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Lecture 3

PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
PHYS1171 - Forces and Motion
Lecture 3 - Resolving Forces
Dr. Tim McIntyre
The University of Queensland
Semester 1, 2013
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Lecture 3 - Resolving Forces
Todays lecture covers
Using vectors
Resolving forces
Adding forces
Preparation
Read Five Minute Physics -
Lecture 3 - Resolving Forces
Reference
Biological Physics (2010), Appendix B, Sections B.5, B.6
(Wiley version only)
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Reading Quiz (assessed)
Which of the following statements is false?
1 Coordinate axes dene reference directions
2 An example of a force vector in two-dimensional space is
F = (5,2) N
3 A vector quantity can be described using a magnitude and
a direction
4 A vector of magnitude 5 added to a vector of magnitude 3
must result in a vector of magnitude 8.
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Forces in two dimensions
Generally we will work with forces in two dimensions.
Typically these two directions are dened parallel and
perpendicular to some reference direction
Some examples:
Vertical and horizontal (i.e parallel and perpendicular to
the gravitational force)
Parallel and perpendicular to an inclined plane (i.e. axes
perpendicular and parallel to the normal force)
We need to resolve each force into its component in each of
the two directions - we do this using vectors
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Scalars and Vectors
Scalar
A scalar species a magnitude of some
parameter
For example - You are one kilometre
from home.
Vector
A vector species both a magnitude
and a direction
For example - You are one kilometre
from home in a north-easterly
direction.
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Vector Representation
We will generally be working with vectors in two-dimensions
which we call the x and y directions.
There are a variety of ways that vectors are written down. In
two-dimensions, some examples are :
F = (3, 4)N
= (3i + 4j)N
Equally we could give the components as F
x
= 3 N, F
y
= 4 N.
In each case we are specifying that the component of the force,
F, is 3 N in the x-direction and 4 N in the y-direction.
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Vector Representation
When working in two dimensions, two parameters are required
to dene a vector. We will use two ways of specifying this:
x - y
x-component, y-component
r -
length, angle
Converting between the two representations requires a
knowledge of trigonometry.
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Trigonometry
Construct a right-angled triangle:
The vector is the hypotenuse of the triangle.
The adjacent edge (adjacent to the start of the vector) is
parallel to the x-axis.
The opposite edge is parallel to the y-axis.
Trigonometry gives us the relations between the sides. To
remember the relations use . . . soh-cah-toa.
sin =
opposite
hypotenuse
cos =
adjacent
hypotenuse
tan =
opposite
adjacent
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Trigonometry
Construct a right-angled triangle:
The vector is the hypotenuse of the triangle.
The adjacent edge (adjacent to the start of the vector) is
parallel to the x-axis.
The opposite edge is parallel to the y-axis.
Trigonometry gives us the relations between the sides. To
remember the relations use . . . soh-cah-toa.
sin =
y
r
cos =
x
r
tan =
y
x
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Trigonometry
Rearrange the trigonometric relations to obtain the appropriate
relations:
Converting from r to x y
x = r cos
y = r sin
Converting from x y to r
r =
p
x
2
+ y
2
tan =
y
x
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Application - Muscles and Forces
Muscles are made of thousands of parallel bres tapering at
each end.
Muscles attach to bones by tendons.
Leonardo da Vinci:
The muscles always begin and end on the bones that touch
one another, and they never begin and end on the same bone
. . .
Pull is exerted by muscle when its bres contract. Pairs of
muscles are needed to control limb movement.
The force applied per unit area of muscle is about 7x10
6
N/m
2
.
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Example - Achilles Tendon
At the back of the leg, two muscles pull on the Achilles tendon
to create an upward force. Estimate the net force due to these
muscles if each muscle has a diameter of about 5.0 mm and
exerts a force in a direction of 25

from the vertical. (Use a


force per unit area of muscle of 7.0x10
6
N/m
2
).
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Example - Achilles Tendon
At the back of the leg, two muscles pull on the Achilles tendon to create an upward force. Estimate the net
force due to these muscles if each muscle has a diameter of about 5.0 mm and exerts a force in a direction of
25

from the vertical. (Use a force per unit area of muscle of 7.0x10
6
N/m
2
).
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Question...
For the two vectors shown, A and B, the vector that best
represents A + B is
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Question...
For the two vectors shown, A and B, the vector that best
represents A B is
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Adding Vectors
When adding two vectors, we must take into account both the
magnitude and direction of each of the vectors. This can be
done . . .
Mathematically
Resolve into components (x and y)
Add like components (x and y)
Use trigonometry to nd magnitude and
direction
Pictorially
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Example - Ropes
In an eort to extract a bogged car, two people tie ropes to the
car and attempt to pull it out. The rst person applies a force
of 220 N due east. The second person applies a force of 120 N
in a north-easterly direction. What is the net force applied by
the two people?
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
Lecture 3
PHYS1171
Introduction
Reading
Denitions
Example 1
Addition
Example 2
Summary
Summing Up
After this lecture you should . . .
Be condent in working with vectors
Be able to determine the components of a vector
Understand how to add vectors
Supplementary Questions Biological Physics (2010)
None - but practice resolving and adding vectors!
Next lecture
Read Five Minute Physics -
Lecture 4 - Weight and the Normal Force
PHYS1171 Lecture 3
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1 CoordlnaLe axes dene reference
dlrecuons
2 An example of a force vecLor ln Lwo-
dlmenslonal space ls l = (3,2) n
3 A vecLor quanuLy can be descrlbed
uslng a magnlLude and a dlrecuon
4 A vecLor of magnlLude 3 added Lo a
vecLor of magnlLude 3 musL resulL ln a
vecLor of magnlLude 8.
Whlch of Lhe followlng sLaLemenLs ls Lrue?
!
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Answer 1 Answer 2 Answer 3 Answer 4
lor Lhe Lwo vecLors shown, A and 8, Lhe vecLor LhaL besL represenLs A + 8 ls
!
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Answer 1 Answer 2 Answer 3 Answer 4
lor Lhe Lwo vecLors shown, A and 8, Lhe vecLor LhaL besL represenLs A - 8 ls
!

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