INTRODUCTION Rapid industrialization and urbanization have resulted in the generation of large quantities of aqueous effluents, many of which

contain high levels of toxic pollutants (Krishnani and Ayyappan, 2006). The use of biosorbents for the removal of toxic pollutants or for the recovery of valuable resources from aqueous wastewaters is one of the most recent developments in environmental or bioresource technology (Vijayaraghavan and Yun, 2008). The major advantages of this technology over conventional ones include not only its low cost, but also its high efficiency, the minimization of chemical or biological sludges, the ability to regenerate biosorbents, and the possibility of metal recovery following adsorption (Volesky, 2007). Metals are extensively used in several industries, including mining, metallurgical, electronic, electroplating and metal finishing. The presence of metal ions in final industrial effluents is extremely undesirable, as they are toxic to both lower and higher organisms. Under certain environmental conditions, metals may accumulate to toxic levels and cause ecological damage (Jefferies and Firestone, 1984). Of the important metals, mercury, lead, cadmium and chromium(VI) are regarded as toxic; whereas, others, such as copper, nickel, cobalt and zinc are not as toxic, but their extensive usage and increasing levels in the environment are of serious concerns (Volesky, 1990). As compared to conventional methods for removing toxic metals from industrial effluents, the biosorption process offers: 1) low operating cost; 2) minimization of the volume of chemical and/or biological sludge to be disposed of; 3) high efficiency in detoxification of very diluted effluents, and 4) no nutrient requirements. These advantages have served as the primary incentives for developing full-scale biosorption processes to clean up heavy metal pollution (Kratochvil and Volesky, 1998).

The Problem and its Background Will there be an effect of chemical pre-treatment (washing) to biosorbent capacity? Acid-washing can enhance the capacity of biosorbents for cationic metals through extraction of soluble organic or inorganic components from raw biomass and/or by changing its biochemistry. However, some chemicals can cause serious mass losses of the biosorbent as well as a drop in the biosorptive capacity (Park et al., 2010) Will the pH affect the metal uptake of biosorbent in the solution? At lower pH, metal binding was reduced due to increased competition by protons. It was possible to accurately predict metal uptake at one pH using the metal binding constant determined at a different pH (Schiewer and Patil, 2007).

 Is the biosorbent ideal for reuse or can be reuse over several cycles. What is the ideal way to dispose it? Even if the biosorbent can be efficiently reused over several cycles, the final disposal of the material should be addressed. The common answer to the disposal of the final material is via landfill or incineration. Alternatively, when recycling is not considered worthwhile, biomass combustion would yield ash with a high concentration of the desired metal (Volesky, 1987).

Objective of the Study For the given and said questions, our research team will find some alternative and possible ways to solve such problems. For the chemical pre-treatment, the biosorbent will be divided into two: modified and unmodified. For pH adjustment throughout the experiment, hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide solutions will be used. For the disposal, we will observe the proper way of disposing such material with accordance to the environmental regulations.

Significance of the Study Biosorption is cost-effective and has a huge potential to perform better than most conventional methods. The absorbent that we use will act as an alternative to hundreds of biosorbent that are able to bind to various pollutants. This will help future researcher in understanding the mechanism responsible for biosorption. This paper will be a help in screening and selection of the most promising biomass, with sufficiently high biosorption capacity and selectivity.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study This research will investigate the removal of Copper and Zinc from simulated solution using Dalandan or Citrus Aurantium peels. To limit our scope, this review takes into consideration only copper and zinc; they are common heavy metal contaminants in wastewaters. The biosorption processes will be demonstrated in a laboratory scale. The uptake capacity, effect of pH, dosage, contact time and kinetic model of the biosorbent will be analyze.