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Faculty : Civil And Environment Engineering Department : Structure And Material Engineering Title :

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01 2 11/07/2005 5/7/2005

BUCKLING OF STRUTS 1.0 OBJECTIVE 1.1 1.2

To examine how shear force varies with an increasing point load To examine how shear force varies at the cut position of the beam for various loading condition

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LEARNING OUTCOME 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 The application the engineering knowledge in practical application To enhance technical competency in structural engineering through laboratory application. To communicate effectively in group To identify problem, solving and finding out appropriate solution through laboratory application

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INTRODUCTION A compresive member can fail in two ways. The first is via rupture due to the direct stress and the second is by an elastic mode of failure called buckling. Short wide compressive member tends to fail by material crushing. When buckling occurs the strut will no longer carry any more load and it will simply continue to buckle i.e its stiffness then becomes zero and it is useless as a structural member

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THEORY To predict the buckling load Euler buckling formula is used. The crictical value in Euler Formula is the slenderness ratio, which is the ratio of the length of the strut to its radius of gyration (L/K). The Euler formula become inaccurate for struts with L/K ratio of less than 1.125 and this should be taken into account in any design work.

Prepared by: Name: Ahmad Zurisman bin Mohd Ali Singnature: Date: 18 Disember 2006

Faculty : Civil And Environment Engineering Department : Structure And Material Engineering Title :

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02 2 11/07/2005 5/7/2005

BUCKLING OF STRUTS Euler buckling formula for pin struts :


Pe = 2 EI L2

Where; Pe = Euler buckling load (N) E = Youngs Modulus (Nm-2) I = Second moment of area (m4) L = length of strut (m) 5.0 APPARATUS

Sketch the apparatus and name the important items

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PROCEDURE Part 1 1. Fit the bottom chuck to the machine and remove the top chuck (to give two pinned ends). Select the shortest strut, number 1, and measured the cross section using the vernier provided and calculated the second moment of area, I,for the strut. ( bd3/12) 2. Adjust the position of the sliding crosshead to accept the strut using the thumbnut to lock off the slider. Ensure that there is the maximum amaount of travel available on the handwheel threat to compress the strut. Finally tighten the locking screw.

Faculty : Civil And Environment Engineering Department : Structure And Material Engineering Title :

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03 2 11/07/2005 5/7/2005

BUCKLING OF STRUTS

3. Carefully back- off the handwheel so that the strut is resting in the notch but not tranmitting any load. Rezero the forcemeter using the front panel control. 4. Carefully start to load the strut. If the strut begin to buckle to the left, flick the strut to the right and vice versa (this reduces any error associated wih the straightness of strut). Turn the handwheel until there is no further increase in load (the load may peak and then drop as it settles in the notches). 5. Record the final load in Table 1. Repeat with strut numbers 2, 3, 4 and 5 adjusting the crosshead as required to fit the strut. Part 2 1. To study the effect of end conditions, follow the same basic procedure as in part 1, but this time remove the bottom chuck and clamp the specimen using the cap head screw and plate to make a pinned-fixed end condition. 2. Record your result in Table 2 and calculate the values of 1/ L2 for the struts. 3. Fit the top chuck with the two cap head screws and clamp both ends of the specimen to make a pinned pinned end condition. Calculate the new values of 1/L2. 4. Enter the result into Table 3 7.0 RESULT

Strut Number 1 2 3 4 5

Length (mm)

Buckling Load (N) Experiment

Buckling Load (N) Theory

Table 1

Faculty : Civil And Environment Engineering Department : Structure And Material Engineering Title :

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04 2 11/07/2005 5/7/2005

BUCKLING OF STRUTS

Strut Number 1 2 3 4 5

Length (mm)

Buckling Load (N)

1/L2 ( m-2)

Table2
Strut Number 1 2 3 4 5 Length (mm) Buckling Load (N) 1/L2 ( m-2)

Table 3 8.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Part 1: 1. Examine the Euler buckling equation and select an appropriate parameter to establish a linear relationship between the buckling load and the length of the strut. Write the relationship below. 2. Calculate the value and enter them in Table 1 with an appropriate title. 3. Plot a graph to prove the relationship is linear. Compare your experimental value to those calculated from Euler formula by entering a theoretical line onto the graph. Comment on the result. 4. Explain that the Euler Formula can predict the buckling load or not.

Faculty : Civil And Environment Engineering Department : Structure And Material Engineering Title :

Page Edition Checking No Effective Date Amendment Date

05 2 11/07/2005 5/7/2005

BUCKLING OF STRUTS

Part 2: 1. Plot separate graphs of buckling load versus 1/ L2 and calculate the gradient of each line. 2. Fill the table below showing the comparison between experimental and theoretical ratio by end condition PinnedPinned* Experimental gradient Experimental ratio Theoretical ratio PinnedFixed FixedFixed

Notes:
1. *Use the experimental gradient fom Part 1 2. Experimental ratio = Exp. Gradient / gradient of pinned-pinned. 3. Theoretical ratio can be obtained from Euler Formula for pinnedfixed and fixed-fixed.

3. Comment on the experimental and theoretical ratio.

4. What conclusion can you made from the experiments.

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