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"# in AT$ Networks

Traffic control in ATM networks

Andrea Bianco Telecommunication Network Group firstname.lastname@polito.it http://www.telematica.polito.it/

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 1

Layered model 1 2
%sed for traffic characteri&ation and !o# definition 'all le(el
t

) Burst
t

) 'ell
t

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 2

rati on Bit rat e dur ing " N per iod s .pe ak rat e as su me d/

Call level 1
'all attri, utes
T+p e of re0 uest .on dem and1 per man ent1 sem iper man ent/ 'on figur atio n .poi nttopoin t1 mult ipoi nt1 ,ro adc ast/ Nu m,e r of con nect ions ope ned in the two dire ctio ns 2 ' / 2' ' Traf fic cont ract ele men t for eac h con nect ion #ig nali ng prot ocol

use d at net wor k ingr ess #up ple me ntar + ser (ice s

2
Traffic char acte ri&ati on
'all arri (al pro ces s sto cha stic des crip tion 'all dur atio n sto cha stic des crip tion

2
n e t w o r k

3
Traff ic ch ar ac ter i&a tio n
' all att ri, ut es ' all m od el

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Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di

Call level 1
*on gte r m te m po ral d+ na mi cs r e s o u r c e s f o r t h e f u l l c a l l d u r a t i o n

3
!ualit+ of ser(i ce
'o ntro l pla ne

!urst level 1
$edi um ter m te mp ora l d+ na mi cs

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - &

1
o s t s e l e c ti o n d e l a +

4
!ual it+ of se r(i ce

2 T
h e t r a f f i c o c c u p i e s

2
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Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di

' o n n e c ti o n c l o s i n g d e

la +

o inttopoi nt ,lo cki ng pr o, a,i lit+

) A(er !urst age level ,it rate: ) Burstiness: M )

3

(ari anc e:

5 B 4B
M(B P

Andrea Bianco TNG group olitecnico di Torino QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - '

B 4 B

BM)

Acti (it+ coef ficie nt:

Andrea Bianco TNG group -

olitecnico di Torino QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - (

) Bit rate

ag. 3

!"# in AT$ Networks

Cell level 1
Traffic characteri&ation:
7nter-arri(al time distri,ution 8istri,ution of the num,er of cells generated in a measurement period T "ften less information is accepted .also for comple9it+ reasons/

1 2 2 1 2 3

7nter-arri(al e9pected (alue and (ariance

-rom the a(erage inter-arri(al time the a(erage ,it -rate can ,e

computed

!ualit+ of ser(ice:
'ell loss pro,a,ilit+ 'ell error pro,a,ilit+

relia,ilit+

'ell mis-insertion pro,a,ilit+ .cells ,elonging to other 2' erroneousl+ inserted in the current 2'/

:9pected (alue1 (ariance and ma9imum cell dela+

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - )

Standard 1
A traffic contract was defined
Traffic characteri&ation

1 2 3

Accurate %ni0uel+ (erifia,le #imple1 to ,e useful for the computation of

network resources that should ,e allocated tot the connection

!o# guarantee

arameters defined in the

7T%-T 7.;<= reccomendation

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - *

c, ar Sta nda rd+ tra ffi c ac ter i-

atio n

i n a , s e n c e o f i n t e r f e r i n g t r a f f i c

w it h r e s p e c t t o n o m i n a l c h a r a c t e r i s ti c s
'8 2T: 'ell 8el a+ 2ari atio n Tol era nce

e Alg orit hm/

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

e u s e r 1 e 9 c l u d i n g " A $ e > $ c e l l s g e n e r a t e d , + s w i t c h e s . i t i c p a r a m e t e r s
' > .

1
7den tifi cat ion of cel l flo ws wit hin a co nn ect ion

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - .

Stan dard +

traffi c c,ar acter i-ati on

2
8efi niti on of tra ffic int rin sic pa ra m et er s
T r a f f i c n o m i n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

is t h e s e t o f c e ll s w h o s e c o n f o r m a n c e t o t h e n o m i n a l p a r a m e t e r w ill , e ( e ri
ll > a t e / u s t a i n i , l e ' e ll > a t e /

fi e d /:
Aggr egat ed flow 8ata cell flow .no >$ and "A $/ ?igh prior it+ data cell flow .'* 4@/ "A $ cell flow >$ cell flow 8ata A "A $ cell flow ?igh prior it+ data cell .'* 4@/ A "A $ flow

1 '
e l l f l o w s g e n e r a t e d , + t h i t i o n o f t r a f f i c i n t r i n s

3 T
o l e r a n c e : a c c e p t e d ( a r i a t i o n s

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 1/

'

onf orm anc e defi nitio n

G' >A alg orit hm .Ge neri c 'ell >at

7n(er

arri( al time amo ng two adBa cent cells

Standa rd+

traffic c,aracte ri-ation

2
7n(er se

7B T .7 nt ri n si c B ur st T ol er a n c e/

1
8e f i n

e a k ' e

# ' > . #

of the a(e rag e inte r-

3
$a9imu m ahead time for which a cell can ,e trans mitted with respe ct to the nomin al arri(al time deter mined ,+ the #'> (alue

10$C 1 2cell0 s4

M!S 2num3er of cells4

Connection duration

tanda rd+ traffic c,ara cteriation

Connection

Connection

startin5 time endin5 time SC1 6 num3er of cells0 connection duration

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 12

$ B# .$ a9i mu m Bu rst #i& e/

ag. 6

$a9im um si&e of a cell ,urst1 a group of cells that can ,e trans mitte d at '>

$B# 4 3 A 7BT/ .3/#' >3/ ' >/

6
7BT4 .$B# -3/ .3/#' >3/ ' >/

Andrea Bianco TNG group olitecnico di Torino QoS Issues in Telecomm unication Networks - 11

!"# in AT$ Networks

1elation 3etween SC1 and I!T

>eal arri(al process 7BT t

3/#'> 7deal arri(al process at #'>1 used as a reference

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 1

7C1A+ 7eneric Cell 1ate Al5orit,m 1 2

#tandard algorithm for conformance (erification .policing/ and for traffic adaptation .shaping/ A>A$:T:>#:
T 4 nominal cell inter-arri(al time C 4 tolerance or ma9imum accepted (ariation with respect to nominal spacing

2A>7AB*:#:
Ta 4 real cell arri(al time TAT4 theoretical cell arri(al time

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 1'

 'e ll 8e la+ 2a riat ion Tol er an ce .o( er #' > an d/o r ' >/

e 9 p e c t e d a r r i ( a l ti m e #i mil ar to 7BT 1 ,ut to co pe wit h mu ltipl e9i ng del a+s 1 not to allo w so me (ar ia,i lit+ in the us er flo w

2
'82 T

7C1A al5o rit, m+ flow dia5 ram

C o n f o r m a n

s ti c a l m u lt i p l e 9 i n g s t a g e

+ t h e o r i g i n a l t r a f f i

e d i c t a , l e 0 u e u i n g d e l a +

$ a 9 i m u m a c c e p t a , l e a h e a d t i m e a t a n i n t e r f a c e w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e

7f G'> A is check ing the '>

A cell arrives at Ta

Non conformant cell 28ossi3le markin54

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

c e v e ri fi c a ti o n

s . s w it c h i n g n o d e s / m o d if

c p a t t e r n d u e t o u n p r

1
#ta ti

) 7f G'>A is checking #'>

T43/#'>
Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

C4 7BT A '82T#'>
QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 1(

d e l i ( e r +

io /
' el l lo s s p r o , a ,i lit + > a ti o , e t w e e n lo st c el ls a n d tr a n s m itt e d c el ls ' * >
@

Quality of service+ standard IT9-T I: &(

t i m e 8 if f e r e n c e , e t w e e n t h e 3 @
D

Quality of service+

standard IT9-T I: &(

r r o r s a n d t h e t o t a

1
' : > . ' e l l : r r o r > a t e /
> a ti o , e t w e e n c e ll s w it h d e t e c t e d e

1 '
T 8 . ' e l l T r a n s f e r 8 e l a + /
A ( e r a g e ti m e , e t w e e n t h e tr a n s m is si o n o f t h

2 6
p t ' 8 2 . T w o p o i n t ' e l l 8 e l a + 2 a r i a t i o n /
2ar iati on of cell

i n f e r i o r a n d s u p e r i o r 0 u a n t il e o f ' T 8

l n u m , e r o f c e ll s

2 '
$ > . ' e l l $ i s i n s e r t i o n > a t e /
> a ti o , e

e ' * >
@ A 3

Andrea Bianco TNG group olitecnico di Torino QoS Issues in Telecommun ication Networks 1)

3 '
* > . ' e l l * o s s > a t

t w e e n e r r o n e o u s l + r e c e i (

t o o t h e r 2 ' s / a n d t h e t o

t 3 a #: l ' n B u > m . , # e e r o ( e f r r e e c l+ e : i( rr e o d r c e e d ll ' s

e ll B l o c k > a ti o /

Andrea Bianco TNG group olitecnico di Torino QoS Issues in Telecommu nication Networks 1*

ag . ;

!"# in AT$ Networks

Quality of service classes 1 2

8efined through some parameters:
'*> '82

E !"# ser(ice classes standardi&ed ,+ 7T%-T to satisf+ E main t+pes of user ser(ices:
'lass 3: #T>7'T .'821 '*>@A3/ 'lass 6: T"*:>ANT .'*>@A3/ 'lass ;: *7$7T:8 .'*>@/ 'lass %: B:#T :--">T .does not admit negotiation of an+ parameter/

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 1.

Transfer modes 1 2 3 4
7T%-T: internationall+ standardi&ation ,od+ recogni&ed

AT$ forum: de-facto standardi&ation ,od+ Transfer modes defined

B+ 7T%-T as AT' .AT$ Transfer 'apa,ilit+/ B+ AT$ -orum as #er(ice 'lass

Transfer mode distinguished through definition of:

'ell flows to which guarantees are pro(ided arameters to characteri&e flows 'onformance (erification applied to flows Adopted control functions

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 2/

d t h e

Trans a s fer s mode so

c i a t e d ! o #

o f a d m i s s i , l e ! o # p a r a m e t e r s ( a l u

1 8
o c i a t e d . a l m o s t / t o a n + n e g o t i a , l e ! o # mi ni sti c Bi t > at e 2 B >/ # B >: 2 ar ia ,l e/ #t ati sti ca l Bi t > at e % B >: % ns p ec ifi e d Bi t > at e A B >: A (a ila ,l e Bi t > at e A B T: A T $ Bl oc k Tr a ns fe r

l e m i s s i o n r a t e

e f i n e A T $ l a + e r s e

Transf er mode s 1
8o no t de fin e !o # re 0ui re m en ts
: a c h t r a n s f e r m o d e c a n , e a s s

3 A
B T e d A B > u s e > $ c e l l s t o c o n t r o l f l o w c e l

2
To e a c h s e r (

Andrea Bianco TNG group olitecnico di Torino QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 21

2
-i(e ma in tra nsf er mo de s::
' B >/ 8 B >: ' on st an t/ 8 et er

r ( i c e s a n

i c e 1 a s e t

e s i s d e f

i n e d

3
Net w or k op er

at or s m a+ ad d ot he r ! " #

pa ra m et er (a lu es ,e +o nd th e

st an da rdi &e d on es
Andrea Bianco TNG group olitecnico di Torino QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 22

2 "
f f e r

1 n o t n e t w o r k n e e d s

e r ( i c e s w i t h ( a r i a , l e , i t r a t e

Transf er mode s+ S!1

a ( a r i a , l e , i t r a t e 1 n o r m a l l + r a n g i n g , e t w e e n ' > e # ' > t o s a t i s #B >;: f like +

#B >61 ,ut tag gin g of non con for ma nt cell s is ad mitt ed

3 A
l w a + s t w o i n s t a n c e s o f G ' > A a r e u s e d

5 '
A ' o ( e r B 1 B
$

u a r a n t e e d t h r o u g h a p r o p e r s c h e d u li n g a l g o ri t h m

6 T
+ p i c a l l + 1 l o s s r a t e a n d d e l a + s a r e n e g o t i a t e d

Transf er mode s+ ;!1 1 '

h a r a c t e r i & a t i o n :
' > o(e

n e ,it g 2 o " ti f a f t e e r d s s t a ' >

r ag gre gat ed flo w .da taA "A $A >$ / or ' > o(e r dat aA "A $ flo w 8o es not use the '*

t i c , i t r a t e e 0 u a l t o t h e

3 7
s o c h r o n o u s s e r ( i c e s o r f i 9 e d , i t r a t e

s e r ( i c e s

s e r ( i c e c l a s s 3

1 '
h a r a c t e r i & a t i o n . ;

1 B
e 0

o r e 9 p l o i t i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s
A ll o c a t e d , a n d w i d t h m u s t , e g

4 '
A ' o ( e r B

4 7
s o c h r o n o u s s e r ( i c e o r d a t a s

Andrea Bianco TNG group olitecnic o di Torino QoS Issues in Telecom municati on Network s-2

5 A
s s o c i a t e d w i t h

f l a ( o r / :
#B >3: ' >1 #' > and $B # o(e r agg reg ate d flow #

s o u r c e n e e d s

Andrea Bianco TNG group olitecnic o di Torino QoS Issues in Telecom municati on Networks - 2'

a g.

!"# in AT$ Networks

Transfer modes+ 9!1 1 2 3 4 5

#tandardi&ed onl+ ,+ AT$ -orum
7T%-T: %B> can ,e o,tained as 8B> with % class of ser(ice

'haracteri&ation:
'> o(er aggregated flow

No conformance definition

No ,it rate allocation1 no !o# guarantees on dela+s and loss pro,a,ilities #witches e9ploit cell discarding techni0ues
To reduce segmentation negati(e effects

1 2

$ore losses F%selessG traffic transported

*oss priorit+ in ,uffers

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 2&

9!1+ cell discardin5 1

#electi(e 'ell 8iscarding:
8rop cells ,elonging to a .higher la+er/ packet/message for which at least another cell was alread+ dropped #ome FuselessG traffic due to head of packets .alread+ transmitted cells/

:arl+ acket 8iscarding:

8iscard full messages .entire set of cells/ when the ,uffer occupanc+ e9ceeds a gi(en threshold ?igher la+er packets segmented in cells are either entirel+ transferred or dropped1

Hhen the ,uffer occupanc+ e9ceeds the threshold1 cells ,elonging to packets alread+ partiall+ transmitted are stored and later transmitted1 cells ,elonging to new packets are dropped

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 2(

p ri o ri t+ c el ls . ' *

a n d l o w p ri o ri t + /

l he ad er T fiel d:
% s e d t o i n d i c a t e c o n g e s t i o n t o p r o t o c o l l a + e r s h i g h e r t h

a n A T $ 7 t i s a s s u m e d t h a t h i g h e r l a + e r p r o t o c o l s r e a c t t o c o n g e s

t i o n s i g n a l s

" t , e r c e ll d i s c a r d i n 5 m e c , a n i s m s

2
'ell dis ca rdi ng ,a se d on pri ori t+:
7f , u f f e r s i & e o c c u p a n c + , e c o m e s c r i t i c a l .

e . g .: f u ll , u ff e r o r , u ff e r o c c u p a n c + o ( e r t h r e s h o l d / l o w

4 3 / a N r o e n p di r s o c t a e r d c e ti ( d e 8i( ide Andrea Bianco d TNG group in olitecnico di Torino tw QoS Issues in o Telecommunication Networks - 2) cat eg ori es:

Tra nsf er mo de s+ A! 1 1
AB> .A (ai la, le Bit >a te/ off er s an all oc at ed ,it rat e ,e tw ee n ' > an d $ ' >

1
r o t e c t i ( e . f u ll s e p a r a t i o n , e t w e e n h i g h

1
%se of th e :'7 ,it in th e cel

de pe nd in g on ne tw or k re so ur ce s a( ail a, ilit +I go al s
ull ,it ra te uti li& ati o n ai r re so ur ce p ar titi o ni n g

2
Th e n e

t w o r k e 9 p li c it l + s i g n a l s t o s o u r c e s t h e tr a n s m i s s i o n , it r a t

3
7t p r o ( i d e s m a l l ' * > . i d e a l l + & e r o ' * > / i f s o u

r c e a d a p t t h e i r r a t e t o n e t w o r k i n d i c a t i o n

A > $/

> $ /

2 '
o n f o r m a n c e d e f i n i t i o n , a s e d o n G ' > A w i t h p a

r a m e t e r T a d a p t e d t o

a ( i o r c o m p l e t e l +

1 '
h a r a c t e r i & a t i o n :
' > o( er ag gr eg at e flo w .d at aA " A $

Andrea Bianco TNG group olitecnico di Torino QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 2*

s p e c n i e f t i w e o d r k i n s i s g t n a a n l d s a r d 3 s

g o ri t h m s 1 a s u s u a l1 n o t s t a n d a r d i & e d
Andrea Bianco TNG group olitecnico di Torino QoS Issues in Telecommu nication Networks 2.

Transf er mode s+ A!1

# o u 4 r N c o e d e , e h a l

a c o n t i n u o u s

t i n g s o u r c e s /

#: generates >$

cells
1M 1M 1M

8: retransmits

N
1

Transf er modes + A!1 1

%s e s i n , a n d > $ c e ll s . f o r w a r d e , a c k w a r d / t o o , t a i n

Ni

Nk

recei(ed >$ cells Ni: reads and writes >$ cells

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - /

a g.

<

c o n t r o l o f s o u r c e e m i s s i o n , i t r a t e . c o o p e r a

!"# in AT$ Networks

A!1+ source 3e,avior 1

An AB> source
#tarts transmission at a negotiated rate .7'>/ eriodicall+ inserts >$ forward cells in cell flow Hhen it recei(es an >$ ,ackward cell it adapts the transmission rate to the minimum (alue contained in the cell 7f no >$ ,ackward cells are recei(ed1 the source slows down until it stops 7t the source is silent more than a gi(en period1 it starts transmitting at the negotiated rate
Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 1

A!1+ node 3e,avior 1

Three possi,ilit+ to control source emission rate:
:-'7 .:9plicit -orward 'ongestion 7ndication/:

1
rela+

:0ui(alent to the congestion notification used in frame

2 3 4

3 control ,it to signal congestion 7t is the simplest ,ut less efficient mechanism

8estination translate :-'7 ,its into a '7 ,it in ,ackward >$ cells

>>$ .>elati(e >ate $arking/: nodes send on ,ackward >$ cell a ternar+ information through two ,its .'71N7/ setting .increase rate1 keep rate1 decrease rate/ :> .:9plicit >ate/: nodes send on ,ackward >$ cells the rate at which a source can send cells

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - 2

a c ti ( e AB >

pe .A B >1 A B T/

A! 1+ nod e 3e, avio r 1

H h e n a d o p ti n g : ' 7 a n d > > $ s c h e m e 1 n

o d e s n o r m a ll + c o n tr o l c o n g e s ti o n , + m o n it o ri n g , u ff e r o c c u p a n c +

sh old m ec ha nis m:
#i n gl e -7 "1 oc cu p a nc + , as e d .p os iti o n al /

> : n o d e s c o n t r o l c o n g e s t i o n m e a s u r i n g t r a f f i c l o a d . , a

c k g r o u n d 1 A B > / a n d t h e n u m , e r o f

con nec tion s Andrea Bianco TNG

group - olitecnico di Torino QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks -

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?+s te r e si s

A ! 1 + 1 M c el l m ai n fi el d s 1
rot oc ol t+

2
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s e t t o 3 , + o t h e r n o d e s L
Andrea Bianco TNG group olitecnic o di Torino QoS Issues in Telecom municati on Networks - (

7
J.
Andrea Bianco TNG group olitecnico di Torino QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - '

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o i n c r e a s e r a t e : ' ' > 4 ' ' > A ' > K > 7 -

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' > : $ i n i m u m ' e l l > a t e

A!1+ some 8ara meter s 1

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i t i a l ' e l l > a t e

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Andrea Bianco TNG group olitecnic

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!"# in AT$ Networks

A!1+ e<am8le of an 11M al5orit,m

1 2 3 4

Not standardi&ed $easure !i1 0ueue length at i1 and 8.!i/4 !i- !i-3 8efine two thresholds: ?1 *1 with *M? ositional control
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i

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QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - )

:9ample of an standardi&ed/: :>7'A

8ATA:

algorithm

.not

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

1 2 3

A(aila,le ,it rate: '

Bit rate available to ABR connections, i.e., subtract from link capacity the bit rate devoted to CBR and VBR VCs

Target ,it rate: >T 4@.ODK'

To avoid oscillations

"%T %T:
-air share ,it rate: B-#i

Andrea Bianco TNG group - olitecnico di Torino

QoS Issues in Telecommunication Networks - *

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a , l o c k o f

t w o > $ c e ll s . o r p r e c e d e d , + o n e > $ c e ll /

1 2 A!1+ =1IC A
r a

) "nce the target ,it rate is set1 e.g. s >T4@.O< ' :stimate
The num,er of acti(e AB> connections .NAB>/ e Background traffic .* r AB>i connection current load .* A(aila,le ,it rate for : B
B 4B
-# AB>

c e l l s a s a g r o u p o f c e l l s F e n c l o s e d G , +

'ompute:
/N

m o d e s +

AB>

* 4P*

A ! T

2 A T M

! l o

2'i

4B

AB>

K*

AB>i

/*

AB>

B-#i4ma9 QB-#1 B2'iR

The ma9imum allows to target a ma9-min fair allocation

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s a c o
A n d

) B#i

1
2a r i a , l e , i t r a t e s e r ( i c e w i t h f a s t r e s o u r c e

is wr itt en in th e : > fie ld on l+ if s m all er th an th e cu rre nt (alu e

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2
' e l l

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, u

>

2
:ach node either discar d or accept the full ,lock
Rather inefficient when crossin several nodes

6
'ontinu

A!T+ ATM !lock Transf er 1

'h a r a c t e ri & a ti o n :
B'>1 sendin g rate for the ,lock of cells

3
:9ploits part of the a(aila, le ,andwi dth for short period s

4
Accepta nce can ,e done looking at ,it rate onl+1 at ,uffer onl+1 or at ,oth

A n d r e a B i a n c o T N G g r o u p o li t e c n i c o d i T o ri n o

2
Ba n d a al lo c a t a in m

8T .8el a+e d Tran smi ssio n/:

Q o S I s s u e s i n T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n N e t w o r k s ' 2

5
'an renegoti ate ,lock transfe r rate1 ,ut need to wait for a positi( e