1/22/2013

CHNG 2:
NH LUT NHIT NG TH NHT V CC QU
TRNH NHIT NG C BN CA KH L TNG

thermodynamics

1. CNG

nh ngha
Trong phm vi c hc

Trong phm vi nhit ng lc

hc

= . .

n v:

J, Btu, ft-lb
J/kg.
W, hp, Btu/hr.

thermodynamics

1/22/2013

1. Cng

Phn loi:

Cng gin n hay cng nn trong h thng kn (cng th tch)

= .

Wtt > 0
H sinh cng

Wtt <0
H nhn cng

thermodynamics

1. Cng
Phn loi:

Cng trong h thng h

Cng lu ng
= . . . .
= . .

Cng k thut

Cng l mt thng s qu trnh

4

thermodynamics

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2. Nhit lng
nh ngha:

Nhit lng l nng lng i

xuyn qua b mt ranh gii khi
gia cht mi gii v mi trng
c s chnh lch nhit .

n v:

J, kcal, kWh, Btu

J/kg, kcal/kg, Btu/lbm
W, Btu/hr, ton (ref).

Cng thc nhit lng:

Theo s thay i entropy:

= .

Theo s thay i nhit :

= .
Trong : c l nhit dung ring ca
mi cht.

thermodynamics

2. Nhit lng
Nhit dung ring

L nhit lng cn cho mt n v cht mi bin i mt n

v nhit theo mt qu trnh nht nh.
Cc loi nhit dung ring c bn:

Nhit dung ring khi lng ng p cp

Nhit dung ring khi lng ng tch cv
Nhit dung ring th tch ng p cp
Nhit dung ring th tch ng tch cv
Nhit dung ring mol ng p (c)p
Nhit dung ring mol ng tch (c)v

thermodynamics

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2. Nhit lng
Nhit dung ring

NDR ca kh l tng:

= + ;

NDR mol ng p

NDR KL NDR mol ng tch

ng p
cp

Kh l
tng
kcal/(kmol.K)

kJ/(kmol.K)

n
nguyn
t

20,9

Lng
nguyn
t

29,3

a
nguyn
7
t

37,7

kcal/(kmol.K)

NDR KL k: s
ng
m
tch cv
on
nhit
kJ/(kmol.K)

12,6

20,9

29,3

1,6

1,4

1,3

thermodynamics

2. Nhit lng
Nhit dung ring:

Nhit dung ring ca hn hp kh l tng:

Kho st mt hn hp kh l tng c n kh, kh th i c thnh phn khi lng g i v thnh phn th

tch hay thnh phn mol ri

cv

cp

.
=

cv

cp

.
=

.
=

(c)v

.
=

(c)p

. ()
=

. ()
=

S m on nhit k ca hn hp kh l tng:


=
= =


VD: hy xc nh nhit dung ring khi lng ng tch, ng p v
s m on nhit k ca khng kh, coi khng kh l hn hp kh l
tng gm c 79% N2; 21% O2 (thnh phn th tch)
8

thermodynamics

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3. nh lut nhit ng th 1
LN th nht vit cho h kn

Nhit lng Q
H nhit
ng kn
Cng W

Thay i ni
nng ca h

H nhit
ng kn

- Vit cho mt n v khi lng:

- = +
- . = . + .
- . = . + .
- q = u + wtt
- Nu KL ca mi cht l G:
- = . = +
- . = . . + .
- . . = . + .
- Q = U + Wtt

Kho st LN th nht cho chu trnh

thermodynamics

3. nh lut nhit ng th 1

LN th nht vit cho h h:

Kho st mt h nhit ng h mang tnh cht ca mt dng n

nh:

Lu lng ca dng mi cht vo v ra nh nhau.

Nng lng tng ca cht mi gii trong khng gian kho st n
nh theo thi gian

LN th nht vit cho h nhit ng h ni trn nh sau:

=
+ +

B qua thay i ng nng v th nng ca h, ta c:

=
+

Trong : ii v ie ln lt l enthalpy ca dng mi cht vo v ra khi

h.

10

thermodynamics

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4. Cc qu trnh nhit ng c bn ca kh l tng

trnh a bin.
Qu trnh on nhit.
Qu trnh ng nhit.
Qu trnh ng tch.
Qu trnh ng p.
Qu

thermodynamics

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4. Cc qu trnh nhit ng c bn ca kh l tng

Qu trnh a bin (polytropic process)

. = ;
Trong : n l s m a bin v c tnh theo cng thc:

=

Qu trnh on nhit (adiabatic process)

. = ;
Trong : k l s m on nhit

Qu trnh ng nhit (isotherm process)

. = ;

Qu trnh ng p (isobaric process): p = const.

Qu trnh ng tch (isochoric process): v = const.
12

thermodynamics

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4. Cc qu trnh nhit ng c bn ca kh l tng

Biu din cc qu trnh trn th T-s v p-v:

p
n=1

n=k n=-

n=k

n = -

Q<0

n = +

n=k
Q>0

n=1

n=0

n=

n=0

1<n<

<

1<n<k

0
Gian n

n = +
n>k

n = -

n
n=0
n=1

<

<
Nen

u < 0

n=0

n = +

n=k

u > 0

>

<

n=0

n=k

>

n=1

n=1

n=-

n=1

n=k

>

>
n=0

n=1

n<1

n=0

p
n=0

Ne n

Gia n n

n=k

n = +
n>k
Q<0

n=k
Q>0

Qua trnh a bie n

QU TRNH THAY I TRNG
THI CA KH L TNG

TNG
HP
CC
Qua
trnh a bie
n

13

thermodynamics