Chng 4

VNG KHO PHA PLL

TRONG IN T THNG TIN
4.1 Tng quan v Vng kho pha (Phase Locked Loop - PLL)
Vng kho pha PLL l h thng vng kn hi tip, trong tn hiu hi tip dng
kho tn s v pha ca tn hiu ra theo tn s v pha tn hiu vo. Tn hiu vo c
th c dng tng t hnh sine hoc dng s. ng dng u tin ca PLL vo nm
1932 trong vic tch sng ng b. Ngy nay, nh cng ngh tch hp cao lm cho
PLL c kch thc nh, tin cy cao, gi thnh r, d s dng. K thut PLL c
ng dng rng ri trong cc mch lc, tng hp tn s, iu ch v gii iu ch, iu
khin t ng v.v... C hng chc kiu vi mch PLL khc nhau, mt s c ch to
ph thng a dng, mt s c ng dng c bit nh tch m (Tone), gii m Stereo,
tng hp tn s. Trc y a phn PLL bao gm c mch s ln tng t. Hin nay
PLL s tr nn ph bin.
4.2 S khi









+ Tch sng pha: so snh pha gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra ca VCO to ra tn
hiu sai lch V
d
(t)
Tch sng
pha
Lc thng
thp
khuch i
mt chiu
VCO
v
i
(t), f
i
v
d
(t)
v
dk
(t)
f
N
Hnh 4.1 S khi ca vng gi pha PLL
v
dc
(t)
v
o
(t), f
o


+ Lc thng thp: lc gn ca in p V
d
(t) tr thnh in p bin i chm V
dc
(t)
v a vo mch khuch i mt chiu
+ Khuch i mt chiu: khuch i in p mt chiu V
dk
(t) a vo iu khin
tn s ca mch VCO
+ VCO (Voltage Controled Oscillator): b dao ng m tn s ra c iu khin bng
in p a vo.
4.3 Hot ng ca mch
4.3.1 Nguyn l hot ng
Vng kho pha hot ng theo nguyn tc vng iu khin m i lng vo v
ra l tn s v chng c so snh vi nhau v pha. Vng iu khin pha c nhim v
pht hin v iu chnh nhng sai s nh v tn s gia tn hiu vo v ra. Ngha l
PLL lm cho tn s
o
f ca tn hiu VCO bm theo tn s
i
f ca tn hiu vo.
Khi khng c tn hiu v
i
ng vo, in p ng ra b khuch i V
dc
(t) =0, b
dao ng VCO hot ng tn s t nhin f
N
c ci t bi in tr, t in ngoi.
Khi c tn hiu vo v
i
, b tch sng pha so snh pha v tn s ca tn hiu vo vi tn
hiu ra ca VCO. Ng ra b tch sng pha l in p sai lch V
d
(t), ch s sai bit v
pha v tn s ca hai tn hiu. in p sai lch V
d
(t) c lc ly thnh phn bin i
chm V
dc
(t) nh b lc thng thp LPF, khuch i thnh tn hiu V
dk
(t) a n
ng vo VCO, iu khin tn s VCO bm theo tn s tn hiu vo. n khi tn s
f
0
ca VCO bng tn s f
i
ca tn hiu vo, ta ni b VCO bt kp tn hiu vo. Lc
by gi s sai lch gia 2 tn hiu ny ch cn l s sai lch v pha m thi. B tch
sng pha s tip tc so snh pha gia 2 tn hiu iu khin cho VCO hot ng sao
cho s sai lch pha gia chng gim n gi tr b nht.




a/ Di bt b/ Di kha
B
L
= f
max
f
min
f
N
f
min
f
max
B
C
= f
2
f
1
f
1 f
2
f
N
B
C
= f
2
f
1
f
1 f
2
Hnh 4.2 Di bt v di kha ca PLL


Di bt B
C
(Capture range): k hiu B
C
=f
2
- f
1
, l di tn s m tn hiu vo
thay i nhng PLL vn t c s kho pha, ngha l b VCO vn bt kp tn s tn
hiu vo. Ni cch khc, l di tn s m tn hiu vo ban u phi lt vo PLL c
th thit lp ch ng b (ch kha).
B
C
ph thuc vo bng thng LPF. PLL t c s kha pha th sai lch
tn s (f
i
- f
N
) phi nm trong bng thng LPF. Nu n nm ngoi bng thng th PLL
s khng t c kha pha v bin in p sau LPF gim nhanh.







Gi s mch PLL t c ch kho, VCO ng b vi tn hiu vo.
By gi ta thay i tn s tn hiu vo theo hng ln hn tn s VCO th VCO s
bm theo. Tuy nhin khi tng n mt gi tr no th VCO s khng bm theo c
na v quay v tn s t nhin ban u ca n. Ta lm tng t nh trn nhng thay
i tn s tn hiu vo theo hng nh hn tn s VCO. n mt gi tr no ca tn
s tn hiu vo th VCO s khng bm theo c na v cng tr v tn s t nhin
ca n. Di gi tr tn s t thp nht n cao nht ca tn hiu vo c gi l di
kho. T ta nh ngha:
Di kha B
L
(Lock range): k hiu B
L
=f
max
- f
min
, l di tn s m PLL ng nht
c tn s f
0
vi f
i
. Di ny cn gi l ng chnh (Tracking range). Cc tn s f
max
,
f
min
tn s cc i v cc tiu m PLL thc hin c kha pha (ng b). Di kha
ph thuc hm truyn t ( li) ca b tch sng pha, khuch i, VCO. N khng
ph thuc vo p tuyn b lc LPF v khi PLL kha pha th f
i
- f
0
= 0.
(f
i
f
N
) trong bng
thng LPF ng b c
(f
i
f
N
) ngoi bng
thng LPF, khng ng b c
in p sau LPF
f
Hnh 4.3 in p sau b lc thng thp


Khi PLL cha kha pha: f
i
f
0
. Khi PLL kha pha: f
i
= f
0
. ch kha pha, dao
ng f
0
ca VCO bm ng b theo f
i
trong di tn kha B
L
rng hn di tn bt B
C
.
V d:
VCO ca mt vng kho pha PLL c tn s t nhin bng 12MHz. Khi tn s tn
hiu vo tng ln t gi tr 0Hz th vng PLL kho ti gi tr 10MHz. Sau tip tc
tng th n s b mt kho pha ti 16MHz.
1. Hy tm di bt v di kho.
2. Ta lp li cc bc trn nhng bt u vi tn s tn hiu vo c gi tr rt cao,
sau gim dn. Hy tnh cc tn s m PLL thc hin kho pha v mt kho
pha.






1. Di bt: B
C
= f
2
f
1
=2(12-10)=4MHz
Di kho: B
L
= f
max
f
min
=2(16-12)=8MHz
2. p ng ca vng PLL c tnh i xng, ngha l tn s t nhin ti trung tm
ca di kho v di bt. Do , khi gim tn s tn hiu vo n 14MHz th PLL s bt
u thc hin kho pha (VCO bm ui tn hiu vo). Tip tc gim tn s tn hiu vo
th n gi tr 8MHz PLL bt u mt kho pha (VCO khng bm cn bm ui tn
hiu vo c na).
4.3. 2 Tnh cht ca PLL tuyn tnh
Gi s tn hiu vo b PLL v tn hiu ra ca mch VCO l cc tn hiu hnh sine
c dng:
t V t v
i i i
e sin ) ( = , ) sin( ) (
o o o o
t V t v e + =
o
l pha ban u ca v
o
(t)
B
L
= f
max
f
min
f
N
f
min
f
max
B
C
= f
2
f
1
f
1 f
2
8 10
14 12 16
MHz
Hnh 4.4 Di bt v di kho ca PLL


o o i
t t e e = ) ( ) ( : lch pha gia v
i
(t) v v
o
(t)
o d
K K K , , : ln lt l h s truyn t ca b tch sng pha, b lc thng
thp+khuch i mt chiu v b VCO.









Trong di kho, PLL l mt mch iu khin tuyn tnh. Theo cc gi thit trn,
ta c in p ra ca b tch sng pha nh sau:

] ) cos[( ] ) {cos[(
2
) sin( sin ) ( ) ( ) (
o o i o o i
o i
o o i o i o i d
t t
V KV
t t V KV t v t Kv t v
e e e e
e e
+ + =
= + = =
(4.1)
Khi tn s gii hn ca b lc thng thp thp hn rt nhiu so vi
) (
2
1
o i
e e
t
+ th c th b qua thnh phn tn s tng trong biu thc (4.1) v ta c in
p iu khin a n b VCO:

) ( cos )] ( [
2
] ) cos[( )] ( [
2
) (
t j G
V V
K K
t j G
V V
K K v Kv t v
o i
o i
d
o o i o i
o i
d o i dk
e e
e e e e
=
= = =
(4.2)
Trong :
)] ( [
o i
j G e e : Module ca hm truyn t ca b lc
Xung quanh im lm vic tnh, tn s VCO t l tuyn tnh vi in p iu khin
v
dk
. Do , ta c th vit:
Tch sng
pha
Lc thng
thp
khuch i
mt chiu
VCO
v
i
(t), e
i
v
d
(t)
v
dk
(t)
e
N
Hnh 4.1 S khi ca vng gi pha PLL
v
dc
(t)
v
o
(t), e
o



dk o N o
v K = e e (4.3)
Trong :
N
e : l tn s dao ng t nhin ca VCO (tng ng vi v
dk
=0).
Trong di bt, khi
i
e = hng s th hiu pha gia v
i
v v
o
cng khng thay i v
bng
o
v
o i
e e = . Do , t (4.2) ta suy ra:

o
o i
d dk
V V
K K v cos
2
= (4.4)
in p iu khin v
dk
l in p mt chiu, lm cho tn s VCO thay i mt
lng:
N i N o
f f f f f = = A (4.5)
Hay
dk o N o
v K = = A e e e (4.6)
Thay (4.4) vo (4.6) v gi thit 0 =
o
ta tnh c lch tn ti a:

2
o i
d o L
V V
K K K = Ae (4.7)
Suy ra:
o i d o L
V KV K K = Ae 2







Ngha l tn s ca VCO ch c th bm theo tn s vo trong di
L o
e e A vi
iu kin trc mch hot ng ( trong di kho). V vy
L
e A 2 hay
L L
f f f B A = = 2
1 2
c gi l di kho ca PLL. N c phn b i xng vi tn
s dao ng t do
N
f ca VCO v nh ni, n khng ph thuc vo di thng ca
b lc.
B
L
= f
max
- f
min
f
N
f
min
f
max
B
C
= f
2
- f
1
f
1 f
2
f
N
B
C
= f
2
- f
1
f
1 f
2
Hnh 4.2 Di bt v di kha ca PLL


Di bt c th tnh c nh sau: Nu tch mch iu khin u vo VCO th
tn s ra l
N o
f f = . in p iu khin cc i (khi ng mch) a n VCO c
tnh theo biu thc (4.2)
) ( [
2
o i
o i
d dk
j G
V V
K K v e e = (4.8)
in p ny lm tn s VCO thay i mt lng:
) ( [
2
*
o i
o i
d o dk o
j G
V V
K K K v K e e e = = A (4.9)
Sao cho u ra b tch sng pha c tn s:

* '
e e e e e A =
N i o i
(4.10)
T (4.10) ta c di bt ca PLL tuyn tnh:
) ( 2 2
*
C o i d o C
j G V KV K K e e e A ~ A = A (4.11)















L
e A
C
e A
N
e
dk
v
i
e
Di bt
L
e A
N
e
dk
v
i
e
Di Kho
C
e A
Hnh 4.5b. C ch kho v bt ca PLL


Cng nh l lun phn trn, theo hnh 4.5b. tn s ra ca PLL ch bm theo tn s
vo khi
L o i
e e e A <
'
vi iu kin PLL hot ng trong di bt.
V khi
C o i
e e e A <
'
nu trc PLL cha nm trong di bt.
Nh c ch kho v bt nn PLL c tnh chn lc theo tn s.

4.3.2 Cc thnh phn ca PLL
4.3.2.1 B tch sng pha (Phase Detector):
cn gi l b so snh pha. C ba loi tch sng pha:
1. Loi tng t dng mch nhn c tn hiu ra t l vi bin tn hiu vo.
2. Loi s thc hin bi mch s EX-OR, RS Flip Flop v.v... c tn hiu ra bin
i chm ph thuc rng xung ng ra tc l ph thuc sai lch v pha gia hai tn
hiu vo.
3. Loi tch sng pha ly mu.
1/ B tch sng pha tng t:




B i tn hay mch nhn thc hin nhn hai tn hiu. Ng ra ca n c in p:
)] ( ) sin[( )] ( ) sin[( ) (
0 0 0 0
u + u + e + e + u u + e e =
i i i i d
t A t A t V
Qua b lc thng thp LPF, ch cn thnh phn tn s thp. Khi kha pha (e
i
=e
0
)
c V
d
= Asin (u
i
-u
0
). in p ny t l vi bin in p vo A v sai pha u
e
=u
I
-
u
0
. Nu u
e
nh, hm truyn t ca b tch sng pha coi nh tuyn tnh. Di kha gii
hn trong ,u
e
,<t/2. Ta c li tch sng pha k
|
tnh c theo cng thc:
k
|
= A (V/radian)

X LPF
v
i
= Asin(e
i
t + u
i
) V
d
(t)
V
dc
(t)
v
i
= 2cos(e
0
t + u
0
)
Hnh 4.5 Nguyn l hot ng ca b tch sng pha tng t









2/ B tch sng pha s:
Dng mch s EX-OR, R-S Flip Flop v.v... c p tuyn so snh pha dng:








p tuyn tuyn tnh trong khong ,u
e
,st/2. li tch sng pha:
k
|
= A/(t/2) = 2A/t
Tch sng pha s EX-OR v p tuyn:








V
d
u
e
(Radian)
A

-A

t/2
-t/2
Asin(u
e
)
Hnh 4.6 Hm truyn t ca b tch sng pha tng t
V
d
u
e
(radian)
A

-A

t/2
-t/2
Hnh 4.7 Hm truyn t ca b tch sng pha s
V
d
u
e
V
d
u
e
0 2t
t t/2


Tch sng pha s dng R-S Flip Flop v p tuyn:





in p sai lch bin i chm V
d
ti ng ra b tch sng pha s t l vi rng
xung ng ra tc l t l sai lch v pha u
e
(hay tn s tc thi) ca hai tn hiu vo.
4.3.2.2 Lc thng thp LPF




LPF thng l mch lc bc 1, tuy nhin cng dng bc cao hn trit thnh
phn AC theo yu cu. LPF c th dng mch th ng hay tch cc.
Ng ra b tch sng pha gm nhiu thnh phn f
0
, f
i
, f
i
-f
0
, f
i
+f
0
, v.v...
Sau LPF ch cn thnh phn tn s rt thp (f
i
-f
0
) n b khuch i iu khin
tn s VCO bm theo f
i
. Sau vi vng iu khin hi tip PLL c ng b (kha
pha) f
i
=f
0
, tn s phch (f
i
-f
0
)=0. Vng kha pha hot ng chnh xc khi tn s vo f
i
,
f
0
thp khong vi trm KHz tr li.
4.3.2.3 Khuch i mt chiu
Khuch i tn hiu bin i chm (DC) sau b lc thng thp LPF. li
khuch i k
A
.





V
d
V
d

V
ce
Q S
R
u
e
u
e
0 2t
R
f
C

R
1
R

C

V
d
R
f
Rc

R
1

V
0
V
d
R
E

R
f
R
1
k
A
= -R
C
/ (R
E
+ r
e
) k
A
= -R
f
/R
1
Hnh 4.8 Khuch i mt chiu
k
A
= 1 + R
f
/R
1


4.3.2.4 VCO (Voltage controlled oscillator)
L mch dao ng c tn s c kim sot bng in p .
Yu cu chung ca mch VCO l quan h gia in p iu khin V
dk
(t) v tn s
ra f
o
(t) phi tuyn tnh. Ngoi ra mch cn c n nh tn s cao, di bin i ca
tn s theo in p vo rng, n gin, d iu chnh v thun li cho vic t hp
thnh vi mch (khng c in cm).













V nguyn tc c th dng mi mch dao ng l tn s dao ng c th bin
thin c trong phm vi % % 50 10 xung quanh tn s dao ng t do. Tuy nhin
cc b dao ng to xung ch nht c s dng rng ri v loi ny c th lm vic
trong phm vi tn s kh rng (t 1MHz n khong 100MHz). Trong phm vi t
1MHz n 50MHz thng dng cc mch dao ng a hi.
Hnh 4.9 biu din mt mch VCO dao ng a hi tiu biu. Khi ni u iu
khin V
dk
vi V
cc
th y l mt mch dao ng a hi thng thng, khi tch ra v t
in p iu khin V
dk
vo u th tn s dy xung ra bin thin theo in p V
dk
.

+V
cc
-V
cc
V
o
, f
o
R
c R
c
C
C

R

R

V
dk
Hnh 4.9 Mch VCO tiu biu









C th nu V
dk
tng th thi gian phng np ca t gim do tn s ra tng v
ngc li. Ta c c tuyn truyn t f
o
(V
dk
) c biu din nh hnh 4.10
V d:







c tuyn truyn t ca 1 VCO c dng nh hnh v. Khi in p vo VCO bng
0, tn s dao ng t do l f
N
. Khi in p iu khin thay i mt lng AV
0
, tn s ra
thay i mt lng Af
0
.
li chuyn i V to f ca VCO: k
0
= Af
0
/AV
0
(Hz/V)
Tn s f
N
gia vng tuyn tnh p tuyn. V d khi in p vo thay i t 1V
n 1V, tn s tng t 60KHz n 140KHz. li chuyn i (hay nhy k
0
):
V KHz
V
KHz
V
f
k / 40
)] 1 ( 1 [
) 140 60 (
0
0
0
=

=
A
A
=
4.4 ng dng ca vng kho pha PLL
4.4.1 B tng hp tn s n
Min lm vic
f
o
[KHz]
V
dk
[v]
1,1
1,0
0,9
-5 0 5
Hnh 4.10 c tuyn truyn t f
o
(V
dk
) tiu biu ca VCO
V
0
f
0
(KHz)
-2 -1 0 1 2
140
f
N
100
60


Nh cp trong cc chng trc, trong cc my pht hoc cc my thu
i tn cn c cc mch dao ng c th thay i tn s pht hoc thu cc knh
khc nhau. Trc y, ngi ta thc hin thay i tn s mch dao ng LC bng cch
thay i gi tr ca L hoc C. Lc chng c gi l cc mch dao ng c th thay
i tn s VFO (Variable-frequency Oscillators). Tuy nhin, mch dao ng thng
khng c n nh cao trong mt di tn s rng do gi tr ca L v C thng thay
i theo nhit , m v cc tc nhn khc. ng thi chng thng cng knh v
gi thnh cao.
Vic s dng thch anh trong mch dao ng c th tng n nh tn s dao
ng ln rt cao, di tn tng i c th gim n vi phn triu trong khong thi
gian di. Tuy nhin, tn s ca chng ch c th thay i rt nh bng cch thay i
cc t ni tip hoc song song. Ngha l n khng to ra c cc tn s khc bit
nhau.
Nhiu nm gn y ngi ta kt hp cc mch dao ng thch anh c tn s n
nh vi cc chuyn mch to ra cc tn s khc nhau cho cc knh. Tuy nhin, gii
php ny cng tn nhiu linh kin v gi thnh cao.
Gn y, ngi ta thit k v a vo s dng cc b tng hp tn s da trn
nguyn l vng kho pha PLL. N cng ngy cng ph bin v c dng trong hu
ht cc my thu pht hin i do tnh gn nh, khng yu cu chnh xc c kh cao,
ng dng cc thnh qu ca cng ngh sn xut vi mch nng cao tc v tnh
chnh xc ca cc IC ch to nn PLL. ng thi khi kt hp vi thch anh, n c kh
nng to ra di tn rng, chnh xc cao, gi thnh thp






B tch sng
pha

LPF

VCO
f
ref
f
0
= Nf
ref

N
f
0
/N
B chia lp trnh N
Hnh 4.11 B tng hp tn s n


B tng hp tn s n c thit k bng cch a tn hiu chun t dao ng thch
anh vo so pha mt mch PLL c b chia lp trnh c nh hnh 4.11. Khi PLL thc
hin kho pha, th ta c
N
f
f
VCO
ref
= Suy ra
o ref VCO
f Nf f = = . V d b m lp trnh
74192.
iu ny c ngha l khi ta thay i N t b chia s nhn c cc tn s ra khc
nhau. H s N c th c chn gi tr khc nhau bng cch thay i in p mt vi
chn ca IC chia. Do b tng hp tn s ny c th c iu khin d dng nh
my tnh hoc iu khin t xa. ng thi, gim c gi thnh v phc tp so vi
cc b tng hp tn s s dng L,C trc y.
Khuyt im duy nht ca mch ny l n ch to ra cc tn s bng bi s ca
tn s chun
ref o
Nf f = . Chng hn, khi f
ref
=100KHz th mch s to ra c cc tn s
bng bi s ca 100KHz. iu ny ph hp vi chng trnh pht qung b FM trong
khong cch gia cc knh bng 200KHz. Trong khi , n khng ph hp vi
chng trnh pht qung b AM trong khong cch knh l 10KHz (thch anh
khng th dao ng di tn s 100 KHz)
Bc thay i tn s ti thiu gi l phn gii ca b tng hp tn s.
khc phc, ngi ta s dng mt b chia c nh chia nh tn s chun
trc khi a vo b tch sng pha nh hnh v.











LPF

VCO

N


Q
f
ref
f
0
B chia lp trnh
Hnh 4.13 B tng hp tn s c tn s ra thp

TA
Dao ng thch
anh
B chia
c nh


V d: Hy thit k b tng hp tn s PLL s dng thch anh 10MHz sao cho n to
ra di tn s pht qung b AM t 540 KHz n 1700KHz.
B tng hp tn s c biu din nh hnh 4.13. V khong cch knh trong
thng tin AM l 10KHz nn ta thit k f
ref
=10KHz. Lc khi N tng hoc gim 1 n
v th tn s u ra s chuyn n knh k cn. T , ta tnh c h s Q nh sau:
1000
10
10
= = =
KHz
MHz
f
f
Q
ref
OSC

Tip n, ta xc nh di thay i ca N. Khi thay i N 1 n v th tn s ra thay i
tng ng 1 knh. T , ta c th xc nh gi tr N to ra tn s bt k trong di
tn AM. Chng hn, ti tn s thp nht ca bng tn: 54
10
540
= = =
KHz
KHz
f
f
N
ref
o

ti tn s cao nht ca bng tn: 170
10
1700
= = =
KHz
KHz
f
f
N
ref
o

4.4.2 Gii iu ch FM
Nu PLL kha theo tn s tn hiu vo, in p ng vo VCO t l vi dch
tn s VCO k t f
N
. Nu tn s vo thay i, in p iu khin VCO dch tng ng
trong khong ng chnh B
L
.
Nu tn hiu vo l iu tn, in p iu khin VCO chnh l in p gii iu
ch FM. PLL dng tch sng FM di hp hoc di rng vi tuyn tnh cao. Gi
s in p ra b tch sng pha cc i l V
d
, in p ng vo VCO l k
A
.V
d
, di tn
cc i: Ae
max
= k
0
k
A
V
d
, k
0
: l li VCO.






Phase
Detector

LPF


VCO
Amp

k
A
v
dc
v
i
(t) V
0
(t)
k
0
Hnh 4.14


Di kha B
L
= 2Ae
max
= 2.k
0
k
A
V
d
. Di kha hay cn gi l di ng b phi ln
hn di tn ca tn hiu vo.
Gii iu ch FM dng PLL thc hin bng cch ci t tn s dao ng t do f
N

bng tn s trung tm tn hiu FM ng vo c bin khng i. Trong nhiu ng
dng c th, trc tch sng pha PLL c mch khuch i hn bin .













nF C
D
38 , 9
10 . 8
3
= =
t

V d: IF
FM
=10,7MHz c PF
f
C
N
28
10 . 3
1
0
= =


Bng thng (PLL) chn lc tn hiu sau LPF: 15KHz
PF
B
C 887
10 . 3 , 13
6
1
= =


Chnh gim t = 75s
Di kha v ngng nhy:
in tr R
1
iu chnh di kha v ngng nhy NE560. Mc tn hiu in p
nh nht ng vo VCO m PLL kha pha gi l ngng nhy.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
C
O
VCO
output

Gii iu
ch FM

15k

C
D
C
C
FM/IF input 1

Deemphasis

C
C
C
1
C
1
R
1
R
1
C
B
+V
CC
NE 560

Hnh 4.15 PLL gii iu ch FM (IC NE 560)


B
L
= 15% f
N
trong khi FM pht thanh c di tn 75KHz hay 1% f
N
(10,7MHz).
gim gii kha, tng gi tr O =

= 875
1 15
10 . 12
1
10 . 12
3 3
1
RF
R
(RF biu th gim di kha t 15% cn 1% hay bng 15)
4.4.3 Gii iu ch FSK
FSK- dng c bit tn hiu FM, ch c hai tn s iu tn. Gii iu ch FSK lin
quan n tch (gii m) tn hiu quay s in thoi nt nhn v truyn tn hiu s FSK.
Ng ra ca PLL dng cho gii iu ch FSK l hai mc in p.







4.4.4 ng b tn s ngang v dc trong TV






4.4.5 Gii iu ch AM
Tn hiu AM c dng V
AM
(t) = V
t
[1+mcose
s
t]cose
0
t. Trong tn hiu m tn
v
s
(t)= V
s
cose
s
t c th c gii iu ch bng cch nhn vi tn hiu sng mang
V
LO
(t) =Acos(e
0
t + u
0
)


Phase
Detector

LPF

VCO
Hnh 4.16 Gii iu ch FSK dng PLL

>
FSK
input

Gii iu
ch FSK

Phase
Detector

LPF

VCO
f
syn
Hnh 4.17 mch ng b tn s ngang v dc
f
0
= f
syn







V(t) = V
AM
(t).V
LO
(t) = V
t
[1+mcose
s
t]cose
0
t.Acos(e
0
t + u
0
)
)] t 2 cos( [cos
2
] t cos m 1 [ A . V
) t ( V
0 0 0
s t
u e u
e
+ +
+
=
Qua LPF cn thnh phn tn s thp ng ra:
0 s
t
0
cos ] t cos m 1 [
2
A . V
) t ( V u e + =
V
0
(t) t l vi m(t) tc l t l vi tn hiu gii iu ch AM. y l kiu tch
sng AM trc tip khng cn i tn, c u im khng dng trung tn, khng cn
chn lc tn s nh. bin tn hiu ra ln nht th gc pha u
0
phi bng 0, dao
ng ni V
LO
(t)

phi kha pha vi sng mang, kiu gii iu ch ny cn gi l tch
sng ng b hay tch sng nht qun (coherent Detector), c cht lng hn tch
sng khng nht qun khi t s S/N nh.








4.4.6 S dng PLL trong FM Stereo
4.4.6.1 S khi my pht FM Stereo
Thnh phn trong tng khi:
L+R: FM mono


LPF
V
0
(t) V(t) V
AM
(t)
V
LO
(t) = Acos(e
0
t + u
0
)
Phase
Detector

LPF
DC
Amp.

VCO


LPF
v
0
(t)
v
AM
(t)
Hnh 4.18 Gii iu ch AM


(L-R)DSB: FM Stereo
(L-R)DSB c iu ch cn bng trit sng mang (iu bin nn SAM) nh mt
sng mang ph fsc=38KHz.
Sng bo: thng bo cho my thu bit c chng trnh ang nhn l Mono
hay Stereo.
Nu khng c sng bo th chng trnh ang nhn l FM Mono
Nu c sng bo th chng trnh ang nhn l FM Stereo. Nu cht lng sng
FM Stereo cht lng km th sng bo s kho ng gii m FM Stereo v my thu
lm vic nh khi thu chng trnh FM Mono.
Ngi ta thng s dng phng php PLL to s ng b ca fsc gia my
pht v my thu my thu thc hin c qu trnh gii m FM Stereo.
Ngoi ra cn c tn hiu gi l sng thu bao tn s f=67KHz
Hot ng ca mch:















K
Tng
in
khg
Dg
chnh
Nhn
tn
K
Cao
tn
Lc
hi
AFC
Dg
Chun
KL + BPF
K
R
o
pha
+ BPF
ccn
bng
Dg
f
SC

Chia
2

Hnh 4.19 S khi my pht FM Stereo
+
(L+R)
(L+R)
(L-R) (L-R)
-R
(L-R)DSB
f
PS
=19KHz


Tn hiu t 2 micro L v R s c 2 tng khuch i micro nng bin . Mch
cng th nht cng 2 tn hiu L v R cho ra tn hiu L+R dnh cho my thu FM Mono.
Tn hiu (L+R) sau i qua mch lc bng thng lc ly tn hiu c di tn s t
30Hz n 15KHz v a vo mch cng tng hp. Trong khi b cng th 2 s cng
tn hiu L v tn hiu R sau khi o pha 180
0
to ra tn hiu (L-R), sau qua
mch lc bng thng lc ly tn hiu trong di tn t 30Hz n 15KHz. Tn hiu ny
c a qua mch iu ch cn bng vi tn s sng mang ph fsc = 38KHz (bng
dao ng thch anh) dng cho my thu FM stereo.
ng thi dao ng sng mang ph fsc = 38KHz c chia i v hn bin to
thnh sng bo c tn s fps = 19KHz cho my thu bit c chng trnh ang thu
l FM stereo hay mono.
Ba tn hiu (L+R), (L-R)DSB v fps=19KHz c b cng th 3 to thnh tn
hiu tng hp. Qua tng khuch i v tng in khng nhm thay i in dung tng
ng, sau n oc vo tng dao ng sng mang chnh bin i thnh tn hiu
FM, qua b nhn tn, khuch i cao tn, lc hi loi b cc hi bc cao. Cui cng
c a ra anten bc x ra anten truyn trong khng gian v n my thu.
B AFC nhm so snh gia tn s dao ng chun v tn s sng mang chnh
lun lun n nh tn s ca sng mang chnh nhm nng cao cht lng ca i pht.
4.4.6.2 Ph ca tn hiu FM Stereo









10%
50%
100%
30Hz
15KHz
19KHz
23KHz
37,97KHz
38,03KHz
53KHz 67KHz
Hnh 4.20 Ph ca tn hiu FM Stereo
f
(L+R)
(L-R)LSB (L-R)USB
(L-R)DSB


4.4.6.3 S khi my thu FM Stereo
Mch AFC c nhim v to ra tn s dao ng fsc = 38KHz v kim sot cho dao
ng chy ng tn s v pha ca i pht a vo mch gii m FM Stereo. Tn
hiu sng bo fps=19KHz va bo cho my thu bit c i ang pht l FM
Stereo hay mono v gi n my thu kim sot tn s dao ng fsc=38KHz my
thu chy ng vi tn s v pha ca i pht.
Hot ng ca mch:


















Tn hiu FM stereo s c b tch sng FM Mono tch ra t tn hiu trung tn.
l tn hiu FM stereo tng hp gm 4 thnh phn: (L+R), (L-R)DSB, 19KHz v
67KHz.
Lc
Bg
thng
Lc
Bg
thng
Lc
67KHz
Lc
di
hp
fsc
38KHz
X 2
Gii m
FM
Stereo
Ma
trn
Tin
K L
KC
S
L
Tin
K R

KC
S
R
K
Cao
tn
Trn
tn
Dao
ng
K
TT1
K
TT2
K
TT3
Tch
sng
FM
Hnh 4.21 S khi my thu FM Stereo
(L+R)
(L-R)DSB
(L-R)
2L
2R



+ Tn hiu FM stereo tng hp sau qua mch lc bng thng c tn s t
30Hz n 15KHz to li tn hiu (L+R) v a vo khi ma trn.
+ Tn hiu tng hp qua mch khuch i bng thng, thng l mch cng
hng ly thnh phn(L-R)DSB stereo v a vo b gii m FM stereo.
+ Tn hiu sng bo fps=19KHz cng c tch ra nh b tch sng 19KHz,
thng l mch lc di hp ch cho qua tn hiu hnh sine tn s 19KHz. Sau n
c nhn i tn s phc hi li sng mang ph fsc=38KHz da vo nguyn tc
hot ng ca vng kho pha PLL.
+ Ngoi ra tn hiu sng bo cng s iu khin n bo cho my thu bit
c chng trnh ang thu l FM stereo hay mono.
+ B gii m FM stereo nhn hai tn hiu (L-R)DSB v sng mang ph
fsc=38KHZ to ra tn hiu (L-R) ti u ra. Sau , a vo khi ma trn, kt hp
vi tn hiu (L+R) to ra tn hiu L v R, qua 2 mch khuch i m tn v pht ra
2 loa ring r, to thnh tn hiu FM stereo.
4.4.6.4 ng dng PLL trong vic gii m FM Stereo












Chia
2
Chia
2
VCO
76KH
z
Tch
sg
pha
iu
khin
Gii m
FM
stereo
Tch
sng
19KHz
Ma
trn
K R
K L
K
m
V
C
C
(L-
R)DSB
(L+R)
Sng bo
fps=19KHz



Hnh 4.22 S khi mch gii m FM Stereo s dng PLL
(L-R)



Kho K m v kho ngun cung cp cho mch gii m FM Stereo. Trong
trng hp thu chng FM Mono hoc chng trnh FM Stereo nhng cht lng km
khng t yu cu th kho K s kha khng cho ngun V
CC
cung cp in p cho
mch gii m FM Stereo, hn ch nhiu.