Convective Heat Transfer

Mass Conservation

t
+
(u)
x
+
(v)
y
+
(w)
z
= 0 (1)
D
Dt
+

V = 0 (2)
For incompressible ow,
u
x
+
v
y
+
w
z
= 0 (3)
The equivalent forms of eq. (3) in cylindrical and spherical coordinates are
v
r
r
+
v
r
r
+
v

+
v
z
z
= 0 (4)
and
1
r

r
_
r
2
v
r
_
+
1
sin

(v

sin) +
1
sin
v

= 0 (5)
Momentum Equations:

V
Dt
=

B +
ij
(6)

ij
=
_
p +
2
3

V
_

ij
+ 2e
ij
(7)
e
ij
=
1
2
_
u
i
x
j
+
u
j
x
i
_
(8)
For the incompressible ow

V
Dt
= p +
2

V +

B (9)
Cylindrical Coordinates:
Convective time derivative:

V = u
r

r
+
u

+ u
z

z
(10)
Laplacian operator:

2
=
1
r

r
_
r

r
_
+
1
r
2

2
+

2
z
2
(11)
1

_
u
r
t
+ u
r
u
r
r
+
u

r
u
r

u
2

r
+ u
z
u
r
z
_
=
p
r
+
_

2
u
r
r
2
+
1
r
u
r
r

u
r
r
2
+
1
r
2

2
u
r

2

2
r
2
u

+

2
u
r
z
2
_
+ f
r
(12)

_
u

t
+ u
r
u

r
+
u

r
u

+
u
r
u

r
+ u
z
u

z
_
=
1
r
p

+
_

2
u

r
2
+
1
r
u

r

u

r
2
+
1
r
2

2
u

2
+
2
r
2
u
r

+

2
u

z
2
_
+ f

(13)

_
u
z
t
+ u
r
u
z
r
+
u

r
u
z

+ u
z
u
z
z
_
=
p
z
+
_

2
u
z
r
2
+
1
r
u
z
r
+
1
r
2

2
u
z

2
+

2
u
z
z
2
_
+ f
z
(14)
Spherical Coordinates:

_
Du
r
Dt

u
2

+ u
2

r
_
=
p
r
+
_

2
u
r

2u
r
r
2

2
r
2
u

2u

cot
r
2

2
r
2
sin
u

_
+ f
r
(15)

_
Du

Dt
+
u
r
u

r

u
2

cot
r
_
=
1
r
p

+
_

2
u

+
2
r
2
u
r

r
2
sin
2

2 cos
r
2
sin
2

_
+ f

(16)

_
Du

Dt
+
u

u
r
r
+
u

cot
r
_
=
1
r sin
p

+
_

2
u

r
2
sin
2

+
2
r
2
sin
u
r

+
2 cos
r
2
sin
2

_
+ f

(17)
where
D
Dt
=

t
+ u
r

r
+
v

+
v

r sin

(18)

2
=
1
r
2

r
_
r
2

r
_
+
1
r
2
sin

_
sin

_
+
1
r
2
sin
2

2
(19)
Energy Equation:

De
Dt
=

q

+ q

V + (20)
2
Dh
Dt
=
De
Dt
+
1

Dp
Dt

p

2
D
Dt
(21)
Fourier law of heat conduction,

= kT (22)

Dh
Dt
= (kT) + q

+
Dp
Dt
+ (23)
In order to express the energy equation in terms of temperature, it is tempting
to replace the specic enthalpy on the left-hand side by the product of specic
heat temperature. This move is correct only in cases where the uid
behaves like an ideal gas. In general, the change in specic enthalpy for a
single-phase substance is expressed by the canonical relation for enthalpy.
dh = Tds +
1

dp (24)
ds =
_
s
T
_
p
dT +
_
s
p
_
T
dp (25)
From the last of Maxwells relations, we have
_
s
p
_
T
=
_
(1/)
T
_
p
=
1

2
_

T
_
p
=

(26)
where is the coecient of thermal expansion,
=
1

T
_
p
(27)
_
s
T
_
p
=
c
p
T
(28)
dh = c
p
dT +
1

(1 T) dP (29)
in other words, the left-hand side of the energy equation is

Dh
Dt
= c
p
DT
Dt
+ (1 T)
Dp
Dt
(30)
The temperatureformulation of the rst law of thermodynamics is therefore
c
p
DT
Dt
= (kT) + q

+ T
Dp
Dt
+ (31)
3
with the following special forms:
Ideal gas ( = 1/T):
c
p
DT
Dt
= (kT) + q

+
Dp
Dt
+ (32)
Incompressible liquid ( = 0):
c
DT
Dt
= (kT) + q

+ (33)
Most of the convection problems obey an even simpler model: namely, con-
stant uid conductivity k, zero internal heat generation q

, negligible viscous
dissipation , and negligible compressibility eect T
Dp
Dt
. The energy equa-
tion for this model is
c
p
DT
Dt
= k
2
T (34)
or, in terms of specic coordinate systems:
Cartesian (x, y, z):
c
p
_
T
t
+ u
T
x
+ v
T
y
+ w
T
z
_
= k
_

2
T
x
2
+

2
T
y
2
+

2
T
z
2
_
(35)
Cylindrical (r, , z):
c
p
_
T
t
+ u
r
T
r
+
u

r
T

+ u
z
T
z
_
= k
_
1
r

r
_
r
T
r
_
+
1
r
2

2
T

2
+

2
T
z
2
_
(36)
Spherical (r, , ):
c
p
_
T
t
+ u
r
T
r
+
v

r
T

+
v

r sin
T

_
=
k
_
1
r
2

r
_
r
2
T
r
_
+
1
r
2
sin

_
sin
T

_
+
1
r
2
sin
2

2
T

2
_ (37)
If the uid can be modeled as an incompressible liquid, then, the specic
heat at constant pressure c
p
is replaced by the lone specic heat of the in-
compressible liquid, c.
When dealing with extremely viscous ows of the type encountered in
lubrication problems or the piping of crude oil, the model above is improved
by taking into account the internal heating due to viscous dissipation,
c
p
DT
Dt
= k
2
T + (38)
4
In three dimensions, the viscous dissipation function is expressed as follows:
Cartesian (x, y, z):
=2
_
_
u
x
_
2
+
_
v
y
_
2
+
_
w
z
_
2
_

2
3
_
u
x
+
v
y
+
w
z
_
2
+
_
_
v
x
+
u
y
_
2
+
_
w
y
+
v
z
_
2
+
_
u
z
+
w
x
_
2
_ (39)
Cylindrical (r, , z):
= 2
_
_
u
r
r
_
2
+
_
1
r
u

+
u
r
r
_
2
+
_
u
z
z
_
2
_

2
3
_

V
_
2
+
_
_
u

r

u

r
+
1
r
u
r

_
2
+
_
1
r
u
z

+
u

z
_
2
+
_
u
r
z
+
u
z
r
_
2
_ (40)
Spherical (r, , ):
= 2
_
_
u
r
r
_
2
+
_
1
r
u

+
u
r
r
_
2
+
_
1
r sin
u

+
u
r
r
+
u

cot
r
_
2
_

2
3
_

V
_
2
+
_
_
r

r
_
u

r
_
+
1
r
u
r

_
2
+
_
sin
r

_
u

r sin
_
+
1
r sin
u

_
2
+
_
1
r sin
u
r

+ r

r
_
u

r
_
_
2
_
(41)
5