1.

What is DSL? DSL refers to a class of technology used to obtain more bandwidth over existing copper telephone cabling running between a customer's premises and a Telco's Central ffice. DSL allows simultaneous voice and high!speed data services such as super fast "nternet access over a single pair of copper telephone wires. There are several variations of 'DSL' that include# $DSL ! $symmetric Digital Subscriber Line %!$DSL ! %ate!$daptive Digital Subscriber Line &igh (it!%ate Digital Subscriber Line &DSL ! 'ery &igh (it!%ate Digital Subscriber Line 'DSL ! Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line SDSL ! $s the saying goes) 'there is no such thing as a free lunch' and a Telco must ma*e compromises between costs) distance) speeds) reliability) e+uipment) etc when implementing or offering 'DSL' services. ,ach variation of 'DSL' reflects the different compromises made by Telco's when deciding how far and how fast data can flow on a particular *ind of subscriber line.

-.

What's special about DSL? The cables connecting most households to the phone networ* are mainly simple twisted pair copper wires) which have only been able to carry analogue traffic. .odem speeds have gradually increased through the use of various compression and other techni+ues) but at today's fastest /01 *bit2s3 they are approaching the theoretical limit for this technology. DSL technology enables much higher speeds across the twisted pair lines from the Central ffice to the home) school or business. Speeds up to - .egabits per second are achievable in some areas ! 45 or more times faster than today's fastest modems. This means that some consumers and tele!wor*ers will be able to use applications that need these higher speeds even if high performance /fibre3 cable networ*s are not available in their location.

4.

What is PPPoE? 666o, stands for 6oint to 6oint 6rotocol over ,thernet. 666 is usually used over serial communications li*e dial!up modem connections. .any DSL "nternet service providers now use 666 over ,thernet because of its added login and security features. $ whole 78$ document is dedicated to 666o, here http#22www.vicomsoft.com2*nowledge2reference2666o,.html

9.

What is a DSL modem? a DSL :modem: is a device that is placed at either end of the copper phone line to allow a computer /or L$;3 to be connected to the "nternet through a DSL connection. <nli*e a dial up connection) it usually does not re+uire a dedicated phone line /a 6 TS splitter box enables the line to be shared simultaneously3. DSL is considered to be the next generation of modem technology. $lthough DSL modems resemble conventional analogue modems they provide much higher throughput.

1.

How does DSL compare to access using normal (analogue) modems, modems and !SD"?

able

$nalogue modems allow digital data to flow over the Telco's existing analogue networ* by performing a digital to analogue conversion for transmission onto the networ* and vice versa on the receiving end. The only necessity for analogue modems is that each end of the call must have a compatible modem. This ma*es analogue modem connections the most ubi+uitous form of data communications available today. &owever) analogue modems are limited by the Telco's voice bandwidth service. Current analogue modems are struggling to achieve rates of only 01 *bit2s over those networ*s. Cable modems are capable of very high speed throughput /bandwidth3 and are used when accessing the "nternet across a television cable company's networ* /usually fibre3. &owever access via cable modem from a cable company is normally structured in a way that has a group of users sharing a 'node' in a specific area. The more subscribers in that area) the less bandwidth is available to each. So although the cable modem itself can handle high throughput) the bandwidth available to a user may be less. "SD; is a Telco technology that provides digital service across existing telephone copper wiring typically in increments of 19 =bit2s channels. "SD; has been around for many years) but its popularity in the <S$ is only now beginning to increase as a result of limitations of analogue modems and the rise of "nternet usage. %oll!out of this service by most Telcos in the <S$ has been slow due to high costs) lac* of standards and low acceptance rate by consumers. > ;ote# "SD; is widespread throughout a number of other countries including ?ermany) @rance and the <=A. DSL are also Telco technologies but unli*e "SD; they appear to be gaining widespread Telco approval. (ac*ed by the Telcos) they appear the candidates to provide next generation high bandwidth services to the home) school or business using the existing telephone cabling infrastructure. DSL technology puts a high speed digital lin* on the copper telephone line) and routes it directly to a pac*et switching data networ* for efficient wide area transmission) bypassing the voice networ*. DSL modems use digital coding techni+ues to s+ueeBe up to CCD more capacity out of a copper telephone line without interfering with regular phone services. That means you could be simultaneously tal*ing on the phone or sending a fax ! while accessing web pages on the "nternet. -. What are the main bene#its o# connecting to the !nternet $ia DSL? DSL can provide virtually instantaneous transmission of voice) data and video over ordinary copper phone lines. $ DSL connection can eliminate the frustrating delays associated when waiting to download information and graphics from the "nternet. "t provides residential subscribers with a cost effective uninterrupted high speed "nternet connection. @or schools) businesses and branch offices) DSL provides fast access to mission!critical information on corporate "ntranet servers and the "nternet. $nother significant benefit is that a DSL connection is always on!line /li*e a L$; connection3 with no waiting time for dialling or connecting. %& Wh' has it ta(en )elephone companies so long

1.

What is the theoretical per#ormance o# DSL? $s mentioned previously) there are different types of DSL services. They are# $DSL %!$DSL &DSL 'DSL SDSL ! ! ! ! ! $symmetric Digital Subscriber Line %ate!$daptive Digital Subscriber Line &igh (it!%ate Digital Subscriber Line 'ery &igh (it!%ate Digital Subscriber Line Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line

&ere is a simple table for you to see the theoretical performances of the different types of DSL services. $s you can see the theoretical performance of some DSL services are +uite comparable to T1 and ,1 speeds that are usually more appropriate in <niversities and corporate environments. ;ote however that many users of high speed connectivity often purchase subsets /i.e. lesser3 bandwidth than the theoretical maximum. Distance Limitations -sing ./01auge Wire ;one 4.9 miles 2 0.9 =m 45 miles 2 9E =m over coaxial cable 4.9 miles 2 0.9 =m -.- miles 2 4.1 =m 4.9 miles 2 0.9 =m - miles 2 4 =m 1)555 ft2459 m 9)055 ft214F1 m depending on speed 4.9 miles 2 0.9 =m

onnection 01 = $nalogue .odem "SD; Cable .odem

*a+imum )rans#er ,ate 01 *bit2s <p to 1-E =bps /.ultilin* 6663 15!45 .bit2s Downstream 1-E *bit2s to 15 .bit2s <pstream /Shared bandwidth3 1.0 ! E .bit2s Downstream <p to 1.099 .bit2s <pstream T1 ! 1.099 .bit2s /- wire pairs3 ,1 ! -.59E .bit2s /4 wire pairs3 T1 ! 1.099 .bit2s ,1 ! -.59E .bit2s 14 ! 0- .bit2s Downstream 1.0 ! -.4 .bit2s <pstream <p to 49 .bit2s if symmetric 1.0 ! E .bit2s Downstream <p to 1.099 .bit2s <pstream

$DSL &DSL SDSL 'DSL

%!$DSL -.

What is the real0world per#ormance o# DSL? ne factor which affects the performance of DSL services is distance from the Telco Central ffice to the home) school or business which the DSL line is connected to. "n the table above you will see a column for distance. This represents the maximum distance at which you would see the bandwidth listed for that service. The further away you are from the Central ffice) the lower the perceived speed. Connection methods performance table

1.

What !s HDSL? &igh!(it!%ate Digital Subscriber Line /&DSL3 was developed in the early C5s as an alternative way to achieve T1 and ,1 speeds /1.0 to -.5 .bps3. The idea was to apply the same line coding techni+ue as was used in "SD; /-(173) split the service on two phone lines /four wires3) increase the bits per baud rate and reduce the fre+uency spectrum needed. The result was an &DSL!based service) specifying loops of up to 1-)555ft at a wire thic*ness of 5.0mm /-9 gauge3. Subse+uently) another line coding techni+ue called Carrierless $mplitude 6hase modulation /C$63 was introduced which enabled the use of an even lower range of the fre+uency spectrum) with less attenuation and longer loop reach. (oth $;S" and ,TS"'s /the $merican and ,uropean standards bodies3 &DSL standards committees have endorsed these line codes in technical reports.

&DSL was the earliest variation of DSL to be broadly used. The main characteristic of &DSL is that it is symmetrical /an e+ual amount of bandwidth is available upstream and downstream3. &DSL has proven to be a reliable and cost effective means for providing repeater!less T1 and ,1 services over two copper pair loops. $s &DSL eliminates the need for repeater e+uipment and the removal of bridged taps it significantly simplifies the labour and engineering effort to support the service. "t also reduces the time) cost) and effort of isolating faults and ta*ing corrective action when a failure does occur. -. What !s SDSL? Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line /SDSL3 provides the same amount of bandwidth upstream and downstream. SDSL can achieve an entire T1 or ,1 line speed over a single copper pair specifying loops up to 11)555ft at a wire thic*ness of 5.0mm /-9 gauge3. SDSL is a single pair implementation of &DSL. The name has become more generic over time and is also used to refer to symmetric service at a variety of rates over a single loop. "n principle) the difference between 9!wire &DSL and -!wire SDSL systems is loop reach. &DSL systems can operate in lower fre+uencies than SDSL) resulting in a light loop reach advantage. SDSL uses Carrierless $mplitude 6hase modulation /C$63. 4. What !s 2DSL? $symmetric Digital Subscriber Line /$DSL3 ta*es its name from the comparatively high bandwidth downstream) with low bandwidth upstream. $DSL can achieve data transmission at speeds between 1.0.bps and E.bps over a single copper pair specifying loops up to 1E)555ft at a wire thic*ness of 5.0mm /-9 gauge3. "n implementing $DSL line coding techni+ues were an important issue. There are two flavours) Discrete .ultitone .odulation /D.T3 and Carrierless $mplitude 6hase .odulation /C$63. The conclusion is that although C$6 is widespread) more and more products are issued with D.T. $DSL supports applications with :asymmetric: traffic demand such as) web surfing) file downloads and telecommuting. $n advantage of $DSL is that it allows users to have telephone conversations and transfer data simultaneously. 9. What !s ,02DSL? %ate $daptive Digital Subscriber Line /%!$DSL3 technology can automatically adGust the speed of the line by conducting a series of initial tests to determine the maximum speed possible on a particular line. "n areas where there is a large variance in the length of the local loop /distance between the service user and the central office3) the gauge of the wire) and the condition of the line) it becomes difficult to determine what speeds should be provisioned over each line. @luctuating conditions such as weather further acts to change the maximum possible throughput on a given line. Since %!$DSL accommodates the maximum speed available across a particular line) much of the effort and2or guesswor* can be ta*en out of provisioning $DSL. Li*e $DSL) a *ey advantage of %!$DSL technology is its ability to allow users to have telephone conversations and transfer data simultaneously over a single copper pair. %!$DSL uses Carrierless $mplitude and 6hase modulation /C$63. 0. What !s 3DSL? 'ery &igh (it!rate Digital Subscriber Line /'DSL3 provides provision for shorter local loops) perhaps up to 4)555ft with downstream speeds of up to a 0- .bps. 'DSL is the next step up the speed ladder beyond $DSL. &owever) the price paid for 'DSL's increased speed is a

shorter distance range. $dditionally) 'DSL comes in two variants) a :symmetrical: and an :asymmetrical: version. 'DSL technology will provide the final delivery of data over the existing phone line. short ranges) the asymmetrical versions of 'DSL offers a slower data rate but still proportionately higher than for $DSL. ver

To date a standard has not yet been agreed on. &owever) ,TS" and $;S") the ,uropean and $merican standards bodies) are both actively wor*ing towards a standard for 'DSL. 1. What !s !DSL? "SD; Digital Subscriber Line /"DSL3 permits data transmission at speeds of 1-E =bps over a single copper pair specifying loops up to 1E)555 feet at a wire thic*ness of 5.0mm /-9 gauge3. "DSL uses the -(17 line coding standard for "SD; (%" circuits. (ecause "DSL uses the same industry!standard line coding techni+ue as "SD;) customers with "SD; (%" terminal adapters can use their current T$s) routers and bridges for connecting to "DSL lines. $ny of the commonly used transport protocols such as 666) .6) .6H or @rame %elay may be used over the "DSL line) allowing rapid and transparent integration into "nternet) remote L$; access and telecommuting. "SD; can be used for data!only applications. F. What !s *0SDSL? .ultirate Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line /.!SDSL3 builds on single pair SDSL technology. .!SDSL can automatically adGust the speed of the line. "t supports eight distinct rates and permits data transmission speeds between 19 =bps and 1-E =bps specifying loops up to -C)555 ft at a wire thic*ness of 5.0mm /-9 gauge3 and stepping down to 10)555 ft at a full - .bps rate. Iith an autorate ability /similar to %!$DSL3) symmetric applications can now be universally deployed. .!SDSL uses Carrierless $mplitude 6hase modulation /C$63 modulation. E. Wh' 2re )here So *an' 3ariations 4# DSL )echnologies? Different applications re+uire different data rates) and the various DSL technologies deliver those speed variations. @or example) &DSL and SDSL deliver services at T12,1 speeds. %! $DSL can automatically adGust the speed of the line. $DSL can achieve speeds between 1.0.bps to E.bps downstream. "DSL delivers services at 1-E =bps and .!SDSL can support eight distinct rates. ?enerally spea*ing) the different variations of DSL technology have been implemented to meet the specific needs of any home users) small and medium siBe businesses) schools and colleges) and corporate sectors. C. What !s 2 2P 2nd D*)?

Carrierless $mplitude 6hase modulation /C$63 and Discrete .ulti!Tone modulation /D.T3 are two different forms of line coding techni+ues used with DSL technology. The main difference between these two line coding methods is in determining the optimum speed between the central office and the service user over a single copper pair. C$6 treats the entire fre+uency spectrum as a single channel and optimiBes the data rate while D.T divides it into -01 sub!channels and optimiBes the data rate for each sub!channel. C$6 has been tested longer than D.T) but D.T has been accepted as the standard by $;S" and ,TS". 15. 2re )here 2n' 4ther Line oding )echni5ues -sed )o Support DSL 2nd Wh' 2re 2P 2nd D*) )he *ost Popular? There are some instances where vendors have developed DSL products using line coding techni+ues other than C$6 or D.T. &owever) these examples are isolated and have not been recognised by the standards organisations.

DSL utilises fre+uencies above 9)555 &ertB. The use of higher fre+uencies to support higher speed services also results in shorter loop reach. This is because high fre+uency signals transmitted over copper loops attenuate energy faster than the lower fre+uency signals. C$6 and D.T use a lower range of fre+uency spectrum than earlier alternative line coding techni+ues. They have reduced signal attenuation and enabled desired loop reach to be achieved. That's why C$6 and D.T have become the most popular line coding techni+ues to be used to support DSL technology. 11. Does DSL Support !ndustr' )ransmission Standards? Jes. @ormats and bit rates such as T1 /1.099 .bps3 and ,1 /-.59E .bps3 are easily transmitted. Since DSL in itself is not a service so much as it is an enabler of high!speed services and applications) the list of existing standards it can accommodate includes 6 TS) @rame %elay and "6. 1-. Where 2re )he Standards? $ copy of the DSL standards can be obtained from the $merican ;ational Standards "nstitute at http#22www.ansi.org or the ,uropean Telecommunications Standards institute at http#22www.etsi.org. 14. Who 2re 2"S!? $;S" /$merican ;ational Standards "nstitute3 is the primary organisation for fostering the development of technology standards in the <nited States. $;S" wor*s with industry groups and is the <.S. member of the "nternational rganisation for Standardisation /"S 3 and the "nternational ,lectrotechnical Commission /",C3. 19. Wh' 2re Standards !mportant? "t is important that a standard is achieved because it is a prere+uisite to wide!scale DSL deployment. Ihen service providers *now there are multiple sources of commercially available standards!based DSL technology) they will open the floodgates to mass!mar*et consumer deployment. 10. Wh' Has D*) 1ained 6a$our 2s )he 4##icial 2"S! Standard #or 2DSL? There are two main approaches to $DSL technology) those that incorporate Discrete .ultitone .odulation /D.T3 and those that are based on an older techni+ue) Carrierless $mplitude 6hase .odulation /C$63. "n terms of communications speed) bandwidth efficiency) spectral compatibility) performance) robustness) and power consumption) D.T is a better choice than C$6. That's why D.T has been adopted as a standard to the $merican ;ational Standards "nstitute /$;S"3) the ,uropean Telecommunication Standards "nstitute /,TS"3 and the "nternational Telecommunications <nion /"T<3. $s a result) the maGority of vendors in the $DSL mar*etplace are developing D.T technology. 11. Does DSL Share )he Same 7andwidth 2s )he P4)S? ;o. DSL utilises more of the bandwidth on copper phone lines than what is currently used for 6lain ld Telephone Service /6 TS3. (y utilising fre+uencies above 9)555 &ertB) DSL can encode more data to achieve higher data rates than would otherwise be possible in the restricted fre+uency range of a 6 TS networ*. "n order to utilise the fre+uencies above the voice audio spectrum) DSL e+uipment must be installed on both ends and the copper wire in between must be able to sustain the higher fre+uencies for the entire route. This means bandwidth limiting devices such as loading coils must be removed before DSL can be provisioned.

1F. Does DSL Wor( 4$er )he E+isting Public Switched )elephone "etwor( (PS)")? ;o. DSL is a local loop transmission technology that can be provisioned over the existing local loops) either central office to service user or point!to!point in campus environments. DSL can be optionally configured to operate concurrent with the existing 6lain ld Telephone Service /6 TS3. &owever) DSL does not traverse the 6ST;. DSL!based services are redirected to a high speed bac*bone networ* prior to interfacing with the switched networ*. 1E. What !s 2 DSL2*? To interconnect multiple DSL users to a high!speed bac*bone networ*) the telephone company uses a Digital Subscriber Line $ccess .ultiplexer /DSL$.3 located at a central office. $ DSL$.) receives signals from multiple customer Digital Subscriber Line /DSL3 connections and puts the signals on a high!speed bac*bone line using multiplexing techni+ues. Typically) the DSL$. connects to an $synchronous Transfer .ode line /$T.3 that can aggregate data transmission at gigabit data rates. $t the other end of each transmission) a DSL$. de!multiplexes the signals and forwards them to appropriate individual DSL connections. Depending on the product) DSL$. multiplexers connect DSL lines with some combination of $T.) frame relay) or "6 networ*s. DSL$. enables a phone company to offer business or homes users the fastest phone line technology /DSL3 with the fastest bac*bone networ* technology /$T.3. 1C. What !s 2 Digital )ranscei$er -nit (2)-0,)? $n $T<!% is the e+uipment installed at the service users premises so they can connect to the DSL loop. The connection is typically 15(ase!T) '.40) $T.!-0) or T12,1. .ultiport device support for voice) data) and2or video is also possible. $T<!%'s are available in a number of different configurations depending upon the specific service being provisioned. "n addition to providing basic DSL modem functionality) many $T<!%s contain additional functionality such as bridging) routing) TD. multiplexing or $T. multiplexing. -5. What !s 2 Loading oil 2nd an )he' 7e Easil' ,emo$ed?

"n the <S around -5 percent of local loops have devices called loading coils installed to increase inductance. They carry voice signals further and improve the +uality of the voice service) but cause distortion at the higher fre+uencies used to carry digital information. Since all types of DSL /&DSL) SDSL) $DSL) 'DSL3 use fre+uencies well above the voice region) they prohibit the use of DSL technology. This has been the case with T12,1) "SD; and &DSL deployments over the past few years. .ost telephone companies have a process where the loading coil is removed from the line. -1. What !s 2 7ridged )ap? $ bridged tap is an accidental connection of another loop to the primary loop. "t could be an unused copper pair at an intermediate point or an extension of the circuit beyond the service user location. ,ach bridged tap introduces signal attenuation. "n all) the average <S local loop has -- splices in it which adds up to a lot of signal attenuation. ?enerally spea*ing) the length of the bridged tap determines the level of signal attenuation. Ihen telephone companies provision T1 or ,1 lines) they must remove all bridged taps. Ihile this may sound li*e a trivial exercise the opening and closing of cable splices) often ma*es the process of locating and removing bridged taps a time consuming and therefore costly challenge. DSL eliminates the removal of bridged taps. &owever the performance of DSL would be better over loops without bridged taps.

--. What 2re 7inder 1roups 2nd Wh' 2re )he' !mportant? $ binder group is Gust a bunch of wires. Telephone companies must consider the type of services been deployed within a binder group. Some services can conflict with each other. This can cause interference between services which can degrade nearby signals. -4. What is 2ttenuation? $ttenuation is a general term that refers to any reduction in the strength of a signal. $s a signal traverses across a cable it becomes wea*er the further it travels. ,ach interconnection /e.g. a bridged tap3 also reduces its strength. $t some point the signal becomes too wea* for the networ* hardware to interpret reliably. (y *nowing the level of attenuation /and ;,KT3 on a particular line) telephone companies can determine what DSL technology can be provisioned on a particular line and how much margin is available to accommodate increased losses due to temperature changes) ageing) etc. -9. What !s rosstal(?

Crosstal* refers to the noise interference between channels. "n the DSL world) the interference between nearby cables can have a negative impact on the performance of the affected cable/s3. $n example of crosstal* is when you hear another voice in the bac*ground when having a telephone conversation. There are two very different types of crosstal*. ;ear!,nd Crosstal* /;,KT3 and @ar!,nd Crosstal* /@,KT3. ;,KT is interference that appears on another pair at the same end of the cable as the source of the interference. @,KT on the other hand is interference that appears on another pair at the opposite or far end of the cable to the source of the interference. ;,KT affects any systems that transmit in both directions at once /e.g. echo!cancelling systems3) and where it occurs it invariably dominates over @,KT. ;,KT can in principle be eliminated by not transmitting in both directions in the same band at the same time) separating the two directions of transmission either into non!overlapping intervals in time or into non!overlapping fre+uency bands. /e.g. @D. Systems3. "f you are concerned about the issues of crosstal*) first research the services that are deployed within a given cable bundle and avoid those services which will provide substantial crosstal*. .ost service providers follow design rules that do not use T1 or ,1 services in the same cable bundles as DSL!based services. Jou should expect reductions in loop reach in scenarios where T1 or ,1 is provisioned in the same cable bundle as DSL!based services. -0. What !s )he Di##erence 7etween Echo *ultiple+ing S'stems? ancellation 2nd 6re5uenc' Di$ision

"n simplest terms) ,cho Cancellation means that the upstream and the downstream signals are sent across the copper pair at the same fre+uencies) i.e. they overlap) whereas @re+uency Division .ultiplexing /@D.3 sends the upstream and the downstream signals across the copper pair at different fre+uencies. The advantage of ,cho Cancellation is that the signals are both *ept at the lowest possible /since cable loss and crosstal* noise both increase with fre+uency3 and therefore achieves greater cable distance for a given data rate. The advantage of @D. systems is that ;,KT is eliminated. This is achieved because the system is not receiving in the same range of fre+uencies in which the adGacent system is transmitting. "n deployments where crosstal*ing systems are expected to be limited and ;,KT is moderate to low) an echo!canceled system may perform better. "n other cases where deployments of crosstal*ing systems are expected to be significant and ;,KT is li*ely to be more dominant) an @D. system may perform better. -1. Wh' 2re Some 3ariations 4# DSL 2s'mmetric?

;ear!end crosstal* /;,KT3 is the main reason why some variations of DSL are asymmetric. Cable bundles at the Central ffice are receptive to crosstal* as data travels from the far end /the service user3. $t the far end) there are not so many problems with ;,KT and this is why bandwidth from the central office to the service user is greater. &igher fre+uencies sustain a greater amount of signal attenuation. @or this reason the upstream rate in $DSL is much less than the downstream rate. "n the downstream direction) the high fre+uencies still attenuate) however since most subscribers will not have cable bundles running into their home they have a better chance of avoiding crosstal*. -F. What !s )he Di##erence 7etween .., ./ 2nd .8 2merican Wire 1auge? $I? /$merican Iire ?auge3 is a <S standard set of non!ferrous wire conductor siBes. The :gauge: means the diameter. ;on!ferrous includes copper and also aluminium and other materials) but is most fre+uently applied to copper household electrical wiring and telephone wiring. Typical household wiring is $I? number 1- or 19. Telephone wire is usually --) -9) or -1. The higher the number) the thinner the wire. Thic*er wire can carry more current and will have less electrical resistance over a given length. Thic*er wire is better for longer distances. @or this reason) if extended distance was critical as a result of attenuation and crosstal*) a company installing a networ* might prefer telephone wire with the thic*er gauge of $I? -9 to $I? -1. ,e#erence )able The table below provides useful content for examining the different DSL technologies. DSL )ranscei$er ,e#erence )able 1-E=bps 4E9=bps Symmetric $pplications /bps3 01-=bps F1E=bps 1.bps T1 1.099.bps ,1 -.59E.bps $symmetric D2stream 1.0 2 F.bps $uto %ate $daption ,cho Canceled @D. Typical loop reach /-9 $I?3 ption x x LL LL x x x x x x x D*) 2DSL x x x 2P 2P .7:; ,2DSDL S9HDSL S9HDSL x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x .7:; !DSL x 2P *9SDSL x x x x x x

1E)555ft 1E)555ft 11)555ft 1-)555ft -1)555ft -C)555ft

<< )he le$el o# crosstal( determines the t'pe o# s'stem implemented&

1lossar' 4# )erms 2DSL 0 2s'mmetric Digital Subscriber Line. $ high!speed transmission technology using existing twisted pair lines that permits simultaneous 6 TS and high!speed data communication. $ much higher data rate is employed downstream than upstream.

2*! 0 2lternate *ar( !n$ersion. $ line coding techni+ue used to accommodate the ones density re+uirements of ,1 or T1 lines. 2"S! 0 2merican "ational Standards !nstitute. $ccredits and implements standards. .ember of "S . 2)* 0 2s'nchronous )rans#er *ode. $ high!bandwidth) low!delay) connection!oriented switching and multiplexing techni+ue using fixed!siBed cells. 2ttenuation ! The dissipation of the power of a transmitted signal as it travels over a wire. 2)-0, 0 2)- 0 ,emote. ,+uipment placed at the customer premises in support of DSL!based services. 2W1 0 2merican Wire 1auge. $n indication of wire siBe. The heavier the gauge) the lower the $I? number and the lower the impedance. 7ac(bone ! ,+uipment that provides connectivity for users of distributed networ* and includes the networ* infrastructure. 7andwidth ! The difference between the highest and lowest fre+uencies of a band that can be passed by a transmission medium without undue distortion. 7PS 0 7its per second. "ndicates the speed at which bits are transmitted across a data connection. 7,! 0 7asic ,ate !nter#ace. $n "SD; service rate of 199 *bps) provided as two (!channels of 19 *bps for data transfer and one D!channel of 11 *bps for control and signalling. (ridged tap $ny part of the local loop that is not in the direct transmission path between the C and the service user. able 7inder ! $ cable binder is used to bundle multiple insulated copper pairs together in the telephone networ*. 2P 0 arrierless 2mplitude = Phase *odulation. $ transmission technology for implementing a DSL connection. Transmit and receive signals are modulated into two wide!fre+uency bands using passband modulation techni+ues. 4 0 entral 4##ice9 entral Site. "n ;orth $merica) a C houses one or more switches to serve local telephone subscribers. =nown as a public exchange elsewhere. rosstal( ! Line distortion caused by wire pairs in the same bundle being used for separate signal transmission. S2 0 arrier Ser$ing 2rea.

D*) 0 Discrete *ulti)one. DSL technology using digital signal processors to divide the signal into -01 subchannels. Downstream ! %efers to the transmission direction from the C to the customer premises.

DSL 0 Digital Subscriber Line. The non!loaded) local!loop copper connection between the ;S6 and the customer premises. DSL can provide simultaneous high!speed digital data access and 6 TS service over the same twisted!pair wiring. DSL2* 0 Digital Subscriber Line 2ccess *ultiple+er. $ platform for DSL modems that provides high!speed data transmission and optional 6 TS service simultaneously over traditional twisted!pair wiring.

E: ! $ wideband digital interface operating at -.59E .bps) as defined by the "T< recommendations ?.F54 and ?.F59. ?enerally available outside ;orth $merica. E)S! 0 European )elecommunications Standardisation !nstitute. $n organiBation that produces technical standards in the area of telecommunications. 6D* 0 6re5uenc' Di$ision *ultiple+ing. 6rame ,ela' ! $ high!speed connection!oriented pac*et switching I$; protocol using variable! length frames. HDSL 0 High0bit0rate Digital Subscriber Line. $ techni+ue for high bandwidth) bi!directional transmission over copper wire for T1 and ,1 services. Hert> ! @re+uency measurement. 1 &ertB M 1 cycle per second. !P 0 !nternet Protocol . $n open networ*ing protocol used for "nternet pac*et delivery. !SD" 0 !ntegrated Ser$ices Digital "etwor(. Telecommunication service that uses digital transmission and switching technology to provide voice and data communications on a bearer channel while sending signalling on a data channel. (bps 0 ?ilobits per second. ne *ilobit is usually ta*en to be 1)5-9 bits. and the customer premises.

Local loop ! The distance between the C *bps 0 *egabits per second.

ne megabit is 1)59E)0F1 bits.

*D6 0 *ain Distribution 6rame. The point where all local loops are terminated at a C . "E@) 0 "ear End rosstal(. Crosstal* in which the interfering signal is travelling in the opposite direction as the desired signal. "SP 0 "etwor( Ser$ice Pro$ider. $ vendor) such as an "S6) local telephone company) CL,C or corporate L$;) that provides networ* services to subscribers. P4)S 0 Plain 4ld )elephone Ser$ice. Standard telephone service over the 6ST;) with an analog bandwidth of less than 9 =&B. PS)" 0 Public Switched )elephone "etwor(. $ networ* shared among many users who can use telephones to establish connections between two points. $lso *nown as the dial networ*. ;2* 0 ;uadrature 2mplitude *odulation. .odulation techni+ue using variations in signal amplitude. ,2DSL 0 ,ate 2dapti$e Digital Subscriber Line. Transmission technology that supports both asymmetric and symmetric applications on a single twisted pair telephone line. $llows adaptive data rates up to F .bps. SDSL 0 S'mmetric Digital Subscriber Line. 6rovides high bandwidth) bi!directional transmission over one copper wire pair for T1 or ,1 services. ): ! $ term for a digital carrier facility used to transmit a DS1 formatted digital signal at 1.099 .bps. "t is primarily used in the <nited States.

.7:; 0 )wo 7inar', one ;uaternar'. $ line coding techni+ue that compresses two binary bits of data into one time state as a four!level code. 3DSL 0 3er'0high0bit rate DSL. ?enerally refers to a data transmission speed from DSL ! %efers to all DSL!based services. ,elated -,L's http#22fa+.pangea.ca2adsl2 http#22www.flowpoint.com http#22www.adc.com http#22www.adtran.com http#22www.agcs.com http#22www.analog.com http#22www.ti.com2sc2access http#22www.aiinet.com http#22www.alcatel.com http#22www.ariel.com http#22www.ascend.com http#22www.ascom.ch http#22www.pliantsystems.com2 http#22www.roc*well.com http#22www.cisco.com http#22www.coppermountain.com http#22www.dl.com http#22www.aware.com http#22www.efficient.com