CHAPTER 20

Network Layer Protocols: ARP, IPv4, ICMP, IPv6, and ICMPv6

Review Questions
1. The five protocols in the network layer are IP, IGMP, ICMP, ARP, and RARP. 2. ARP finds the physical address of a device if the IP address is known. 3. An ARP request is broadcast because the sender does not know the physical address of the receiver. An ARP reply is unicast because the sender does know the physical address of the receiver. 4. IP has no error checking or error tracking, and makes no guarantees. 5. The packet in the IP layer is called a datagram. 6. The protocol field in the IP header defines the higher level protocol that is using IP. 7. The IP checksum covers only the header because the higher level protocol already checks the entire packet. Also, the IP header changes with each visited router (the data does not) and so must be checked. 8. The MTU is the maximum length of the IP datagram allowable on the network. For networks with an MTU smaller than the packet size, the packet must undergo fragmentation. 9. As the packet travels from source to destination, these fields do not change: identification, version, header length, differentiated services, protocol, source address, destination address, and options. 10. ICMP handles control and error messages in the IP layer. 11. An ICMP redirection message updates the routing table of a host. 12. An IPv4 address is 32 bits in length. An IPv6 address is 128 bits in length. 13. An IPv6 unicast address defines a single computer. An IPv6 anycast address defines a group of computers with addresses that have the same prefix. An IPv6 multicast address defines a group of computers that may or may not share the same prefix and may or may not be on the same physical network. 14. RARP was dropped because it is seldom used. IGMP is combined with ARP in ICMPv6.
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CHAPTER 20 NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS: ARP, IPV4, ICMP, IPV6, AND ICMPV6

15. The transition strategies are dual stack, tunnelling, and header translation.

Multiple-Choice Questions
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. a a a d a b d d a d c d d a a d b a b b a d c d b d d

Exercises
43. The size of an ARP packet is variable, depending on the length of the logical and physical addresses used. 44. The size of a RARP packet is variable, depending on the length of the logical and physical addresses used. 45. 72 bytes (with required padding). This includes 8 bytes of preamble and SFD. 46. If no fragmentation occurs at the router, then the only field to change in the base header is the time to live field. If any of the multiple-byte options are present, then

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47. 48.

49. 50. 51.

52.

53.

there will be changes in the option headers as well (to record the route and/or timestamp). If fragmentation does occur, the total length field will change to reflect the total length of each datagram. The more fragment bit of the flags field and the fragmentation offset fields may also change to reflect the fragmentation. If options are present and fragmentation occurs, the HLEN field of the base header may also change to reflect whether or not the option was included in the fragments. (0110) The value of the header length field of an IP packet can never be less than 5 because every IP datagram must have at least a base header that has a fixed size of 20 bytes. The value of HLEN field, when multiplied by 4, gives the number of bytes contained in the header. Therefore the minimum value of this field is 5 (5 4 = 20). This field has a value of exactly 5 when there are no options included in the header. The datagram must contain 16 bytes of data: 36 byte total length (5 HLEN field 4) = 36 20 = 16 HLEN field: 5 Total length field: 1044 Since the fragmentation offset field shows the offset from the beginning of the original datagram in multiples of 8 bytes, an offset of 100 indicates that there were 800 bytes of data sent before the data in this fragment. There are no options. The packet is not fragmented. The packet carries 64 bytes of data and a 20 byte header. The checksum is not used. The packet may visit up to 32 more routers. The identification number of the packet is 3 (decimal). The type of service is normal. The minimum size of an ICMP packet is 8 bytes (router solicitation packet). The largest of the ICMP packets is the router advertisement packet with up to 255 listings. The maximum size is then:
255 listings 8 bytes/listing + 8 bytes for the ICMP header = 2048 bytes

54. The minimum size of an IP packet that carries an ICMP packet would be 28 bytes (a 20 byte IP header + an 8 byte router solicitation packet). The maximum size would be 2068 bytes (a 20 byte IP header + a 2048 byte router advertisement packet). 55. ICMP packets have small amounts of data. We can say that the minimum packet size is controlled by Ethernet rather than ICMP. Therefore, the minimum frame size is 64 bytes and the maximum frame size is 1518 bytes (see Chapter 14). 56. The value of the protocol field of an IP packet carrying an ICMP packet is 1. 57. a. 2340:1ABC:119A:A000::0 b. 0:AA::119A:A231 c. 2340::119A:A001:0 d. 0:0:0:2340::0 58.

CHAPTER 20 NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS: ARP, IPV4, ICMP, IPV6, AND ICMPV6

a. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 b. 0000:00AA:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 c. 0000:1234:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0003 d. 0123:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001:0002 59. The time exceeded message for IPv6 is identical to that of IPv4 except that the type is now type 3 instead of type11 for IPv4.