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Estimation and Analysis of VFTO in 420kV Gas Insulated Substation

Reuban Samikkannu
Department of High Voltage Engineering Anna University, CEG Chennai, India reubanjaysingh@gmail.com
Abstract Very Fast Transient Overvoltages (VFTOs) which are caused mostly due to disconnector operations in Gas Insulated substations (GIS) impose several problems on the insulation of the system and also to the connected high voltage equipment. Therefore, it is important to do a VFTO study in GIS. In this paper, VFTO for switching operations in a 420kV GIS with different trapped charges are estimated. The location with the highest peak magnitude of VFTO occurrence is found and is compared with the safety margin of BIL of the substation. Possibilities for mitigation of VFTO at transformer terminal are also discussed. Computer simulations are done using EMTP-RV. Index TermsDisconnector switch (DS), EMTP-RV, Gas Insulated substation, Trapped charges, Very fast transient overvoltages.

Santosh Kumar Annadurai


GIS R&D ALSTOM T&D India Ltd. Padappai, Chennai, India

VFTOs are a major concern for higher system voltages for which the ratio of rated voltage to the BIL of the system is lower. The Table I shows this ratio, TABLE I. RATIO OF STANDARD BIL TO RATED SYSTEM VOLTAGE
Highest voltage for equipment Um [kVRMS] 145 170 245 300 362 420 525 765 Standard lightning impulse withstand voltage kV (peak value) 650 750 1050 1050 1175 1425 1550 2100 ratio [p.u.] 4.48 4.41 4.28 3.50 3.24 3.39 2.95 2.74

INTRODUCTION Gas insulated substations (GIS) are preferred for voltage ratings of 72.5 kV, 145 kV, 245 kV, 420 kV and above with all equipment housed in enclosed modules filled with SF6 gas. As the dielectric strength of SF6 gas is higher than air, the overall size of equipment and the complete substation is reduced to 10% of conventional air insulated substation [8]. In spite of its merits, any switching operation or occurrence of faults in GIS will result in overvoltages in the nanosecond range and these overvoltages are called very fast transient overvoltages (VFTO). Mostly they are caused due to switching operations of disconnector switch. VFTOs contribute to reduction in life of the insulation and also affect the external equipment like transformers where the inter-turn insulation is stressed with a higher voltage than under chopped lightning impulse voltages [7], [9]. According to IEC 60071-4, VFTO can have rise times of 3 to 100 ns with superimposed oscillations at frequencies 0.3 MHz to 100 MHz. Surge arresters are not effective to control these overvoltages due to their extreme rate of rise. But the ZnO surge arresters may effectively limit the amplitude of VFTOs but cannot suppress the wave steepness due to greater rise times [6]. If the maximum VFTO is below the BIL of the substation, no measures need to be taken. Otherwise, it has to be mitigated. BIL is the basic impulse level which is nothing but the peak value of standard lightning impulse withstand voltage of a system.

Since the ratio is lower for higher voltages, the analysis of VFTO is of great importance for EHV and UHV ranges. MODELLING OF GIS COMPONENTS FOR VFTO STUDY
T4
LA

T3
LA

T2
LA

T1
LA

DS41 Bus-feeder CB41 link DS43 DS42 BB2 DS13 DS23 DS26 VT2 DS33 DS2

DS31 CB31 DS32 DS25

DS21 CB21 DS22 DS15

DS11 CB11 DS12

DS16

DS1

BB1

CB12 DS14

CB22 DS24

VT1

GIS (Components enclosed by SF6 gas)

OHL

L1

OHL

L2

Fig.1. Single line diagram of 420kV GIS

Fig. 1 shows the 420kV GIS which has been taken for VFTO simulation, which is a double bus scheme with four transformers feeding two outgoing lines. The BIL of the 420kV GIS is 1425kV and its safety margin for Insulation coordination is 1425/1.15= 1239kV. The BIL of the substation is mainly taken as the BIL of the transformer as our ultimate aim is to protect the transformer. This will cover the BIL and the safety margin of all other component in the station. The factor 1.15 is the safety factor for insulation coordination [16]. In the Fig.1, L1 and L2 indicate line 1 and line2. T1, T2, T3 and T4 are the transformers. DS, VT, CB and LA represent Disconnector Switch, Voltage Transformer, Circuit Breaker and Lightning Arrester respectively. OHL represents Overhead line. A. Modeling of GIS bus bar The three phases can be put into a single bus bar or separate bus bars depending on the voltage rating. For higher voltages more than 145 kV, the latter is adopted. Since the VFTO is like a travelling wave of particular velocity with reflections and refractions, the bus bar can be represented by a constant parameter line with velocity v and surge impedance Z [5]. The inductance and capacitance of a co-axial single phase cylindrical configuration (GIS bus) is given by, b L = 0 ln (1) 2 a

C. Modeling of other components Due to high frequency characteristics of VFTO, most of the components have their capacitances dominating the other parameters. Generally, MOA is modeled as a nonlinear resistance according to the voltage-current characteristic of its valves. But in all studies of VFTO, the main capacitance and the stray capacitance of the valves must be considered because of the high frequency of VFTO [11] [12]. The models of the equipment are represented as given in Table II. The single line diagram and the values of equipment are provided by the company for this study.

TABLE II. MODELLING OF GIS COMPONENTS


Component Closed disconnector and breaker Models Equivalent circuit notes Loss-free distributed parameter transmission line Two equal lengths of bus and a capacitor equivalent to the series combination of all the grading capacitors. A capacitor Capacitance to ground. C 20 pF Capacitance to ground Zs 250, C in pF Resistance to ground Capacitance to ground

Open breaker

Open disconnector Spacer

C=

b ln a

, ( = 0 )

VT

(2)
Bushing (gas filled) Termination

L C Therefore the surge impedance is given by, Z=

(3)

Lightning Arrester

b Z = 60 ln a

(4)

Where, a is the diameter of the HV bus and b is the inner diameter of the enclosure. Velocity, v is 0.95 of speed of light in vacuum [3], [21]. The calculated surge impedance of the 420kV GIS is 86.42.
B. Modeling of Power transformer Power transformer is modeled as entrance capacitance to ground. The entrance capacitance is calculated from lightning test. These capacitances range from 2 to 10nF, depending on the transformer design [2]. The power transformer is modeled as a capacitance to ground of the highest voltage winding. It is a function of rating of the transformer [18].

D. Modeling of sparking disconnector The spark is modeled as an exponentially decaying resistance (R0e-t/T) in series with a small resistance (r) of 0.5 to take care of the residual spark resistance [5]. This is implemented using the time varying resistance in EMTP-RV. The time varying resistance is given by,

R(t)= R0e-(t/T)+ r

(5)

The above equation gives a resistance whose value varies from very high value (M) to a low value within 25ns. The time step taken is 0.3ns. T is taken as 1ns. VALIDATION OF GIS MODELS FOR VFTO SIMULATION In order to validate the considered models for simulation, a correlation of experimental and simulation results are done. Disconnectors in GIS go through a mandatory type test which is test duty 1 (TD1): switching of a very short section of a

busbar duct as per IEC 62271-102 annexure F. In this test the disconnectors are tested for a sequence of breaking and making operations. The test circuit for performing test duty 1 is shown in Fig. 2. In Fig 2, B1 and B2 represent the bushings. DT and DA are the test disconnector and the auxiliary disconnector. U1 and U2 are the a.c and d.c sources used [4].

Gas to air bushing- Represented by a surge impedance of 250 in series with a capacitance to ground. Sparking disconnector- Time varying resistor as described earlier. The VFT waveform from simulation under the same condition is shown in Fig. 4.
600 550 500 450 400

Voltage (kV)

350 300 250 200 150 100 50

B1

B2

Fig. 2. Test circuit for test duty 1(TD1)

0 50

A. Experimentation Before doing the making and breaking test, the test setup is calibrated to get a typical VFT waveform for closing operation of disconnector DT while DA is kept open. The conditions for calibration are, Source side test voltage : Ur/3= 420/3= 242.5kVrms Load side voltage : 0 (no pre-charge). d2/d1 : 3.4mm/8.4mm= 0.404.

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6 2 2.4 Time (s)

2.8

3.2

3.6

Fig. 4. VFT waveform for closing operation (simulated)

The peak value of VFT overvoltage from Fig. 4 is 570.46kV. The time to peak is 269ns. TABLE III. VFT PEAK- % DIFFERENCE
Experimental 570 kV(peak) Simulated 570.46 kV(peak) % difference 0.081

According to IEC 62271-102, the peak value of transient voltage to earth during a close operation shall be not less than 1.4 Ur 2/ 3 (which is >480kV for a 420kV switchgear component) and the time to peak shall be less than 500ns. The calibration result from the experimental setup is shown in Fig. 3.

TABLE IV. TIME TO PEAK- % DIFFERENCE


Experimental 290 ns Simulated 269 ns % difference 7.2

570kV
Voltage (kV)

The simulated and the experimental results are almost in agreement with each other. Hence we can conclude that the GIS modeling considered for VFTO simulation is valid. ESTIMATION OF VFTO The substation shown in Fig.1 is simulated for VFTO by considering four modes of operation as shown in Table V. TABLE V. MODES OF OPERATION
Mode Power supply From T1 From T1 From T1, T2 From T1, T2 and T3 From T1, T2, T3 and T4 To outgoing lines To L2 To L1 and L2 To L1 and L2 To L1 and L2 To L1 and L2

295ns

Time (s)

1 2 3 4 5

Fig. 3. VFT waveform for closing operation (Experimental)

The peak value of VFT overvoltage from Fig. 3 is 570kV. The time to peak is 295ns.
B. Simulation The models used for the simulation are, GIS busbar- It is represented as a loss free distributed parameter transmission line with a surge impedance of 86.42 with a velocity of 285m/s. Open switch- Represented as capacitor. Transformer- Represented by a capacitance to ground of 5nF. Spacer Insulator- Represented by a capacitance to ground of 20pF.

These five modes of operation are considered for sparking of various disconnectors. The disconnectors considered are busbar disconnectors operated on-load and line disconnectors which are operated off-load after circuit breaker operation.
A. VFTO due to busbar disconnectors: The various busbar disconnectors considered are DS12, DS22, DS32, DS42, DS13 and DS23. Closing and opening operation of all these disconnectors for the modes considered

are studied. The trapped charge considered are 1p.u. at the source side and -1 p.u. at the load side which is the maximum trapped charge for disconnector operation [5]. The VFTO for closing operation of DS12 is shown in Table VI. 1p.u= 342.93kV. TABLE VI. VFTO AT VARIOUS NODES DUE TO CLOSING OPERATION OF
DS12 (A) VFTO along nodes BushingBus-feeder OHL link interface L2 L1 1.35 1.29 1.28 1.25 1.19 1.21 1.19 1.14 1.16 (B) VFTO along nodes Mode 1 2 3 4 5

From Table VI and VII, the highest peak magnitude of VFTO inside GIS is for closing operation of DS12 in mode-5 which is at the sparking DS12 and the highest VFTO at transformer is at T1 for opening of DS12 in mode-1 operation respectively. The waveforms are shown in Fig. 5.
650 600 550 500

Voltage (kV)

Mode

1 2 3 4 5

BushingOHL interface L2 1.32 1.38 1.24 1.25 1.22

Busfeeder link L1 1.26 1.21 1.20 1.16

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100

0.5

1.5

2.5 3 Time (s)

3.5

4.5

(a)
440 400 360

Voltage (kV)

VT 1.49 1.43 1.42 1.35 1.24

At sparking DS 1.73 1.70 1.63 1.85 1.85

T1 1.09 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.06

T2 1.05 1.05 1.04

T3 1.04 1.03

T4 1.03

320 280 240 200 160 120 80 40

0.5

1.5

The VFTO for opening operation of DS12 is shown in Table VII. TABLE VII. VFTO AT VARIOUS NODES DUE TO OPENING OPERATION OF
DS12

2.5 3 Time (s)

3.5

4.5

(b)
Fig 5. Highest VFTO due to sparking of DS12: (a) at DS12 and (b) at transformer T1

Mode

Voltage (kV)

1 2 3 4 5

BushingOHL interface L2 (p.u.) 1.56 1.23 1.24 1.28 1.19

(A) VFTO along nodes BushingBus-feeder OHL link interface L2 (p.u.) L1 (p.u.) 1.39 1.29 1.19 1.28 1.15 1.21 1.15 1.17 1.14 (B) VFTO along nodes

Among all the busbar disconnectors considered for sparking, the highest peak magnitude of VFTO is for opening operation of DS42 for mode-5 operation which was found to be 1.97 p.u. at disconnector DS42 shown in Fig. 6.
700

Bus-feeder link L1 (p.u.) 1.21 1.16 1.17 1.18

600 500

400

300

200 100

Mode 1 2 3 4 5

VT 1.90 1.53 1.44 1.29 1.29

At sparking DS 1.44 1.31 1.53 1.64 1.58

100

T1 1.18 1.07 1.09 1.08 1.07

T2 1.06 1.05 1.06

T3 1.06 1.05

T4 1.04

0.5

1.5

2.5 3 Time (s)

3.5

4.5

Fig 6. Highest VFTO among all busbar disconnectors considered: due to sparking of DS42 in Mode-5

The VFTO peak values were found to be severe for opening operation than closing operation of the busbar disconnectors considered. B. VFTO due to line disconnectors: The line disconnectors considered for simulation are DS11, DS21, DS31, DS41, DS14 and DS24. These disconnectors are

operated only after the circuit breaker operation and hence operated at no load. The VFTO for closing and opening operation of DS11 is shown in Table VIII and IX. During the operation of line disconnectors, the circuit breakers are kept open. Hence for operation of DS11, the circuit breaker CB11 is kept open. TABLE VIII. VFTO AT VARIOUS NODES DUE TO CLOSING OPERATION OF
DS11 (A) VFTO along nodes BushingBus-feeder OHL link interface L2 L1 0.50 0.64 0.39 1.36 1.27 1.32 1.24 1.42 1.28 (B) VFTO along nodes T1 1.40 1.27 1.31 1.29 1.23 T2 1.08 1.07 1.08 T3 1.06 1.07

This is visible from mode1 and mode2 of Table VIII and IX. This type of electromagnetic coupling of VFTO was studied through simulation and experimentation in [15]. The waveforms for line disconnector operation are shown in Fig. 7.
800 700 600 500

Voltage (kV)

400 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 400

Mode

1 2 3 4 5

BushingOHL interface L2 0.71 0.67 1.33 1.35 1.37

Busfeeder link L1 0.43 1.22 1.22 1.25

0.5

1.5

2.5 3 Time (s)

3.5

4.5

(a)
500 480 460 440 420

VT 0.83 0.77 1.59 1.48 1.48

T4 1.09

Voltage (kV)

Mode 1 2 3 4 5

At sparking DS 2.17 2.19 1.95 1.97 1.88

400 380 360 340 320 300 280 260 240 220 200

0.5

1.5

2.5 3 Time (s)

3.5

4.5

TABLE IX. VFTO AT VARIOUS NODES DUE TO OPENING OPERATION OF


DS11 (A) VFTO along nodes BushingBus-feeder OHL link interface L2 L1 0.26 0.25 0.25 1.27 1.26 1.19 1.22 1.19 1.21 (B) VFTO along nodes Mode 1 2 3 4 5 VT 0.44 0.42 1.29 1.35 1.32 At sparking DS 1.66 1.57 1.63 1.63 1.63 T1 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.23 T2 1.03 1.04 1.08 T3 1.02 1.07 T4 1.09

(b)
Fig. 7. Highest VFTO due to sparking of DS11 with CB11 open: (a) at DS11 and (b) at transformer T1

Mode

1 2 3 4 5

BushingOHL interface L2 0.37 0.43 1.27 1.22 1.23

Busfeeder link L1 0.21 1.19 1.17 1.16

From the comparison of VFTO simulated for busbar and line disconnectors it is found that the peak VFTOs are quite severe for opening operation of disconnectors for most of the cases for busbar disconnectors, whereas for line disconnectors, only the closing operations has generated much severe VFTOs than opening operations. The VFTO peak is found to be higher near the sparking disconnector. The highest VFTO at transformer was at transformer T1 which was 1.40p.u (480.10kV). The estimated highest VFTO peak value inside GIS is 2.19 p.u. which is 752.54kV and is within the BIL (1425kV) and the safety margin of BIL of the substation which is 1239kV (3.61p.u.). Hence the system is not endangered by VFTO. INFLUENCE OF TRAPPED CHARGE ON VFTO For normal disconnector operation, the worst-case transient wave-front generation occurs for a breakdown from 1p.u on one side and -1p.u on the other side. As stated in many reference papers [2], [5], the trapped charges on the floating section of the disconnector may be 0.3 or 1p.u depending on the speed of operation of the disconnectors. Hence simulations are done for 0.3 and 1p.u trapped charges in this section. The VFTO generated for 0.3p.u trapped charge while disconnector DS12 operated is shown in Table X.

From the above Table VIII and IX it is seen that the VFTO has passed through the open circuit breaker and caused overvoltages of less peak value on the equipment on the other side of the circuit breaker due to electromagnetic coupling.

TABLE X. VFTO AT VARIOUS NODES DUE TO CLOSING OPERATION OF


DS12 WITH 0.3P.U TRAPPED CHARGE (A) VFTO along nodes BushingBusOHL feeder interface link L1 (p.u.) L2 (p.u.) 1.18 1.12 0.96 1.08 1.04 1.06 1.04 1.06 1.04 (B) VFTO along nodes Mode 1 2 3 4 5 VT 1.40 1.09 1.13 1.08 1.08 At sparking DS 1.07 0.86 1.16 1.19 1.18 T1 1.07 1.05 1.03 1.02 1.02 T2 1.02 1.01 1.01 T3 1.02 1.01 T4 1.02

Mode 1 2 3 4 5

BushingOHL interface L2 (p.u.) 1.25 1.05 1.07 1.08 1.08

Bus-feeder link L1 (p.u.) 1.00 1.05 1.04 1.04 Fig. 8. Variation of VFTO with trapped charge at various nodes

The estimated highest VFTO peak value among all switching considered was 2.19 p.u. which is 752.54kV and is within the safety margin of BIL of the substation which is 1239kV (3.61p.u.). Hence the station is not endangered by VFTO, but the VFTO at the transformer terminal is important to be mitigated more as these VFTOs can cause inter-turn insulation failure in the transformer winding [1]. MITIGATION OF VFTO VFTO at the transformer can be mitigated by connecting a transformer with a higher entrance capacitance and by effective connection of transformer with GIS by cable, GIL and OHL. The transformer entrance capacitance may vary from 2 to 10nF according to its winding design [2]. For high frequency transients like the lightning surge and VFTO, the transformer winding behaves like a capacitive network [19]. The Table XII shows the variation of VFTO with respect to transformer entrance capacitance. The measured VFTO is at the transformer T1 for DS11 closing operation in mode-1. TABLE XII. VFTO WITH RESPECT TO TRANSFORMER ENTRANCE
CAPACITANCE

Comparison of VFTO for various trapped charges: The influence of trapped charge on the VFTO peak value is explained here by considering DS12 closing operation. The VFTO generated at various nodes for the closing operation of DS12 for 0.3p.u and 1p.u trapped charges is given in Table XI. This disconnector is busbar disconnector which is operated on-load. The VFTO for its operation in Mode-5 for different trapped charges are studied here.

TABLE XI. VFTO AT VARIOUS NODES DUE TO CLOSING OPERATION OF


DS12 IN MODE-5 FOR DIFFERENT TRAPPED CHARGES Node Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Node Bushing-OHL interface L2 Bushing-OHL interface L1 Bus-feeder link L2 Bus-feeder link L1 VT1 At sparking DS12 T1 T2 T3 T4 VFTO (P.U) TC=0.3p.u 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.04 1.08 1.18 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.02 TC=1p.u 1.19 1.17 1.14 1.18 1.29 1.58 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04

Transformer entrance capacitance (nF) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VFTO peak (p.u.) 1.68 1.58 1.45 1.40 1.39 1.36 1.33 1.30 1.27

As seen from Table XI, the VFTO for trapped charge of 0.3p.u is lesser than that for a trapped charge of 1p.u. Fig.8 shows the node number versus VFTO peak for different trapped charges.

From Table XII it can be concluded that a transformer with higher inter-turn capacitance such as interleaved winding transformers can be used to connect the GIS to reduce the external VFTOs at the transformer terminal [14]. Interleaved winding and contra shield windings causes increase in interturn capacitance which intern increases the entrance capacitance of the transformer and hence the initial voltage

distribution will be uniform which does not cause more stress to the beginning of the winding [19], [20]. From Table XII, it is seen that there is a 24.40% decrease in VFTO by using a 10nF transformer than a 2nF transformer.

(a)
420 400 380

Voltage (kV)

360 340 320 300 280

Fig 9. Variation of VFTO with transformer entrance capacitance

Fig. 9 shows the variation of VFTO with respect to transformer entrance capacitance. The VFTO at the same transformer terminal T1 for DS11 closing operation in Mode-1 for different transformer entrance capacitance (2 to 10nF) and for different connection of transformer with GIS is analyzed. In this paper, VFTO at T1 with a transformer entrance capacitance of 10nF is only shown in table XIII, XIV and XV since this produced lesser VFTOs compared to others.
Voltage (kV)

260 240

0.5

1.5

2.5 3 Time (s)

3.5

4.5

(b)
380 370 360 350 340 330 320 310 300 290 280

TABLE XIII. VARIATION OF VFTO AT TRANSFORMER WHEN CONNECTED


WITH OHL

For Transformer Entrance capacitance of 10nF Length of OHL (m) VFTO peak (p.u) 30 1.28 50 1.28 100 1.25 150 1.29 200 1.32

270 260 250 240

0.5

1.5

2.5 3 Time (s)

3.5

4.5

TABLE XIV. VARIATION OF VFTO AT TRANSFORMER WHEN CONNECTED


WITH GIL

For Transformer Entrance capacitance of 10nF Length of GIL (m) VFTO peak (p.u) 30 1.27 50 1.28 100 1.29 150 1.26 200 1.20

(c) Fig 10. Mitigation of VFTO at T1 with transformer entrance capacitance of 10nF using: (a) 100m OHL, (b) 200m GIL and (c) 200m cable.

CONCLUSION Modeling of the 420kV GIS is done using the EMTP models provided by the company and modeled with reference to IEC 60071-2, IEC 60071-4 and IEEE papers. The models used for VFTO simulation has been validated with experimental results of IEC 62271-102 annexure F. The estimated highest VFTO peak value for the 420kV double bus scheme is 2.19 p.u. which is 752.54kV and is within the safety margin of BIL of the substation for insulation coordination which is 1239kV (3.61p.u.). The mitigation of VFTO at the transformer terminal can be done by increasing the entrance capacitance of the transformer and by changing the length and type of connection of transformer with GIS. The percentage decrease in VFTO by preferring cable (200m) over OHL (100m) is 14.4% and the percentage decrease in VFTO by preferring cable (200m) over GIL (200m) is 10.83%. Hence a transformer with an entrance capacitance of

TABLE XV. VARIATION OF VFTO AT TRANSFORMER WHEN CONNECTED


WITH CABLE

For Transformer Entrance capacitance of 10nF Length of Cable (m) VFTO peak (p.u) 30 1.24 50 1.28 100 1.11 150 1.11 200 1.07

From Table XIII, XIV and XV, it is found that the VFTOs are mitigated more by using 200m of cable, GIL and 100m of OHL with 10nF transformer entrance capacitance. Fig. 10 shows the mitigated VFTO at transformer terminal T1 for DS11 closing operation in mode 2.

10nF connected to GIS by a cable of 200m is the best choice for reducing the peak of VFTO at the transformer terminal. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to express their thanks to ALSTOM T&D India Ltd. for their permission to publish this work. REFERENCES
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