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SCHAUM'S oul lives Second Edition 333 Fully-solved problems New chapters on Signal and Spectra = Updated information on information and channel capacity = ; 130 supplementary problems Use with these courses; [Communications Theory and Practice (Computer Engineering (2 Principles of Communication Engineering: (2fCommunications Engineering (Electrical Engineering Ree UTR els Theory and Problems of ANALOG AND DIGITAL MMUNICATIONS Second Edition HWEI P. HSU, Ph.D. Schaum’s Outline Series LA Hwei P. Hsu received his BS. from National Taiwan University and M.S. and Ph.D. from Case Institute of Technology. He has published several books which include Schaum's Outline of Signals and Systems and Schaum's Outline of Probability, Random Variables, & Random Processes. Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS Copyright © 2003, 1993 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted unde: the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1234567891011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 VLP VLP098765432 ISBN 0-07-140228-4 ‘The objective of this book, like its previous edition, is to provide an introduction to the basic principles in analog and digital communications for advanced undergraduates in electrical or computer engineering. The assumed background is circuit analysis, and prior exposure to signals and systems course is helpful. The book can be used as a self-contained textbook or for self-study. Each topic is introduced in a chapter with numerous solved problems. The solved problems constitute an integral part of the text, In this edition, there are two chapters dealing with basic tools. These tools are then applied to next three chapters in analog communication systems, including sampling and digital transmission of analog signal. Probability, random variables, and random processes are introduced in Chapters 6 and 7 and applied to the chapters that follow. Effect of noise in analog communication systems is covered in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 treats the effect of noise in digital communication and the subject of optimum reception. Information theory and source coding is treated in Chapter 10. A distinctive feature of this edition is the new chapter, Chapter 11, on error control coding, including linear block codes, cyclic codes, and convolutional codes Hwel P. Hsu Monteville, NI iii CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 Signals and Spectra 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Fourier Series and Discrete Spectra 1.3 Fourier Transforms and Continuous Spectra 1.4 Properties of Fourier Transform 1.5 Fourier Transforms of Power Signals Signal Transmission and Filtering 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Impulse Response and Frequency Response 2.3 Filter Characteristics of LTI Systems 2.4 Transmission of Signals Through LTI Systems 2.5 Filters 2.6 Quadrature Filters and Hilbert Transforms Ampiitude Modulation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Amplitude Modulation 3.3 Double-Sideband Modulation 3.4 Ordinary Amplitude Modulation 3.5 Single-Sideband Modulation 3.6 Vestigial-Sideband Modulation 3.7 Frequency Translation and Mixing 3.8 Frequency-Division Multiplexing Angle Modulation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Angle Modulation and Instantaneous Frequency 4.3 Phase and Frequency Modulation 4.4 Fourier Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals 4.5 Narrowband Angle Modulation 4.6 Sinusoidal (or Tone) Modulation 4.7 Bandwidth of Angle-Modulated Signals 4.8 Generation of Angle-Modulated Signals 4.9 Demodulation of Angle-Modulated Signals iv were 24 24 26 26 29 43 43 43 45 47 49 52 68 68 68 69 70 1 1 74 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 CONTENTS Digital Transmission of Analog Signals 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Pulse Code Modulation 5.3 Sampling Theorem 5.4 Sampling 5.5 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 5.6 Quantizing 5.7 Encoding 5.8 Bandwidth Requirements of PCM 5.9 Delta Modulation 5.10 Signaling Format 5.11 Time-Division Multiplexing 5.12 Bandwidth Requirements for TDM 5.13 Pulse Shaping and Intersymbol Interference 5.14 Digital Carrier Modulation Systems Probability and Random Variables 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Probability 6.3 Random Variables 6.4 Two-Dimensional Random Variables 6.5 Functions of Random Variables 6.6 Statistical Averages 6.7 Special Distributions Random Processes 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Definitions and Notations of Random Processes 7.3 Statistics of Random Processes 7.4 Correlations and Power Spectral Densities 7.5 Transmission of Random Processes through Linear Systems 7.6 Special Classes of Random Processes Noise in Analog Communication Systems 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Additive Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio 8.3 Noise in Baseband Communication Systems 8.4 Noise in Amplitude Modulation Systems 8.5 Noise in Angle Modulation Systems Optimum Detection 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Binary Signal Detection and Hypothesis Testing 90 90 90 a1 91 93 93 96 96 97 99 100 101 101 104 128 128 128 131 133 135 137 138 165 165 165 165 169 171 172 202 202 202 203 204 208 226 226 226 vi CONTENTS 9.3 Probability of Error and Maximum Likelihood Detector 227 9.4 Optimum Detection 229 9.5 Error Probability Performance of Binary Transmission Systems 231 CHAPTER 10 Information Theory and Source Coding 245 10.1 Introduction 245 10.2 Measure of Information 245 10.3 Discrete Memoryless Channels 247 10.4 Mutual Information 250 10.5 Channel Capacity 251 10.6 Additive White Gaussian Noise Channel 252 10.7 Source Coding 253 10.8 Entropy Coding 255 CHAPTER 11 Error Control Coding 282 11.1 Introduction 282 11.2 Channel Coding 282 11.3 Block Codes 283 11.4 Linear Block Codes 283 11.5 Cyclic Codes 286 11.6 Convolutional Codes 290 11.7 Decoding of Convolutional Codes 295 APPENDIX A Fourier Transform 321 APPENDIX B Bessel Functions J, (B) 323 APPENDIX C The Complementary Error Function Q(z) 325 INDEX 327 GNALS AND SPECTRA ODUCTION is chapter we review the basics of signals in the frequency domain. The frequency domain n is called the spectrum. The spectral analysis of signals using Fourier series and Fourier s is one of the fundamental methods of communication engineering. ER SERIES AND DISCRETE SPECTRA. ‘Exponential Fourier Series: ) be a periodic signal with fundamental period To. Then we define the complex exponential ies of x(t) a8 x= > cei —— ay = 2R/To ay ‘ +i (wert a2 n= al. xO 2) trary fo. Setting f) = —Tp/2, we have Lm aaa sod (13) 1/2 Gare called the Fourier coefficients of x(t). These are, in general, complex numbers ressed as lenlet™ aay amplitude and 8, is the phase angle of cy. tra: >| versus the angular frequency « = 2nf'is called the amplizude spectrum of the periodic lot of J, versus « is called the phase spectrum of x(t). These are referred to as frequency ‘Since the index m assumes only integers, the frequency spectra of a periodic signal exist 1 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA [CHAP. 1 only at the discrete frequencies nag. These are therefore referred to as diserete frequency spectra or line spectra. If the periodi signal x(1) is a real function of time, then lenle™ sy This means that, for a real periodic signal, the positive and negative coefficients are conjugate, that is, lent On = Oy 6) le. Henee, the amplitude spectrum is an even function of w and the phase spectrum is an odd function of. C. Power Content of a Periodic Signal and Parseval’s Theorem: ‘The power content of a periodic signal x(¢) is defined as the mean square value over « period: 1pm =f boar (7) 3 Parseval’s theorem for the Fourier series states that if x(t) is a periodic s 1 pt? 2. — 2 Ff 9 beoPar= > tel «sy mal with period, To, then 1.3 FOURIER TRANSFORMS AND CONTINUOUS SPECTRA To generalize the Fourier series representation (/.!) to a representation valid for nonperiodic signals in frequency domain, we introduce the Fourier transform. A. Definition: Let x(t) be a nonperiodic signal. Then the Fourier transform of x(t), symbolized by Fis defined by Xo) = FIs} = [steer 9) ‘The inverse Fourier transform of X(w), symbolized by Ft, is defined by xO =F “X0) zi Xo)edeo 10) Equations (J.9) and (/.10) are often called the Fourier transform pair denoted by x) + Kw) B. Frequency Spectra: In general, the Fourier transform X() is a complex function of angular frequency «, so that we may express it in the form X(oyle@ ay) where |X(«)| is called the continuous amplitude spectrum of x(1), and 0 («) is called the continuous phase spectrum of x(z). Here, the spectrum is referred to as a continuous spectrum because both the amplitude and phase of X(«) are functions of continuous frequency . If x(2) is a real function of time, we have Xo) X(-0) = X"(@) = [Xl (1.12)

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