www.seipub.

org/ijaceInternationalJournalofAutomationandControlEngineeringVolume2Issue1,February2013

NonLinearReactionDiffusionProcessina
ThinMembraneandHomotopyAnalysis
Method
V.Ananthaswamy1,A.Eswari2,L.Rajendran3
DepartmentofMathematics,TheMaduraCollege(Autonomous),Madurai,Tamilnadu,India

1,3

DepartmentofMathematics,K.L.N.CollegeofEngineering,Madurai,Tamilnadu,India

ananthu9777@rediffmail.com;2alagueswari@gmail.com;3raj_sms@rediffmail.com

Seidman et. al (1997 and 2005) and Kalacheve et. al.

(2003) provided the rigorous singular perturbation
analysis for the steadystate problem. The
correspondingnonsteadystatesystemofthisproblem
hasbeenconsideredbyHaarioSeidman(1994),forthe
complexboundaryconditions,todescribereactionsin
the film model for a gas/liquid interface. Also the
steadystateproblemhasmanyimportantapplications,
in chemical engineering modeling. Recently, Butuzov
et al. (1999 and 2007) have obtained some related
problems of exchange of stabilities using different
techniques (upper and lower solutions). However, to
the best of authors knowledge, no general analytical
results of substrate concentration for all values of
dimensionlessparameter havebeenpublished.The
purpose of this communication is to derive
approximateanalyticalexpressionsforthesteadystate
concentrations for all values of using Homotopy
analysismethod.

Abstract
The system of non linear reactiondiffusion process in thin
membranedescribingsteadystateofchemicalreactionsthat
involves three species is discussed. The equations are
coupled by the nonlinear reaction terms with mixed
boundary conditions. A closed form of an analytical
expression of concentrations for the full range of enzyme
activitieshasbeenderivedusingHomotopyanalysismethod.
A simple form of an approximate analytical expression of
concentrations in terms of dimensionless parameter is
alsoreported.Theseapproximateresultsarecomparedwith
the numerical results. A good agreement with simulation
dataisnoted.
Keywords
NonLlinearReactionDiffusionEquations;EnzymeMathematical
Modeling;ThinMembrane;HomotopyAnalysisMethod;Matlab
Program

Introduction

Mathematical Formulation of the Problems

We consider a diffusion controlled chemical reaction

between two species A and B to form a product,
accordingtothereactionmechanism 2 A B product .

The governing nonlinear reaction diffusion equation

inathinmembraneisexpressedinthefollowingnon
dimensionalformat[Ariel(2010)]:

This reaction takes place within a thin membrane

between tanks with abundant supplies of A to the
left of B to the right of the membrane. We model the
transport inside the membrane as diffusive, thus the
model will be given by a system of nonlinear
reactiondiffusionequationsthatarecoupledwiththe
nonlinearreactionterms.Thereactionpathconsistsof
a coupled pair of rapid irreversible simple reaction
mechanism[Ariel(2010)].

u xx uv uw (2)
v xx uv (3)
w xx uw uv (4)

where u ( x ), v( x) and w(x) denotetheconcentrationsof

the chemical species A, B and C respectively. The

diffusioncoefficientsofthreespeciesareconsideredto
haveanequaldiffusioncoefficientwhichisequalto1.

WeassumethatthespecieAissuppliedwithagiven
A B C ,
(1)
fixed concentration 0 at x = 0, and the specie B

A C product
with 0 atx=1.Boundaryconditionsare

where and denote the binary reaction rates.

10

u ; v x 0 ; w at x =0(5)

InternationalJournalofAutomationandControlEngineeringVolume2Issue1,February2013www.seipub.org/ijace

u x 0 ; v ; w x 0 at x =1(6)

h ( ) x 2
w( x) h ( ) x

Since the appearance of the large factor is much

greater than 1 in one of the terms in each reaction
diffusion equations (2)(4) the equations have
singularlyperturbedproblems[Ariel(2010)].

(9)

The equations (7)(9) represent the new analytical

expressionofconcentrationofspeciesforallvaluesof
dimensionless parameter. The reaction rate q is given

Solution of Boundary Value Problem Using

Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM)

by

h x x

q uv
h (1 x 2 )

Liao(1992,1995,2003,2004,2010and2012)proposed
apowerfulanalyticalmethodfornonlinearproblems,
namely the Homotopy analysis method. This method
provides an analytical solution in terms of an infinite
power series. However, there is a practical need to
evaluate this solution and to obtain numerical values
from the infinite power series. In order to investigate
theaccuracyoftheHomotopyanalysismethod(HAM)
solutionwithafinitenumberofterms,thedifferential
equations in the system were solved. The Homotopy
analysis method [Liao (1992, 1995, 2003, 2004, 2010,
2012), Eswari et.al (2010) and Jafari et. al (2009)] is a
preferred technique comparing to another
perturbationmethod.

(10)

Numerical Simulation
In order to find reveal the accuracy of our analytical
method, the nonlinear differential eqns. (2)(4) are
alsosolvedbynumericalmethods.Thefunctionbvp4c
inMatlabsoftwarewhichisafunctionofsolvingtwo
pointboundaryvalueproblems(TPBVPs)forordinary
differential equationsisused to solve these equations
numerically. Our analytical result is compared with
numerical solution and it gives a satisfactory
agreement (See figures (13)). The Matlab program is
alsogiveninAppendixD.

Homotopyperturbationmethod[Chowdhuryet.
al(2007),Eswariet.al(2010),Ghoriet.al(2007),Coyle
et.al(1986),Oziset.al(2007),Maddenet.al(2003)]is
aspecialcaseofHomotopyanalysismethod.Different
from all reported perturbation and non perturbative
techniques, the Homotopy analysis method itself
provides us with a convenient way to control and
adjust the convergence region and rate of
approximation series, when necessary. Briefly
speaking, the Homotopy analysis method has the
following advantages: itt is valid even if a given
nonlinear problem does not contain any small/large
parameter at all; it can be employed to efficiently
approximate a nonlinear problem by choosing
different sets of base functions. The Homotopy
analysis method contains the auxiliary parameter h
which provides us with a simple way to adjust and
control the convergence region of solution series.
Using this method, we can obtain the following
solutionto(2)(6)(seeAppendixB).

Results and Discussions

Fig. 1 represents the normalized steadystate
concentration u ( x ) for different values of
dimensionless parameter 0.1, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5 . From
this figure, it is evident that the values of the
concentration decreases when dimensionless
parameter increases to x 1. Fig. 2 shows the
normalizedsteadystateconcentration v( x) versusthe
dimensionless distance x for various values of
dimensionless parameter . From this figure, it is
obvious that the values of the concentration increases
when dimensionless parameter decreases to x 0 .
The normalized steadystate concentration w( x)
versusthedimensionlessdistancexforvariousvalues
ofdimensionlessparameter isplottedintheFig.3.
From this figure, it is inferred that the value of the
concentration will increase, when the diffusion
parameter increases. Fig.4 shows the normalized
steadystateconcentrations u ( x), v( x) and w( x) forsome

x 2
u ( x) h x
(7)

h (1 x 2 )
(8)
v( x)

fixed value of 5 . From this figure it is observed

thattheconcentration u (x ) ofspeciesAfromitsinitial

and

and w( x) of the species C increase from its initial

value, where the concentrations v(x) of the species B

11

www.seipub.org/ijaceInternationalJournalofAutomationandControlEngineeringVolume2Issue1,February2013

FIG. 3 NORMALIZED STEADYSTATE CONCENTRATION

values.

w( x)

VERSUS

x . THE CONCENTRATIONS WERE

(9) FOR VARIOUS VALUES OF THE DIMENSIONLESS

THE DIMENSIONLESS DISTANCE

COMPUTED USING
PARAMETER

FIG. 1 NORMALIZED STEADYSTATE CONCENTRATION

THE DIMENSIONLESS DISTANCE
COMPUTED USING
PARAMETER

x.

u ( x)

AND h 0.2.

VERSUS

THE CONCENTRATIONS WERE

(7) FOR VARIOUS VALUES OF THE DIMENSIONLESS

AND h 0.2.

FIG.

4.

u ( x), v( x)

NORMALIZED
AND

w( x )

STEADYSTATE

CONCENTRATION

VERSUS THE DIMENSIONLESS DISTANC

THE CONCENTRATIONS WERE COMPUTED USING (7) (9) AND FOR THE
FIXED VALUE OF THE DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETER 5 AND

h 0.2.

Figs. 57 shows the dimensionless reaction rate q

using for various values of . Thus, it is concluded
that there is a simultaneous increase in the values of
thereactionrateaswellasin forthefixedvalueof
, and .Theoptimumvalueof h canbeobtained
using h curvewhichisgivenintheFigures89.

FIG.2NORMALIZEDSTEADYSTATECONCENTRATION v ( x ) VERSUSTHE
DIMENSIONLESSDISTANCE

x .THECONCENTRATIONSWERECOMPUTED

USING(8)FORVARIOUSVALUESOFTHEDIMENSIONLESSPARAMETER
AND h

0.2.

FIG. 5 DIMENSIONLESS REACTION RATE VERSUS THE DIMENSIONLESS

DISTANCE x USING (10) FOR THE VALUE OF THE DIMENSIONLESS
PARAMETER

h 0.2.

12

0.1

WHEN

1.6, 0.8,

0.01

AND

InternationalJournalofAutomationandControlEngineeringVolume2Issue1,February2013www.seipub.org/ijace

FIG. 6 DIMENSIONLESS REACTION RATE VERSUS THE DIMENSIONLESS

DISTANCE x USING (10) FOR THE VALUE OF THE DIMENSIONLESS
PARAMETER

1,

WHEN

1.6, 0.8,

0.01

FIG. 9THE h CURVETOINDICATETHECONVERGENCEREGION u (0.1)

FORWHEN

AND

h 0.2.

Conclusion
The system of time independent reactiondiffusion
equation coupled through the non linear reaction
terms in thin membrane has been solved analytically
and numerically. Analytical expressions of the
concentrations of species are derived by using the
Homotopyanalysismethod.Theprimaryresultofthis
work is simple and approximate expressions of the
concentrations for all values of the dimensionless
parameter . This analytical result will be useful to
analyze the behavior of the internal layers. This
method is an extremely simple and it is also a
promisingmethodtosolveothernonlinearequations.
This method can be easily extended to find the
solutionofallothernonlinearequations.

FIG. 7 DIMENSIONLESS REACTION RATE VERSUS THE DIMENSIONLESS

DISTANCE x USING (10) FOR THE VALUE OF THE DIMENSIONLESS
PARAMETER

1.6, 0.8, 0.01 and 5.

5,

WHEN

1.6, 0.8,

0.01

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

AND

h 0.2.

This work is supported by the Council of Scientific

and Industrial Research (CSIR), (No. 01
(2442)/10/EMRII), Government of India. The authors
are thankful to the Secretary, the Principal, The
MaduraCollege(Autonomous),Madurai,TamilNadu,
Indiafortheirconstantencouragement.TheauthorA.
Eswari is very thankful to the K.L.N. College of
Engineering, Pottapalayam630611, Sivagangai, Tamil
Nadu,Indiaforgrantingtodotheresearchwork.
Appendix A: Basic Concept of Homotopy Analysis
Method(HAM)
Considerthefollowingdifferentialequation:

FIG.8THE h CURVETOINDICATETHECONVERGENCEREGION u
FORWHEN

N [u (t )] 0

' (0.1)

(A.1)

Where is a nonlinear operator, t denotes an

1.6, 0.8, 0.01 and 5.

13

www.seipub.org/ijaceInternationalJournalofAutomationandControlEngineeringVolume2Issue1,February2013

Applying L1 onbothsideofequation(A7),weget

independentvariable,u(t)isanunknownfunction.For
simplicity,weignoreallboundaryorinitialconditions,
which can be treated in the similar way. By meansof
generalizing the conventional Homotopy method,
Liao (2012) constructed the socalled zeroorder
deformationequationas:

u m (t ) m u m1 (t ) hL1[ H (t ) m (u m1 )] (A10)

In this way, it is easily to obtain u m for m 1, at M th

order,wehave

(1 p ) L[ (t ; p ) u 0 (t )] phH (t ) N [ (t ; p )] (A.2)

u (t )

wherep [0,1]istheembeddingparameter,h0isa
nonzero auxiliary parameter, H(t) 0 is an auxiliary

is important to note that one has great freedom to

chooseauxiliaryunknownsinHAM.Obviously,when
p 0 and p 1 ,itholds:

AppendixB:SolutionofNonlinearEquations(2)to(6)
UsingHAM

(A.3)

respectively. Thus, as p increases from 0 to 1, the

solution (t ; p ) varies from the initial guess u 0 (t ) to

In this Appendix, we indicate how (7) to (9) in this

paper are derived. To find the solution of (2), (3) and
(4),itcanbesimplifiedto[Ariel(2010)]

the solution u (t). Expanding (t ; p ) in Taylor series

withrespecttop,wehave:

(t ; p ) u 0 (t )

d 2u

u m (t ) p m

dx 2

(A.4)

m 1

1 m (t ; p )
m! p m

p 0

dx 2

x=1,
m (t )

(A.6)

dv
0 , w (B.4)
dx

du
dw
0 , v ,
0 (B.5)
dx
dx

d 2u
d 2u

(1 p) 2 hp 2 uv uw (B.6)
dx
dx

d 2v
d 2v

(1 p ) 2 hp 2 uv (B.7)
dx
dx

L[u m m u m1 ] hH (t ) m ( u m1 ) (A.7)

d 2w
d 2w

(1 p ) 2 hp 2 uv uw (B.8)
dx
dx

where
1
m 1 N [ (t ; p)]

(m 1)!
p m 1

(B.3)

WeconstructtheHomotopyasfollows

Differentiating (A.2) for m times with respect to the

embedding parameter p, and then setting p = 0 and
finallydividingthembym!,wewillhavethesocalled
mthorderdeformationequationas:

(A.8)

Theapproximatesolutionof(B.1)and(B.2)and(B.3)is,
u u 0 pu1 p 2 u 2 .......... (B.9)

And

v v0 pv1 p 2 v2 .......... (B.10)

0, m 1,
(A.9)
1, m 1.

14

uw uv 0

x=0, u ,

m 1

m ( u m 1 )

uv 0 (B.2)

Nowtheboundaryconditionsbecomes

u (t ) u 0 (t )

uv uw 0 (B.1)

d 2w

(A.5)

If the auxiliary linear operator, the initial guess, the

auxiliary parameter h, and the auxiliary function are
so properly chosen, the series (A.4) converges at p=1
thenwehave:

dx

where
u m (t )

(A.11)

When M , we get an accurate approximation of

theoriginalequation(A.1).Fortheconvergenceofthe
above method we refer the reader to Liao [20]. If
equation (A.1) admits unique solution, then this
methodwillproducetheuniquesolution.

initialguessofu(t), (t : p ) isanunknownfunction.It

m (t )

m 0

u
function, L an auxiliary linear operator, 0 (t) is an

(t ;0) u 0 (t ) and (t ;1) u (t )

w w0 pw1 p 2 w2 ............. (B.11)

InternationalJournalofAutomationandControlEngineeringVolume2Issue1,February2013www.seipub.org/ijace

Theinitialapproximationsareasfollows
u 0 (0) and u 0' (1) 0 (B.12)

ui (0) 0 and ui' (1) 0 , i 1,2... (B.13)

p1 :

d 2 v1
dx 2

d 2v
(h 1) 20 hu 0 v 0 =0(B.24)
dx

Comparingthecoefficientsoflikepowersofpin(B.20)
wehave

v0' (0) 0 and v0 (1) (B.14)

p0 :

vi' (0) 0 and vi (1) 0 , i 1,2... (B.15)

d 2 w0
dx 2

(B.25)

d 2w
d 2 u1
0 hu w hu v 0 (B.26)
p1 :
(h 1)
0 0
0 0
2
2

dx
dx
'

wi (0) 0 and wi (1) 0, i 1,2... (B.17)

w0 (0) and w0' (1) 0 (B.16)

Solving (B.21) to (B.26) and using the boundary

conditions(B.12)to(B.17),wecanobtainthefollowing
results:

Substituting(B.9)to(B.11)into(B.6)to(B.8)wehave
d 2 (u 0 pu1 ...)
(1 p )

dr 2

d 2 (u 0 pu1 ...)

2
dx

hp (u 0 pu1 .....)(v 0 pv1 .....)

(u 0 pu1 ....)( w0 pw1 ....)

d 2 (v 0 pv1 ..)
(1 p )

dx 2

d 2 (v 0 pv1 ..)

2
hp
dx

(u 0 pu1 ....)(v 0 pv1 .......)

u 0 , u1 h x , v 0 ,
h (1 x 2 )

v1

(B.18)

h ( ) x 2

w0 0, w1 h ( ) x

AccordingtotheHPM,wecanconcludethat

(B.19)

(B.28)

u lim u ( x) u 0 u1

(B.29)

v lim v( x) v0 v1

(B.30)

p 1

p 1

w lim w( x ) w0 w1
p 1

d 2 ( w pw ....)
0
1

(1 p)
2

dx

d ( w pw ....)
0
1

(B.20)

dx 2

hp (u 0 pu1 ...)(v 0 pv1 ...)

(u pu ....)( w pw ...).
0
1
0
1

(B.27)

(B.31)

Afterputting(B.27)and(B.28)into(B.29)to(B.31),we
obtain(7)(9)inthetext.
AppendixC:DeterminingtheRegionofhforValidity

The analytical solution should converge. It should be

noted that the auxiliary parameter h controls the
convergence and accuracy of the solution series. The
analytical solution represented by (7) contains the
auxiliary parameter h which gives the convergence
Comparingthecoefficientsoflikepowersof p in(B.18)
region and rate of approximation for the Homotopy
weget
analysis method. In order to define region such that
the solution series is independent of h, a multiple of
d 2u 0
p0 :
0 (B.21)
2
h curves are plotted. The region where the
dx
2
2
u (x ) and u ' ( x) versus h is a horizontal
concentration

d u0
d u1
(B.22)
p1 :

h
u
v
hu
w
(
1
)

0
0
0
0
2
line known as the convergence region for the
dx 2
dx
corresponding function. The common region among
Comparingthecoefficientsoflikepowersof p in(B.19)
u (x ) and its derivatives are known as the over all
weobtain.
convergence region. To study the influence of h on
p0 :

d 2 v0
dx 2

the convergence of solution, h curves of u (0.1) and

0 (B.23)
u ' (0.1) are plotted in Fig. (7) and (8) respectively for

1.6, 0.8, 0.01 and 5. These figures

15

www.seipub.org/ijaceInternationalJournalofAutomationandControlEngineeringVolume2Issue1,February2013

clearlyindicatethatthevalidregionof h isabout(0.4
to 0.05). Similarly we can find the value of the
convergence control parameter h for different values
ofconstantparameters.

alpha=1.6;
gamma=0.01;
beta=0.8;
lamta=5;%parameters

Appendix D: Matlab Program to Find the Numerical

SolutionofNonlinearEquations(2)to(6):

F=(lamta*yy1);

functionpdex4

F1=(lamta*y);%nonlinearterms

m=0;

F2=(lamta*yy1);

x=linspace(0,1);

s=[F;F1;F2];

t=linspace(0,100000);

sol=pdepe(m,@pdex4pde,@pdex4ic,@pdex4bc,x,t);

Functionu0=pdex4ic(x);

u1=sol(:,:,1);

%createainitialconditions

u2=sol(:,:,2);

u0=[0;1;0];

u3=sol(:,:,3);

figure

function[pl,ql,pr,qr]=pdex4bc(xl,u1,xr,ur,t)
%createaboundaryconditions

plot(x,u1(end,:))

pl=[u1(1)1.6;0;u1(3)0.01];

title(u1(x,t))

ql=[0;1;0];

xlabel(Distancex)

pr=[0;ur(2)0.8;0];

ylabel(u1(x,2))

qr=[1;0;1];

%
AppendixE:Nomenclature

Figure
plot(x,u2(end,:))

Symbol

Meaning

ConcentrationofthechemicalspeciesA

ConcentrationofthechemicalspeciesB

ConcentrationofthechemicalspeciesC

Figure

Dimensionlessparameter

Dimensionlessdistance

title(u2(x,t))
xlabel(Distancex)
ylabel(u2(x,2))

plot(x,u3(end,:))
title(Solutionatt=2)
xlabel(Distancex)
ylabel(u3(x,2))
%
function[c,f,s]=pdex4pde(x,t,u,DuDx)

FixedconcentrationofthespeciesA

FixedconcentrationofthespeciesB

FixedconcentrationofthespeciesC

c=[1;1;1];
f=[1;1;1].*DuDx;
y=u(1)*u(2);
y1=u(1)*u(3);

16

Dimensionlessreactionrate

InternationalJournalofAutomationandControlEngineeringVolume2Issue1,February2013www.seipub.org/ijace

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Author Introduction

JafariH.,ChunC.,andSaeidyS.M.,AnalyticalSolutionfor
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Mr. V. Ananthaswamy received his

M.Sc. Mathematics degree from The
Madura
College
(Autonomous),
Madurai625011, Tamil Nadu, India
during2000.HehasreceivedhisM.Phil
degree in Mathematics from Madurai
Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil
Nadu, India during 2002. Also he is

17

www.seipub.org/ijaceInternationalJournalofAutomationandControlEngineeringVolume2Issue1,February2013

Analyticalsolutionofsystemofnonlinearreactiondiffusion
processes in biosensor, variational iteration, Homotopy
perturbation and numerical methods. She has published 15
papers in International Journals, 2 papers have been
communicated in International Journals and one paper has
been accepted in Book for publication. Also, She has
participated and presented research papers in International
andNationalConferences.

doing his Ph.D, in Some Boundary value Problems in

Reaction Diffusion Processes at Madurai Kamaraj
University,Madurai,undertheguidanceofDr.L.Rajendran.
He has 12 years and six months of teachingexperiences for
Engineering College, Arts College and Deemed University
and3yearsofresearchexperience.Atpresentheisworking
as Assistant Professorin Mathematics,TheMadura College
(Autonomous),Madurai625011from2008onwards.Hehas
published five articles in peerreviewed journals. His
present research interest includes: Mathematical modeling
based on differential equations and asymptotic
approximations, analysis of system of nonlinear reaction
diffusion equations in physical sciences. Also, he has
participated and presented research papers in National
Conferences.

Dr. L. Rajendran received his M.Sc. in

Mathematics in 1981 from Presidency
College,Chennai,TN,India.Heobtained
his Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics from
Alagappa University, Karaikudi, TN,
India during 2000. At present, he is an
Assistant Professor in Matheatics at The
Masdura

College(Autonomous),
Madurai, TN, India. Before this position
(19862007),hewasworkingasaPostGraduateAssistantin
Mathematics at SMSV Higher Secondary School, Karaikudi,
TN,India.Hehas20yearsteachingexperienceand15years
researchexperience.Hehasauthoredandcoauthorover100
researchpublicationsincludingabout70scholarlyarticlesin
peerreviewed journals. He visited institute fur Organische
Chemie, Universitry at Tubingen, D 72076 Tubingen,
Germany in year 2003 under INSA and DFG Postdoctoral
Research Fellowship. Currently he has three research
projects from DST, CSIR and UGC. His current research
interestsincludemathematicalandcomputationalmodeling
ofelectrochemicalbiosensor.

Ms.A.EswarireceivedherM.Sc(2005)
and M.Phil (2006) in Mathematics
from Madura College and Mannar
ThirumalaiNaickerCollege,Madurai,
Tamilnadu, India. At present, She is
working as a Associate Professor in
Mathematics Department. at K.L.N.
CollegeofEngineering,Pottapalayam,
SivagangaiDistrict,Tamilnadu,India.
Also, she is doing her Ph.D in Mathematical modelling at
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli under
the guidance of Dr. L. Rajendran, Department of
Mathematics, The Madura College, Madurai. Her present
researchinterestinclude:Mathematicalmodelling,

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