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! IA!
UN0 UN0 V! HA0h 90 !Al Ik!Nh

!0! H0 AU
Vc| sa t|ea |c khca aaa caa khca hcc k thaat, 1ac ||et la aaah 1|ea ta 1a aa
Jaa rat ah|ea trca cca ah|ep Irca l|ah vac 1|ea kh|ea, ta kh| cca ahe che tac lca| v|
mach lap tr|ah phat tr|ea 1a 1em 1ea cac k thaat 1|ea kh|ea h|ea 1a| cc ah|ea aa 1|em sc
vc| v|ec sa Jaa cac mach 1|ea kh|ea 1acc lap rap ta cac l|ah k|ea rc| aha k|ch thacc mach
ahc, ca, |a thaah re, 1c lam v|ec t|a ca va cca saat t|ea tha thap
Na aa l|ah vac 1|ea kh|ea 1a 1acc aa Jaa rca ra| trca cac th|et ||, saa pham
phac va chc aha caa s|ah hcat haa aa caa cca aac| aha ma |at, 1ca hc 1|ea ta
aham |ap chc 1c| sca aa caa h|ea 1a| va t|ea lc| hca
e ta| aa Jaa v| mach sc lap tr|ah rat phca pha 1a Jaa, cc ah|ea lca| h|ah khac
ahaa Jaa vac cca Jaa va 1c phac tap c ta| l|ea tham khac t|ea v|et haa che, tr|ah 1c
cc haa va k|ah ah|em trca thac t|ea cca aca kem, aea 1e ta| chac chaa cca ah|ea th|ea
sct
kat mca 1acc ahaa ahaa k|ea 1ca cp, |ap 1c chaa t|ah, a |aa caa a
tha cc caa cac |aa s|ah v|ea
Ihaa 2 aam 1999
Iraca lhacc Icaa
HU0 !U0
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nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com

Iraa
lhAN ! !Y IhUY!I 1
0hU0N0! 0!0! Ih!!U 0A0 00N0 !00!0 00 8AN 2
! 00N0 !00!0 VA (ANl ,h0A0 (0kl ,Kh0N0 (N0Il 2
1 0ca lc|c VA 2
2 0ca lc|c h0A0 2
0ca lc|c Kh0N0
!! 00N0 !00!0 Kh0N0VA (NANl ,Kh0N0h0A0 (N0kl 4
1 0ca NAN 4
2 0ca N0k 4
!!! 00N0 !00!0 !X0k ,!XN0k 5
10ca !X0k 5
20ca !XN0k 5
!V 8!!N 0! 0A0 hAH QUAN h! kA hAH !00!0 NAN, N0k 5
0hU0N0 !! HA0h !00!0 I0 h0l ?
! A0 !!H 00 8AN 0UA HA0h I0 h0l ?
!! lhU0N0 lhAl 8!!U Ih[ VA lhAN Il0h 0hU0 NAN0 !00!0?
!!! lhU0N0 lhAl Ih!!I K! !00!0 HA0h I0 h0l 9
1 lhaa t|ch ea caa 9
2 !ap |aa sa that 9
I|ea haah 1ca |aa hca 11
0hU0N0 !!! 0!0! Ih!!U V! HA0h 90 !Al Ik!Nh 12
1 ![0h 9U lhAI Ik!!N 0UA V! HA0h 90 !Al Ik!Nh 12
2 0AU IkU0 00 8AN 0UA 0A0 h0 V! HA0h !Al Ik!Nh 15
0A0 lhAN H!H h0 Ik0 0UA l! 40
4 0!0! Ih!!U lhAN H!H 9YNAkY0 44
lhAN !! Ih! 00N0 4?
lhAN !!! K!I !UAN 50
Trang 2
Trang 3
0hU0N0 ! 0!0! Ih!!U 0A0 00N0 !00!0 00 8AN
! hAH !00!0 VA (ANl , h0A0 (0kl ,Kh0N0 (N0Il
1 0ca lc|c
0c| A la ||ea sc ah| phaa cc mac lc|c la 0 hcac 1, va Y la mct ||ea sc ah| phaa ta
thacc vac A Y= f(Al
Irca traca hcp aa cc ha| kha aaa xa ra
Y = A, A= 0 th| Y = 0
ha A= 1 th| Y = 1
Y = AU A= 0 th| Y = 1
ha A= 1 th| Y = 0
Kh| Y ta thacc vac ha| ||ea sc ah| phaa A, 8
U Y = f(A,8l
V| ||ea sc A,8 chi cc the la 0 ha 1 aea A va 8 chi cc the tac ra 4 tc hcp khac ahaa
la
A 8
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

8aa l|et ke tat ca cac tc hcp kha J| caa cac ||ea sc va ham sc taca aa c| la
|aa sa that Kh| cc ha ah|ea ||ea sc (A,8 ,0l sc laca ham sc kha J| taa ahaah
Hach 1|ea ta thac h|ea aaa he lc|c
Y = f(A l ha Y = f(A,8l
c| la mach lc|c, trca 1c cac ||ea sc A,8 la cac ac vac va ham scY la cac ac ra Hct
mach lc|c J|ea ta aaa he |aa cac ac vac va ac ra ah|a la thac h|ea 1acc mct ham
lc|c, Jc 1c cc |ac ah|ea ham sc lc|c th| cc |a ah|ea mach lc|c
!aa raa kh| ||ea J|ea mc| aaa he tcaa hcc ta c| la ham sc lc|c cca kh| ||ea J|ea mc|
aaa he ve mach t|a h|ea ta c| la cca lc|c
2 0ca lc|c VA (ANl
ham lc|c VA 1acc 1|ah ah|a thec |aa sa that saa
8aa sa that

A 8 Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
Trang 4
A
B
Y=A.B
Mac
h
A
B
Y
1 1 1

K h|ea tcaa hcc caa ham sc VA K| h|ea cca VA (ANl
Y = A8
0ca lc|c h0A0 (0kl
ham sc h0A0 caa ha| ||ea sc A,8 1acc 1|ah ah|a c |aa sa that saa
8aa sa that
A 8 Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
K| h|ea cca h0A0
Nc ra Y la 1 kh| cc |t ahat mct ||ea sc la 1, Jc 1c chi |aa 0 c traca hcp kh| ca ha| ||ea
sc |aa 0
K h|ea tcaa hcc caa cca h0A0 la
Y = A8
4 0ca lc|c Kh0N0 (N0Il
ham VA va ham h0A0 tac 1ca lea ha| ha ah|ea ||ea sc trca kh| 1c ham Kh0N0 cc the
xem aha chi cc the tac 1ca lea mct ||ea sc
8aa sa that
A Y
0 1
1 0
K| h|ea cca N0I
ham Kh0N0 cc tac 1ca pha 1|ah ha 1ac 9c J| cc sa 1ca hca aa la v| ta 1aa
l|ea he vc|sc ah| phaa cc ha| traa tha| 0 ha 1 c 1c pha 1|ah caa 0 la1
Trang 5
Y
A
Y = A
A
B
Y
!! 00N0 !00!0 Kh0N0 VA (NANl , Kh0N0h0A0 (N0kl
1 0ca lc|c NAN
Xet traca hcp cc ha| ||ea sc A,8 ac ra c cca VA Y = A8 aea ac ra c cca Kh0N0 la
1ac caa Y
Y = A8
Ve hcat 1ca caa cca NAN th| ta cac tc hcp caa A,8 ta lap |aa traa tha| rc| la 1ac 1e
cc Y 1ac Ia ah|ea cc the 1| trac t|ep |aa cach lap |aa sa that saa
8aa sa that
A 8 Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
K| h|ea cca NAN
2 0ca N0k
Xet traca hcp ha| ac vac la A,8 Nc ra c cca N0k la
Y = A8
aea ac ra c cca 1ac se la
Y = A8
8aa sa that
A 8 Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
K| h|ea cca N0k
!!! hAH !00!0 !X0k VA !XN0k
1 0ca lc|c !X0k
ham h0A0 1acc c| la h0A0 |ac cm v| ac khca |a| aet 1acc |a| tcaa cca ah| phaa !
Jc la kh| ca ha| ||ea sc 1ea la 1 th| Y = 1 tha v| la 0 Hac Ja h0A0 aha va vaa cc ah|a thac
te aea vaa 1acc Jaa, ahaa aac| ta pha| 1|ah ah|a mct cca lc|c khac la h0A0 !0A! IkU
(!X0kl cca aa cc ah|a la lca| traca hcp kh| A,8 1ca thc| la 1 th| Y = 0
K h|ea Y = AU 8

8aa sa that
Trang 6
A
Y
A
B
& Y
B
A 8 Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
K| h|ea cca !X0k
2 0ca !XN0k
ham !XN0k 1acc thac h|ea |aa cach them cca N0I saa cca !X0k,
Jc 1c hcat 1ca lc|c caa !XN0k la 1ac sc vc| !X0k
K h|ea Y = A U 8
8aa sa that
8 Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Trang 7
A
B
Y
A
B
Y
!V 8!!N 0! 0A0 hAH QUAN h! kA hAH !00!0 NAN , N0k
Hc| l|ea he cc |aa |aa |a cca AN, 0k, N0I khca ahaa cc the tha |aa cac
cca NAN ma cca cc the ||ea thaah cca N0k vc| caa mct chac aaa lc|c, v|ec lam aa
rat thaca 1acc ap Jaa kh| thac h|ea cac mach lc|c Irca thac te v| tcaa |c sc 1c aea
1acc ket hcp caa mct lca| cca Ja ahat th| se |am 1acc sc laca v| mach caa th|et Qaa
tr|ah ||ea 1c| aa Jaa trea mct aaea tac 1acc tr|ah |a aha saa
0ca N0I 1acc tha |aa cca NAN va cca N0k
aa vac |aa sa that caa cca NAN sa ra traca hcp la kh| ca A,8 1ca thc| |aa 0,
th| Y = 1
va A =1, 8 =1 th| Y = 1
9c 1c m|ah hca

Iaca ta Jaa vac |aa sa that caa cca N0k sa ra
A = 0, 8 = 0 U Y = 1
va A= 1, 8= 1 U Y = 0
9c 1c m|ah hca
0ca AN 1acc tha |aa cca NAN va cca N0k Iaca ta aha cac traca hcp trea, Jaa vac
|aa sa that
Nc ra caa cca AN Y= A8 cca cca NAN Y' = A8 U 1ac Y' = Y
9c 1c m|ah hca
Nc ra caa cca N0k Y = A8 Ia cc Y = A 8 = A 8
9c 1c m|ah hca
Trang 8
A = B Y
A
B
Y
A = B
Y
0ca 0k 1acc tha |aa cca NAN va cca N0k 8|ea thac cca 0k Y = A8, U
Y' = A 8 = A8
9c 1c m|ah hca
- 8|ea thac cca N0k Y' = A8 U Y' = A8 = Y
9c 1c m|ah hca
Trang 9
A
B
Y
Y
A
B
A
B
Y
0hU0N0 !! HA0h !00!0 I0 h0l
! A0 !!H 00 8AN 0UA HA0h I0 h0l
Irca mach sc, mach tc hcp la mach ma tr| sc ca 1|ah caa t|a h|ea ra c thc| 1|em |at k chi
pha thacc vac tc hcp cac |a tr| t|a h|ea ac vac c thc| 1|em 1cIrca mach tc hcp, traa tha|
mach 1|ea tracc thc| 1|em xet , tac tracc kh| cc t|a h|ea ac vac, khca aah haca 1ea t|a h|ea 1aa
ra ac 1|em caa trac mach tc hcp la 1acc caa trac ta cac cca lc|c
!! lhU0N0 lhAl 8!!U Ih[ VA lhAN Il0h 0hU0 NAN0 !00!0
1 lhaca phap ||ea th| chac aaa lc|c
0ac phaca phap thaca Jaa 1e ||ea th| chac aaa lc|c caa mach tc hcp la ham sc lc|c ,
|aa sa that , sc 1c lc|c , |aa Karaaah , caa cc kh| ||ea th| |aa 1c th| thc| |aa Jaa sca
c| vc| v| mach cc ahc (99!l thaca ||ea th| |aa ham lc|c c| vc| cc vaa thaca ||ea th|
|aa |aa sa that, ha la |aa chac aaa 8aa chac aaa Jaa h|ah thac l|et ke, vc| mac lc|c cac
(hl va mac lc|c thap (!l , 1e mc ta aaa he lc|c |aa t|a h|ea ac ra vc| t|a h|ea ac vac caa
mach 1|ea 1aa xet 0hi caa tha |a tr| lc|c chc traa tha| trca |aa chac aaa, th| ta cc |aa
sa that taca aa

h|ah 21 9c 1c khc| mach tc hcp
Nha h|ah 21 chc ||et, thaca cc ah|ea t|a h|ea ac vac va ah|ea t|a h|ea ac ra Hct cach
tca aat, ham lc|c caa t|a h|ea ac ra cc the v|et Jac| Jaa
U1 = f1( x1, x2, , xal
U2 = f2( x1, x2, , xal

Um =fm( x1, x2, , xal
0aa cc the v|et Jac| Jaa 1a| laca vectc aha saa
U = !(Xl
2 lhaca phap phaa t|ch chac aaa lc|c
0ac |acc phaa t|ch, |at 1aa ta sc 1c mach lc|c 1a chc, 1e cac| caa t|m ra ham lc|c hcac
|aa sa that
V|et ||ea thac taaa ta ta ac vac 1ea ac ra (ha caa cc the aacc la|l, v|et ra ||ea thac ham
lc|c caa t|a h|ea ac ra
kat ca kh| caa th|et th| rat ca 1ea tc| th|ea ||ea thac c trea |aa phaca phap 1a| sc ha
phaca phap h|ah ve
Ke |aa sa that kh| caa th|et th| t|m ra |aa sa that |aa cach t|ea haah t|ah tcaa cac |a tr|
ham lc|c t|a h|ea ac ra taca aa vc| tc hcp cc the caa cac |a tr| t|a h|ea ac vac
Trang 10
Mach to h!
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.
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%#
%$
.
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&m

!!! lhU0N0 lhAl Ih!!I K! !00!0 HA0h I0 h0l
lhaca phap th|et ke lc|c la cac |acc cc |aa t|m ra sc 1c mach 1|ea lc|c ta ea caa ah|em
va lc|c 1a chc

h|ah 22 0ac |acc th|et ke mach lc|c tc hcp
h|ah 22 la aa tr|ah th|et ke ac| chaa caa mach tc hcp, trca 1c |ac cm 4 |acc ch|ah
1 lhaa t|ch ea caa
Yea caa ah|em va th|et ke caa vaa 1e lc|c thac cc the la mct 1caa vaa, caa cc the la |a|
tcaa lc|c ca the Nh|em va phaa t|ch la xac 1|ah ca| aac la ||ea sc ac vac, ca| aac la ham sc 1aa
ra va mc| aaa he lc|c |aa chaa vc| ahaa Haca phaa t|ch 1aa th| pha| t|m h|ea xem xet mct
cach saa sac ea caa th|et ke, 1c la mct v|ec khc ahaa aaa trca trca vaa 1e th|et ke
2 Ke |aa sa that
Nc| chaa, 1aa t|ea chaa ta l|et ke thaah |aa ve aaa he taca aa ahaa |aa traa tha| t|a
h|ea ac vac vc| traa tha| ham sc ac ra c la |aa ke ea caa chac aaa lc|c, c| tat la |aa
chac aaa V|ec aa cc ve Je va trac aaa I|ep thec, ta tha |a tr| lc|c chc traa tha|, tac la Jaa
cac sc 0 va 1 ||ea th| cac traa tha| taca aa caa ac vac va ac ra Ket aa ta cc |aa |a tr|
thac lc|c, c| tat la |aa sa that a ch|ah la h|ah thac 1a| sc caa ea caa th|et ke 0aa laa raa
ta mct |aa chac aaa cc the 1acc |aa sa that khac ahaa aea tha |a tr| lc|c khac ahaa (tac la
aaa he lc|c |aa ac ra vc| ac vac caa pha thacc v|ec tha |a tr| l
V| Ja 9c 1c mach aaea l| h|ah 2 Jaa ha| chaea mach A,8 mac ac| t|ep 1|ea kh|ea |ca
1ea Y
Trang 11
Vaa 1e
!c|c thac
8aa
chaa l|
8aa
Karaaah
Ic| th|ea
hca
8|ea thac
tc| th|ea
9c 1c
lc|c
8|ea thac
lc|c
Ic| th|ea
hca
h|ah 2Hach 1|ea ha| chaea mach ac| t|ep

8aa sa that
A 8 3
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1

8aa sa that trea cc 1acc ta xem trac t|ep cac kha aaa cc the caa mach 1|ah h|ah 2
Nea tha the |a tr| lc|c thec 4 cach khac ahaa th| ta cac |aa sa that a, |, c, J ta 1acc
cac ||ea thac lc|c khac ahaa
8aa sa that trca 4 t|ah haca tha |a tr| khac ahaa
A 8 3
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
al 3 = A8
A 8 3
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
cl 3 = A8
A 8 3
1 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0
|l 3 = A 8
A 8 3
1 1 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Ia |aa sa that trea, ta tha raa chaa ta se cc mc| aaa he lc|c khac ahaa aea tha |a
tr| thec cach khac ahaa 0haa ta pha| caa ca vac |a tr| tha the traa tha| 1e xac 1|ah ah|a ca
the caa 0 va1 (tac la ah|a ca the caa |aa sa thatl
Kh| l|et ke |aa chac aaa hcac |aa sa that, cc the khca l|et ke cac tc hcp traa tha| t|a
h|ea ac vac aac khca the cc ha || cam Nhaa tc hcp aa caa cc the 1acc l|et ke, ahaa ta|
ac ra, c traa tha| taca aa ta h| mct Jaa chec U , thaca sa Jaa cac traa tha| 1aah Jaa
chec 1e tc| th|ea hca ham lc|c
Trang 12
d' % = A ( B
d' % = A ( B
I|ea haah tc| th|ea hca
Nea sc ||ea sc taca 1c| |t th| cc the Jaa phaca phap h|ah ve Nea sc ||ea sc taca 1c|
ah|ea, kh| 1c khca t|ea Jaa phaca phap h|ah ve,th| Jaa phaca phap 1a| sc

0hU0N0 !!! V! HA0h 90 !Al Ik!Nh
! ![0h 9U lhAI Ik!!N 0UA V! HA0h 90 !Al Ik!Nh
Iracc thc| k v| mach sc lap tr|ah (lrcramma|le !c|c ev|cel ra 1c|, th|et ke lc|c sc traea
thca th| |ac cm ah|ea v| mach II! lca| H9! va 99! ket hcp la| 1e tac ra cac ham lc|c mca
maca Nhaa aha th|et ke Jaa vac ahaa sach tra caa cac v| mach sc 1e t|m h|ea cac thca sc k
thaat, saa 1c mc| aet 1|ah sa Jaa cac v| mach sc caa th|et chc ea caa th|et ke caa hc |ea |at
lc| caa v|ec th|et ke aa la trca mct |carJ sa Jaa ah|ea v| mach, Jc 1c kh| saa chaa th| ap ah|ea
khc khaa
Vac aam 1975,cca t 9!0N!I!09 1a |c| th|ea v| mach sc lap tr|ah khca cc |c ahc 1aa t|ea
?29100 (h|ea aa la l!9100l c| la maa lc|c lap tr|ah traca (!|elJlrcramma|le !c|c
Arral Napcleca 0avlaa, aac| 1acc c| la cha 1e caa mach lc|c lap tr|ah, lac |a |c la aha aaa
l ahaa aa Jaa l!A caa 9|aet|cs 1a thac sa h|ea raa sa Jaa l!A la phaca phap tct hca 1e
th|et ke va tha 1c| he thca sc Irca kh| 1c, cca t harr|s 1a scm |c| th|ea lk0H, hc tr|ah |a
tr|ea vca caa lk0H va 1a aa Jaa vac trca mct sc mach lc|c
0ca t Nat|caal 9em|ccaJactcr 1a che tac mat aa lap tr|ah chc l!A, caa tac caa ac cm mct
maa AN lap tr|ah kem vc| maa 0k lap tr|ah, chc phep thac h|ea tc hcp tca cac t|ch sc caa ham
lc|c t|ea chaaa 8aa cach ket hcp cca ahe lk0H sa Jaa aaea tac caa ch| vc| kha| a|em l!A,
0av|aa 1a thaet phac 1acc cac aha aaa l cca t 9|aet|cs 1e 1aa Ja aa l!Avac saa xaat
V| mach l!A 1aa t|ea ?29100, la thaah v|ea 1aa t|ea caa hc v| mach !!! (!aterrateJ !ase
!c|cl cc h|ah Jaa 2? chaa 0aa trac caa l!A cm mct maa AN lap tr|ah va mct maa 0k lap
tr|ah, ac chc phep thac h|ea tc hcp lc|c tca caa cac t|ch sc 1ca |aa
K sa Jcha Hart|a 8|rkaer la mct aac| aaa tam 1ea l!A, v| ca a h|ea raa ah|ea phaca
phap th|et ke lc|c 1acc hcc trca traca th| khca ap Jaa 1acc ah|ea trca cca v|ec h|ea ta| c
1c, vac aam 1975 ca a 1a rc| thaa laa 9|l|cca 1e 1ea cca t Hcacl|th|c Hemcr|es (HH!l, 1a
la cca t che tac lk0H va cac v| mach lc|c t|ea chaaa V| va, 8|rkaer cc 1|ea k|ea hca trca v|ec
t|m h|ea l!A va cca ahaa ahaa aa 1|em caa mach lc|c lap tr|ah ahaa 1ca thc| ca caa ahaa
ra khaet 1|em caa l!A la cc ha| maa lap tr|ah 9aa 1c, 8|rkaer 1a 1aa ra kha| a|em mc| ve v| mach
sc lap tr|ah, v| mach aa caa taca ta !!A ahaa tha v| cc ha| maa lap tr|ah th| lA!
(lrcramma|le Arra !c|c l chi cc mct maa AN lap tr|ah va thec saa la maa 0k 1acc |a cc
1|ah (khca lap tr|ah l Nha va mc| cca 0k se cc mct t|ch sc cc 1|ah 1acc ac| vc| ac vac caa
ac, Jc va se |am 1acc k|ch thacc caa v| mach va chc phep t|a h|ea 1acc traea ahaah hca trca
kh| vaa chc phep thac h|ea cac tc hcp lc|c lA! 1acc 1ca vc 20 chaa 9aa mct thc| |aa thaet
phac cac aha aaa l caa cca t HH! tha rc ahaa lc| 1|em caa lA! va 1ca saa xaat V| mach
1aa t|ea thacc hc lA! 1acc phc ||ea la lA! 15!?, lA! 15k4, lA! 15k5, lA! 15k? 0ac v|
mach aa cc thc| |aa traea tr| hcaa 5as Hc| v| mach cc ? ac ra va 15 ac vac, trca 1c k
ta ! trca k h|ea caa v| mach ||ea th| ? tc hcp ac ra tac 1ca c mac thap, k ta k chc ||et cc 4,
5 ha ? thaah h| c ac ra taca aa
9aa mct thc| |aa khc| 1aa cham, cac| caa lA! 1a 1acc th|et ke trca he thca thac Nhaa
cca t ma t|ah m|a| 1a ahaa tha 1acc aa 1|em caa lA! la chc phep hc |am sc |carJ caa th|et
Trang 13
1e thac h|ea tct ahaa ea caa th|et ke, cca t HH! 1a chca phaca phap saa xaat lA! cca 1caa
mat aa che tac thec ea caa khach haa Vac lac aa HH! la| |c| th|ea mct hc v| mach mc| hA!
(harJ Arra !c|cl va 1e saa xaat ahaa ch| t|et aa chc haa ata 0eaeral aaJ ||tal !a|pmeat
HH! 1a tha 1c| cach sap xep cca 1caa mat aa caa ch| va tha vac 1c la lcp l|ea ket k|m lca|
pha hcp ea caa th|et ke caa khach haa Nhaa ch| t|et aa cc ah|ea lc| |ch cm maa la| ahaa
ket aa tct va k|em tra Je Jaa hca ca thc| khach haa caa 1acc lc| hca |c| khca pha| aaa
tam 1ea lap tr|ah va k|em tra cac ch| t|et |ea aa 1a maa la| sa ca| t|ea ve phaca phap che tac
lA!, va 1acc sa chap ahaa caa th| traca Vac aam 197?, HH! 1a xaat |aa sach haca Jaa lA!
1aa t|ea c la mct |acc khc| 1aa 1e lA! mc rca the |c| caa ahaa aac| th|et ke mach lc|c
Nca| ra trca sach haca Jaa cca tr|ah |a Jaah sach chaca tr|ah cc caa aca aa lap tr|ah
!0kIkAN chc lA!A9H (lA! Assem|lerl 1c la phaa mem Jaah chc v|ec th|et ke mach lc|c lA!
lA!A9H cc the ||ea scaa, 1|ah ah|a lc|c chc mct khaca thac Nca| ra lA!A9H caa cc kha aaa
mc phca sa vaa haah trea phaca tr|ah mach lc|c thec aaea tac lA! Irca v|ec l|ea ket vc|
ahaa aha th|et ke 1e 1|ah rc ahaa `vectcr k|em tra, lA!A9H cc the la mct sa that pha hcp Iat
ca ahaa 1ac 1|em caa lA! |ac cm v|ec khac phac ahaa khaet 1|em caa l!A ket hcp vc| v|ec
thac 1a sa Jaa lA! 1a maa 1ea ket aa tct 1ep lA! 1a ahaah chca vact aa hc v| mach !!!
caa cca t 9|aet|cs va 1acc phc ||ea trea th| traca, thaat aa lA! 1a trc aea 1ca ah|a vc|
l!
Irca lac a, cca t 9|aet|cs t|ep tac phat tr|ea hc !!!, va vac aam 1977 9|aet|cs |c|
th|ea hc v| mach !l0A (!|elJ lrcramma|le 0ate Arral ?2910, vac aam 1979 la hc !l!9 (!|elJ
lrcramma|le !c|c 9eaeacerl hc !l0A cc caa tac mct maa AN c mac 1ca vc| ac vac lap
tr|ah 1acc va cac t|ah ac ra caa va chc phep thac h|ea cac ham lc|c cc |aa (AN, 0k, NAN,
N0k, !NV!kIl, caa trac caa hc !l!9 cc chac cac !l|p!lcp 1e thac h|ea cac traa tha| caa ham taaa
ta ca thc| 9|aet|cs caa |c| th|ea AHA3! (AatcmateJ Hap aaJ 3ap !aat|casl la chaca tr|ah
||ea J|ch 1e hc trc chc ahaa v| mach caa hc Iaca ta, ahaa cca t che tac l! khac 1a laa
lacc |c| th|ea ahaa phaa mem hc trc caa hc
0a 2 cca t 9|aet|cs va HH! t|ep tac |c| th|ea ahaa l! mc| 1e 1ap aa t|ah 1a Jaa thec
cac ea caa th|et ke Vac |aa aam 19?0, mach lc|c lap tr|ah 1a 1acc thaa ahaa caa vc| sa phat
tr|ea t|ah 1a Jaa caa !!! va lA! 1a cc ah|ea |a tr| chc ahaa aac| th|et ke Hac Ja sa khc| 1aa
thaah cca caa l!, ta ah|ea chi mct sc |t cac aha th|et ke aea vc| v|ec Jaa l!, mct sc traca
1a| hcc 1a 1aa v| mach lc|c lap tr|ah vac ahaa khca hcc th|et ke caa hc
Ia the, k| thaat lc|c lap tr|ah t|ep tac ca| t|ea va ahaa v| mach phat tr|ea c |a|
1caa tha ha| 1acc |c| th|ea vac aam 19? 0ca t AJvaace H|crc ev|ces ( AHl 1a |c|
th|ea lA!22V10 vc| ahaa 1ac 1|em 1ac ||et la sa l|ah 1ca caa ahaa cca l! c 10
ac vac Hc| cca l! cc kha aaa tc hcp hcac vc| thaah h| c ac ra hcac mct ac vac
0ca 1em ac ra |a traa tha| 1acc 1|ea kh|ea |c| mct t|ch sc r|ea chc phep vaa haah ha|
ch|ea Iat ca thaah h| 1ea 1acc reset ta 1ca trca aa tr|ah tat ha mc va mc| thaah h|
cc kha aaa `1at tracc, 1c la 1ac 1|em 1ac ||et chc v|ec k|em tra saa aa
Vc| ahaa v| mach mc|, 1acc |c| th|ea thaca xaea trea th| traca 1a Jaa 1ea v|ec caa th|et
pha| cc mct phaa mem hc trc trca aa tr|ah sa Jaa l! 1e 1at h|ea aa cac
8c| 0saaa 1a ahaa tha 1acc sa caa th|et caa mct chaca tr|ah ||ea J|ch l! vaa aaa Jaa
chc tat ca l! caa ahaa cca t che tac khac ahaa
Vac thaa 919?, 0ca t Ass|steJ Iechaclc 1a 1aa ra ph|ea |aa 101a caa chaca tr|ah
||ea J|ch l! cc tea la 0Ul!( Ua|versal 0cmp|ler fcr lrcramma|lel 0haca tr|ah aa hc trc chc
29 lca| v| mach, sa ra 1c| caa 0Ul! 1a a 1acc sa cha caa ah|ea cca t che tac 0ca t ata
!0, aha che tac cac v| mach lap tr|ah lca ahat trea the |c| (!lk0H, lk0H, l!l, 1a aet 1|ah
phat tr|ea phaa mem hc trc chc r|ea hc Nam 19?4, ata !0 |c| th|ea A8!! (AJvaaceJ 8ccleaa
Trang 14
!xpress|ca !aaaael, 1c la chaca tr|ah ||ea J|ch l! cc 1ac 1|em taca ta aha 0Ul! ahaa ac
1acc 1aa ta t|ep th| aea 1acc cac aha th|et ke chap ahaa V| va, A8!! 1a scm thec k|p 0Ul! trea
th| traca
9a ra 1c| caa chaca tr|ah ||ea J|ch vaa aaa chc l! 1a thac 1a aea cca ah|ep th|et ke
sc saa saa chc v|ec ap Jaa l! chc ahaa th|et ke mc| Nhaa chaca tr|ah ||ea J|ch vaa aaa
aa 1a 1acc ca| t|ea hca sc vc| cac chaca tr|ah ||ea J|ch lA!A9H va AHA3!, ac 1acc caa cap
chc cac aha th|et ke 1e thac h|ea cac mach lc|c va mc phca ahaa th|et || c la ahaa 1ac 1|em
t|ea chaaa caa ha| |c ||ea J|ch vaa aaa 0Ul! va A8A! J!!0 ( the Jc|at !lectrca ev|ce
!a|aeer|a 0caac|ll Ja 1|ah saa xaat mct |c ||ea J|ch l! tac ra mct t|ea chaaa 1e sa Jaa chc
tat ca cac cca t che tac l! h|ea aa va taca la| Vac 1019?, the J!!0 9cl|J 9tate
lrcJacts !a|aeer|a 0caac|l 1aa ra t|ea chaaa J!!0 tha ` I|ea chaaa khaca thac chaea 1c|
|aa he thca tac Ja l|ea va th|et || lap tr|ah chc l! Ihaa 519?5, J!!0 t|ep tac 1aa ra t|ea
chaaa A, t|ea chaaa aa trc thaah t|ea chaaa chaa chc cca ah|ep l!
Ihaa 719?4, cca t Altera |c| th|ea !l00 c la v| mach sa Jaa cca ahe 0H09
caa !lk0H, ac cc 1ac t|ah la cca saat t|ea tha thap, cc the xca 1acc (Jaa t|a cac t|ml caa mct
sc 1ac t|ah mc rca khacNam 19?5, mct hc l! mc| 1acc cca t !att|ce 9em|ccaJactcr |c|
th|ea la 0A! (0eaer|c Arra !c|cl !att|ce Jaa cca ahe 0H09 caa !!lk0H, cc cac 1ac t|ah k
thaat aha cca saat thap, cc the lap tr|ah ah|ea laa ( xca |aa 1|ea ap vc| thc| |aa xca khcaa va|
|al V| mach 1aa t|ea caa hc 0A! 1acc k| h|ea la 0A!15V? cc kha aaa tha the hcat 1ca caa
lA! (1c| vc| v| mach caa lca|l
Na caa ah|ea cca t tham |a vac th| traca l! 1e tac ra ahaa v| mach 1ac ||et va sa
Jaa ah|ea cca ahe che tac khac ahaa Vac aam 19?5, cca t X|lea tac ra mct hc mc| la !0A
(!c|c 0all Arral 0aa trac caa !0A cc 1caa mct ma traa caa khc| lc|c 1acc |ac aaah la khc|
vac ra va mct maa 1aca Ja l|ea ac| |aa t|ep ac ||et caa !0A la l! 1aa t|ea sa Jaa te |ac
kAH 1ca chc chac aaa lc|c Ua 1|em caa caa trac aa la khach haa cc the k|em tra 1acc
chaca tr|ah caa v| mach, Jc |aa chat Je xca caa !0A, aea caa pha| laa tra caa h|ah caa !0A c |c
ahc aca| V| va, !0A khca 1acc sa Jaa c ahaa traca hcp 1c| hc| sa hcat 1ca aa lap tac
kh| khc| 1ca ma | kem vc| !0A la chaca tr|ah scaa thac XA0I va |c mc phca |ap chc v|ec
saa lc| chc ahaa th|et ke trea !0A 1acc thaaa t|ea
Nam 19?5, cca t 9|aet|cs vc| mct kha| a|em mc| la lH! (lrcramma|le Hacrc !c|cl V|
mach lH! 1aa t|ea caa 9|aet|cs lH!9 501, v| mach aa sa Jaa cca ahe laca cac, va 1acc
1ca vc 52 chaa
Vac aam 19?5, cca t !xH|crcelectrca|c |c| th|ea hc !kA9!0 (!rasa|le Appl|cat|ca 9pec|f|c
70l sa Jaa cca ahe !!lk0H 0H09 V| mach 1aa t|ea la X!7?000 cc Jaa 24 chaa va 1|ea
1ac ||et la X!7?000 cc the tha the chac aaa chc lA! va !l!A caa lca| (khca t|ah 1ea tcc
1cl, 1| kem la mct phaa mem hc trc !kA9!0
Vac aam 19?5, cca t 9|aet|cs aet 1|ah tha 1c| hc !!! thaah hc l!9 (lrcramma|le
!c|c !rcm 9|aet|csl V| Ja aha ta ?29100 thaah l!9100, ta ?29157 thaah l!9157 9aa 1c 2
aam, cca t Actel 1a ca| t|ea khaet 1|em hc !0A la v| mach cc the hcat 1ca khca ahat th|et
pha| cc |c ahc aca| ca thc| cca t 0atelle H|crcc|rca|t 1a cca |c phat m|ah cca ahe 0aAs
(0all|am Arsea|Jel ac 1|em caa cca ahe aa la ca| t|ea tcc 1c , cca saat caa cac v| mach trea
aea taa la cca ahe s|l|cca, chc phep v| mach lam v|ec vc| tcc 1c ahaah hca cca saat t|ea taa kh|
c mac traa ||ah
Ua Jaa 1aa t|ea caa cca ahe 0aAs 1acc cca t 0atelle 1aa ra la ph|ea |aa caa lA!
22V10 Ua 1|em caa mach aa la chc phep v| mach 0aAs cc the taca hcp vc| cac v| machII!, Jc
1c cca ahe 0aA9 1a 1acc aa Jaa rca ra| 9aa mct thc| |aa ca| t|ea khca aaa, ahaa l!
the he saa 1a 1acc aa Jaa rca ra| trca k thaat phaa caa, ac trc thaah cca ca caa th|et chc
ahaa k sa th|et ke
Trang 15
9a phat tr|ea trca cca ah|ep l! ac| r|ea va vc| cca ah|ep |aa Jaa ac| chaa 1a tac
aea sa caah traah caa cac cca t che tac l! trea the |c| c 1c, 1a cc ah|ea xaa 1ct xa ra
|aa cac cca t trca v|ec caah traah th| traca
Vac aam 19?5 cca t HH! 1a k|ea ha| cca tAltera va !att|c v| 1a v| pham |aa aea lA!
Ket aa la ha| cca t aa 1a chap ahaa thaa k|ea va pha| maa |aa aea 9aa 1c cca t HH! maa
cc phaa trca cca t X|l|a va sc haa |aa aea hc !0A 9aa 1c 1 aam cca t HH! hcp vc| AH
trc thaah mct tap 1caa saa xaat cac l|ah k|ea |aa Jaa haa 1aa trea the |c| Ia 1a hcp ahat ha|
cca t ahaa hc vaa t|ep tac phat tr|ea cac hc v| mach h|ea cc v| ahaa hc l! aa 1a trc aea
phc ||ea trea th| traca Vac aam 19?7, cca t Nat|caal 9em|ccaJactcr 1a maa la| cca t
!a|rch|lJ va t|ep tac phat tr|ea hc lA! !A9Il!A trea th| traca
!! 0AU IkU0 00 8AN 0UA 0A0 h0 V! HA0h !Al Ik!Nh (l!l
V| mach sc lap tr|ah tra| aa thc| |aa Ja| phat tr|ea va ca| t|ea 1a thac sa mc ra mct haca 1|
mc| chc ahaa aha th|et ke Ua 1|em caa l! la |a| aet 1acc vc sc ahaa vaa 1e th|et ke ahc
vac ah|ea hc l! khac ahaa Nhaa hc v| mach aa cc caa trac va cca ahe che tac khac ahaa,
Jc 1c chaa cc ahaa 1ac 1|em r|ea 1e aa Jaa vac ah|ea l|ah vac trca cca a|ep Hac khac
aac| th|et ke cca aaa tam 1ea cac thca sc k thaat caa v| mach aha tcc 1c, cca saat t|ea tha,
aaca caa cap va cca ca hc trc 1e lap tr|ah
1 hc v| mach lk0H (lrcamma|le keaJ 0al Hemcrl

lk0H c| la |c ahc chi 1cc lap tr|ah 1acc a la hc v| mach 1aa t|ea 1acc sa Jaa aha la
ahaa v| mach sc lap tr|ah thec aaa 1|em caa v| mach sc 0aa trac caa lk0H rat 1ca |aa |ac
cm mct maa te |ac ahc vc| ahaa 1aca 1|a chi ac vac va ahaa 1aca Ja l|ea ac ra 9c
1aca 1|a chi va Ja l|ea chc ||et ma traa ahc caa lk0H Hct lk0H 1ca |aa 1acc tr|ah |a c h|ah
1
Nc vac Nc ra
h|ah 1 Ir|ah |a mct lk0H 1ca |aa
lk0H cc 5 1aca 1|ea kh|ea ac vac chc phep tac ra 2 tc hcp lc|c va ? 1aca Ja l|ea ra
tac thaah mct ma traa ahc 2x?, v| va cc tca cca 255 te |ac ahc 0aa trac caa lk0H cm
mct maa AN cc 1|ah thec saa la maa 0k lap tr|ah, 1acc m|ah hca c h|ah 2
Trang 16
A4
A)
A$
A#
A*
+7
+,
+-
+4
+)
+$
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+*
h|ah 7 9c 1c lc|c caa lk0H

0ha th|ch
aa X trca h|ah ||ea h|ea ahaa 1|em lap tr|ah (1acc ket ac| thca aa |l

aa cham trca ||ea th| ac| 1c 1acc ac| cc 1|ah
0 maa AN cc 1|ah cc 15 ||ea 1acc chca va l|ea ket vc| 4 t|a h|ea ac vac maa 0k c
1c |at k| mct l|ea ket aac || lca| |c (ah|a la caa ch| c 1c || 1at, th| ||ea 1c se khca cc mat c ||ea
thac ac ral
0ac ham c ac ra tha 1c| ta thacc vac sa ket ac| caa cac ||ea c ac vac
lk0H thaca 1acc sa Jaa 1e |a| ma 1|a chi va aa Jaa 1e laa tra Ja l|ea Kh| th|et ke cac
lk0H, aac| th|et ke pha| cha 1ea sa tha 1c| mac lc|c ac vac (xa ra trca thc| |aa aaal kh|
Trang 17
./nh ).$ 9c 1c lc|c caa lk0H
1|a chi ac vac tha 1c| lhaca thac h| caa lk0H la kh| cc mct t|a xaa clcck 1ca |c th| mach
ac ra chaea saa traa tha| khac ac 1|em aa se |ap khac phac 1acc vaa 1e tap ah|em c
lk0H
Kh| khac sat lk0H, aac| ta thaca aaa tam 1ea tcc 1c tra xaat Ja l|ea Ihca thaca
cac lca| lk0H cc thc| |aa tra xaat Jac| 50 as 0ac lca| lk0H thaca sa Jaa cca ahe laca
cac la aaea tac cc |aa 1e che tac Ia ah|ea, khca hcc t|ea |c 1a phat m|ah ra cca ahe 0H09
chc phep rat aaa thc| |aa tra xaat 0ca ahe 0H09 1acc Jaa 1e che tac !lk0H, 1c la mct
Jaa lk0H cc the xca 1acc |aa t|a cac t|m Nc 1a tac ra mct |acc t|ea 1aa ke aha !lk0H
h9570255! caa cca t hafer9cale !aterat|ca cc Jaa laca 2Kx? vc| thc| |aa tra xaat la
55 as, cca t 0press 9em|ccaJatcr |c| th|ea lk0H 0Y70245 cc Jaa laca la 204?x? vc|
thc| |aa tra xaat la 25 as
Irea 1a la mct va| v| Ja chc tha cca ahe 0H09 1acc chap ahaa chc ahaa aa Jaa th|et ke
mach
2 hc v| mach !l!A ( !|elJ lrcamma|le !c|c Arral
hc v| mach !l!A 1aa t|ea 1acc cca t 9|aet|cs |c| th|ea vac aam 1975 0aa trac caa !l!A la mct maa AN
0k 1ca |aa, 1acc tr|ah |a c h|ah
Haa AN 0k cc the lap tr|ah 1e thac h|ea 4 ham lc|c |at k| vc| ha| ||ea ac vac Hc| ||ea ac vac 1acc 1aa aa
cca 1em 1e tac ha| mac lc|c 0 va 1 Hc| mac lc|c aa 1acc ac| vc| ac vac cca AN thca aa mct caa ch| lap
tr|ah Iat ca 4 caa ch| 1acc |a aaea
Nea tat ca caa ch| 1ea thca, v| Ja aha cca ANK th| ||ea thac ac ra chc cca se la
K=A AN A AN 8 AN 8 = AA88
Ia ket aa trea chc tha ac ra caa cca AN laca c mac thap, 1|ea aa khca cc lc| Ia ah|ea aea ta lap tr|ah
chc 4 caa ch| trea, v| Ja ta chca A x 8, lac aa |a tr| caa 2 ||ea aa se khca cc trca ||ea thac
8|ea thac ac ra cca AN K la K= A8
Naea tac c 1a la laa chca ahaa |a tr| 1e lap tr|ah, kh| mct caa ch| 1acc chca ah|a la |a tr| caa ac se khca
cc mat trca ||ea thac
Trang 18
h|ah 9c 1c ||ea thac ac ra caa !l!A
!aa maa 0k trca mach c h|ah4 Hc| ac ra cca AN 1acc ac| tc| 1 ac vac
cca 0k thca aa mct caa ch| va mct |cJe Xet ||ea thac !1 |a sa cac caa ch| 1ea
thca, ta cc
!1= K ! H N
Vc| K,!,H,N la ahaa t|ch sc caa AX8, !1 la tca cac t|ch sc caa ha| ||ea A va 8 8a
|c ta se lap tr|ah |aa cach lam 1at cac caa ch| th| cac sc haa aa vc| ahaa caa ch| ||
1at se khca cc mat trca ||ea thac 8aa cach lap tr|ah cac caa ch| c maa AN 0k
(ah|a la lca| |c |a tr| |a tr| caa ac trca ||ea thacl !l!A cc the tac ra cac ham lc|c
khac ahaa thec mach th|et ke chi vc| ha| ||ea ac vac !aa ahaa |cJe trca maa 0k
1acc Jaa 1e |ac ve aaa mach
9c 1c mach trca h|ah 4 la mct v| Ja 1ca |aa caa hc v| mach maa lc|c lap tr|ah
traca Nea v| mach Jc cca t che tac 1a 1acc lap tr|ah |aa cca 1caa mat aa vc| cca
ahe laca cac th| chaca trt|ah cc 1|ah khca tha 1c| 1acc c 1c v| mach aa 1acc c|
la l!A Nea v| mach 1acc saa xaat 1e aac| sa Jaa cc the lap tr|ah th| c| la !l!A

Trang 19
0 B A
1) 1$ 1# 1*
B
2
B
3
B
7
B
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B
-
B
4
B
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hc v| mach !l!9 ( !|elJ lrcrama|le !c|c 9eaeacerl
hc !l!9 1acc |c| th|ea vac aam 1979, !l!9 cc caa trac mc phca thec caa trac caa
!l!A ahaa 1acc |c saa them ahaa thaah h| chc phep `prelcaJ|a traa tha| caa th|et
|| Hct va| thaah h| c ac ra 1acc 1aa hc| t|ep ve maa AN lap tr|ah va mct sc khac cc
ahaa thaah h| aam (ahaa thaah h| 1acc |c saa trea ch|p va khca ac| vc| chaa caa
ac vac ha ac ral |c saa vc| thaah h| ac ra, ac cc the hc| t|ep hcac khca hc| t|ep
./nh ).- . 9c 1c lc|c !l!9 l!9157
Trang 20
9c 1c lc|c caa v| mach l!9157 1acc cca t 9|aet|cs |c| th|ea 1acc tr|ah |a c
h|ah 5, cc h|ah Jaa |ea aca| 20 chaa, cc caa trac15x45x12 l!9157 cc 5 thaah
h| va 5 tc hcp c ac ra 0ac tc hcp c ac ra cc chac aaa ahat, ahaa thaah h| 1acc
caa tac |aa ahaa cca 1ac H(H
0
H
5
l 0aa trac mc| caa l!9157 cc ahaa 1ac 1|em
1aa laa la ahaa thaah h| chc phep chct ahaa t|a h|ea c ac vac va ahaa t|a h|ea
aa 1acc 1aa tc| maa AN Nca| ra v| mach cca 1acc th|et ke mct maa |c saa (maa
|al a la tca sc haa |a va 1acc thac h|ea aha mct ac vac caa maa AN, ac chc
phep |c saa them ah|ea tc hcp
4 hc v| mach !l0A ( !|elJ lrcamma|le 0ate Arral
hc !l0A 1acc 9|aet|cs |c| th|ea vac aam 1977 1acc sa Jaa 1e tha the chc ahaa
cca ah|ea ac vac t|ea chaaa, caa trac caa ac |ac cm mct maa AN lap tr|ah, vc| lap
tr|ah cac t|ah c ac ra 0hi vc| mct cca AN cc the ||ea 1c| thaah cca NAN, N0k ha
cca 0k Hc| cca AN trca !l0A cc the ||ea 1c| thaah cac cca lc|c khac ahaa
!l0A caa 1acc |c saa l|ah 1ca hca ahaa cca t|ea chaaa khac V| mach 1a| J|ea
chc hc !l0A la l!9151, cc h|ah Jaa 20 chaa 1acc tr|ah |a c h|ah 5 l!9151 cc 5
ac vac, 12 ac ra va cc t|a h|ea hc| t|ep 1aa ve maa AN 1acc sa Jaa aha ahaa ac
vac 0c them t|ch sc 1acc tac ra |c| 1aca 1|ea kh|ea, cac t|a h|ea aa 1|ea kh|ea
ahaa cca 1em ac ra traa tha| !l0A th|ch hcp trca cac th|et ke 1e |a| ma 1|a chi
va 1acc them vac cac chac aaa khac
5 hc v| mach lA! ( lrcramma|le Arra !c|cl
lA! la mct hc phc ||ea ahat trca hc l! 1acc H0N0!!Ih!0 H!H0k!!9 !N0 |c|
th|ea vac aam 197? lA! 1acc 1aa k |aa aea ve caa trac caa cca t HH! 0aa trac
caa lA! |ac cm mct maa AN lap tr|ah thec saa la mct maa 0k cc 1|ah, caa trac aa
1acc ca| t|ea ta ahaa khaet 1|em caa hc !l!A h|ah 7 m|ah hca chc caa trac 1ca |aa
caa lA! c lca| |c v|ec sa Jaa caa ch| c maa 0k, Jc 1c sc laca t|ah the 9|l|cca 1acc
sa Jaa |am, Jaa 1ea |a thaah caa lA! thap hca sc vc| !l!A Hat khac thc| |aa tr|
hcaa caa lA! aaa hca sc vc| !l!A Jc |am 1acc sa tr| hcaa kh| traea aa maa 0k
Khac sat lA!15!? cc h|ah Jaa 20 chaa sc 1c lc|c 1acc tr|ah |a c h|ah ? V|
mach aa cc ? tc hcp ac ra, mc| ac ra 1acc 1ac vc| 7 t|ch sc caa ac vac, 5 trca ?
ac ra 1acc hc| t|ep ve maa AN, chc phep ahaa chaa aa 1acc sa Jaa vc| chac aaa
!0 c lA!15!? cc ac ra tac 1ca c mac thap aea ac cc the ket hcp vc| cac !0 khac
caa mct mac tac 1ca
Trang 21
h|ah 5 9c 1c lc|c caa !l0A l!9151
Trang 22
!
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2
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1
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2
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h|ah 7 9c 1c lc|c caa lA!
Trang 23
Ma4ng 15
Ma4ng A6+
h|ah ? 9c 1c lc|c caa lA!15!?

Trang 24
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lA!15!? 1acc aa Jaa trca l|ah vac |a| ma 1|a chi, ac thaaa t|ea trca v|ec ket hcp
vc| cac |c v| xa l va th|et || aca| v| v| caa mct mac tac 1ca Vc| ahaa 1ac t|ah aha
tcc 1c taca 1c| cac, |a thaah thap, thc| |aa traea tr| hcaa khcaa 7,5as aea lA!15!?
rat phc ||ea trca cca ah|ep l! Nca| ra lA!15!? cc mct 1ac 1|em mc| sc vc| cac hc
tracc la cc caa ch| |ac ve, ac Jaa 1e chca sa sac chep, |ap |ac ve ac| Jaa |ea trca
Nca| lA!15!? cca t HH! cca |c| th|ea cac lca| v| mach khac aha lA!15k4,
lA!15k5, lA!15k? 0ac v| mach aa cc caa tac |ca aha lA!15!? ahaa c ac ra sa
Jaa them cac !! 1e chct t|a h|ea ac ra
Hct the he v| mach lA! 1acc cca t AH |c| th|ea la lA!22V10 vc| h|ah Jaa
24 chaa 1acc che tac |aa cca ahe 0H09 tha the chc cca ahe laca cac ac traa
caa v| mach aa la c ac ra 1acc chc aa cca l!
Nca| v|ec taa sc ||ea ac vac v| mach aa cca cc mct sc 1ac 1|em aaa la trca
ham lc|c cac thaah phaa t|ch sc cc the tha 1c| ta ? 1ea 15 ||ea |ea aa se |ap chc v|
mach thac h|ea ah|ea phaca tr|ah phac tap Nhc vac caa tac c ac ra cac cca l! aea
cac ac ra hcac vac caa v| mach cc 1ac t|ah |ac t|ep 2 ch|ea, 1|ea aa lam taa kha aaa
xa l caa v| mach va tac sa thaaa lc| chc v|ec th|et ke c ahaa 1ac 1|em 1a 1acc ca| t|ea
aea cac the he v| mach lA! 1acc phc ||ea rca ra| (1ac ||et la ahcm v| mach 20 chaal va
lA! 1acc xem la hc v| mach 1a| J|ea chc hc v| mach sc lap tr|ah
Nca| ra cac cca t che tac lA! cc chca laa trca v|ec k h|ea cac sc trea mct v|
mach |ea aa caa cap chc aac| sa Jaa ahaa thca t|a caa th|et cc l|ea aaa 1ea aa
Jaa caa v| mach 0ac k h|ea trca v|ec 1aah sc caa hc lA! ac| chaa |ac cm 2 sc 1em
1acc tach rc| ahaa |c| 1 ha 2 k ta 9c 1aa t|ea trca tea v| mach chc ||et sc ac vac
caa v| mach (1a ch|ah la sc ||ea ac vac caa maa ANl 9c tha ha| ||ea th| sc ac ra
caa v| mach K ta aam |aa 2 sc chi ra ah|a cac thacc t|ah caa ac ra Hct sc ma k
ta cc ah|a la
h tac 1ca mac thap
! tac 1ca mac cac
l tac 1ca ac ra cc the lap tr|ah
0 phaa |c saa cac ac ra
9 |c taaa ta
0ac k h|ea caa v| mach hc lA! 1acc xem la ahaa haca Jaa cc |aa caa v|
mach Nca| ra cac cca t che tac cca caa cap |aa thca sc k thaat va sc 1c lc|c caa
v| mach kem thec 1e lam ta| l|ea tham khac chc cac aha th|et ke
5 hc v| mach 0A! ( 0eaer|c Arra !c|cl
0A! la mct ahcm caa cca ahe !!l!, ac 1acc |c| th|ea va phat tr|ea |c| cca t
!att|ce 9em|ccaJactcr 0cmp 0ca t aa 1a 1aa ra mct kha| a|em ve cca l! cc k h|ea la
0!H0s (0atpat !c|c Hacrccellsl
Trang 25
h|ah 9 9c 1c lc|c caa 0A!15V?
V| mach aa caa cc ahaa 1ac 1|em la cc the xca |aa 1|ea va lap tr|ah la| |aa cac
phaa mem va cca ca hc trc Khac sat caa trac caa v| mach 0A!15V? 1acc tr|ah |a c
h|ah 10, 0A!15V? cc h|ah Jaa 20 chaa la mct v| mach phc ||ea trca hc 0A!
Trang 26
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Hc| mct 0!H0 cc ? ac vac taca 1aca vc| ? t|ch sc trca mct ||ea thac
Nca| ra 0!H0 caa cc t|a h|ea hc| t|ep 1aa ve 1e 1|ea kh|ea, t|a h|ea xaa 1ca hc,
t|a h|ea hc| t|ep ve maa AN 0ac v| mach 0A! 1ea cc hc trc ahaa thaah h|
`lrelcaJ, 1|ea aa cc |ch trca v|ec k|em tra v| mach Hat khac mct the he v| mach
mc| 1acc phat tr|ea la v| mach lap tr|ah he thca k h|ea la |sp!!! (!asstem
lrcamma|lel
V| mach 1aa t|ea la |sp0A!153?, caa trac caa ac aa |ca vc| 0A!15V?
ahaa 1acc them vac 4 chaa 1e 1|ea kh|ea lap tr|ah Irca he thca |sp0A!153?
chc phep cha k lap tr|ah la 10000 laa va Ja l|ea 1acc |a cc 1|ah trca khcaa
thc| |aa 20 aam c caa la a 1|ah caa ahaa v| mach thec aaea tac !lk0H
0aa trac caa hc 0A! la sa lap la| caa trac caa hc lA! va ahaa 1ac 1|em caa hc
0A! 1acc th|et ke 1e ket hcp vc| ahaa v| mach hc lA! |ea aa 1acc the h|ea aa
v|ec k h|ea cac v| mach hc 0A! va caa trac te |ac |ac ve caa ac
7 hc v| mach l!!! (lrcamma|le !lectr|all !rasa|le !c|cl
hc l!!! 1acc cca t !ateraat|caal 0mcs Iechaclc !N0 |c| th|ea Nc 1acc che
tac vc| cca ahe !!lk0H 0aa trac caa l!!! caa taca ta aha lA! va 0A!, ac
1acc xca |aa 1|ea va lap tr|ah caa ahc vac phaa mem hc trc Khac sat v| mach
l!!!1?0V? 1acc tr|ah |a c h|ah 10
V| mach cc 20 chaa vc| ? ac ra 1acc caa tac |c| cca l!, mc| ac ra cc ?
t|ch sc trca mct ham caa ||ea thac va cc mct t|ch sc r|ea 1e 1|ea kh|ea cca 1em
ac ra 0ac t|ah ac ra caa 1acc lap tr|ah cac thaah h| c ac ra caa v| mach 1acc
keset khca 1ca |c, aca| ra cac thaah h| cc the 1acc chct |ea trca kh| ac ra
1acc 1|ea kh|ea |c| mct ||ea thac caa tca cac sc haa caa ac vac ac 1|em aa
1acc ca| t|ea hca sc vc| cac v| mach lA!15V10 ha 0A!15V?
Trang 27
h|ah 10 9c 1c lc|c caa l!!!1?0V?
? hc v| mach !l! (!rasa|le l!l
0ca t Altera laa 1aa t|ea |c| th|ea thaat aa xca cac l! |aa t|a cac t|m
Trang 28
Vac0lk
Nc vac
Nc vac
Nc vac
Nc vac
Nc vac
Nc vac
Nc vac
Nc vac
Vacra
Vacra
Vacra
Vacra
Vacra
Vacra
Vacra
Vacra
Ia kh| khc| 1aa, cca t Altera tha 1c| cca ahe che tac l! ta cca ahe laca cac
saa cca ahe 0H09 v| cca ahe 0H09 1at 1acc h|ea saat cac ve khca |aa (mat 1c
t|ch hcp cac hcal Nha lA!15!? cc mat 1c t|ch hcp ta 100 lea 150 cca, lA!22V10
cc 500 1ea 500 cca va !l10 (la v| mach 1a| J|ea chc hc !l!l cc trea 1000 cca
h|ah 12 tr|ah |a sc 1c khc| caa !l10 cc 20 chaa caa trac cm ? cca l!, xaa
xca khca 1ca |c va cc the 1at tracc cac t|ch sc
0aa trac caa cca l! |ac cm ca khc| 1|ea kh|ea caa trac !0 0aa h|ah caa A08
|ca aha caa trac caa cca l! caa v| mach lA! va 0A! ahaa cc chac aaa hcat 1ca
1ca |aa hca Irca 1c mc| cca cc ? ||ea ac vac caa vc| mct ||ea 1e 1|ea kh|ea cca
1em ac ra Nhc vac caa trac A08 !0 ma !l10 cc cac t|a h|ea tc hcp ac ra tac 1ca
c mac cac hcac thap ha cac t|a h|ea 1acc h| caa tac 1ca c mac cac hcac thap c| vc|
t|a h|ea hc| t|ep ve maa AN 1acc 1aa ve ta thaah h| c ac ra 0ac cca 1em ac ra
1acc 1|ea kh|ea |aa cac ||ea r|ea chc phep cac chaa caa v| mach cc the hcat 1ca ha|
ch|ea Nca| ra !l10 caa cc caa ch| |ac ve chca sac chep va |c 1a caa ch| |ac ve
trc thaah mct t|ea chaaa chc cac the he l! mc| Hct sc v| mach t|ea ||ea chc hc !l! la
!l900, cc caa tac 40 chaa, |ea trca cc 24 khc| A08, mat 1c t|ch hcp hca 1000 cca
vc| cac tc hcp ac ra cc laa chca Nhaa trca taca la| k thaat aa caa phat tr|ea th|
mat 1c t|ch hcp cc the lea 1ea hca 10000 cca lc|c trca mct ch|p
Nca| v| mach !l900 th| cca t Altera cca |c| th|ea v| mach !l1?00 cc 5?
chaa vc| cac chac aaa 1acc mc rca hca sc vc| !l900 v| sc cca lc|c trca !0 1acc
taa ap 1c| va sc ac vac caa va V| mach !l1?00 cc the thac h|ea 1ca thc| 4 chac
aaa khac ahaa, cc the xem aha 1c la 4 v| mach rc| Nhaa v| mach sc lap tr|ah 1aa
haca 1ea mat 1c t|ch hcp trea 1000 cca lc|c trca mct ch|p th| 1aa a aah haca
1ea cac l! cc mat 1c t|ch hcp thap 0ca t 0press 9em|ccaJatcr 1aa saa xaat cac saa
pham aa Jaa cca ahe 0H09 cc tcc 1c cac 9aa pham caah traah caa hc cha ea la cac
hc lA! thca thaca va lA! 22V10 1a tac ra the he lA! cc cca saat thap, tcc 1c cac
aea 1acc aa Jaa rca ra| vac cac l|ah vac cca ah|ep khac ahaa Nhaa v| mach phc
||ea caa cca t 0press 9em|ccaJatcr aha 0Y700, 0Y701 va 0Y702
Trang 29
h|ah11 9c 1c lc|c cca lap tr|ah caa !l! !l10
Trang 30
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h|ah 12 9c 1c lc|c khc| caa trac 1|ea kh|ea !l! !l900
Trang 31
1>= 08?
0aa trac 1|ea kh|ea
Vacra
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9 hc v| mach lH! ( lrcramma|le Hacrc !c|cl
hc v| mach 1acc cca t 9|aet|cs sa Jaa caa trac mc| c| la `fclJ|ack (ap vel
Hach lc|c `fclJ|ack sa Jaa mct cca NAN 1ca ha maa N0k ket hcp vc| mct caa
trac l|ea ket lap tr|ah traa tam chc phep thac h|ea ah|ea mac lc|c khac ahaa 1e l|ea ket
vc| macrc ac vac va ac ra Nha trca hc v| mach lH!, mct maa NAN 1acc sa Jaa v|
cca NAN cc tcc 1c traea ahaah ahat trca cca ahe laca cac
Ia khca macrc 1e tham khac mct khc| chac aaa va cc the xac 1|ah mct t|a h|ea ac
vac, mct cca 1em ac ra ha |at ca mct ham lc|c aac aha !!, mach 1em ha mach tc
hcp 0ca t 9|aet|cs phaa lca| cac macrc aha saa ac vac la macrc ac vac, macrc ac ra
va ahaa khc| chac aaa khac aha thaah h| ha mach tc hcp th| c| la macrc chac aaa
Hacrc caa hc H! mc ta c h|ah 1 9c vc| caa trac maa AN 0k caa cac hc !0 lA! va
!l!A th| caa trac maa NAN phac tap hca e 1ca |aa chc v|ec t|m h|ea, xet v| Ja saa
h|ah 14 a tr|ah |a mct mach lc|c 1ca |aa sa Jaa caa trac AN 0k caa hc v|
mach lA! va h|ah 14 | sa Jaa caa trac NAN NAN vc| chac aaa taca ta ahaa
cc aa 1|em la khca || |c| haa vc| cac ham cc hca 2 cap lc|c Hac khac, caa trac caa
lH! taa Jaa tc| 1a cac cca lc|c va cac kha aaa hcat 1ca caa v| mach
V| Ja aha c hc lA! va !l!A kh| caa them mct ||ea c ac vac se chca 1aca t|a h|ea
ac ra xem aha mct 1aca t|a h|ea ac vac, Jc 1c se lam taa thc| |aa traea va laa ph|
mct ac ra c| vc| hc lH! th| tat ca cac ac vac caa cca NAN 1acc sa Jaa aha la
ac vac caa t|a h|ea va cac ham lc|c 1acc thac h|ea vc| caa trac cap lc|c V| mach 1a|
J|ea chc hc lH! la l!h9 501 cc caa tac cm 72 cca NAN trca 1c cc 44 cca NAN
1acc Jaa 1e hc trc chc macrc ac ra V| mach cc 24 ac vac, ? cca 1em X0k c ac ra
vc| 4 cca tac 1ca c mac thap , cc 4 cca tac 1ca c mac cac va cc ? 1aca Ja l|ea 2
ch|ea V| mach cc 52 chaa vc| k|ea chaa thec Jaa l!00 h|ah 15 tr|ah |a caa trac caa
l!h9 501
0ac cca 1em ac ra traa tha| 1acc 1|ea kh|ea |aa taa cca NAN r|ea 1e
tac aea t|ah l|ah hcat trca th|et ke
Trang 32
Haa NAN HxN
h|ah 1 9c 1c lc|c lap tr|ah macrc
al |l
h|ah 14 Hach lc|c sa Jaa caa trac ` flcJ|ack
Trang 33
6go4
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Trang 34
h|ah 15 Hach lat k9 va sa Jaa caa trac lH!
|l Hach lat +
al Hach lat k9
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h|ah 15 9c 1c chac aaa l!9 501
10 hc v| mach !kA9!0(!rasa|le lrcramma|le Appl|cat|ca 9pec|f|c !0l
hc v| mach !kA9!0 1acc |c| th|ea |c| cca t !xel H|crceletrca|cs cc caa trac taca
ta aha hc lH! ahaa 1acc che tac |aa cca ahe 0H09 !!lk0H khac vc| hc lH! Jaa
cca ahe laca cac Hct 1ac 1|em khac ||et aaa la hc !kA9!9 sa Jaa caa trac maa N0k
Trang 35
, v| trca cca ahe 0H09 cca N0k cc thc| |aa traea ahaah ahat V| mach 1aa t|ea caa
hc aa la X! 7?0?00 cc 24 chaa vc| mat 1c th|ch hcp khcaa ?00 cca
X!7?0?00 cc 12 ac vac va 10 chaa !0 1acc l|ea ket vc| cac cca lap tr|ah 0haa
sc 1 la 1aca caa cap t|a h|ea xaa clcck chc !! JK, chaa 1 Jaa 1e 1|ea kh|ea cac cca
1em ac ra chc cac cca lap tr|ah, ? ac vac 1acc 1aa vac maa N0k thca aa cac mach
lat, 2 cca N0k 1acc sa Jaa 1e 1|ea kh|ea mach lat Nc ra caa cca N0k 1acc caa tac
|aa cac khc| l0! (lclar|t 0catrcl !lemeat l 1e taa t|ah l|a hcat
X!7?0?00 cc 2 ||ea c ac vac cca N0k, ha| ||ea Jaa 1e 1|ea kh|ea mach lat va
cc 0 ||ea Jaa chc cca lap tr|ah
h|ah 17 tr|ah |a sc 1c lc|c caa cca lap tr|ahtrca v| mach X!7?0?000c |a
ac vac caa t|a h|ea J,K,0 1acc 1aa vac cca lap tr|ahVc| ha| ||ea J,K 1e 1|ea kh|ea !! JK
Ia cca lap tr|ah caa cc 4 1aca t|a h|ea 1acc 1aa ve maa N0k 0haa caa v| mach ket
hcp vc| cac cca lap tr|ah 1acc ket ac| vc| ac vac caa |c 1a hcp (!NHUXl va ac| vc|
cca 1em ac ra Nca| ra cca cc cac 1aca t|a h|ea xaa clcck va xaa xca khca 1ca
|c chc !! JK, mct 1aca t|a h|ea 0! 1e 1|ea kh|ea cca 1em ac ra 8c 1a hcp ac ra se
laa chca cac t|a h|ea ta ||ea 0 ha ta ac ra caa !! JK 0 !N HUX chc phep t|a h|ea vac 1|
mc| maa N0k ta chaa !0 ha ta ||ea 0 caa maa N0k 0haa 1|ea kh|ea caa |c 1a hcp ac
ra 0!HUX Jaa 1e 1|ea kh|ea cca 1em ac ra hcat 1ca 1 ch|ea ha 2 ch|ea ha c traa
tha| tca trc cac 9c 1c cca lap tr|ah c h|ah 17
9c 1c cca lap tr|ah trea tr|ah |a che 1c lam v|ec caa v| mach Ihc| |aa traea
caa v| mach hc !kA9!0 la 5 as cca vc| thc| |aa traea aa maa N0k la 20 as Jc 1c
thc| |aa traea caa v| mach la 55 as, Jca t|ea tha 5 mA, sc vc| Jca t|ea tha caa l!h9
501 la 250 mA Qaa sa sc saah trea chc tha cca saat t|ea tha caa hc !kA9!0 thap
hca hc lH!, 1c la aa 1|em caa cca ahe 0H09
Trang 36
D E
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h|ah 17 9c 1c khc| cca lap tr|ah !kA9!0 X!7?0?00
11 hc v| mach !0A ( !c|c 0ell Arral
hc !0A 1acc cca t X|ll|ax |c| th|ea Jaa thec cac caa trac caa cca t HH!, 1a tr|ah
|a mct caa trac 1cc 1ac trca cac hc caa l! 0aa trac traea thca caa cac hc v| mach
lA! va !l!A la cac maa AN 0k 0ac cca lap tr|ah cc caa trac caa hc !0A c| la caa
trac lap tr|ah chc aac| sa Jaa ac ||et la trca caa tac caa !0A, hc Jaa kAH 1ca 1e
tac ra cac chac aaa lc|c thec ea caa th|et ke Nhacc 1|em caa cac te |ac kAH 1ca
thaca khca ca 1|ah c 1c cac chac aaa se trc la| traa tha| |aa 1aa kh| mat 1|ea e
hc trc chc vaa 1e aa hc sa Jaa them phaca phap laa tra mc| cc chac aaa taca ta
aha k0H 0aa trac caa !0A 1acc mc ta c h|ah 1?, |ac cm mct khc| !08 |ac aaah ma
traa caa khc| !08
Trang 37
h|ah 1? 0aa trac !0A

!|ea ket cac 1aca t|a h|ea Jcc va aaa |aa 2 khc| |ap chc v|ec ket ac| |aa 2
khc| them thaaa t|ea V| mach 1aa t|ea caa hc !0A la X0 2054, cc mat 1c th|ch hcp kha
phac tap khcaa 1200 cca lc|c, 5? khc| !08 caa mct ma traa ?x? haa va cct tac
ra 54 khc| 0!8 Iac ra mct v| mach khac la X0 201? cc mat 1c t|ch hcp khcaa 1?00
cca, cc 74 khc| !08 caa mct ma traa 10x10 tac ra 100 khc| 0!8 V| mach cc cac
1aca t|a h|ea xaa clcck, t|a h|ea reset 1ac ||et va mach tac Jac 1ca thach aah |ea trca
!0 Jaa 1e ket ac| vc| cac phaa ta Jac 1ca |aa thach aah |ea aca|
Trang 38
C6F>50166>0F A5>A
016GCHI5AF>
81HC0 B810?
C=1 B810?
+ E
JC6
= J51H5AM 016F5188>+
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h|ah 19 0aa h|ah khc| vac ra ( !08l caa !0A
h|ah 19 tr|ah |a sc 1c caa khc| !08, |ac cm 1 cca 1em ac vac, |c 1a hcp
!N HUX va !! Hac 1|ea ap aaca c ac vac cca 1em th|ch hcp chc ca ha| hc II! va
0H09 Nc ra caa !! 1acc ac| vc| ac vac caa |c 1a hcp va c ac ra caa |c 1a hcp cc
the ac| 1 ha ah|ea khc| 0!8 Nc ra caa khc| !08 cm 1 cca 1em traa tha| 1acc ac|
thaa tc| chaa !0
!!! 0A0 lhAN H!H h0 Ik0 0UA l!
0ac phaa mem hc trc chc cac v| mach lap tr|ah 1acc cac cca t phat tr|ea l|ea tac,
aa caa cc ah|ea t|ah 1a Jaa, cc the hc trc chc ah|ea lca| v| mach khac ahaa aea cc t|ah
caah traah maah me trca th| traca v| mach lap tr|ah
1 lhaa mem lA!A9H 2 (lA! Assem|lerl
lA!A9H 2 caa cca t HH! la phaa mem t|ea chaaa chc cac v| mach lap tr|ah a
la |c ||ea J|ch the he tha 2 hc trc chc cac v| mach hcat 1ca khca 1ca |c, aha cac v|
mach hc lA! caa cca t HH!, v| mach hc l!A va cac v| mach caa cca t AH
2 lhaa mem AHA3!

lhaa mem AHA3! 1acc cca t 9|aet|cs phat tr|ea va ac 1acc caa cap chc cac khach haa
sa Jaa v| mach lap tr|ah caa cca t HcJale ch|ah caa phaa mem AHA3! la 8!A9I ( 8ccleaa lc|c
& 9tate Iraasferl Jaa 1e ||ea J|ch cac thca t|a ac vac chaea 1c| saa cac f|le chaca tr|ah
chaaa caa 9|aet|cs (cac f|le cc phaa mc rca la 9I 'l AHA3! hc trc 1e mc phca cac vectc
k|em tra 1e th|et ke thec ea caa caa aac| sa Jaa
lhaa mem l!AN ( lrcramma|le !c|c Aaals|sl
Trang 39
lhaa mem l!AN 1acc cca t Nat|caal 9em|ccaJactcr |c| th|ea hc trc chc cac v| mach lap
tr|ah cc vaa va ahc l!AN la mct aca aa 1ca |aa, Jaa 1e thac h|ea cac ||ea thac caa 1a| sc
8ccleaa va cc kha aaa |ac t|ep vc| cac cca ca lap tr|ah 1e lap tr|ah chc v| mach
4 lhaa mem h!! (harr|s !ahaaceJ !aaaae fcr lrcramma|le !c|cl
0ca t harr|s phat tr|ea phaa mem h!! 1e hc trc chc cac khach haa sa Jaa v| mach lap
tr|ah caa hc h!! sa Jaa |ac J|ea taca ta aha phaa mem l!AN ahaa caa cc ahaa 1|em
khac ||et h!! khca cc kha aaa laa chca cac v| mach lap tr|ah ahaa cc kha aaa k|em tra lc|
tca aat Nca| ra h!! cca ea caa cac phaca tr|ah ac vac c Jaa tca cac t|ch ( 90ll
5 lhaa mem l!l! (lrcramma|le !c|c lrcramm|a !aaaael
l!l! 1acc cca t AvaaceJ H|crc ev|ces |c| th|ea vac aam 19?4 a la phaa mem t|ea
|c ahat sc vc| cac phaa mem tracc, cc ahaa 1ac 1|em mc| va kha aaa ca| 1at 1acc mc rca hca
sc vc| phaa mem AHA3! Nhaa 1ac 1|em mc| aha chc phep 1|ah ah|a va sa Jaa cac chaa caa v|
mach chc mct ahcm t|a h|ea caa aha sa Jaa cac phaca tr|ah caa 1a| sc 8ccleaa l!l! caa hc
trc cac phaca tr|ah phac tap cc ah|ea cap lc|c khac ahaa Nca| ra |c ||ea J|ch aa caa 1e aa
Jaa aaea l| emcraa, cac ham caa 1a| sc 8ccleaa ahaa khca |at 1acc c Jaa tca caa cac
t|ch Jc 1c chc phep ca phap l|ah hcat hca
5 lhaa mem Al!!! (Assem|ler fcr lrcramma|le !lectr|call !rasa|le !c|cl
Vac aam 19?7, 0ca t !ateraat|caal 0mcs Iechaclc |c| th|ea tr|ah ||ea J|ch Al!!!
Al!!! la mct tr|ah ||ea J|ch 1ca |aa pha hcp vc| cac ea caa th|et ke vaa va ahc va cc chac aaa
mc phca Al!!! cm mct chaca tr|ah scaa thac tcaa maa h|ah va c ac ra thec t|ea chaaa caa
J!!0 Nhaa khaet 1|em caa |c ||ea J|ch aa la khca hc trc 1e tc| |aa cac ||ea thac lc|c
lhaa mem Al!!! ca| 1at trea cac ma t|ah ca ahaa caa cca t !8H va cac cca t khac th|ch hcp
vc| ac
7 lhaa mem !l!9 !! (!atel lrcramma|le !c|c evclcpmeat 9stem !!l
lhaa mem !l!9 !! 1acc cca t !atel |c| th|ea 1e hc trc chc cac v| mach hc !l! |ea cc
|aa caa phaa mem aa la chc phep th|et ke thec 2 phaca phap la phaca phap Jaa phaca tr|ah
1a| sc 8ccleaa va phaca phap l|et ke cac leah e tc| |aa cac ||ea thac lc|c !l!9 !! sa Jaa
thaat |a| 1ca |aa !9lk!990 !! HV c la thaat |a| 1acc phat tr|ea |c| 1a| hcc 0al|fcra|a, ac
1acc Jaa 1e thac h|ea v|ec rat ca cac t|ch sc trca cac ham lc|c caa cac v| mach Jc cca t !atel
saa xaat Iaca ta aha cac phaa mem tracc, !l!9 !! ca| 1at 1acc trca cac ma t|ah caa cca t
!8H va cac ma t|ah khac cc caa h|ah th|ch hcp, 1acc sa Jaa kem vc| cca ca lap tr|ah chc v|
mach
? lhaa mem 0Ul! ( Ua|versal 0cmp|ler fcr lrcramma|le !c|c l
0Ul! 1acc cca tAss|teJ Iechaclc |c| th|ea vac aam 19? a la |c ||ea J|ch vaa aaa
1acc hc trc chc 29 lca| v| mach cac lca| ke ca lk0H va cac cca t che tac v| mach lap tr|ah khac
0Ul! la mct aca aa maah hc trc chc cac phaca tr|ah caa 1a| sc 8ccleaa , |aa sa that va th|et
ke sc 1c traa tha|, 0Ul! 1acc sa Jaa haa het cac ma v| t|ah ca ahaa trea cac he 1|ea haah khac
ahaa aha trea ma v| t|ah caa cca t !8H ha 0lH, VAX UN!X va VAX VH9
Trang 40
9 lhaa mem A8!! (AJvaaceJ 8ccleaa !xpress|ca !aaaael
A8!! la phaa mem caa cca t ata !0, ac 1acc sa Jaa haa het cac lca| v| mach lap tr|ah
khac ahaa ke ca !lk0H a la |c ||ea J|ch vaa aaa cc ah|ea chac aaa hc trc taca ta aha
0Ul!
Irea 1a la |c| th|ea sc lacc cac phaa mem hc trc chc v| mach lap tr|ah 1e scaa thac la lap
tr|ah chc cac v| mach Nca| ra cca ah|ea phaa mem caa cac cca t khac 1acc saa xaat 1e hc trc
chc cac v| mach lap tr|ah caa hc
9aa 1a la |aa tcm tat cac aca aa th|et ke chc cac v| mach lap tr|ah
lhaa mem hc trc chc
cac v| mach
lhaca tr|ah 1a|
sc
8ccleaa
8aa sa
that
9c 1c
aaea l
aa
sca
kat ca
||ea thac
lc|c
lA!A9H 2
(HH!l
AHA3!
(9|aet|csl
l!AN
(Nat|caall
h!!l
(harr|sl
l!l!
(AHl
Al!!!
(!0Il
Al!U9
(Alteral
|l!9 !!
(!atell
!kA9!0
(!xell
0Ul!
(!c|cal evl
A8!!
(ata !0l
!!9
(l|stchll
!00!0
(!laal
l!es|aer
(H|acl
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
XX
Trang 41
0|a| th|ch
X 0hi hc trc chc v| mach Jc ch|ah cca t saa xaat
XX hc trc chc ah|ea lca| v| mach lap tr|ah
Trang 42
01M
B
81HC
0
+ K E
? 5
A6Y
GI60FC
16
1G )
;A5CAB8>
A6Y
GI60FC
16
1G )
;A5CAB8>
!V 0!0! Ih!!U lhAN H!H 9YNAk!0
lhaa mem 9aar|c caa cca t !att|ce chc phep lap tr|ah cac v| mach l! 1ea 14000
cca, chaca tr|ah cc the 1acc scaa thac Jac| Jaa sc 1c mach lc|c hcac |aa aca aa Ah!

0c| chaca tr|ah |aa cach k|ch 1ap vac ||ea taca !9l 9aar|c, maa h|ah ch|ah caa 9aar|c xaat
h|ea aha h|ah Jac| 1a
Trang 43
8at 1aa scaa thac |aa cach chca scarce ae aha maa h|ah Jac| 1a
0hca cach scaa thac |aa sc 1c |aa cach chca 9chemat|c ha lap tr|ah aca aa Ah! chca
A8!!h! HcJale
Trang 44
Haa h|ah scaa thac aca aa Ah!
0hca tea mcJale, tea f|le, t|tle
Trang 45
Haa h|ah scaa thac sc 1c mach lc|c
Irea maa h|ah ch|ah cc chaa sc 1c tea Jcahcsc8ea pha| maa h|ah cc 1e mac leah aham mac
1|ch k|em tra, 1ca |aa va th|et lap sc 1c lc|c trca v| mach
Trang 46
Trang 47
! lhAN 0UN0
Ua Jaa caa v| mach sc lap tr|ah h|ea aa rat phc ||ea trca cac saa pham cca ah|ep caa
aha cac saa pham trca s|ah hcat |a 1|ah aha ma |at, |ep 1|ea ta 1ca, Jc tr|ah 1c cca haa
che aea em chi ap Jaa mct aa Jaa ahc caa v| mach sc lap tr|ah la th| cca mach 1ca hc h|ea
th| sc 1e tha rc ahaa aa 1|em caa l!
9aa 1a em x|a tr|ah |a sc 1c aaea l, sc 1c mach |a va sc 1c |c tr| l|ah k|ea caa mach
Jca hc sc
9c 1c aaea l
Trang 48
Trang 49
K @oA boL t:M linh 7ieBn
Trang 50
9c 1c mach |a

0|c| th|ea v| mach lap tr|ah caa cca t latt|ce
V| mach |9l !9! 1015 la v| mach 1acc sa Jaa 1e lap tr|ah mach 1ca hc h|ea th| sc
V| mach |9l !9! 1015 la v| mach cc caa tac ta cac cca lc|c lap tr|ah vc| mat 1c
t|ch hcp khcaa 2000 cca
Ihc| |aa tr| hcaa IpJ = 7,5 as
Iaa sc hcat 1ca fmax = 125Hht
V| mach cc 44 chaa vc| k|ea vc l!00
V| mach cc 2 ac vacra Jc 1c cc the 1acc Jaa vc| ah|ea aa Jaa khac ahaa trca caa
mct |carJ
Trang 51
7
3
2
#*
##
#$
#)
#4
#-
#,
#7
, - 4 ) $ # 44 4) 4$ 4#
)2
)3
)7
),
)-
)4
))
)$
)#
)*
$2
#3 #2 $* $# $$ $) $4 $- $, $7 $3
IspLSI 1016
PLCC44
0hac aaa cac chaa caa !0 |sp !9! 1015
9c tha ta chaa 0hac aaa 9c tha ta chaa 0hac aaa
1 0N 2 0N
2 !N 24 90 !N 1
!0 24 25 !0 ?
4 !0 25 25 !0 9
5 !0 25 27 !0 10
5 !0 27 2? !0 11
7 !0 2? 29 !0 12
? !0 29 0 !0 1
9 !0 0 1 !0 14
10 !0 1 2 !0 15
11 Y0 Y2 90!K
12 Vcc (5Vl 4 Vcc
1 !sp!NN0 5 Y1 k!9!I
14 9!!N0 5 !N2 H0!
15 !0 0 7 !0 1?
15 !0 1 ? !0 17
17 !0 2 9 !0 15
1? !0 40 !0 19
19 !0 4 41 !0 20
20 !0 5 42 !0 21
21 !0 5 4 !0 22
22 !0 7 44 !0 2
Naea l hcat 1ca caa mach
Hach 1|ea cm cc !0 4050 ket hcp vc| thach aah 4Hht, 1|ea trc k2,k va ta 0?,09 tac
thaah mach Jac 1ca caa cap ha| t|a h|ea 500ms va 1ms chc v| mach lap tr|ah 1e thac h|ea cac
chac aaa 1em, |a| ma, va h|ea th| leJ 7 1caa |aa phaca phap aet Hach 1ca hc h|ea sc cc 4
leJ 2 leJ h|ea th| |c va 2 leJ h|ea th| phat
!074240 cc chac aaa 1em 1ac ket hcp vc| 1|ea trc k5 k12 lam mach 1em 1e h|ea th|
8ca 8JI cc chac aaa 1|ea kh|ea aet
ha| aat ahaa 91 va 92 Jaa 1e 1|ea chiah |c va phat
Ua 1|em caa mach 1|ea aa la
- 0c |t l|ah k|ea trca mct |carJ Jc 1c mach 1|ea 1ca |aa thaaa lc| trca v|ec k|em tra kh|
cc sa cc ha hca
- 0ca saat t|ea tha caa mach |am 1aa ke Jc Jaa phaca phap aet leJ

Khaet 1|em
- 0haa taa Jaa het kha aaa hcat 1ca caa v| mach Jc chi sa Jaa cc 1 1aca vac ra
- c v| mach lap tr|ah khaa h|em trea th| traca aea |a thaah cac
!! lhAN H!H
Trang 52
9c 1c mach lc|c caa mach 1ca hc h|ea sc
Trang 53
Trang 54
Trang 55
mcJale |a| ma
t|tle |a| ma'
'|apats
a,|,c,J p|a 1,2,,4
'catpats
aa,||,cc,JJ,ee,ff, p|a 5,5,7,?,9,10,11|stpe'ccm'
eaat|cas
aa= J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a
J&c&|& J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&
|&
|| = J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a
J&c&|& J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a
cc = J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a
J&c&|& J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&
c&|&
JJ = J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a
J&c&|& J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a
ee = J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a
c&|&
ff = J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a
J&c&|& J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a
= J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a J&c&|&a
c&|&
eaJ
Trang 56
mcJale ccaat 4
t|tle Jem mcJe 4'
'ccastaats
c,x,p = c , c , p
'|apats
takt , ap ,Ja ,r , 19 p|a 1, 2, , 4, 5
'catpats
0 ,1 ,2 , p|a 5, 7, ?, 9 |stpe re'
eaat|cas
(0 c , 1 c , 2 c , c l =takt
' ccaat ap ccaat Jca lcaJ 9 reset
0 = ( ( ( ap Ja l0 19 l&r
1 = ( ( ( ap&0l (Ja 0l l1 &19 l&r
2 = ( ( (ap&0&1l (Ja 01l l2 &19 l&r
= ( ( (ap&0&1&2l (Ja 012l l 19 l&r
eaJ
Trang 57
lhAN !!!

Trang 58
Ket laaa
Qaa ? taaa ahaa 1e ta|, mac Ja k|ea thac va ta| l|ea cc haa che ahaa em 1a cc aa hcaa
thaah tap laaa vaa 1aa thc| haa 1e ra Qaa thac te k|em ah|em, !m cc ahaa xet ve aa khaet
1|em caa 1e ta|
Ua 1|em caa mach la
- Hach 1|ea 1ca |aa (chi vc| !0 sc trca machl, Je thac h|ea, Je k|em tra cac l|ah k|ea
kh| ap sa cc
- V| mach lap tr|ah cc the aa Jaa vac ah|ea cca v|ec khac ahaa |aa cach lap tr|ah
chc v| mach
- 0ca ca 1e lap tr|ah 1ca |aa, Je thac h|ea
- !am |am 1aa ke sc laca !0 trca mct |carJ
- hcat 1ca caa v| mach 1am |ac 1c t|a ca, ch|ah xac

Khaet 1|em
c v| mach lap tr|ah trea th| traca cca khaa h|em aea |a thaah kha cac
haca phat tr|ea 1e ta|
e tha rc ahaa aa 1|em caa v| mach lap tr|ah, vc| 1e ta| trea cc the thac h|ea cac aa Jaa
th|et thac trca cac ea caa caa thac te aha th| cca mct mach 1|ea cc ah|ea chac aaa vaa h|ea
th| |c, cc chaca |ac |c hea tracc, 1|ea kh|ea 1ca aat cac th|et || ta xa
Hct laa aaa em x|a cam ca tha IkAN VAN Ik0N0 1a taa t|ah haca Jaa chc em X|a cam ca
a| tha cc trca khca 1a Ja Jc em va cac |aa caa khca 1a |ap 1c em trca thc| |aa aa
Trang 59
IA! !!!U IhAH KhA0
0|ac tr|ah v| mach sc lap tr|ah caa tac |a Iha Iraa Vaa Irca
0c sc k| thaat 1|ea ta sc Va ac Ihc J|ch
Ira caa v| mach sc II! va 0H09
V| mach sc tap 1 Naea haa lhaca
lrcramma|le !c|c es|aer' s 0a|Je kcer 0 AlfcrJ
Trang 60

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