a a d TC
= =

25) (T C V V
a D 25 D
+ =

t (3) ta co:

0
6 4
) 25 (
3 1
) (
0 25
= +
+
+ +
R
V
R
T C V
R
V
R
T T C
a d R d a

R6
V C 25
R6
R3
V
R6 T
R4
C
R1
C
R6
R1
T C
V
25 d R
a
d a d
0

+
(
=

e bu nhiet ta co phai cho tong cac phan phu thuoc Ta=0:

R1
C
C
R4 0
R1
C
R4
C
d d
= = +

do diod co he so nhiet Cd=-2
chon R1=1,5kO

75k 1.5
10 40
10 2
R4
6
3
=

Ta chon R4=68kO+6,8kO
Cac ien tr R__va R5=820O dung e phan cc cho diod
Bien tr VR11 dung e chnh gia tr 0 cho ngo ra bu
Ta chon ien ap vao chan Vref cua ADC0809 la 5vtng ng 8 bit
0255 nen o phan giai la :

bit
mv
19,6
255
5
255
V
IN
= =

Ta thiet ke cho kenh (tam o 01250) moi bit oc ve tng ng
0,50.Khi ngo vao ADC la 0v th ngo ra ADC se la 00H(tng ng 00) , con
khi ngo vao ADC la 5v th ngo ra se la FFh(tc 127.50)chon he so khuech
ai tang 1 la 25 lan:
R6=25R1 chon R1=1.5kO R6=37,5kO
Ta chon R6=R61+R62=33kO+VR10kO

Chon he so khuech ai tang 2 la 40 lan

R7 40 R7
V
V
R8
R7
V
R8
V
0
out 0 out
= = =

chon R7=2,7kO R8=40x2,7=108kO
Ta chon R8=100kO+VR10kO
Khi o
tang 1 ngo vao la 0.04mv/0C ngo ra se la 1mv/0C
tang 2 ngo vao la 1mv/0CALL ngo ra se la 40mv/0C
oi vi viec thiet ke kenh 2(tam o 02500C) thiet ke tng t ch khac
tang 2 ta chon he so khuech ai la 20 lan khi o
R8=202,7kO = 54kO
Ta chon r8 = 49kO+ VR10kO

Khi o tang 1 ngo vao co o phan giai la 0,04 mv/0C ngo vao
tang 2 co o phan giai la 1mv/0C ngo ra la 20mv/0C
Tang so xung clock cho ADC hoat ong khoang 700 Khz .ta lay t
chan xtal2 cua vi x ly (co tang so khoang 12 Mhz) qua IC7493 chia 16 lan
e c tang so con 750Khz a vao chan clk cua ADC
Cap ap vao VREF choADC ta can ap chuan la 5v,ta s dung IC
TL431dong tieu thu khoang 10ma can ien tr R11,ngo ra IC TL431 c
noi thang vao chan VREF cua ADC

700
10 10
5 12
R11
3
=
=

ta chon R11=680O
Chan star va chan ALE cua ADC noi vao nhau va c lay tin hieu
t ngo ra 2 cua cong NOR e lay tin hieu ao cua 2 tn hieu /CS0 va /WR.
Khi muon bat au chuyen oi ta ch can thuc thi lenh xuat gia tr bat k ra
a ch 0000h e tao xung kch cho ADC hoat ong chuyen oi
Chan OE c noi vao ngo ra 1 cua cong NOR e lay tn hieu ao
cua 2 tn hieu /CS0 va /RD .Khi qua trnh chuyen oi xong ta ch can cho
lenh oc ve t a ch 0000H e lay gia tri chuyen oi ve kit e xu ly
Do thi gian chuyen oi khoang100s nen ta khong can s dung
chan EOC ma tao vong lap e ch khoang120s sau o se cho thc hien
viec oc data ve
Can chnh cho mach hoat ong:au tien ta chnh bien tr VR14 e
ta co c ien ap chuan 5v vao VREF cho ADC
Ta a nhiet o ve 00c ta chnh bien tr VR11 e ien ap ngo vao
tang au la 0v,ke o ta a nhiet o ve 1000c chnh bien tr VR12 e ie n

ap ngo ra tang au la 100mv, sau o ta chnh bien tr VR13 e co ien ap
ngo ra tang sau la 4v
Sau o ta th 1 vai nhiet o bat ky e co the anh gia qua trnh
can chnh cho mach o

Chuong It
Ltt O GIAI THtAT A CHtONG THNH

o nhiet o
Hien th gia tr o
Tnh gia tr ieu khien
P1.0=0
Khi ong bo ieu
khien
chng trnh chnh
Phuc hoi cac thong so ieu
khien a lu trc o
Thay oi thong so
Y
N

Thay oi thong so
Chon kenh
Chonphng phap
ieu khien
Nhiet o at
Bc ieu khien
T thay oi
Ts
Kp
Ki
Kd
Ket thuc

Tang giam
PUSH
DOWN?
NHAY DIGIT 1
PUSH UP ?
PUSH RIGHT?
PUSH LEFT?
PUSH ENTER
giam gia tri digit
tang gia tri digit
dich nhay
sang digit phai
dich nhay
sang digit trai
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Ket thuc

Chng trnh ngat timer 0 : se phuc vu cho thi gian ieu khien Ton
:
s
s 0n
T 20 196
T
255
20) (50000
T
=

=

Ngat timer 0
Nap lai gia tr (196)
Cho timer 0 chay
X20=0
X20=#20
TT0=0
TT0=TS
Udk=0
Ngng timer 0
Ngng ieu khien
Ket thuc
N
N

N
N
N
N

N
N
N
N

y
y
y

Chng trnh ngat timer 1 : tao thi gian cho chu k ieu khien ng
vi gia tr Ts(giay) nhap vao se la chu k T cho bo ieu khien

Ngat timer 1
Nap lai gia tr (-50000)
Cho timer 1 chay
X20=0
Y20=#20
TT1=0
TT1=#20
Udk=Un
Ngng timer 0
Ngng ieu khien
Ket thuc
N
N

N
N
N
N

y
y

Chng trnh con ngat timer 2: se phuc vu ngat ca 2 o nh e em
tao ra bc nhay cho nhiet o .ng sau 10 phut se tang gia tr nhiet o ieu
khien len 1 lng T
thay oi

Ngat timer 2
Nap lai gia tr (-50000)
Cho timer 2 chay
X200=#200
Y200=#200
Ngng timer 0
Ngng timer 1
Ngng ieu khien
Tat=Tat+T
thayoi

Ket thuc
X200=0
N
N
N
N

y
Y200=0
N
N

y
Z18=0

Giai thuat PID : se tnh toan ra gia tr Un cho bo ieu khien co gia tr
t 0255 va se lagia tr 8 bit cho bo ieu khien cong suat khi Un=0 se ngat
nguon ngc lai khi Un=255 se cung cap nguon ca chu k ieu khien

Chng trnh
PID
Tnh En=T
at
-T
o
K
0
=En(Kp+Kd/T+KiT/2)
K1=E
n-1
(Kp+2Kd/T-KiT/2)
K2=E
n-2
(Kd/T)
Un=K0+K1+K2+Un
En-2=En-1
En-1=En
Ket thuc
Y

N

Un<0 Un>255
Un=255
Un=0
Y
N

Giai thuat ieu khien ON_OFF:c thiet ke theo phng phap dung
bo ieu khien r le co tre .sai lech ln hn gia tr ON th ro le mi ong
mach,ngc lai khi sai lech be hn gia tr OFF th r le mi ngat nguon

ON_OFF
En=Tat-To
ON=Tat-20
OFF=Tat+20

En>ON En<OFF
ong nguon Ngat nguon Gi trang thai
Ket thuc


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Luan An Tot Nghiep Thiet Ke Kit ieu Khien Nhiet o

GVHD TS:(co)Nguyen Th Phng Ha 1 SV:Vo Quang Hau

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