Trng THPT NGUYN THNG

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H & TN:
..
LP:
.

BIN SON: NGUYN QUC TUN

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Trng THPT NGUYN THNG

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(TI BN LN TH NHT)

BIN SON: NGUYN QUC TUN

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LI NI U:

TI LIU CH CP TI CC CNG THC TNH TON

HU NH KHNG CP TI L THUYT!

C g sai st xin cc bn thng cm & chnh sa gim!

CHNG 1: ESTE

1.

2.
*
*

a)

CNG THC CU TO:

*
Este n chc: CxHyO2 ( y 2x) hay RCOOR` vi R` H
*
Este no n chc: CnH2nO2 ( n 2)
*
Este no: CnH2n+2-aO2a
*
Tng qut: Rn(COO)n.mR`m ( to bi axit n chc v ancol m chc)
*
Cc dng vit CTCT: RCOOR` hay R`OOCR hay R`OCOR
CC TNH CHT CN NH:
1. TNH CHT VT L:
este l cht lng d bay hi, nh hn nc, t tan trong nc
este c mi thm:
etyl fomat, etyl isovalerat c mi to
isoamyl axetat c mi du chui
etyl butirat c mi da
nhit si:
axit > ancol > ( este, andehit, HC, ete,)
M t0s
2. TNH CHT HA HC:
P THY PHN:
#
trong mt H+:
a RCOOR` +bH2O c RCOOH+ dR`OH
H + ,t 0

K cb

[ RCOOR ] .[ H O]
=
[ RCOOH ] [ R OH ]
` a

c RCOOH+ dR`OH a RCOOR` +bH2O ( p este ha)

H + ,t 0

K cb

d
c
[
RCOOH ] .[ R `OH ]
=
[ RCOOR` ]a [ H 2O]b

K cb =

1
`
K cb

** CH :
Nu nc th hi th s c trong cng thc
Nu nc th lng th s khng c trong cng thc
#
trong mt kim:
a RCOOR` +bNaOH c RCOONa+ dR`OH
theo LBT khi lng: meste + mNaOH = mmuoi + mancol
***** tng qut: este+ NaOH mui + X
theo LBT khi lng: meste + mNaOH = mmuoi + mX

Vi X c th l ancol, andehit, xeton hoc H2O

***** lu : khi cho este tc dng vi NaOH thu c dd sp, c cn k dd sp thu c m(g)
cht rn khan X
@
TH1: NaOH p ht: mX=mmui
@
TH2: NaOH p d: mx=mmui+mNaOH d
***** Cc trng hp to sp c bit khi thy phn este n chc:

Este + ( NaOH, H2O) ( mui Na, axit cacboxylic) + ancol

este no
Este + ( NaOH, H2O) ( mui Na, axit cacboxylic) + andehit
este: RCOO-CH=R`-
Este + ( NaOH, H2O) ( mui Na, axit cacboxylic) + xeton
este: RCOO-CR``=R`- vi R`` khc H
Este + 2NaOH 2 mui + H2O
este ca phenol v ng ng ca phenol: RCOO-C6H5-x-
Este + ( NaOH, H2O) 1 sp duy nht
este vng n chc: R - C=O + NaOH R-COONa
C
b)
c)

OH

P KH: RCOOR R-CH2-OH + R OH

P T CHY ESTE:
nCO = n H O este no, n chc
**
nCO > nH O este khng no c 3C tr ln
**
nCO nH O = neste este khng no c cha 1 C=C, n chc
**
hoc este no, 2 chc
LiAlH 4 ,t 0

*****
LBT khi lng: meste+ mOxi p= mCO + m H O
P RING I VI ESTE HCOO-R`:

P trng bc: HCOO-R` 2Ag

P vi Cu(OH)2 , t0 Cu2O
CC DNG TON ESTE:

xc nh s nhm chc este ( ):

2

d)
3.

n NaOHpu
neste

( tr este ca phenol v ng ng ca phenol)

nNaOH cn< 2.neste (este p ht) este n chc, NaOH p d

*
*
*

ton hh este thy phn:

hh este n chc+ NaOH 1 mui + 2 ancol n chc
2 este cng gc R v khc gc R` : RCOOR` & RCOOR``
hh este n chc+ NaOH 3mui + 1ancol n chc
3 este cng gc R` v khc gc R: R1COOR` & R2COOR` & R3COOR`
hh este n chc+ NaOH 3mui + 2ancol n chc
3 este cng gc R` v khc gc R, trong c 2 gc R` ging nhau: R1COOR`
& R2COOR` & R3COOR``
hh 2 cht hu c n chc + NaOH 1 mui +1 ancol n chc
TH1: 1axit+ 1 ancol: RCOOH & R`OH
TH2: 1axit + 1 este ( cng R): RCOOH & RCOOR`
TH3: 1ancol +1este (cng R`): R`OH & RCOOR`
hh 2 cht hu c n chc + NaOH 2mui +1 ancol n chc
TH1: 1 axit + 1 este: R1COOH & R2COOR`

TH2: 2 este cng R`: R1COOR` & R2COOR`

*
hh 2 cht hu c n chc + NaOH 1mui + 2ancol n chc
TH1: 1ancol+ 1 este: R`OH & RCOOR`
TH2: 2 este cng R: RCOOR` & RCOOR``

Este a chc:
*
P este ha gia axit vi ancol ( p khng hon ton):
o Ancol a chc + axit n chc:
`
R (OH)y + xRCOOH (RCOO)x-R`-(OH)(y-x) + xH2O
(1 x y)
o Ancol n chc + axit a chc:
`
R OH + xR(COOH)y (R`OOC)x-R-(COOH)(y-x) + xH2O (1 x y)
*
Cc dng thy phn ca este 2 chc:
o Este= 2 axit n chc khc nhau + 1 ancol 2 ln:

H + ,t 0

H + ,t 0

(RCOO)-R`-(OOCR1) + 2NaOH RCOONa+ R1COONa + R`(OH)2

1mol

2mol
1mol
1mol
o Este=1 axit n chc+ 1 ancol 2 chc:

1mol

(RCOO)2-R` + 2NaOH 2RCOONa+ R`(OH)2

1mol

2mol

2mol
1mol
o Este= 1 axit 2 chc+ 1 ancol n chc:

R(COOR`)2 + 2NaOH R(COONa)2+ 2R`-OH

1mol

2mol

1mol
2mol
o Este= 1 axit 2 chc+ 2 ancol n chc:

COOR` + 2NaOH R-(COONa)2+ R`OH+R``OH

COOR``
1mol

2mol

1mol
1mol
1mol
o Este= 1 axit 2 chc+ 1 ancol 2 chc:

R-(COO)2-R` + 2NaOH R(COONa)2+ R`(OH)2 (este mch vng)

1mol
2mol
1mol
S dng phng php tng gim khi lng:

+ 1 mol RCOOH
+ 1 mol C2H5OH

+ 1 mol RCOOR
+ 1 mol RCOOR
PH LC:

1 mol RCOOC2H5
1 mol RCOOC2H5

1mol

m = 29 1 = 28 gam
m = (R + 27) gam

1 mol RCOONa m = |R 23| gam

1 mol ROH
m = (R + 27) gam

TN THNG CA MT S AXIT CACBOXYLIC

H-COOH: axit fomic
CH3-COOH: axit axetic( v chua gim)

CH3CH2-COOH: axit propionic

CH3CH(CH3)-COOH: axit isobutiric
CH3CH2CH2CH2-COOH: axit valeric
CH3CH(CH3)CH2-COOH: axit isovaleric
CH2=CH-COOH: axit acrylic
CH2=C(CH3)-COOH: axit metacrylic
HOOC-COOH: axit oxalic( v chua me)
C6H5-COOH: axit benzoic
HOOC-CH2-COOH: axit malonic
CH3[CH2]7-CH=CH-[CH2]7-COOH: axit oleic ( cis) , axit elaidic( trans)
HOOC-[CH2]4-COOH: axit adipic
CH3[CH2]14-COOH: axit panmitic
CH3[CH2]16-COOH: axit stearic
o- C6H4-(COOH)2: axit phtalic
HOOC-[CH2]2-COOH: axit succinic
HOOC-[CH2]3-COOH: axit glutaric
HOOC-CH=CH-COOH: axit maleic ( cis), axit fumaric ( trans)
m- C6H4-(COOH)2: axit isophtalic
p- C6H4-(COOH)2: axit terephtalic
CH3[CH2]2-COOH: axit butiric
CH3[CH2]10-COOH: axit lauric
CH3[CH2]4[CH=CHCH2]2[CH2]6-COOH: axit linoleic
COOH

HOOC-CH2-C-CH2-COOH: axit xitric( v chua chanh)

OH
HOOC-CH-CH2-COOH: axit malic( v chua to)
OH
HOOC-CH-CH-COOH: axit tauric( v chua nho)
OH OH

NH HNG CA NHM TH N TNH AXIT CA AXIT

Nhm Ankyl y in t v pha COOH tnh axit gim( H kh tch khi COOH):
H-COOH > CH3-COOH > C2H5-COOH > : Ka
Nhm nguyn t c m in ln ht in t khi nhm COOH tnh axit tng:
F-CH2-COOH > Cl-CH2-COOH > CH3-COOH > : Ka
o Gn cng nhiu Hal axit cng mnh: F > Cl > Br >I : Ka

MT S CNG THC_ NG PHN CA ESTE

 CnH2nO2:
Este no, n chc, h
Axit _____//_______
Ancol khng no ( 1 ), 2OH khng gn vi nhng C c mang lin kt
( C khng no) ( t 4C tr ln)
Tp chc:
o -OH ~ -CHO

~
-O- ~
-O- ~

o -OH
o
o

CnH2n-2O2:

-CO-CO-CHO

Este khng no, n chc, c 1 gc axit

Axit ______________//________________
Tp chc, khng no c 1 : -OH ~ -CHO

CnH2n-2O4:

Este no, 2 chc

Axit ___//____

Este khng no, n chc, c 2 gc axit

Axit ______________//________________

CnH2n-4O2:

****************************************

CHNG 2: LIPIT

1) CNG THC CU TO:

* Lipit l nhng hp cht hu c c trong TB sng, khng ha tan trong nc, nh hn nc,
tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c khng phn cc.
* Lipit gm cht bo, sp, steroit, photpholipit
* Cht bo l trieste ca glixerol v cc axit bo gi chung l triglixerit hay triaxyl glixerol
CTCT chung:
R1COOCH2
R2COOCH

vi R1, R2, R3: c th ging nhau hoc khc nhau

R3COOCH2
* Axit bo l axit n chc c mch C di, khng phn nhnh, c s C chn t 12C-24C
C 2 loi axit bo thng gp:
Axit bo no:
o Axit stearic: C17H35COOH ( M=284)

o Axit panmatic: C15H31COOH ( M=256)

Axit bo khng no:
o Axit oleic: C17H33COOH ( M=282)
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7-COOH
o Axit linoleic: C17H31COOH ( M=280)
CH3(CH2)4CH=CH-CH2- CH=CH(CH2)7-COOH
o Axit linolenic: C17H29COOH ( M=278)
*
Cht bo c 2 dng:

Cht bo lng l este ca axit bo khng no

Cht bo rn l este ca axit bo no

cch bin cht bo lng thnh cht bo rn:
cht bo lng + xH2 cht bo rn ( cng H vo cc lk ca gc R)
2) DANH PHP CHT BO: (RCOO)3C3H5
o Cch 1: Tri + tn gc axit bo b -ic thay -in
o Cch 2: Tri + tn axit bo b -ic thay oyl + glixerol
Vd:
*
(C17H35COO)3C3H5: tristearin ( tristearoyl glixerol) ( M=890)
*
(C17H33COO)3C3H5: triolein ( trioleoyl glixerol) ( M=884)
*
(C15H31COO)3C3H5: tripanmitin ( tripanmitoyl glixerol) ( M=806)
3) TNH CHT HA HC C TRNG:
a) p thy phn:
* CH : thy phn cht bo trong mt axit hoc kim u thu c Glixerol ( C3H5(OH)3 )
* R1COOCH2
R2COOCH
R3COOCH2
1mol

+ 3H2O C3H5(OH)3 +
H + ,t 0

3mol

1mol

R1COOH + R2COOH+ R3COOH

1mol

1mol

1mol

* R1COOCH2
R2COOCH

+ 3NaOH

R3COOCH2
1mol

3mol

C3H5(OH)3 +R1COONa + R2COONa+ R3COONa

1mol

1mol

1mol

pt tng qut: mcht bo+ m(NaOH,H2O)= mglixerol+ m(mui, axit bo)

b) p oxh m:
cht bo(C=C) [O ] peroxit [O ] andehit+ xeton+axit cacboxylic
*** Lu : cht bo b oxh to ra CO2 v H2O

c) p cng H2:
cht bo lng + xH2 cht bo rn
*** Lu : 1 lk trong mch C s cng 2H ( tc 1H2)
Ni ,t 0

1mol

cht bo lng s cng t nht 3H2 tr ln

4) DNG TON CA CHT BO:

ch s axit: l s mg KOH dng trung ha axit t do c trong 1

g cht bo.

ia =

mKOHpu _ voi _ axit (mg ) nKOH .56.103

=
mchat _ beo ( g )
mchat _ beo

ch s x phng ha: l s mg KOH trung ha axit t do v x

phng ht lng triglixerit c trong 1g cht bo.
ixph = mKOHpu _ voi _ axit _ tu _ do + mKOHpu _ voi _ chat _ beo

ch s iot: s g I2 c th cng vo lk bi ( lk i, lk ba) trong mch

C ca 100g cht bo.

iI 2 =

mI 2 .100( g )
mchat _ beo

Vi 1 lk trong mch C cng c 2I (tc I2)

2 x +1 y
V nI =so.n ( so = 3.
vi gc HC: (CxHy-)3 )
2

ch s este ca cht bo: l s mg KOH dng x phng ha ht

lng triglixerit c trong 1g cht bo.

x phng ha m(g) cht bo (trong cht bo lun tn ti 1

lng axit bo t do)
Ta c: axit bo + NaOH xp + H2O
triglixerit + 3NaOH xp + glixerol
LBT khi lng: mcht bo + mNaOH= mxp + mglixerol + mH2O

TON PHNG PHP TNG GIM KHI LNG:

X PHNG V CHT GIT RA TNG HP

X phng
Cht git ra tng hp
Cng kiu cu trc, ui di khng phn cc a du m kt hp vi u phn cc
a nc

Ging
nhau

ui di khng phn cc
u phn cc a nc
a du m
C17H35
COO Na+
Natri stearat C17H35COONa (trong x phng)
C12H25
OSO3 Na+
Natri lauryl sunfat C12H25OSO3Na (trong cht git ra)
- ui l gc hirocacbon
ca axit bo, u l anion
- ui l bt k gc hirocacbon di no, u c th
cacboxylat
l anion cacboxylat, sunfat
Khc
2+
2+
- Khi gp Ca , Mg trong - Natri lauryl sunfat khng c hin tng nn c
nhau
nc cng th natri stearat
u im l dng c vi nc cng
cho kt ta lm gim cht
lng x phng
- un du thc vt hoc m
ng vt vi xt hoc KOH
Phng
nhit v p xut cao
Oxi ha parafin c axit cacboxylic, hiro ha axit
php
- Oxi ha parafin ca du m thu c ancol, cho ancol phn ng vi H2SO4 ri
sn
nh oxi khng kh, c xc
trung ha th c cht git ra loi ankyl sunfat
xut
tc, ri trung ha axit sinh ra
bng NaOH:
- Cc mui natri (hoc kali)
ca axit bo, thng l natri
stearat (C17H35COONa), natri
-Ngoi cht git ra tng hp, cht thm, cht mu,
Thnh panmitat (C15H31COONa),
cn c th c cht ty trng nh natri
phn natri oleat (C17H33COONa)
hipocloritNatri hipoclorit c hi cho da khi git
chnh - Cc ph gia thng l cht
bng tay
mu, cht thm

****************************************

CHNG 3: CACBOHIDRAT

I. TNG QUT:
CTCT: Cn(H2O)m
Monsaccarit: l nhng cacbohidrat n gin nht, khng th thy phn c na.
Vd: glucozo, fructozo,
isaccarit: l nhng cacbohidrat m khi thy phn sinh ra 2 monsaccarit.
Vd: saccarozo, mantozo,
Polisaccarit: l nhng cacbohidrat phc tp m khi thy phn sinh ra nhiu
monsaccarit.
Vd: xenlulozo, tinh bt,
II. GLUCOZO: C6H12O6 ( M=180)

Tnh cht vt l:

Glucoz l cht kt tinh, khng mu, nng chy 146oC (dng )

v 150oC (dng ), d tan trong nc

C v ngt, c trong hu ht cc b phn ca cy (l, hoa, r) c

bit l qu chn (cn gi l ng nho)

Trong mu ngi c mt lng nh glucoz, hu nh khng i

(khong 0,1 %)

CTCT:

dng mch h: 5OH cnh nhau v 1 CH=O u mch

Vit gn: CH2OH[CHOH]4-CHO

Thc t glucozo tn ti ch yu 2 dng mch vng 6 cnh:

-glucozo v -glucozo

 glucoz ( 36 %)

dng mch h (0,003 %)

glucoz ( 64 %)

Tnh cht ha hc:

a) Oxi ha glucoz:

Tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 kt to dd xanh lam:

2C6H12O6 + Cu(OH)

(C6H11O6)2Cu + 2H2O

Tc dng vi anhidrit axetic (CH3CO)2O, xt: piridin

C6H7O(OCOCH3)5
C6H7O(OH)5 + 5(CH3CO)2O

este c 5 gc axetat

C6H7O(OOCCH3)5 + 5CH3COOH

Tc dng vi dd AgNO3/NH3

kt ta Ag ( glucozo: cht kh, cht b

oxh)
CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH

CH2OH[CHOH]4COONH4 + 2Ag + 3NH3

+ H2O
(amoni gluconat)

1 glucozo

2 Ag

Tc dng vi Cu(OH)2/OH , t kt ta gch Cu2O ( glucozo: cht kh,

cht b oxh)
-

CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH

CH2OH[CHOH]4COONa + Cu2O
+ 2H2O

1 glucozo

(natri gluconat)

1 Cu2O

Mt mu dd Br2

CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + Br2 + H2O

Tc dng vi

CH2OH[CHOH]4COOH + 2HBr

HNO3/H2SO4

este

b) Kh glucoz:

( gch)

Tc dng vi H2, ( xt Ni, t0)

Sobitol ( M= 182)

CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + H2

CH2OH[CHOH]4CH2OH
(sobitol)

c) p ln men glucozo:

Ln men ru: 1 glucozo

Ln men lactic: 1 glucozo

2ancol etylic + 2CO2

2axit lactic (M=90)

d) P ca nhm OH hemiaxetal ( v tr 1): td vi CH3OH/HCl este

ng dng: Sn xut thuc tng lc, trng rut phch, sn xut ru etylic
NG PHN CA GLUCOZO: FRUCTOZO
CTCT: CH2OH-[CHOH]3-CO-CH2OH

Dng mch vng:

- Tn ti c dng mch vng 5 cnh v 6 cnh

- Dng mch vng 5 cnh c 2 dng l fructoz v fructoz
+ Trong dung dch, fructoz tn ti ch yu dng vng 5 cnh
+ trng thi tinh th, fructoz dng , vng 5 cnh fructoz fructoz

Tnh cht vt l v trng thi t nhin

- L cht rn kt tinh, d tan trong nc, c v ngt gp ri ng ma v gp 2,5 ln glucoz

- V ngt ca mt ong ch yu do fructoz (chim ti 40 %)
Tnh cht ha hc: tng t glucozo nhng khng lm mt mu dd Br2,
khng c phn ng ln men v khng c p CH3OH/ HCl este

Ch : trong mt Kim: FRUCTOZO GLUCOZO

OH ,t 0

glucoz

eniol

cc p to kt ta Ag, Cu2O u xy ra trong mt Kim

III. SACCAROZO: C12H22O11 ( M=342)

Cu to phn t: gm gc C1 ca -glucozo v C2 ca
nhau bi lin kt ( C1-O-C2 )

gc glucoz

fructoz

-fructozo

lin kt vi

gc fructoz

Tnh cht vt l: l cht rn kt tinh, khng mu, khng mi, v ngt, tan trong nc
nng chy nhit 185oC. C nhiu trong cy ma (nn saccaroz cn c gi l ng
ma), c ci ng, tht nt C nhiu dng sn phm: ng phn, ng knh, ng
ct

Tnh cht ha hc: khng c tnh kh

Tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 dd phc mu xanh lam
2C12H22O11 + Cu(OH)2

Thy phn trong mt H+

(C12H21O11)2Cu + 2H2O

hh glucozo v fructozo
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
glucozo fructozo

 Lu : khi thy phn saccarozo( d hoc va ), cho dd sn phm sau

p tc dng vi dd AgNO3/NH3 d th thy xut hin kt ta Ag
Ta c s hp thc:
C12H22O11 C6H12O6 (glucozo) + C6H12O6 (fructozo ) 4Ag
P vi vi sa Ca(OH)2 dd trong sut, sau b vn c.
C12H22O11 + Ca(OH)2 + H2O
C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O
C12H22O11.CaO.2H2O + CO2
C12H22O11 + CaCO3 + 2H2O

P anhidrit axetic
P HNO3/ H2SO4
NG PHN CA SACCAROZO: MANTOZO
o
Cu to phn t:

Gm: C1 ca gc -glucozo ny ni vi C4 ca gc glucozo kia hoc

-glucozo qua nguyn t O ( lin kt -[1,4]-glicozit)
Lin kt 1,4 glicozit

n v monosaccarit th 2 c nhm OH semiaxetal t do

d m vng to thnh nhm CH=O tham gia p trng gng
o
Tnh cht ha hc: c tnh kh

Tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 dd phc cht xanh lam

Thy phn trong mt H+ 2 phn t glucozo

C12H22O11 + H2O 2C6H12O6

Tc dng vi Cu(OH)2/OH-, t0 kt ta gch Cu2O

Tham gia p trng bc 2 Ag

Mt mu dd Br2

P vi H2, t0, Ni:

P CH3OH/HCl metyl glucozit

P vi anhidrit axetic, p vi HNO3/H2SO4

CH :
o
ngt:
SACCARIN (ng ha hc) > FRUCTOZO > SACCAROZO > GLUCOZO
> MANTOZO
o
Thy phn mantozo, cho sp sau p tc dng vi dd AgNO3/NH3
d th xut hin kt ta Ag


Th1: mantozo thy phn ht ( H=100%):
Ta c s : 1MANTOZOv 2GLUCOZO 4Ag

Th2: mantozo thy phn cn d ( H <100%):

Ta c s : 1MANTOZO 2GLUCOZO 4Ag
1MANTOZOd 2Ag
Vy: 1MANTOZO 6Ag
IV. TINH BT: (C6H10O5)n ( M=162n)

Cu to: gm:

Amilozo: mch khng phn nhnh( gm cc -glucozo lin kt bi lin

kt -[1,4]-glicozit)

Amilozo peptin: mch phn nhnh ( gm cc lin kt -[1,4]-glicozit v

cc -glucozo lin kt vi nhau thnh chui v C1 ca chui ny lin kt vi C6 ca
chui kia qua nguyn t O bng lin kt -[1,6]-glicozit to mch phn nhnh), khng
tan trong nc v cc dung mi hu c

Tnh cht vt l: l cht rn, dng bt v nh hnh, mu trng, khng tan trong nc
lnh. Trong nc nng t 65oC tr ln to dd keo ( h tinh bt). c nhiu trong cc loi ng cc,
c (khoai, sn), qu (to, chui)

Tnh cht ha hc:

Thy phn tinh bt glucozo:

(C6H10O5)n nC6H12O6 2nCO2+ 2nC2H5OH

P mu vi dd iot dd mu xanh tm
S TO THNH TINH BT TRONG CY XANH ( QU TRNH
QUANG HP):
6nCO2+5nH2O (C6H10O5)n+ 6nO2
S CHUYN HA TINH BT TRONG C TH:
, amilaza
, amilaza
, mantaza
extrin HO
mantozo HO

glucozo
Tinh bt HO
CO2 + H2O

Glicogen ( tinh bt ng vt)

( trong ton b cc qu trnh khng to ra saccarozo)
V. XENLULOZO: (C6H10O5)n ( M=162n)
( KHNG PHI L NG PHN CA TINH BT

v khc CU TO PHN T)

Cu to phn t: gm nhiu -glucozo lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt

-[1,4]-glicozit
to thnh mch ko di, khng phn nhnh, khng xon.

CTCT: [C6H7O2(OH)3]n

Tnh cht vt l: l cht rn dng si, trng, khng mi v, khng tan

trong nc v cc dung mi khc nhng TAN trong NC SVAYDE ( hh Cu(OH)2/ NH3
phc [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 ) to t ng amoniac.

Tnh cht ha hc:

Thy phn xenlulozo glucozo

(C6H10O5)n + nH2O

nC6H12O6

Tc dng vi HNO3/H2SO4, t0 xenlulozo trinitrat (M=297n)

[C6H7O2(OH)3]n+ 3nHNO3 [C6H7O2(ONO2)3]n + 3nH2O
xenlulozo trinitrat

[C6H7O2(OH)3]n + nHNO3 (c)

[C6H7O2(OH)3]n + 2nHNO3 (c)

[C6H7O2(OH)2ONO2]n + nH2O
Xenluloz mononitrat
[C6H7O2(OH)(ONO2)2]n + 2nH2O
Xenluloz initrat

Tc dng vi anhidrit axetat/H2SO4, t0 hh gm xenlulozo diaxetat (

M=246n) v xenlulozo triaxetat ( M=288n)
[C6H7O2(OH)3]n+ 3n( CH3CO)2O [C6H7O2(OCOCH3)3]n + 3nCH3COOH
xenlulozo triaxetat
[C6H7O2(OH)3]n+ 2n( CH3CO)2O [C6H7O2OH(OCOCH3)2]n + 2nCH3COOH
xenlulozo diaxetat
Tc dng vi CS2 v NaOH:

[C6H7O2(OH)3]n + nNaOH
[C6H7O2(OH)2ONa]n + nCS2
Xenluloz xantogenat dng iu ch t visco

[C6H7O2(OH)2ONa]n + nH2O
[C6H7O2(OH)2OCSSNa]n
Xenluloz xantogenat

khng phn ng vi Cu(OH)2.

ng dng:
Sn xut t:
t VISCO:
xelulozo dd snh visco t visco
t AXETAT: t 2 este ca xenlulozo.
Sn xut thuc sng khng khi:
keo _ soi

ddNaOH

- Hn hp xenluloz mononitrat, xenluloz initrat c gi l coloxilin. Coloxilin dng ch

to cht do xenluloit dng lm bng bn, chi
- Hn hp cha ch yu xenluloz trinitrat c gi l piroxilin (lm cht n), dng ch to
thuc sng khng khi. Phn ng n xy ra nh sau:
2[C6H7O2(ONO2)3]n

Ch v Cacbohidrat:
S p: X H% Y H% Z

Hiu sut c 2 qu trnh:

6nCO2 + 6nCO + 4nH2O + 3nN2 + 3nH2

H% =

H 1 %.H 2 %
100%.100%

( Hiu sut c qu trnh = tch cc hiu

sut ca tng p trong qu trnh )

t cacbohidrat CO2 v H2O

nCO2
nH 2 O
nCO2
nH 2 O
nCO2
n H 2O

6
xenlulozo hoc
5

12

11

1

1

tinh bt

saccarozo hoc mantozo

glucozo hoc fructozo

Ln men glucozo CO2, hp th ht lng CO2 bi dd Ca(OH)2

khi lng dd tng ( hoc gim):

mdd = m (1) mCO2

m = m m
CO 2
(1)
dd

Nu lc kt ta (1), un k dd nc lc thu c kt ta (2):

nCO2 = n(1) + 2n( 2 )

kt ta (1) v

Trong cc phn t Tinh bt, Xenlulozo: 1 mt xch C6H10O5 c chiu di

L=5 A , 1m=10
0

10

****************************************

CHNG 4: AMIN

I. DANH PHP:
o Tn gc-chc: tn MCC ( met, et , prop, but, ) + v tr nhm amin + yl + amin
o Tn thay th: [ N- / N,N- / ] + tn HC+ v tr nhm amin + amin
Vi:
N-: k hiu cho bit l amin bc 2
N,N-: k hiu cho bit l amin bc 3
Amin bc 1 th khng c k hiu
Tn HC= tn nhnh+ tn MCC
V D:
Hp cht
CH3NH2
CH3CH(NH2)CH3
CH3NHC2H5
CH3CH(CH3)CH2NH2
CH3CH2CH(NH2)CH3
(CH3)3CNH2
CH3NHCH2CH2CH3
CH3NHCH(CH3)2
C2H5NHC2H5
(CH3)2NC2H5
C6H5NH2

Tn gc chc

Tn thay th

metylamin
metanamin
isopropylamin
propan-2-amin
etylmetylamin
N-metyletanamin
isobutylamin
2-metylpropan-1-amin
sec-butylamin
butan-2-amin
tert-butylamin
2-metylpropan-2-amin
metylpropylamin
N-metylpropan-1-amin
isopropylmetylamin
N-metylpropan-2-amin
ietylamin
N-etyletanamin
etylimetylamin
N,N-imetyletanamin
phenylamin
benzenamin

Tn thng

anilin

Ch :
- Tn cc nhm ankyl c theo th t ch ci a, b, c
- Vi cc amin bc 2 v 3, chn mch di nht cha N lm mch chnh, N c ch s v tr nh nht.
t mt nguyn t N trc mi nhm th ca amin - Khi nhm NH2 ng vai tr nhm th th gi
l nhm amino. V d: CH3CH(NH2)COOH (axit 2-aminopropanoic)
o Tn thng:

 Anilin C6H5NH2 ( M=93)

o PHN LOI: 2 cch
Theo c im cu to ca gc HC:
Amin thm
Amin bo
Amin d vng
Theo bc Amin:
Amin bc 1
Amin bc 2
Amin bc 3
II. TNH CHT VT L:
o Metylamin, etylamin, dimetylamin, trietylamin: cht kh mi khai
o Anilin: cht lng khng mu, c, t tan trong nc, tan trong etanol, benzen. lu
trong khng kh, anilin chuyn sang mu nu en v b oxi ha bi oxi khng kh.
o NHIT SI:
Amin b1,2 > HC tng ng
Amin b3 < amin b1,2 cng M
Amin < ancol
III. CU TO PHN T:
o Cc amin thng d b oxi ha
o Amin thm d tham gia p th vo nhn thm
o Tnh BAZO: ( p dng cho amin bc 1, bc 2)
Nhm y e ( d ht H+ ) tnh bazo tng:
Vd: (CH3)3C- > (CH3)2CH- > C2H5- > CH3- ( ankyl)
s C ca ankyl cng tng tnh bazo cng tng
Nhm ht e ( kh ht H+ ) tnh bazo gim:
Vd: CN- > F- > Cl- > Br- > I- > CH3O- > C6H5- > CH2=CH Trong dy cc cht c tnh bazo yu, mnh:
o NH3: tnh bazo trung gian trong dy
o Dd kim NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2: c tnh bazo mnh nht
o Cc amin thm c tnh bazo yu hn NH3
o Tnh bazo mnh, yu gia cc amin thm cn do s nh hng ca cc
nhm th khc nhau trn nhn thm:
Vd: p-CH3C6H4NH2 > C6H5NH2 > p-O2NC6H4NH2
o Vd dy: C6H5NH2 < NH3 < CH3NH2 < (CH3)2 NH < NaOH
*** Cc yu t nh hng n lc baz ca amin:
- Mt electron trn nguyn t N: mt cng cao, lc baz cng mnh v ngc li
- Hiu ng khng gian: gc R cng cng knh v cng nhiu gc R th lm cho tnh baz gim i,

ph thuc vo gc hirocacbon. V d tnh baz ca (CH3)2NH > CH3NH2 > (CH3)3N ; (C2H5)2NH
> (C2H5)3N > C2H5NH2
IV. TNH CHT HA HC:
o Tnh bazo:
R-NH2 + HCl [R-NH3]+ClR-NH2 + H2SO4 [R-NH3]2SO4
1 nhm NH2- kt hp 1H+ NH3
Phenylamoniclorua [C6H5NH3]+Cl- + NaOH C6H5NH2 + NaCl + H2O
R-NH2 + H2O [R-NH3]+ + OH- lm qu tm ha xanh
.
.
.

[R-NH3]+ + H2O R-NH2 + H3O+

.
.
.
.
.

3R-NH2 + FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3RNH3Cl

3CnH2n+3N + FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3CnH2n+4NCl
Vi qu tm, phenolphtalein:
metylamin
Qu tm
Xanh
phenolphtalein Hng

anilin
-------------------------

o P vi HNO2:
Ankylamin bc 1 + HNO2 ancol + N2 + H2O
R-NH2 + HNO2 R-OH + N2 + H2O
Amin c NH2- C bc 1 HNO
ancol bc 1 andehit
Amin c NH2- C bc 2 HNO
ancol bc 2 xeton
Amin c NH2- C bc 3 HNO
ancol bc 3
2

CuO ,t 0

CuO ,t 0

.
.

.
.
.

Amin thm bc bc 1 + HNO2

mui diazoni
C6H5NH2 + HNO2 + HCl C6H5N2+Cl- + 2H2O
Phenyldiazoni clorua
0

tthap

00 50 C

.
.
.

o P ankyl ha thay th nguyn t H ca nhm NH2:

C6H5NH2 + CH3I C6H5NHCH3 + HI
Metyl iodua N-metylanilin
o P th nhn thm ca anilin:

( M= 330)
khng phn bit c phenol v anilin.
o S iu ch anilin:
C6H6 C6H5NO2 C6H5NH2

Hoc vit gn l:

o S iu ch ankylamin t NH3 v ankylhalogenua:

NH3 +RI RNH2 +RI (R)2NH +RI (R)3N

 DNG TON:
o t amin:
nH 2O - nCO2 =

3
2

.namin amin no, n chc

nH 2O - nCO2 =2.namin

amin no, 2 chc

nH O - nCO =namin amin cha 1 , 2 chc
nH O = nCO amin chc 2 , 2 chc

amin + mui Na+ + nc

o Amin + HCl mui amoni clorua +NaOH
R-NH2 + HCl R-NH3Cl
R-NH3Cl + NaOH RNH2 + NaCl + H2O
LBT khi lng: nHCl=(mmui-mamin)/36,5
nNaOH=(mmui-mamin)/22
2 cht c CTPT C2H7O2N + NaOH hh kh lm qu tm ha xanh:
o HCOONH3CH3 + NaOH CH3NH2 + HCOONa + H2O
o CH3COONH4 + NaOH NH3 + CH3COONa + H2O
o
Cng thc phn t ca amin:
2

- Amin n chc: CxHyN (y 2x + 3)

- Amin n chc no: CnH2n + 1NH2 hay CnH2n + 3N
- Amin a chc: CxHyNt (y 2x + 2 + t)
- Amin a chc no: CnH2n + 2 z(NH2)z hay CnH2n + 2 + zNz
- Amin thm (ng ng ca anilin): CnH2n 5N (n 6)
****************************************

CHNG 5: AMINOAXIT

DANH PHP- CTCT:

Danh php:

Tn thay th:
axit + ( v tr nhm NH2 : 2,3,4,5,6,7,) + amino + tn axitcacboxylic tng ng

Tn bn h thng:
axit + ( v tr nhm NH2: , , , , , ,... ) + amino + tn thng ca axitcacboxylic
tng ng

Quy c v v tr nhm NH2-:

- C - C - C - C - C - C -COOH

( NH2 )
CTCT: (H2N)x-R-(COOH)y
Cng thc

Tn thay th

Tn bn h
thng

Tn
thng
thng

K
hiu

( ch c aminoaxit
mi c tn
ny)

NH2CH2COOH

Axit aminoetanoic

CH3CH(NH2)COOH

Axit
2-aminopropanoic
(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COOH
Axit 2-amino
-3-metylbutanoic
HOC6H4CH2CH(NH2)COOH Axit 2-amino
- 3(4-hidroxiphenyl)
propanoic
HOOC(CH2)2CH(NH2)COOH Axit 2aminopentandioic
NH2(CH2)4CH(NH2)COOH

Axit 2,6diaminohexanoic

Axit
aminoaxetic
Axit aminopropionic
Axit aminoisovaleric
Axit -amino
- -(p-hidroxi
phenyl)propionic
Axit -amino
glutaric

Glyxin

Gly

75

Alanin

Ala

89

Valin

Val

117

Tyrosin

Tyr

178

Axit
glutami
c

Glu

147

Axit . diaminocaproic

Lysin

Lys 146

TNH CHT VT L: cht rn khng mu, v hi ngt, d tan trong nc

- Trong phn t amino axit, nhm NH2 v nhm COOH tng tc vi nhau to ion lng cc. V
vy amino axit kt tinh tn ti dng ion lng cc
- Trong dung dch, dng ion lng cc chuyn mt phn nh thnh dng phn t

PHN LOI: 20 amino axit c phn thnh 5 nhm

a) Nhm 1: cc amino axit c gc R khng phn cc k nc, thuc nhm ny c 6 amino axit: Gly
(G), Ala (A), Val (V), Leu (L), ILe (I), Pro (P)
b) Nhm 2: cc amino axit c gc R l nhn thm, thuc nhm ny c 3 amino axit: Phe (F), Tyr
(Y), Trp (W)
c) Nhm 3: cc amino axit c gc R baz, tch in dng, thuc nhm ny c 3 amino axit: Lys
(K), Arg (R), His (H)
d) Nhm 4: cc amino axit c gc R phn cc, khng tch in, thuc nhm ny c 6 amino axit:
Ser (S), Thr (T), Cys (C), Met (M), Asn (N), Gln (Q)

e) Nhm 5: cc amino axit c gc R axit, tch in m, thuc nhm ny c 2 amino axit: Asp (D),
Glu (E)
TNH CHT HA HC:
Tnh bazo-axit: (H2N)x-R-(COOH)y
o x=y pH=7
o x>y pH>7
o x<y pH<7
Tnh lng tnh:
o Tc dng vi axit mnh to mui amoni( p xy ra nhm NH2 nh amin)
H2NCH2COOH + HCl ClH3NCH2COOH
hoc: H3N+CH2COO + HCl ClH3NCH2COOH
o Tc dng vi bazo mnh to mui v nc( p xy ra nhm COOH nh axit
cacboxylic)
H2NCH2COOH + NaOH H2NCH2COONa + H2O
hoc: H3N+CH2COO + NaOH H2NCH2COONa + H2O
.
.
.

P este ha( p xy ra nhm COOH nh axit cacboxylic)

P vi HNO2 ( p xy ra nhm NH2 nh amin)

H2NCH2COOH + HNO2 HOCH2 COOH + N2 + H2O
axit hiroxiaxetic
P trng ngng:
nH-NH-R-CO-OH -(-NH-R-CO-)-n + nH2O
t0

o
o
o
o

Ch :
Cc aminoaxit thin nhin u l cc -aminoaxit
Mui monoNatri ca axit glutamic l thnh phn ca bt ngt
Axit glutamic: thuc h tr thn kinh
Methionin: thuc b gan (CH3SCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH)

o Axit 6-aminohexanoic v axit 7-aminoheptanoic l nguyn liu sn xut nilon-6,

nilon-7.
CH2-CH2-C=O
o nCH2

-(-HN-[CH2]5-CO-)-n

CH2-CH2-NH
Caprolactam
T capron (hay policaproamit)
( v lin kt -CO-NH- trong vng km bn vi t0)
o cho cc loi t trn thy phn:
u tin: t ny s tc dng vi nH2O to nn aminoaxit
trong dd NaOH nng, d: aminoaxit tc dng vi NaOH nhm COOH
trong dd HCl d: aminoaxit tc dng vi HCl nhm NH2
o 2 cht C2H8O3N2+NaOH hh 2 kh lm qu tm ha xanh
C2H5NH3NO2 + NaOH C2H5NH2+ NaNO3+ H2O
CH3NH2(NO3)CH3 +NaOH (CH3)2NH + NaNO3 + H2O
o NH2-R-COOH + HCl NH3Cl-R-COOH
NH3Cl-R-COOH + 2NaOH NH2-R-COONa + NaCl + H2O
NH2-R-COONa+ 2HCl ClH3N-R-COOH+ NaCl
o Aminoaxit c 1COOH, 1NH2 : CnH2n+1O2N

nHCl=(mmui-maminoaxit)/36,5
nNaOH=(mmui-maminoaxit)/22
nKOH=(mmui-maminoaxit)/38
Cng thc phn t CxHyO2N c cc ng phn cu to mch h thng

gp:
- Amino axit H2NRCOOH
- Este ca amino axit H2NRCOOR
- Mui amoni ca axit ankanoic RCOONH4 v RCOOH3NR
- Hp cht nitro RNO2
o

Mt s phn ng cn lu

(H2N)x R(COOH)y + xHCl (ClH3N)x R(COOH)y

(ClH3N)x R(COOH)y + (x + y)NaOH (H2N)x R(COONa)y + xNaCl + (x + y)H2O
(H2N)x R(COOH)y + yNaOH (H2N)x R(COONa)y + yH2O
(H2N)x R(COONa)y + (x + y)HCl (ClH3N)x R(COOH)y + yNaCl
2(H2N)x R(COOH)y + xH2SO4 [(H3N)x R(COOH)y]2(SO4)n
2(H2N)x R(COOH)y + yBa(OH)2 [(H2N)x R(COO)y]2Bay + 2yH2O
****************************************

CHNG 6: PEPTITPROTEIN

c ngun gc t cc -aminoaxit
tn peptit: theo th t t u N n u C, khng c ngc.
o cch 1: tn gc axyl ca cc -aminoaxit bt u t u N+( b hu t -in thay
bng hu t -yl) + tn ca axit u C ( c gi nguyn)
vd: AlanylGlyxylAlanylLysylValin
cch 2: vit k hiu ca cc n v.
vd: Ala-Gly-Ala-Lys-Val
CU TO: nhiu n v peptit lin kt li vi nhau to thnh protein bng cc lin kt
peptit -CONH PHN LOI:
o 2 loi peptit:
Oligopeptit: 2-10 gc -aminoaxit v c gi tng ng: dipeptit, tripeptit,
Polipeptit: 11-50 gc -aminoaxit, l c s to nn protein.
o 2 loi protein:
Protein n gin:
Protein phc tp:
.

V HNH DNG: 2 loi

o Hnh cu: anbumin trong lng trng trng, hemoglobin trong mu,

o Hnh si: keratin trong tc, miozin trong c bp, fibroin trong t
tm,
CTPT ca peptit:
n-peptit= n.( amino axit) (n-1)H2O CxHyOzNt
TNH CHT VT L:
o Peptit: th rn, d tan trong nc
o Protein: 2 dng chnh
Dng si: khng tan trong nc
Dng cu: tan trong nc
o S ng t: khi un protein vi dd axit, kim, mui th protein ng li vo tch ra
khi dd
TNH CHT HA HC:

o P mu Biure: peptit ( c 2 lin kt CONH tr ln), Protein tc dng vi dd Cu(OH)2

to phc mu tm c trng.
Vd: anbumin( trong lng trng trng)
o Protein tc dng vi HNO3 to kt ta vng
.
.
.
.

o Protein v peptit u b thy phn n cng thnh hh cc -aminoaxit khi un vi

axit hoc kim
CH :

Nu peptit cha n gc -aminoaxit khc nhau th s ng phn loi peptit: n!

n- peptit + nNaOH n mui + H2O

nu trong pt peptit c i cp - amino axit ng nht, s ng phn cu to s

nh hn n! ti n i ln, c th l ch bng

n!
2i

KHI NIM V ENZIM V AXIT NUCLEIC

1. Enzim
Hu ht c bn cht l protein, xc tc cho cc qu trnh ha hc c bit l trong c th sinh vt.
Enzim c gi l cht xc tc sinh hc v c c im:
- Tnh chn lc (c hiu) cao: mi enzim ch xc tc cho mt phn ng nht nh
- Hot tnh cao: tc phn ng nh xc tc enzim rt cao, gp 109 1011 cht xc tc ha hc
2. Axit nucleic
Axit nucleic l mt polieste ca axit photphoric v pentoz
+ Nu pentoz l riboz, axit nucleic k hiu ARN
+ Nu pentoz l eoxiriboz, axit nucleic k hiu ADN
+ Phn t khi ADN t 4 8 triu, thng tn ti dng xon kp
+ Phn t khi ARN nh hn ADN, thng tn ti dng xon n

****************************************

CHNG 7: POLIME

I KHI NIM, PHN LOI V DANH PHP

1. Khi nim
Polime l nhng hp cht c phn t khi rt ln do nhiu n v nh (gi l mt xch) lin kt vi
nhau.V d:
do cc mt xch NH [CH2]6 CO lin kt vi nhau to nn
H s n c gi l h s polime ha hay polime ha. Cc phn t to nn tng mt xch ca
polime c gi l monome
2. Phn loi
a) Theo ngun gc:

.
.

b) Theo cch tng hp:

.
.

c) Theo cu trc: (xem phn II)

3. Danh php
- Poli + tn ca monone (nu tn monome gm 2 t tr ln hoc t hai monome to nn polime th
tn ca monome phi trong ngoc n)
- Mt s polime c tn ring (tn thng thng). V d:
II CU TRC
1. Cc dng cu trc mch polime
a) Mch khng phn nhnh. V d: polietilen, amiloz
b) Mch phn nhnh. V d: amilopectin, glicogen
c) Mch mng li. V d: cao su lu ha, nha bakelit
2. Cu to iu ha v khng iu ha
a) Cu to iu ha: cc mt xch ni nhau theo mt trt t nht nh (chng han theo kiu u ni
ui). V d:

b) Cu to khng iu ha: cc mt xch ni vi nhau khng theo trt t nht nh (chng hn theo
kiu u ni u, ch th u ni vi ui). V d:

III TNH CHT VT L

Hu ht polime l cht rn, khng bay hi, khng c nhit nng chy xc nh.
a s khng tan trong cc dung mi thng thng, mt s tan trong cc dung mi hu c thch hp
to thnh dd nht, v d: cao su tan trong Benzen, Toluen,
Polime m khi nng chy to thnh cht lng, ngui s rn li l CHT NHIT DO.
Polime m khi nng chy th b phn hy l CHT NHIT RN
Polime c:
Tnh do: PE, PP, ( cht do)
Tnh n hi: Cao su

 Tnh ko thnh si dai bn: nilon, ( t )

Trong sut, khng gin: PMM,
Tnh cch in, cch nhit: PE, PVC,
Tnh bn dn: poliaxetilen, polithiophen,
IV TNH CHT HA HC
1. Phn ng gi nguyn mch polime
**** p thy phn:
a) Poli(vinyl axetat) (PVA) tc dng vi dung dch NaOH:

**** p cng i vi cc polime cn lin kt bi:

b) Cao su thin nhin tc dng vi HCl:

Cao su hiroclo ha
c) Poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC) tc dng vi Cl2: (gi s c 2 mt xch th 1 nguyn t clo)

T clorin
2. Phn ng phn ct mch polime: tinh bt, xenlulozo, protein n gin, nilon, PS, cao su
thin nhin,
a) Phn ng thy phn polieste:

b) Phn ng thy phn polipeptit hoc poliamit:

Nilon 6
c) Phn ng thy phn tinh bt, xenluloz

d) Phn ng nhit phn polistiren

3. Phn ng khu mch polime

a) S lu ha cao su:
Khi hp nng cao su th vi lu hunh th thu c cao su lu ha. cao su lu ha, cc mch
polime c ni vi nhau bi cc cu SS (cu isunfua)

(C5H8)n + 2S

C5nH8n-2S2

b) Nha rezit (nha bakelit):

Khi un nng nha rezol thu c nha rezit, trong cc mch polime c khu vi nhau bi
cc nhm CH2 (nhm metylen)

Polime khu mch c cu trc mng khng gian do tr nn kh nng chy, kh tan v bn hn
so vi polime cha khu mch
V IU CH
C th iu ch polime bng phn ng trng hp hoc trng ngng

1. Phn ng trng hp
a) Khi nim:
- Trng hp l qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t nh (monome), ging nhau hay tng t nhau thnh
phn t rt ln (polime)
- iu kin cn v cu to ca monome tham gia phn ng trng hp phi c l:
+ Lin kt bi. V d: CH2 = CH2, CH2 = CHC6H5
+ Vng km bn: V d:

b) Phn loi:
- Trng hp ch t mt loi monome to homopolime. V d:

- Trng hp m vng. V d:

Nilon 6 (t capron)
- Trng hp t hai hay nhiu loi monome (gi l ng trng hp) to copolime. V d:

Poli(butaien stiren) (cao su buna S)

2. Phn ng trng ngng:
a) Khi nim:
- Trng ngng l qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t nh (monome) thnh phn t ln (polime) ng
thi gii phng nhng phn t nh khc (nh H2O)
- iu kin cn c phn ng trng ngng l: cc monome tham gia phn ng trng ngng phi
c t nht hai nhm chc c kh nng phn ng to c lin kt vi nhau
b) Mt s phn ng trng ngng:
axit -aminocaproic

Nilon 6 (t capron)

axit -aminoenantoic

Nilon 7 (t enan)

VI MT S VT LIU POLIME THNG GP:

1 CHT DO
a) Teflon: poli( tetraflo etilen), M=100n:
nCF2=CF2

, xt
t, p
-(0

CF2-CF2-)n-

ng dng: v cch in, trng ph ln cho chng dnh, ch to cc chi tit my d b mi

mn,

b) Polietilen (PE): M=28n

ng dng: lm mng mng, bnh cha, ti ng

Poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC): M=62,5n

c)

Vinyl clorua ( VC )

ng dng: vt liu in, ng dn nc, da ga, vi che ma,

** Clo ha nha PVC t Clorin

C2nH3nCln + Cl2

C2nH3n-1Cln+1 + nHCl

d) Poli(metyl metacrylat) (thy tinh hu c PEXIGLAS): PMM, M=100n

ng dng: thy tinh hu c, ch to knh my bay, t, knh bo him, dng lm rng gi

e) Poli( vinyl axetat): ( PVA) M=86n

CH2=CH-OCOCH3

-(- CH2-CH-)n-

OCOCH3
f) Poli(phenol fomanehit) (PPF):
PPF c ba dng: nha novolac, nha rezol, nha rezit
Nha novolac:
- un nng hn hp fomanehit v phenol ly d vi xc tc axit c nha novolac mch khng
phn nhnh (cu ni metylen CH2 c th v tr ortho hoc para)
- Nha nhit do, d nng chy, tan trong mt s dung mi hu c, dng sn xut vecni, sn

Nha rezol:
- un nng hn hp phenol v fomanehit theo t l mol 1 : 1,2 c xc tc kim. Nha rezol khng
phn nhnh, mt s nhn phenol c gn nhm CH2OH v tr s 4 hoc 2
- Nha nhit rn, d nng chy, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c dng sn xut sn, keo, nha
rezit

Nha rezit (nha bakelit):

- un nng nha rezol 150oC c nha rezit (hay nha bakelit) c cu trc mng li khng

gian
- Khng nng chy, khng tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, dng sn xut in, v my

_________________________________________________________________________
2 T

*** Mt s loi t tng hp thng gp

a) T poliamit (c nhiu nhm amit CONH

** NILON - 6,6: M=226n

ng dng: dt vi, bn dy cp, dy d, an li, vi lt sm lp xe,

** NILON -6: M=113n

( caprolactam)
** NILON -7: M=

b) T polieste (c nhiu nhm este):

** T LAPSAN: M=192n ( t DACRON):

ng dng: dt vi may mc,

c) T vinylic (c nhiu nhm polivinyl):

** T VINYLON( T VINYLIC): M=

** T NITRON ( T OLON): M= 53n

ng dng: dt vi may qun o m, bn si len, an o rt,

d)

Cc loi t khc:

** T AXETAT: hn hp xenlulozo triaxetat v xenlulozo diaxetat + hn hp Axeton v

Etanol t AXETAT ( 55-700C )
** T VISCO: hn hp xenlulozo, CS2 v NaOH

dd nht Visco H SOl t Visco

2

_________________________________________________________________________

3 CAO SU: C hai loi cao su: cao su thin nhin v cao su tng hp
a) Cao su thin nhin: M=68n
*** Cu trc:
- Cng thc cu to:
vi n = 1500 15000
- Tt c cc mt xch isopren u c cu hnh cis nh sau:

*** Tnh cht v ng dng:

- Cao su thin nhin ly t m cy cao su, n hi tt (nh cu trc cis iu ha), khng dn nhit
v in, khng thm kh v nc, khng tan trong nc, etanolnhng tan trong xng v benzen
- Cao su thin nhin cho phn ng cng H2, Cl2, HCl, c bit l cng lu hunh to cao su lu
ho c tnh n hi, chu nhit, lu mn, kh tan trong dung mi hn cao su khng lu ha.
b) Cao su tng hp
** Cao su buna, cao su buna S v cao su buna N :
- Cao su buna c tnh n hi v bn km cao su thin nhin. Khi dng buta-1,3-ien 10oC,
polime sinh ra cha 77% n v trans-1,4 v 7% n v cis-1,4 (cn li l sn phm trng hp 1,2).
Cn 100oC sinh ra polime cha 56% n v trans-1,4 v 25% n v cis-1,4 (cn li l sn phm
trng hp 1,2)
M=54n
- Cao su buna S c tnh n hi cao

M=145n
- Cao su buna N c tnh chng du tt

M=107n

** Cao su isopren: M=68n

- Trng hp isopren c h xc tc c bit, ta c poliisopren gi l cao su isopren, cu hnh cis
chim 94 %, gn ging cao su thin nhin

- Ngoi ra ngi ta cn sn xut policloropren v polifloropren. Cc polime ny u c c tnh

n hi nn c gi l cao su cloropren v cao su floropren. Chng bn vi du m hn cao su
isopren

M=88,5n

M=

** POLISTIREN ( PS): M=104n

.
.
.

** POLIPROPILEN ( PP ): M=42n
.
.

_________________________________________________________________________

4- KEO DN:
Keo dn ure fomanehit: M=

Poli(ure fomanehit)

ng dng: dn vt bng g, cht do,

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