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Chapter 6 Bodies in Equilibrium Fundamentals of Physics: A Senior Course

SHO ! A"S#E 1. Several children are playing on the smooth, frictionless, level floor of a nursery. They hold strings tied to a small toy truck, which they pull horizontally. Barbara (B pulls with a force of 1! " #east$, Scott (S pulls with a force of 1% " #west$. &ith what force must 'evin (' pull to keep the truck in e(uilibrium, horizontally) *"S+

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1B2+ 3.3

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3. * guy wire attached to the top of a gate post is anchored to the bottom of the ne<t post, as illustrated. *ssuming that the gate post does not move, what are the horizontal and vertical components of the force e<erted on the top of the post by the guy wire, if the tension in the wire is ;88 ")

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>. * cyclist applies a downward force of !; " on the pedal of her bicycle, as illustrated. .ind the tor(ue for each position.

(a

(b

(c

(d

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(a

(b

(c

(d ,-.+ '/0 '-9+ .1: !.>, p.31; 6S5+ S:

?. 5alculate the tor(ue of each force about the corresponding point :.

(a

(b

(c

(d

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(a

(b

(c

(d ,-.+ '/0 '-9+ .1: !.>, p.31% 6S5+ :

;. * uniform, 13.8 m long girder has a mass of ;88 kg. @t rests unattached, on a concrete slab with one end overhanging the edge by ;.; m. Aow far can an =8 kg man walk out on the girder before it tips)

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Taking tor(ues about P+

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!. * shortBwave aerial is attached to the top of a mast 38 m high, and e<erts a force of !88 " on the top of the mast (see diagram . The mast is supported by a guy wire running to the ground from a point !.8 m below the top of the mast, inclined !8C to the horizontal. The mast is pivoted on a hinge pin at its base. Determine the tension in the guy wire.

*"S+

Taking tor(ues about P+

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E. * 13 kg plank has four concrete blocks placed on it, as illustrated. @f each block has a mass of 18 kg and a width of 3? cm, where is the centre of gravity of the system, located from the left end)

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Taking moments about B+

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=. The centre of gravity of a person may be located by the arrangement shown in the diagram. *ssuming the scales to be adFusted to zero with the plank alone, locate the centre of gravity of the person.

*"S+

Taking moments about A+

Therefore the centre of gravity is located 1.3 m from his feet. ,-.+ '/0 '-9+ .1: !.?, p.33> 6S5+ :

%. 4ocate the centre of gravity of an e<tended leg relative to the sole of the foot, given the locations of the centres of gravity of the upper and lower leg, as shown in the diagram.

*"S+

Taking moments about P+

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18. * !8 kg woman bends %8C forward from the waist, keeping her legs vertical. The centre of gravity for her upper body is located E8 cm from her hips. @f twoBthirds of her mass is in her upper body, how far forward from the line of her legs is her new centre of gravity) *"S+

Taking tor(ues about the centre of gravity+

The centre of gravity is ?E cm from the line of her legs. ,-.+ '/0 '-9+ .1: !.?, p.33? 6S5+ :

11. &hat is the tipping angle for a 3.8 kg brick, !.8 cm by 13.8 cm by 38 cm, when it is placed on end)

*"S+ Since the brick is a uniform obFect, its centre of gravity will be located at its geometric centre. *lso, at the critical tipping angle, the centre of gravity will be directly above the edge P, as illustrated. Given the dimensions in the diagram, it follows that

"ote that the mass of the obFect has no effect on the value of the tipping angle. The only important criteria are the dimensions of the obFect and the location of the centre of gravity. 1f course, would be different if we tipped the brick on another edge. ,-.+ '/0 '-9+ .1: !.;, p.33E 6S5+ S:

13. 0sing the following diagram of a brick, find the critical tipping angle for rotation about an edge for the following. (a if it is standing on its side (b if it is standing on its face

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(b

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1>. &hat is the critical tipping angle for the table illustrated)

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1?. * triangular steel sheet, with e(ual sides of 18 cm, is pushed at its peak. @f the triangle is pushed parallel to its base, what angle will the base of the triangle make with the horizontal when it Fust begins to tip over) *"S+

5entre of gravity is located at

or 3.% cm from the base.

"ote+ Symmetry alone would tell us this. ,-.+ '/0 '-9+ .1: !.;, p.3>8 6S5+ :

1;. &hat force is necessary to stretch a spring whose force constant is 138 "/m by an amount of >8 cm) *"S+

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1B2+ ?.;

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1!. * spring with a force constant of !88 "/m is used in a scale for weighing fish. &hat is the mass of a fish that stretches the spring E.; cm from its normal length) *"S+

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1B2+ ?.;

415+ -61.8=

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1E. * spring in a pogo stick is compressed 13 cm when a ?8 kg boy stands on the stick. &hat is the force constant for the pogo stick spring) *"S+

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1B2+ ?.;

415+ -61.8=

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1=. The force applied to a dynamics cart is measured with a stretched spring. &hat is the acceleration of a 3.8 kg cart on a flat, frictionless surface if pulled by a spring with a force constant of ?8 "/m, stretched by a constant amount of =.8 cm) *"S+

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1B2+ ?.;

415+ -61.8=

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1%. * rectangular steel column 3.; m long, with a crossBsectional area of 3.E 18H? m3, is used vertically to support a sagging floor. @f the column supports a load of ;.; 18> kg, how much is it compressed) *"S+

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38. During knee e<ercises, a mass is attached to the foot, as illustrated. .ind the tor(ue e<erted on the knee Foint by the leg and mass, if the mass of the lower leg and foot is ;.? kg.

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31. The deltoid muscle raises the upper arm to a horizontal position, as illustrated in the diagram. @f the mass of the arm is ?.1 kg and its centre of gravity is considered to act >! cm from the shoulder Foint, find the following. (a the tension in the deltoid muscle (b the components Rx and Ry of the force e<erted by the shoulder Foint (c the magnitude of the resultant force on the shoulder Foint

*"S+

(a Taking tor(ues about P+

(b Taking horizontal components+

Taking vertical components+

(c ,-.+ '/0, 65 '-9+ .1: !.%, p.3?% 6S5+ :

33. @f the coefficient of friction between your running shoes and the gym floor is 8.=8, how fast could you run around a circle with a radius of 3.8 m) *"S+

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1B2+ 3.?

415+ .67.83

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3>. 9ou are wearing shoes that have a coefficient of friction on rock of 8.E8. 1n how steep a rock slope could you stand without slipping) *"S+

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1B2+ 3.?

415+ .67.83

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3?. *n arrow is drawn back against a bowstring with a force of 3=8 ". @f the arrow makes an angle of ;;C with the string above and below the arrow, find the tension in the string. *"S+

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1B2+ 3.3

415+ .67.83

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3;. * guy wire makes an angle of ;;C with the ground, and applies a force of 1!88 " to the top of a vertical clothesBline pole. .ind the vertical and horizontal components of the force e<erted on the pole by the wire.

*"S+

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1B2+ 3.3

415+ .67.81

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3!. * tennis net is supported at each end by a steel post, as illustrated. @f the ma<imum tension in the net rope is =88 " and the angles are as shown, calculate the tension in the guy wire and the compression in the steel post. (*ssume a hinge pin at the base of each post.

*"S+

Aorizontal components+

7ertical components+

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1B2+ 3.3

415+ .67.83

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3E. The ,ussell traction apparatus is used for a fractured femur. &hen the femur is healing, the muscles of the upper leg tend to pull the two sections of the femur together, which could result in a shortened leg after healing. The ,ussell apparatus provides a force parallel to the femur that prevents contraction of the femur. The sling supports the weight of the lower leg. (a .ind the magnitude and direction of the horizontal force on the leg (i.e., the sole of the foot . (b To adFust the size of this force, the angles at the pulley on the foot can be changed. &ould the angles be made larger or smaller, to decrease the force on the leg) -<plain your reasoning. (c &hy are the angles kept e(ual, as shown)

*"S+

(a (b The larger the angle, the lower the force. (c @f they were not e(ual, there would be a vertical net force and the foot would be lifted. The force would not be along the length of the leg as re(uired. ,-.+ '/0, 65 6S5+ : 1B2+ 3.3 415+ .67.83 '-9+ .1: !.11, p.3;E

3=. The tendons pull on the bones of the lower leg with a total force of 188 ", as illustrated. &hat tor(ue is e<erted on the leg by the tendons alone)

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3%. Two children balance on a seesaw. 1ne, with a mass of >8 kg, is seated 3.8 m from the pivot. The other is seated 3.; m from the pivot. &hat is the mass of the second child) *"S+

Taking moments about P+

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>8. .ind the tension in the bicycle chain shown. The bottom is slack.

*"S+ "et tor(ue about a<le of crank is 8.

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>1. &hat total vertical force is re(uired to lift the handles of the loaded wheelbarrow illustrated in the diagram)

*"S+

Taking moments about P+

(The force per handle would be 18; ". ,-.+ '/0 '-9+ .1: !.11, p.3;E 6S5+ :

>3. * marcher in a parade holds a flag at an angle of !8C. &hat force must the hand provide perpendicular to the pole)

mass of pole and flag I >.= kg *"S+

Taking tor(ues about P+

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>>. Three men, ?.8 m apart as illustrated, are carrying a heavy load on a pole. Two are at one end of the pole and the third is at the other end. &here should the load be placed so that each man gives e(ual support)

*"S+

Taking vertical components+

Taking moments about P+

The load should be placed 1.> m from the end closest to the two men, or ?.8 H 1.> I 3.E m from the single man. ,-.+ '/0 '-9+ .1: !.11, p.3;% 6S5+ :

>?. The diagram shows a forearm supporting a shot put whose mass is ;.?? kg. 0sing the dimensions on the diagram, find the force e<erted by the biceps and the force on the elbow Foint.

*"S+

(a Taking moments about P+

(b Taking vertical components+

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>;. To make larger pictures, an enlarger can be moved to the edge of a table so that the image is proFected onto the floor, as shown. (a &hat is the minimum mass re(uired on the base at point * to keep the enlarger from tipping off the table) (b &ith this mass in place, what will be the reaction force at B)

mass of base I 3.8 kg mass of support I 3.8 kg mass of enlarger I !.8 kg *"S+ (a

Taking tor(ues about B+

(b Taking vertical components+

,-.+

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>!. -arth and the 6oon are >.= 18= m apart, and their masses are !.8 183? kg and E.> 1833 kg, respectively. &here, appro<imately, is the centre of gravity (relative to -arth of the -arthH6oon system) *"S+

@magine a force JsupportingK -arth and the 6oon in balance. To give some meaning to this supporting force, assume a gravitational field g due to the Sun, located perpendicular to the -arthH6oon a<is.

Taking tor(ues about E+

"ote that the centre of gravity lies inside -arthL ,-.+ '/0 '-9+ .1: !.11, p.3!1 6S5+ :

>E. The fourBlegged table shown has a mass of >8 kg. *ssuming that the legs are massless and the table does not slide, at what angle will it tip over)

*"S+

,-.+

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>=. * tall water glass with a mass of >88 g is about to be pushed (horizontally at its rim across a table. The glass has a base 1.= cm diameter and is !.8 cm tall. @f the coefficient of friction with the table surface is 8.38, determine whether the glass will slide or tip. *"S+

Taking tor(ues about P+

Since the glass will tip. This is the minimum force to tip the glass. But the minimum force to slide the glass on the horizontal table is the ma<imum frictional force calculated as follows+

Aence the glass will tip and not slide when ,-.+ '/0 '-9+ .1: !.11, p.3!1

. 6S5+ :

>%. * ;8 kg high wire artist carries a weighted pole, as illustrated. Aer centre of gravity is =8 cm above the high wire, and the two 3> kg masses are located 138 cm vertically below the wire. .ind the vertical location of the centre of gravity of the walker and the weighted pole, relative to the high wire. @s this a case of stable or unstable e(uilibrium)

*"S+

Taking moments about T+

She is stable since the centre of gravity lies on a line with her feet. ,-.+ '/0 '-9+ .1: !.11, p.3!1 6S5+ :

?8. .ind the minimum lateral shift in position of the centre of gravity of a standing man, whose mass is =8 kg, when he is carrying a 1? kg pail of water. *ssume that he wishes to have an e(ual load on each foot. Aow is this shift in his centre of gravity accomplished)

*"S+

Taking moments about M+

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?1. @n a AookeMs 4aw e<periment, a force of 1!8 " produces a stretch of =.88 cm in a spring. &hat is the spring constant) *"S+

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1B2+ ?.;

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?3. * 188 " force stretches a spring from 13 cm to 1? cm. &hat will be the length of the spring when a force of ;88 " is applied, assuming that the spring remains within its elastic limit) *"S+

The new length is 13 cm N 18 cm I 33 cm. ,-.+ '/0 6S5+ : 1B2+ ?.; 415+ -61.8= '-9+ .1: !.11, p.3!3

?>. * rectangular steel bar ;.88 m long, with a crossBsectional area of 1.> 18H> m3, supports a mass of 1;88 kg. Aow much is the bar stretched) *"S+

,-.+

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??. * wire 8.=8 mm in diameter and 1.= m long was stretched 1.> mm by a force of 1= ". .ind 9oungMs 6odulus for the wire. *"S+

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?;. * ?= cm long leg bone, with a crossBsectional area of ;.8 cm 3, supports a load oneBhalf the force of gravity on a !; kg person. &hat is the compression e<perienced by the leg bone) *"S+

,-.+

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?!. *n oar is held by a rower at 8.>; m from the oarlock. The oar makes contact with the water at an average of 1.> m from the oarlock. @f the force applied by the rower on the oar is =8 ", answer the following. (a &hat is the force of the oar on the water) (b &hat is the force on the oarlock)

*"S+ (a

Taking tor(ues about :+

(b Taking components at right angles to the oar+

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?E. * designer wishes to construct a mobile (as shown in the diagram using strings and light rods (of negligible mass . @f the mass of the figure on the bottom left is 13; g, what are the re(uired masses of the other figures so that the rods are horizontal)

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1. .orces as given below are acting on a common point. 0sing two different solutions for each combination of forces, find the additional force re(uired to maintain static e(uilibrium. (a 1!8 " #east$, 138 " #west$ (b 388 " #east$, 1!8 " #north$ (c 188 " #"?;C-$, 1;8 " #&$ (d !.8 " #">8C-$, 18.8 " #"?;C&$, 13.8 " #&18CS$ *"S+ (a 1!8 " #-$ N 138 " #&$ I ?8 " #-$ or 1!8 " #-$ H 138 " #-$ I ?8 " #-$ (b

(c

(d

0sing 5omponents+

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1B2+ 3.3

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3. * helium balloon is attached to the middle of a light fishingBline anchored at both ends, as illustrated. @f the upward force of the balloon is 8.8; ", find the tension in the fishingBline.

*"S+

"ote that the tension in each string is about ! times the balloon force. ,-.+ '/0 6S5+ : 1B2+ 3.3 415+ .67.83 '-9+ .1: !.1, p.38%

>. The sign for :ierreMs restaurant has a mass of =3 kg. @t is held out from the wall by a light horizontal steel rod, which supports no weight, and a wire at ?8C to the horizontal, as illustrated. .ind the tension in the wire and the compression in the steel rod.

*"S+ Solution 1+ 5omponents

Taking vertical components+

Taking horizontal components+

Solution 3+ Triangle of .orces

Thus the tension in the wire is ,-.+ '/0, 65 6S5+ : 1B2+ 3.3

and the compression in the rod is 415+ .67.83 '-9+ .1: !.1, p.38%

?. * simple roof truss is composed of two rafters and a horizontal tie, held together by one single pin at each verte<. @f a 188 kg mass is hung from the ape< of the rafters, as illustrated, what is (a the additional compression in each rafter, (b the additional tension in the tie, and (c the additional compression in each stud)

*"S+

(a Taking vertical components+

(b Tension in the tie will be the horizontal component of the compressive force on the rafter at the stud.

(c The additional compression at the stud will be the vertical components of the compressive force on the rafter at the stud.

*lternate Solution+ Total force down on both studs is %=8 ". Thus force on each stud is ,-.+ '/0, 65 6S5+ : 1B2+ 3.3 415+ .67.83 . '-9+ .1: !.1, p.38%

;. * horizontal pull is being e<erted on a 18 kg bo< with a string. @f the coefficient of static friction is 8.?8, what is the ma<imum force in the string Fust before the bo< moves) *"S+

Since the bo< is in e(uilibrium,

Taking horizontal components

Taking vertical components,

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1B2+ 3.?

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!. * 1.8 kg block is placed on an adFustable ramp. To what ma<imum angle can the ramp be raised before the block Fust begins to slide, if the coefficient of friction is 8.?8) *"S+

Taking components parallel to the ramp and making up positive,

Taking components normal to the ramp, and again making up positive,

Thus,

Therefore the ramp must be elevated 33C to the horizontal in order for the block to begin to slide down it. ,-.+ '/0 6S5+ S: 1B2+ 3.? 415+ .67.81 '-9+ .1: !.3, p.311

E. * 8.;8 kg block of cheese sits on a level table, as shown. The coefficient of static friction is 8.!8. Three strings are tied together in a knot at '. 'c is horizontal and fastened to the cheese. 'w angles up to the wall at >8C to the horizontal. 'm hangs vertically, supporting a mouse. &hat is the ma<imum mass of the mouse, if the cheese and the mouse remain in e(uilibrium)

*"S+

Since the knot is in e(uilibrium, we know that

Taking horizontal components, with right as positive, this vector e(uation gives us

Taking vertical components, with up as positive, gives us

Since Tm I Fg, the force of gravity on the mouse is 1.E ", and its mass would be

,-.+ '/0 6S5+ S:

1B2+ 3.?

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=. * flat rock with a mass of 38 kg rests on a rough horizontal plane. @f the coefficient of friction is 8.33, find the least force re(uired to Fust move the rock, if the force acts in the following ways. (a horizontally (b at an angle of >EC above the horizontal (c at an angle of >EC below the horizontal *"S+ (a

(b

Taking vertical components+

Thus Taking horizontal components+

(c

Taking vertical components+

Taking horizontal components+

,-.+ '/0 6S5+ :

1B2+ 3.?

415+ .67.81

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%. Three children are playing in the snow with a sleigh. 1ne child e<erts a ma<imum force of ?8 " and another ;= ", on ropes, to Fust get the sleigh to move with the third child seated in it. The angles the horizontal ropes make with the direction of travel are >8C and 38C, respectively. @f the combined mass of the seated child and the sleigh is E; kg, and the sleigh moves in a straight line, what is the coefficient of friction between the sleigh and the snow)

*"S+

,-.+ '/0 6S5+ :

1B2+ 3.?

415+ .67.81

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18. * 3.8 kg wooden block is attached to a 8.;8 kg mass by a string passing through a frictionless pulley, as illustrated.

(a @f the mass of 8.;8 kg provides the minimum force re(uired to Fust get the block to move, what is the coefficient of friction) (b

@f the same plane surface is now inclined 38C to the horizontal, what minimum mass, attached to the string, will Fust get the block moving) *"S+ (a

(b

Taking components along the plane with down the slope negative.

The mass re(uired is

,-.+ '/0 6S5+ :

1B2+ 3.?

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11. * 3.; kg block rests on a plane inclined at 1;C to the horizontal. @f the coefficient of static friction for the surface is 8.>8, will the block slide down the plane) *"S+

Since

, the block will not move down the slope.

*lternate Solution+

Therefore 1;C is less than angle of repose and obFect will not slide. ,-.+ '/0 6S5+ : 1B2+ 3.? 415+ .67.83 '-9+ .1: !.3, p.31>

13. * ?1 kg trapdoor, 1.3 m long, is supported by a hinge at * and a sloping rope at B. .ind the tension in the rope and the vertical and horizontal reactions of the hinge if the rope is Fust about to open the trap door.

*"S+

Taking tor(ues about *+

Taking horizontal components+

Taking vertical components+

,-.+

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1>. * ?8 kg plank !.8 m long is supported by sawhorses * and B, as shown. * !8 kg crate is placed on the plank, 3.8 m from B. (a .ind the reaction forces at * and B.

(b @f the bo< and sawhorse B are moved as illustrated, find the reaction forces at * and B.

*"S+ (a

Taking tor(ues about *+

Taking tor(ues about B+

*lternate Solution+

(b

Taking tor(ues about A+

Taking vertical components+

,-.+

'/0

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1?. * 13.8 m ladder, whose mass is 38 kg, is leaning against a wall, with its base !.8 m from the wall and at a slope of !8C to the floor. Because both the wall and the floor are frictionless, a rope is tied horizontally 8.;8 m from the bottom of the ladder to the wall. * E3 kg plasterer climbs threeB (uarters of the way up the ladder and stops. &hat is the tension in the rope and what are the reactive forces at the wall and the floor)

*"S+ (a

Taking moments about *+

Taking horizontal components+

,-.+

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1;. * cheerleaderMs baton consists of a ?.8 cm diameter sphere weighing >.! " and an =.8 cm diameter sphere weighing 1= ", Foined by a thin tube whose weight is ?.? " and whose length is =! cm. 5alculate the centre of gravity.

*"S+

*pplying Fnet I 8 in the vertical direction gives

Taking * as the point of rotation,

since the baton is balanced in e(uilibrium. Therefore

The centre of gravity is located E1 cm from *. ,-.+ '/0 '-9+ .1: !.?, p.333 6S5+ S:

1!. * cylindrical steel rod of radius 3.8 cm and length ?8 cm is turned down on a lathe to oneBhalf of its radius for a distance of >8 cm from one end. .ind the centre of gravity, measured from the thicker end (density of steel I E.=% 18> kg/m> . *"S+

Taking tor(ues about P+

,-.+

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1E. The 5" Tower, opened in Toronto in 1%E!, is still the tallest freeBstanding structure in the world. 6ade of reinforced concrete, it soars ;;>.3 m from the base of the tower to the highest antenna on its communication mast. * massive foundation plunges an additional 1!.E m below the base, to solid rock. The foundation has threefold symmetry, with the three corners lying on a circle of radius ;;.8 m. The total tower mass is 1.1= 18= kg, and the centre of gravity is located about E; m above the bottom of the foundation. .or the purposes of the problem given below, do not consider the effects of the earth and rock around the foundation, but assume the tower and foundation to be resting on horizontal bedrock. (a * blimp fastens a cable to the uppermost tip of the tower, and pulls horizontally so that the tower pivots on two corners of the foundation. So long as nothing bends, breaks, or slides, what tension is needed to Fust start the tower tipping) 5onvert your answer to a fraction of the towerMs mass.

(b Suppose the blimp succeeds in starting the tower tipping, and carefully pulls it over to balance at the critical tipping angle+ calculate this angle. *"S+ (a The centre of gravity of the tower will be directly above the centre of the foundation, which is located oneBhalf the circle radius from the pivot line (see diagram .

This is a large force, but it is only about ;O of the force of gravity on the tower, as seen below.

(b The critical angle will occur when the centre of gravity of the tower is vertically above the supporting edge, as illustrated.

*t the critical tipping angle,

Thus, the tower will fall back to its upright position if the tipping angle is less than 38C. ,-.+ '/0 '-9+ .1: !.;, p.33= 6S5+ S:

1=. * 1.8 m steel guitar string has a diameter of 8.38 cm. &hat is the value of the tension in the string if it stretches 8.38 cm when tightened) *"S+

,-.+

'/0

'-9+ .1: !.E, p.3>!

6S5+ S:

1%. Aow much mass would have to be suspended on a vertical copper wire with a diameter of 8.>8 cm to cause its length to increase by 8.38O) *"S+

,-.+

'/0

'-9+ .1: !.E, p.3>!

6S5+ S:

38. * lighting engineer is designing a large chandelier for the lobby of a concert hall. The chandelier has a mass of E;8 kg and is to be supported by a single steel cable. *ssuming a safety factor of ;, what is the minimum diameter of the cable (steel tensile strength I ;.8 18= "/m3 ) *"S+ .or a safety factor of ;,

,-.+

'/0

'-9+ .1: !.E, p.3>!

6S5+ S:

31. * marble column supporting a load of 1.8 18; kg has a diameter of 8.; m. (a &hat is the stress in the column) (b &hat is the strain in the column) (c @f the column is 13 m high, how much will it be compressed) *"S+

(a

(b

(c ,-.+ '/0 '-9+ .1: !.E, p.3>= 6S5+ :

33. *n aluminum wire 1.8 m long is elongated 8.83 cm when under stress. @f a brass wire with an identical diameter were used to support the same load, what would its initial length have been for it to have had the same e<tension) *"S+

But

and stress is e(ual.

,-.+

'/0

'-9+ .1: !.E, p.3>=

6S5+ :

3>. Aow much will a ?8 m steel elevator cable stretch if its diameter is 3.8 cm and it is supporting a static load of 1.; 18? ") *"S+

,-.+

'/0

'-9+ .1: !.E, p.3>=

6S5+ :

3?. * ;8 cm long rod with a diameter of 1.8 cm is used to support a load of 188 " along its length. *s a result, the rod is compressed %.1 18H> mm. &hat is the 9oungMs 6odulus of the rod) &hat is the material) *"S+

Thus, the substance is probably aluminum. ,-.+ '/0 '-9+ .1: !.E, p.3>= 6S5+ :

3;. * steel cable supports a >888 kg elevator. *llowing for a safety factor of ?, calculate the diameter of the cable re(uired if the ma<imum acceleration is 1.8 m/s 3. *"S+ Tensile strength of steel is *llowing for a safety factor,

,-.+

'/0

'-9+ .1: !.E, p.3>=

6S5+ :

3!. * 18 kg mass is held in a hand, as illustrated. The mass of the forearm is 3.8 kg, and its centre of gravity is located 1? cm from the Foint. The biceps muscle is attached to the radius bone at ?.8 cm from the Foint, and the mass is >3 cm from the Foint. (a .ind the tension in the biceps muscle. (b .ind the tension in the biceps muscle if the forearm forms an angle of ?;C with the horizontal. (c &hat is the reaction force of the radius on the humerus, at the Foint, when the forearm is outstretched, as in (a )

*"S+ (a

(b &hen the elbow forms an angle of ?;C, the forces act at ?;C to the forearm, as illustrated. The tor(ue e(uation in (a will be the same, e<cept that each factor will be multiplied by sin ?;C. The result will be the samePa tension in the biceps muscle of =.; 183 ". @t follows that the tension in the biceps muscle will be the same for all angles of the elbow, when the same mass is held. (c The net force on the forearm is zero, since there is e(uilibriumQ that is,

Take vertical components, with up as positive.

The humerus bone pushes down on the forearm at the elbow. ,-.+ '/0, 65 '-9+ .1: !.%, p.3?? 6S5+ S:

3E. Given the dimensions on the diagram of the forearm holding a mass of ;.? kg, find the following. (a the tension in the biceps muscle (b the reactive force of the radius on the humerus, at the Foint

*"S+

(a Taking tor(ues about P+

(b The net force on the forearm is zero. Thus Taking the vertical components,

,-.+

'/0, 65

'-9+ .1: !.11, p.3;!

6S5+ :

3=. * pioneer farmer hitches a horse and an o< to a stump in order to remove it from a field. The horse pulls with a force of 1.3 18? " #&$, while the o< pulls with a force of 1.! 18? " #&>8C"$. &hat is the resultant force on the stump) *"S+

0sing 5omponents+

,-.+ '/0 6S5+ :

1B2+ 3.3

415+ .67.83

'-9+ .1: !.11, p.3;!

3%. * patient is in neck traction with skull calipers, as illustrated. .ind the ma<imum value of the suspended mass that will cause no tension or other force in the neck, given that mass of the head is ?.3 kg and the coefficient of friction between the bed and the head is 8.38.

*"S+

5omponents of F+

Taking vertical components+

Taking horizontal components+

But,

,-.+ '/0, 65 6S5+ :

1B2+ 3.3

415+ .67.83

'-9+ .1: !.11, p.3;!

>8. * 8.!8 g spider hangs on its thread from the branch of a tree. * horizontal wind blows the spider and the thread to an angle of >;C from the vertical. .ind the force of the wind on the spider and the tension in the thread.

*"S+

Taking vertical components+

Taking horizontal components+

,-.+ '/0 6S5+ :

1B2+ 3.3

415+ .67.83

'-9+ .1: !.11, p.3;E

>1. To keep ,obin from being captured, Batman tosses him out of a thirdBstorey window, knowing that a 1E.8 m rope hangs slack between hooks of e(ual height on adFacent buildings 1>.8 m apart. ,obin grabs the rope and hangs on at a point ;.8 m from one end. *ssuming that ,obinMs mass is ?;.8 kg and the rope withstands the initial impulse, what is the tension in each part of the rope when e(uilibrium is established) *"S+

Taking horizontal components+

Taking vertical components+

Substitute (1 in (3 +

,-.+ '/0 6S5+ :

1B2+ 3.3

415+ .67.83

'-9+ .1: !.11, p.3;E

>3. * poleBvaulter runs down the track at constant velocity, carrying a !.8 m pole with a mass of ?.8 kg. *ssume that the centre of gravity of the pole is located at its midpoint, and the vaulterMs hands are placed 1.8 m apart.

(a .ind the vertical force of each hand on the pole when the pole is carried horizontally. (b .ind the force on the poleBvaulterMs upper hand during the high carry if it is perpendicular to the pole, as shown.

*"S+ (a

Taking tor(ues about :+

Taking vertical components+

(b

Taking tor(ues about :+

,-.+

'/0

'-9+ .1: !.11, p.3;=

6S5+ :

>>. Two painters, 6ike and "ed, have been lowered over the side of a ship on an =.8 m plank supported by two ropes : and R. The distance relationships are shown on the diagram, and the masses are as follows+ 6ike !8 kg, "ed =8 kg, and the plank ?8 kg. .ind the tension in the two ropes.

*"S+

Taking tor(ues about P+

Taking vertical components+

,-.+

'/0

'-9+ .1: !.11, p.3!8

6S5+ :

>?. * !.8 m ladder with a mass of 13.; kg leans against a smooth wall at an angle of ;8C to the horizontal. @f the coefficient of static friction between the ladder and the ground is 8.?8, how far up the ladder can a E8 kg woman climb before the ladder starts to slip) *"S+

Taking tor(ues about P+

,-.+

'/0

'-9+ .1: !.11, p.3!1

6S5+ :

>;. * copper wire 3.8 m long and 3.8 18H> m in diameter is suspended from a solid support. * mass of 18 kg is hung from the bottom of the wire. &hat will be the stress and strain in the wire) *"S+

,-.+

'/0

'-9+ .1: !.11, p.3!3

6S5+ :

>!. * brass rod has a diameter of ;.8 mm. &hat force will stretch it by 8.83O of its length) *"S+

,-.+

'/0

'-9+ .1: !.11, p.3!3

6S5+ :

>E. * load of 3;8 kg is supported by two steel cables, as shown in the diagram. (a .ind the tensions in the cables. (b @f both cables have a diameter of 3.8 mm, how much does each cable stretch)

*"S+

(a Taking horizontal components+

Taking vertical components+

,-.+

'/0, 65

'-9+ .1: !.11, p.3!3

6S5+ :

>=. * spring whose force constant is ?= "/m has a 8.3; kg mass suspended from it. &hat is the e<tension of the spring) *"S+ @f the spring obeys AookeMs 4aw,

,-.+ '/0 6S5+ S:

1B2+ ?.;

415+ -61.8=

'-9+ .1: !.!, p.3>3

>%. .ind the resultant of the following concurrent forces. (a 38 " #&$ and 1! " #">8C&$ (b 1388 " #"!;C-$, =88 " #-1;CS$, 1888 " #S>8C&$ *"S+ (a

(b

0sing 5omponents+

,-.+ '/0 6S5+ :

1B2+ 3.3

415+ .67.83

'-9+ .1: !.11, p.3;!

?8. 5alculate the force at the hands and toes of a ;= kg athlete holding a pushBup position.

*"S+

Taking tor(ues about :+

Taking vertical components+

,-.+

'/0

'-9+ .1: !.11, p.3;%

6S5+ :

?1. * ;.8 m diving board with a mass of >8 kg is supported at S and 9. 5alculate the forces at S and 9 when a ;8 kg diver stands at the outer end of the board.

*"S+

Taking tor(ues about <+

Taking vertical components+

,-.+

'/0

'-9+ .1: !.11, p.3!8

6S5+ :

?3. .ind the tension in the (uadriceps tendon for the situation shown, assuming that the weight of the leg is ignored.

*"S+

Taking moments about :+

.orce on bottom of vertebrae+

Aorizontal components+

7ertical components+

"ote the direction of ,-.+ '/0

is really below the horizontal. '-9+ .1: !.%, p.3?% 6S5+ :

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