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Prepositions are words which show the relationship between a noun or a pronoun object and some other words

in the sentence. They are always followed by nouns or pronouns. They are called "the biggest little words in English because they have very important functions. Three Groups of Prepositions: a. Prepositions of place, position and direction. b. Prepositions of time. c. Prepositions for other relationships. SOME COMMON PREPOSITIONS PLACE above across along among at away from behind below beside between POSITION beyond by down from in in front of inside into near off DIRECTION on opposite out (of outside over around through to towards under up TIME OTHER

after before at by for during from in

e!cept as li"e about with without by for

Rule: # They are always followed by a "noun", never followed by a verb. $y "noun" we include% Noun (dog, money, love Proper Noun (n !e" (&ondon, 'ary Pronoun (you,him,us Noun Group (my first car Gerun# (swimming (f we want to follow with a verb, we must use the ")ing" form which is really a gerund or verb in noun form. # Su$%e&t ' (er$ The pen is *e lives *enry is loo"ing The newspaper is Pascal is used +he isn,t used -e ate Preposition on in for under to to before )noun) the table. England. you. your green boo". English people. wor"ing. coming.

Prepositions of Ti!e * Pl &e t+ in+ on

At for a P.E/(+E T('E In for '01T*+, 2E3.+, /E1T4.(E+ and &015 PE.(06+ On for 632+ and 6ates

At 3t 7%89 pm 3t 8 o,cloc" 3t noon 3t dinnertime 3t bedtime 3t the moment in 'arch (n -inter

In on 'onday 0n : 'arch

On

(n the summer (n <==9 (n the ne!t century (n the future

0n ;; 6ec.;9<; 0n /hristmas 6ay 0n your birthday 0n 1ew 2ear,s Eve

1otice that use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common e!pressions # In the morning >On 'onday morning In the mornings > On +unday mornings In the afternoon(s > On +unday afternoons In the evening(s > On ?riday evenings Note : -hen we say ne,t+ l st+ this+ e-er. we do not use t+in+on/ ( went to 1ew 2or" last @une (not in last @une +he is coming bac" ne!t 'onday. (not on ne!t 'onday ( go home every Easter . (not at every Easter -e,ll call you this afternoon. (not in this afternoon Pl &e: t+ in+ on (n 5eneral% At for a P0(1T (dog, money, love In for an E1/&0+E6 +P3/E On for a +4.?3/E At 3t the bus stop 3t the corner 3t the entrance 3t the crossroads 3t the top of the page In (n &ondon (n the garden (n a bo! (n a building (n a car On 0n the wall 0n the ceiling 0n the floor 0n the carpet 0n a page

So!e other &o!!on uses of t * on * in At 3t home 3t wor" 3t school 3t university 3t the top 3t the bottom 3t the side 3t reception In (n a car (n a ta!i (n a helicopter (n an elevator (n the s"y (n the street (n a row (n a boat On 0n a bus 0n a train 0n a plane 0n a bicycle 0n the radio 0n the left 0n a horse 0n a boat

Note % 1otice how we can use on a boat or in a boat depending on the type and the siAe of the particular boat>ship. More Prepositions Prepositions #urin0 for fro! * to use while in E, !ple during the film,during the war, during my stay for two days, for an hour from +aturday to 'onday, from B to = the time period between <=C: and ;9<;, between from one to another +aturday and 'onday before a certain time at the least until>till +unday,B o,cloc" by Tuesday, by ne!t month, by tomorrow

$et1een

until*till

$. to into

movement towards to school, to wor", to the station movement towards into the cinema, into the car inside something to leave a place>a thing out of the cinema,out of the car

out of $.

near>ne!t to>beside &(1D stand by me, by the la"e

throu0h &ross 0 inst into opposite ends

through the tunnel, through the room across the river, across the street against the wall, against the door movement towards into the cinema, into the car inside something

4se of "5et" in English 5rammar. Get is a very challenging word in English))because it has many very different meanings and because it is used in many e!pressions))particularly phrasal verbs and verb E preposition combinations. 1ow we are going to tell you how to use Fget TO GET ' #ire&t o$%e&t G to obtain, to receive, to buy% To o$t in E, !ples (i +he 0ot her driving license last wee". (ii They 0ot permission to live in +witAerland. To re&ei-e E, !ples (i ( 0ot a letter from my friend in 1igeria. (ii *e 0ets H<,999 a year from his father. To $u. E, !ples (i +he 0ot a new coat from Iappaloni in .ome. (ii -e 0ot a new television for the sitting room. TO GET ' pl &e e,pression G reach, arrive at a place% E, !ples (i -e 0ot to &ondon around : p.m. (ii -hat time will we 0et thereJ (iii -hen did you 0et bac" from 1ew 2or"J TO GET ' #%e&ti-e G to become, show a change of state% E, !ples (i (t,s 0ettin0 hotter. (ii $y the time they reached the house they were 0ettin0 hungry. (iii (,m 0ettin0 tired of all this nonsense. (iv 'y mother,s 0ettin0 old and needs loo"ing after. (v (t 0ets dar" very early in the winter. (vi 6on,t touch the stove until is 0ets cool. TO GET ' preposition * #-er$ is used in many phrasal verbs. *ere are some of the most common one # E, !ples

Phr s l (er$ 0et t 0et 1 . 1ith 0et $. 0et #o1n 0et off

Me nin0 try to e!press escape punishment for a crime or bad action manage (financially descendK depress leave a form of transport (train, bus, bicycle, plane

0et on enter>sit on a form of transport (train, bus, bicycle, plane K have a relationship with someoneK manage 0et out of 0et o-er 0et throu0h 0et up 0et up to avoid doing something, especially a duty recover (from an illness, a surprise use or finish the supply of something leave your bed do ) usually something bad

E, !ples # *e 0ot on his bicycle and rode down the street. # *e 0ets up at :.99 a.m. every morning. # +he 0ot out of the washing)up every day, even when it was her turn. # -e 0ot off the train just before the bomb e!ploded. # -e,ve 0ot throu0h all the sugar ) can you buy some moreJ # The children are very Luiet ) ( wonder what they,re 0ettin0 up to.

*ow to use Present Participle in English 5rammar. 6ear readers we are providing you .ules of Present Participle in English which can be helpful in your upcoming e!ams. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE The present participle is often used when we want to e!press an active action. In En0lish ,The 23in02 form of the verb may be a present p rti&iple or a 0erun#/ Rules of Present P rti&iple : Rules 4 : The present participle of most verbs has the form $ se'in0 and is used in the following ways% E, !ple: ( am 1or5in0 he was sin0in0 they have been 1 l5in0 Rule 6 : 3fter verbs of movement>position in the pattern% verb E present participle E, !ple +he went shoppin0 *e lay loo5in0 up at the clouds +he came runnin0 towards me Note % This construction is particularly useful with the verb ,to go,, as in these common e!pressions %

to go shopping, to go fishing, to go swimming, to go running, to go dancing, to go surfing Rule 7 : 3fter verbs of perception in the pattern: -er$ ' o$%e&t ' present p rti&iple E, !ple ( heard someone sin0in0. *e saw his friend 1 l5in0 along the road. ( can smell something $urnin0M NOTE% There is a difference in meaning when such a sentence contains a Aero)infinitive rather than a participle. The infinitive refers to a &o!plete action, but the participle refers to an in&o!plete action, or part of an action. Co!p re% ( heard @oanna sin0in0 (G she had started before ( heard her, and probably went on afterwards ( heard @oanna sin0 (G ( heard her complete performance Rule 8 : as an adjective E, !ples: ! 9in0+ 1orr.in0+ e,&itin0+ $orin0/ ##(t was an ! 9in0 film. ##(t,s a bit 1orr.in0 when the police stop you ##6ar" $illo1in0 clouds often precede a storm. ##R &in0 cars can go as fast as 799"ph. ##*e was trapped inside the $urnin0 house. ##'any of his paintings depict the settin0 sun. Rules : : -ith the verbs spend and waste, in the pattern% -er$ ' ti!e*!one. e,pression ' present p rti&iple E, !ple: ##'y boss spends two hours a day tr -ellin0 to wor". ##6on,t waste time pl .in0 computer gamesM ##They,ve spent the whole day shoppin0. Rule ;% -ith the verbs catch and find, in the pattern% -er$ ' o$%e&t ' present p rti&iple -ith catch, the participle always refers to an action which causes annoyance or anger% E, !ples% ##(f ( catch you ste lin0 my apples again, there,ll be troubleM ##6on,t let him catch you re #in0 his letters ##This is not the case with find, which is unemotional% ##-e found some money l.in0 on the ground. ##They found their mother sittin0 in the garden. Rule < : To replace a sentence or part of a sentence% -hen two actions occur at the same time, and are done by the same person or thing, we can use a present participle to describe one of them% E, !ples: They went out into the snow. They laughed as they went. # They went l u0hin0 out into the snow. *e whistled to himself. *e wal"ed down the road. # =histlin0 to himself, he wal"ed down the road . Rule > : -hen one action follows very Luic"ly after another done by the same person or thing, we can e!press the first action with a present participle: E, !ples: *e put on his coat and left the house. # Puttin0 on his coat, he left the house. +he dropped the gun and put her hands in the air. # Droppin0 the gun, she put her hands in the air. Rule ? : The present participle can be used instead of a phrase starting s+ sin&e+ $e& use+ and it e!plains the cause or reason for an action%

E, !ples: @eelin0 hungry, he went into the "itchen and opened the fridge. (G because he felt hungry... Aein0 poor, he didn,t spend much on clothes. Bno1in0 that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.

-hat are 3dverbs and *ow to use it in English 5rammar =h t re A#-er$sC 3n adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. (t "Du lifies" or "!o#ifies" a verb. &ets try to understand this with a small e!ample. E, !ples : #The bus moved slo1l. #The bears ate 0ree#il.. So!eti!es the. tell us !ore $out #%e&ti-es E, !ples : #2ou loo" $solutel. fabulous The. & n lso !o#if. other #-er$s E, !ples % #+he played violin e,tre!el. well. #2ou Nre spea"ing too Luietly. A#-er$s: Co!p r ti-e E Superl ti-e Rule (n general, comparative and superlative forms of adverbs are the same as for adjectives% add 3er or 3est to short adverbs% A#-er$ Co!p r ti-e Superl ti-e hard harder hardest late later the latest fast faster the fastest E, !ple: #@im wor"s h r#er than his brother. #Everyone in the race ran f st, but @ohn ran the f stest of all. Rule =ith #-er$s en#in0 in 3l.+ use !ore for the &o!p r ti-e n# !ost for the superl ti-e: A#-er$ Co!p r ti-e Superl ti-e Luietly !ore Luietl. !ost Luietl. slowly !ore slowly !ost slowl. seriously !ore seriousl. !ost seriousl. E, !ple: #The teacher spo"e !ore slo1l. to help us to understand. # /ould you sing !ore Duietl. pleaseJ Rule +ome adverbs have irregular comparative forms% A#-er$ Co!p r ti-e Superl ti-e badly 1orse 1orst far f rther*further f rthest*furthest little less le st E, !ple:

#The little boy ran further than his friends. #2ou,re driving 1orse today than yesterday M AE CARE@FLG +ometimes 2!ost, can mean 2-er.2% #-e were !ost grateful for your help #( am !ost impressed by this application. AD(ERAS O@ MANNER Rule 3dverbs of manner tell us ho1 something happens. They are usually placed fter the ! in -er$ or fter the o$%e&t/ E, !ples: #*e swims 1ell, (after the main verb #*e ran... r pi#l., slo1l., Dui&5l... #+he spo"e... softl., lou#l., 00ressi-el... #@ames coughed lou#l. to attract her attention. #*e plays the flute $e utifull.. (after the object #*e ate the chocolate ca"e 0ree#il.. AE CARE@FLG The adverb should not be put $et1een the verb and the object% E, !ples #*e ate greedily the chocolate ca"e Hin&orre&tI #*e ate the chocolate ca"e greedily H&orre&tI Rule (f there is a preposition before the object, e.g. t, to1 r#s, we can place the adverb either before the preposition or after the object. E, !ples #The child ran happily to1 r#s his mother. #The child ran to1 r#s his mother happily. Rule +ometimes an adverb of manner is placed before a verb E object to add emphasis% E, !ples: #*e 0entl. wo"e the sleeping woman. # +ome writers put an adverb of manner at the beginning of the sentence to catch our attention and ma"e us curious% E, !ples: #Slo1l. she pic"ed up the "nife. Rule (-e want to "now 1h t happened slowly, 1ho did it slowly, 1h. they did it slowly *owever, adverbs should always come A@TER intr nsiti-e -er$s (Gverbs which have no object . E, !ples #The town grew Dui&5l. #*e waited p tientl. 3lso, these common adverbs are almost always placed A@TER the -er$: 1ell, $ #l., h r#, f st

-hat is gerund and *ow to use it in English =h t is GERFND

# This loo"s e!actly the same as a present participle, and for this reason it is now common to call both forms ,the 3 in0 for!2. *owever it is useful to understand the difference between the two. The gerund always has the same function as a noun (although it loo"s li"e a verb , so it can be used% RFLES: Rule 4 % 3s the subject of the sentence% # E tin0 people is wrong. # Huntin0 tigers is dangerous. # @l.in0 ma"es me nervous. Rule 6: 3s the complement of the verb ,to be,% ##0ne of his duties is tten#in0 meetings. ##The hardest thing about le rnin0 English is understanding the gerund. ##0ne of life,s pleasures is h -in0 brea"fast in bed. Rule 7: after prepositions. The gerund must be used when a verb comes after a preposition% /an you sneeAe without openin0 your mouthJ # +he is good at p intin0. # They,re "een on 1in#surfin0. # +he avoided him by 1 l5in0 on the opposite side of the road. # -e arrived in 'adrid after #ri-in0 all night. # 'y father decided against postponin0 his trip to *ungary. Note % This is also true of certain e!pressions ending in a preposition, e.g. in spite of, there,s no point in..% # There,s no point in 1 itin0. # (n spite of !issin0 the train, we arrived on time. Rule 8: . 3fter a number of ,phrasal verbs, which are composed of a verb E preposition>adverb E, !ple% to loo" forward to, to give up, to be for>against, to ta"e to, to put off, to "eep on% # ( loo" forward to he rin0 from you soon. (at the end of a letter # -hen are you going to give up s!o5in0J # +he always puts off 0oin0 to the dentist. # *e "ept on s5in0 for money. NOTE: There are some phrasal verbs and other e!pressions that include the word 2to2 as a preposition, not as part of a to)infinitive% ) to loo" forward to, to ta"e to, to be accustomed to, to be used to. (t is important to recognise that 2to2 is a preposition in these cases, as it must be followed by a gerund% # -e are loo"ing forward to seein0 you. # ( am used to 1 itin0 for buses. # +he didn,t really ta"e to stu#.in0 English. Note % (t is possible to chec" whether 2to is a preposition or part of a to)infinitive% if you can put a noun or the pronoun ,it, after it, then it is a preposition and must be followed by a gerund% # ( am accustomed to it (the cold . # ( am accustomed to $ein0 cold. Rule : : in compound nouns E, !ple: a #ri-in0 lesson, a s1i!!in0 pool, bird)1 t&hin0, train)spottin0 (t is clear that the meaning is that of a noun, not of a continuous verb. E, !ple: ##the pool is not swimming, it is a pool for swimming in. Rule ; : 3fter the e!pressions% can,t help, can,t stand, it,s no use>good, and the adjective worth% E, !ples %

# +he couldn,t help f llin0 in love with him. # ( can,t stand $ein0 stuc" in traffic jams. # (t,s no use>good tr.in0 to escape. # (t might be worth phonin0 the station to chec" the time of the train.

&ist of (mportant Phrasal Oerbs Phrasal verbs are English verb comple!es. They consist of a verb and one or more following adverbial or prepositional particle -hich can be helpful in every competitive e!ams. PHRASAL (ERA MEANING EJAMPLE -hy don,t you s5 C rl out to dinnerJ

s5 so!eone out

invite on a date

s5 roun#

as" different people

( s5e# roun# but nobody is helping. 2our savings will ## up over time. A &5 up your truc" so ( par". -e will $ &5 .ou up financially. They $le1 up the tan"s. Alo1 up the balloons. Datie $ro5e up with her boyfriend. 'y car $ro5e #o1n in the middle of the road.

## up to so!ethin0

to combine

$ &5 so!ethin0 up

reverse

$ &5 so!eone up $lo1 up $lo1 so!ethin0 up $re 5 up

support e!plode add air to separate

$re 5 #o1n

stop functioning

$re 5 so!ethin0 #o1n

divide into smaller Are 5 it #o1n so we can parts understand better. The thief must have $ro5en in from the bac" door. +omeone $ro5e into my car yesterday night. 'ichael $ro5e out of ?o!

$re 5 in

Entering by force

$re 5 into so!ethin0 $re 5 out

enter by force escape

.iver penitentiary. 6on,t let your relationship $rin0 .ou #o1n/ @essica was $rou0ht up by her grandparents.

$rin0 so!eone #o1n

ma"e unhappy

$rin0 up

to raise

$rin0 so!ethin0 up

2ou shouldn,t $rin0 start tal"ing about a up this subject when you subject are in public. phone different people ( was & llin0 roun# all morning to boo" our flights. ( will & ll .ou $ &5 when ( finish my homewor". (t,s false alarm, you can & ll it off. C ll !e up when you are in town. 2ou can,t thin" right, you need to & l! #o1n. 2ou two start running, ( will & t&h up to you.

& ll roun#

& ll so!eone $ &5

return a phone call

& ll so!ethin0 off

cancel

& ll so!eone up

phone

& l! #o1n

to rela! get to the same point

& t&h up

&he&5 in

&et,s &he&5 in first and arrive and register then we can go to the rooms. -ait for me, ( need to &he&5 out and return the "eys.

&he&5 out

leave a hotelP

&he&5 so!eone*so!ethin0 out &he&5 out

loo" at carefully, to They are &he&5in0 us investigate out before hiring. loo" at tdP Che&5 out that girl with blue shirt. 6on,t worry, ( "now how to &heer her up.

&heer one up

ma"e happier

&hip in

help

Everybody &hippe# in to gather that much money. Cle n up your bedroom tonight.

&le n up

to clean, tidy

&o!e &ross

( & !e &ross these old find une!pectedly photos when ( was cleaning up my room. separate The sides of the bo! &o!e p rt. ( will award whomever &o!es for1 r# for this job. .ussell & !e up 1ith a brilliant idea. ( can &ount on this phrasal verbs list for tomorrow,s grammar LuiA.

&o!e p rt

&o!e for1 r#

to volunteer

&o!e up 1ith

thin" of

&ount on

rely on

&ross so!ethin0 out

Please &ross those draw a line through nu!$ers out, they are invalid. ma"e something fall to the ground They &ut #o1n all the trees. ( couldn,t have a nice conversation with him because his friend "ept on &uttin0 in. They will &ut off the stitches ne!t wee". 3re you saying that you couldn,t do the homewor" because the electricity was &ut offJ

&ut #o1n

&ut in

interrupt

&ut off

remove with something sharp

&ut off

stop providing

/onditional sentence ( .ules and E!amples ) English 5rammar

/onditional +entences are also "nown as /onditional /lauses or (f /lauses. They are used to e!press that the action in the main clause (without if can only ta"e place if a certain condition (in the clause with if is fulfilled. There are three types of /onditional +entences / I@ /lause Type 4 # (t is possible and also -er. li5el. that the condition will be fulfilled. @or! if ' Si!ple Present+ 1ill3@uture E, !ple# # (f ( find her address, ( will send her an invitation. Note % The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. (n this case, #on2t use E, !ple% # ( will send her an invitation if ( find her address. &o!! /

Note: 'ain clause and > or if clause might be negative. +ee +imple Present und will)?uture on how to form negative sentences. E, !ple # (f ( donQt see him this afternoon, ( will phone him in the evening. Fse Con#ition l Senten&es T.pe I refer to the future. 3n action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. -e don,t "now for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic R so we thin" it is li"ely to happen. E, !ple% # # (f ( find her address, (Qll send her an invitation. ( want to send an invitation to a friend. ( just have to find her address. ( am Luite sure, however, that ( will find it. E, !ple # (f @ohn has the money, he will buy a ?errari. ( "now @ohn very well and ( "now that he earns a lot of money and that he loves ?erraris. +o ( thin" it is very li"ely that sooner or later he will have the money to buy a ?errari. I@ Cl use T.pe 6 K (t is possible but very unli"ely, that the condition will be fulfilled. @or! if E +imple Past, main clause with /onditional ( (G would E (nfinitive E, !ple # (f ( found her address, ( would send her an invitation. Note % The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. (n this case, #on2t use E, !ple% # # ( would send her an invitation if ( found her address. &o!! /

Note: 'ain clause and > or if clause might be negative. +ee +imple Past und /onditional ( on how to form negative sentences. E, !ple% (f ( had a lot of money, ( wouldnQt stay here. =ere instead of = s (n (? /lauses Type ((, we usually use S1ereNR even if the pronoun is I+ he+ she or it L/ E, !ple # (f ( 1ere you, ( would not do this. Fse

Con#ition l Senten&es T.pe II refer to situations in the present. 3n action could happen if the present situation were different. ( don,t really e!pect the situation to change, however. ( just imagine Twhat would happen if UF E, !ple # (f ( found her address, ( would send her an invitation. ( would li"e to send an invitation to a friend. ( have loo"ed everywhere for her address, but ( cannot find it. +o now ( thin" it is rather unli"ely that ( will eventually find her address. E, !ple # # (f @ohn had the money, he would buy a ?errari. ( ( "now @ohn very well and ( "now that he doesn,t have much money, but he loves ?erraris. *e would li"e to own a ?errari (in his dreams . $ut ( thin" it is very unli"ely that he will have the money to buy one in the near future. I@ Cl use T.pe 7 It is i!possi$le th t the &on#ition 1ill $e fulfille# $e& use it refers to the p st/ @or! if E Past Perfect, main clause with /onditional (( E, !ple # # (f ( had found her address, ( would have sent her an invitation. Note : The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. (n this case, #on2t use E, !ple% ( would have sent her an invitation if ( had found her address. &o!! .

Note: 'ain clause and > or if clause might be negative. +ee Past Perfect and /onditional (( on how to form negative sentences. E, !ple # # (f ( hadnQt studied, ( wouldnQt have passed my e!ams. Fse Con#ition l Senten&es T.pe III refer to situations in the past. 3n action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then, however. -e just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled. E, !ple# # (f ( had found her address, ( would have sent her an invitation. Here +ometime in the past, ( wanted to send an invitation to a friend. ( didn,t find her address, however. +o in the end ( didn,t send her an invitation. E, !ple# # (f @ohn had had the money, he would have bought a ?errari. Here ( "new @ohn very well and ( "now that he never had much money, but he loved ?erraris. *e would have loved to own a ?errari, but he never had the money to buy one. -hat is Pronouns and its "inds in English 5rammar Pronouns Pronouns are the stunt doubles of the English language. They "eep communication going with or without the nouns. Pronouns come in to "eep nouns from getting repetitive or when nouns are not clearly "nown. They do more wor" than you thin", so read on to learn about them. (4" Su$%e&t n# o$%e&t pronouns # Su$%e&t n# o$%e&t pronouns are used in everyday language. *owever, it can be tric"y to remember which is which. The subject always ta"es action. The object is part of the activity, but it does not do any acting. Here is n e, !ple: (i" +helby li"es tal"ing to 'arvin. +helby is the subjectK she is li"ing and tal"ing. 'arvin is the objectK all the li"ing and tal"ing is done to 'arvin but not by 'arvin.

Su$%e&t n# o$%e&t pronouns fun&tion in the s !e 1 . (i" Su$%e&t pronouns include (, you, he, she, it, they, we. (ii" O$%e&t pronouns include me, you, him, her, it, us, them. See the follo1in0 e, !ples: Su$%e&t I might see you later. Mou have to come now. She lives in 1ebras"a. He ma"es me angry It just might wor". The. caught the last train. =e canQt see the end. O$%e&t +arah hit !e on the arm. ( need to tell .ou something. &arry too" hi! aside. The message wasnQt for her. Ta"e it to the store. +ummer is fun for us. 'argaret too" the! downstairs (6" Possessi-e pronouns # Possessi-e pronouns show who owns something described in a sentence. They include !ine+ his+ hers+ its+ ours+ .ours+ their+ n# theirs/ Possessive adjectives are similar to possessive pronouns. *owever, the possessive adjective comes before the object of the sentenceK the possessive pronoun is the object of the sentence. See the #ifferen&e here: (i" That is my dog. (possessive adjective, before the object Fdog (ii" The dog is !ine. (possessive pronoun, which is the object (7" Intensi-e pronouns n# refle,i-e pronouns # Intensi-e pronouns n# refle,i-e pronouns loo" the same. *owever, they act differently in a sentence. (ntensive pronouns put an emphasis on other pronouns or nouns. .efle!ive pronouns rename the subject in a sentence. &oo" at the following e!amples% Intensi-e pronoun #R +he herself will go to the ban". (herself emphasiAes the pronoun she Refle,i-e pronoun #R R +he cut herself on the arm. (herself renames the pronoun she Intensi-e n# refle,i-e pronouns include% myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. (8" De!onstr ti-e pronouns # De!onstr ti-e pronouns refer to things in relation to distance. This and these refer to things that are close by. That and those refer to things farther away. E, !ples% This is your shirt. That is my house on the corner. These good friends are sitting ne!t to me. Those roads in the ne!t town are bumpy. (:" In#efinite pronouns # In#efinite pronouns replace nouns that are not specified. They include the following% all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, several, some, somebody, someone, and something.

Re # the e, !ple senten&es for $etter un#erst n#in0/ (i -e gave everything to the homeless shelter (ii 3ll were sad to see the children go. (iii 5ive a present to each as they come in. (;" Interro0 ti-e pronouns Interro0 ti-e pronouns are used to as" a Luestion. They include 1ho+ 1ho!+ 1h t+ 1hi&h+ 1hose+ 1hoe-er+ 1ho!e-er+ 1h te-er+ n# 1hi&he-er/ Consi#er the e, !ple senten&es $elo1: (i -hich of these do you li"e bestJ (ii -ho was just in this roomJ (iii -hatever happens ne!t, ( am prepared List of Pronouns : A all ,another ,any ,anybody ,anyone ,anything A both E each ,each other ,either ,everybody ,everyone ,everything @ few H he ,her ,hers ,herself ,him ,himself ,his I ( ,it ,its ,itself L little M many ,me ,mine ,more ,most ,much ,my ,myself N neither no one nobody none nothing Oone ,one another, other, others ,our ,ours ,ourselves Sseveral ,she ,some ,somebody ,someone ,something Tthat ,their ,theirs ,them ,themselves ,these ,they ,this ,those Fus =we ,what ,whatever ,which ,whichever ,who ,whoever ,whom ,whomever ,whose Myou ,your ,yours ,yourself ,yourselves

4/ 6/ 7/ 8/ :/ ;/ </

E15&(+* V4(I 01 /0..E/T(01 0? +E1TE1/E+ ENGLISH Corre&tion of Senten&es E,er&ise 1ith E,pl n tions: The !ist 5e ! . $e of n. one of the follo1in0 t.pes : 'ista"e in the use of article )) a, an, the. The subject in the sentence may not be agreeing with the verb in number. Pronoun may not be agreeing with its antecedent in person, number of gender. There may be a mista"e in the use of preposition. There may be a wrong use of a conjunction in the sentence. There may be mista"es in the use of participles, gerunds, infinitives and verbal nouns. +ome word in a sentence may have been wrongly used.

>/ ?/

There may be a mista"e in the use of an adverb or adjective. 6egree of adjective may have been wrongly used. .ules regarding verbs, their tenses, number, or moods may not have been correctly followed.

4N/ There may be miscellaneous mista"es which may not fit in the above categories. No1 lets h -e loo5 the Duestion 1ith e,pl n tions/ The $ol# p rt is the error/

4/ The things ( told you h s been done. E,pl n tions % *ere we are tal"ing about things (plural . +o we should use have been instead of has been. The correct sentence is The things ( told you about have been done. 6/ ( do not "now why ( felt so 0rief/ E,pl n tions *ere grief means 6eep +orrow There are two errors in this sentence, 2ou shouldn,t use the word so. *ere is grief is noun. +o you can,t feel grief (grammatically incorrect . +o you can say ( do not "now why ( feel so sad (instead of grief 7/ The old lady is poor stric"en/ E,pl n tions here stric"en means "affected by being poor (poverty . here poor is an adjective, stric"en is also a noun. -e can,t put them together. (ts grammatically incorrect. +o you can use the noun form of poor (poverty so the sentence will be The old lady is poverty stric"en. 8/ ( will drin" mil" to# . morning. E,pl n tions The above sentence is grammatically incorrect. 2ou should say ( will drin" mil" this morning. So!e i!port nt points to re!e!$er : To# . !ornin0 ))P This morning Mester# . !ornin0 ))P &ast morning To!orro1 !ornin0 ))P The coming morning. :/ *e said he will unable to help me. E,pl n tions % 2ou should use the be form after will. +o the correct sentence is *e said he will be unable to help me. ;/ 1ot only is @aved handsome but lso he is very friendly. E,pl n tions % The correct structure of the sentence will be 1ot only is @aved handsome, but he is also very friendly. </ Thus ( have been li-e# alone for the past two years. E,pl n tions % *ave been is there. +o, there should be an ing form. +o the correct sentence is, Thus ( have been living alone for the past two years. I!port nt Note : (,ve been observing that people often confuse about the usage of for and sin&e. for is used when you give the time duration. e, % for the past two years. for the last two wee"s etc. since is used when you give the starting point of the time. e, % since <=C9, since <st @uly ;9<8 etc >/ This chapter &o!prises of seven sections. E,pl n tions % /omprises of is grammatically incorrect. 2ou should say consists of or just comprises. +o the correct form(s of the sentence will be, This chapter comprises seven sections.

This chapter consists of seven sections. ?/ The man was s1e tin0 profi&ientl./ E,pl n tions %-e use the proficiently when somebody is really good at it. E, % proficient driver, proficient dancer, proficient in a foreign language etc. +weating is not a s"ill %P +o we shouldn,t use proficiently here. 2ou can use profusely here if you want to e!press E!travagant > 3bundant. One !ore i!port nt point to note : 1ow a days everybody using "sweating" while tal"ing about humans. $ut grammatically its a blunder. -e use sweating only for animals. ?or humans you should use the word perspire. 3nimals )))P +weats > +weating *umanbeings ))P Perspire > Perspiring +o you can write, The man is perspiring profusely 4N/ ( lso have been sic" too. *ere also and too, represent the same meaning. +o you shouldn,t use them both. 3ny one of them is enough. +o you can say, ( have been sic" too. E15&(+* V4(I ( .4&E+ 316 EW3'P&E+ 0? +P0TT(15 E..0.+ ) Part ) (O <.NTh n N should be used after Ono otherQ E, !ple% ( met no other man $ut 'r. .oy. (In&orre&t" ( met no other man th n 'r. .oy. (Corre&t" 6.3fter the word NBno1Q, Nho1, or N1henQ should be used before using an infinitive. E, !ple % ( "now to 1rite ?rench . (In&orre&t ( "now ho1 to 1rite ?rench. (Corre&t 7.3 verb may ta"e an infiniti-e or a 0erun# according to its i!pli& tion. (f the verb indicates a purpose, an infinitive should be used and if the verb indicates a cause, a 0erun# should be used. E, !ple % *e went to school for seein0 the principal.(In&orre&t *e went to school to see the principal. (Corre&t *e was turned out to &op. answers.(In&orre&t *e was turned out for &op.in0 answers.(Corre&t 8.A#-er$ N s2 is not used with verbs li"e N ppointe#Q, Nele&te#Q , N&onsi#ere#Q, N& lle#Q but it is used with Nre0 r#Q. E, !ple% *e was ele&te# s President of our society.( In&orre&t *e was ele&te# President of our society.( Corre&t ( re0 r# .amesh my friend(In&orre&t ( re0 r# .amesh s my friend(Corre&t :.0ften a mista"e is committed is the use of adjectives and adverbs. 3n adjective is correctly used with the verb when some Luality of the subject, rather than of the action of the verb, is to be e!pressed. E, !ple% The flowers smelt s1eetl..(In&orre&t The flowers smelt s1eet.(Corre&t

;.(t is common practice in conversation to ma"e statement and as" for confirmationK as , N itQ is very hot, isnPt itJ Two points are to be "ept in mind. (f the statement is positive, the pattern will be Au,ili r. ' nPt ' Su$%e&t (f the statement is negative, the pattern will be Au,ili r. ' su$%e&t E, !ple% (t is raining, is itC (In&orre&t" (t is raining isnPt itC (Corre&t" 2ou are not busy, renPt .ouJ(In&orre&t" 2ou are not busy, re .ouJ(Corre&t" <.OThe t1o firstP is a meaningless e!pression for it implies that two things may be first. -e should say Othe first t1oP/ E, !ple % The t1o first chapters of novel are dull. (In&orre&t " The first t1o chapters of the novel and dull. ( Corre&t" >.NOnl.Q should be placed immediately before the word it Du lifies. E, !ple % *e onl. lost his tic"et in the stampede. ( In&orre&t" Onl. he lost his tic"et in the stampede. (Corre&t" ?.3n infinitive verb should not be split. E, !ple % ( reLuest you to "indly help me. ( In&orre&t" ( reLuest you "indly to help me. (Corre&t" 4N.C re should be ta"en in the use of -er$s E, !ple % The doctor s 1 the pulse of the patient. (In&orre&t" The doctor felt the pulse of the patient. (Corre&t"

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